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298:" units. MUST units had trailers, inflatable sections, and technology focused on a wider range of wounds from war. In MUST units the wounds were greatly different than in the Korean War resulting in many changes needed to the units as a whole with new innovations required. New treatments were also needed for burn victims with MASH units suffering a mortality rate of up to 90% for burn victims. Although this clearly showed progress in the medical field, the type of warfare changed making MASH obsolete in many cases. MUST units had to keep their equipment on standby at all times effectively replacing MASH units and later transferring into more revolutionized units in war-zones. The idea of a MASH unit is to be available at all times to those who have been wounded in combat on the front and required general or trauma surgery but as technology got better, there was a lot more room to improve transportation, technology used to treat soldiers, and the layout of these units resulting in MASH units being converted to MUST units.
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217:. The effectiveness of his efforts were widely admired and supported by the command structure, but no formal designation was established. The first trials for what would become MASH units were established by the U.S. Army during World War II. The necessity for the U.S. Army to have more convenient treatment centers was shown by the long logistics of the stretched out supply lines during World War II. These units were known as "Auxiliary Surgical Groups" and would care for the wounded much closer than permanent hospitals, making them hospitals. In the early 1940s, Colonel Michael DeBakey and his colleague were selected to give recommendations on how to provide surgical care for the U.S. Army. The result was the ASG. Although these units were very inexperienced, they were incredibly effective resulting in five ASG units being created in 1943; this resulted in the ASG units being able to move along with the U.S. Army units located in Italy and was the basis in which MASH would directly come from.
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510:. Those who worked in the stations, be they nurses or medical officers, used the system to determine which soldiers needed further care or treatment and which soldiers could go back onto the battlefield. The soldiers that needed further treatment were then transferred to the MASH units to undergo triage once more. This time, nurses and doctors would work to prioritize who needed to be taken into surgery first; if it appeared that the soldier wouldn't survive much longer without surgery they were prioritized. MASH units typically followed the saying, "life takes precedence over limb, function over anatomical defects", a phrase which essentially means that they had to repair the most serious defect first. This thought process has since rolled over to the modern technique of triage in ERs nationwide.
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soldiers, they treated over thirty thousand civilians. With an average survival rate of 97%, this was impressive considering how many victims there were of an earthquake and the longevity of these units from the late 1940s to the early 2000s. Although these hospitals were very effective in being able to provide suitable care to those in the battlefield and civilian populations, the MASH units soon became obsolete as MASH units were made for conventional wars; the
Vietnam War, the Gulf War and the Iraq War were in different terrains than they were designed for resulting in different needs as they were much harder to traverse than Korea. New transportation vehicles such as the
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322:, deployed to King Abdul-Aziz Air Base, Royal Saudi Air Force, Daharan Saudi Arabia and was the first fully functional Army hospital in the country. Their forward surgical team and Advanced Party had deployed in mid August to Daharan. This unit moved forward six times, always as the first up hospital for the region. In February 1991, the 5th MASH was operationally attached to the 24th Infantry Division to provide forward surgical care (often right on the front battle lines) to the combat units that attacked the western flank of the Iraqi army. In March 1991, the 159th MASH of the
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often took 24 hours to set up at new locations once moved with armored units, trucks and airmobile. Airmobile or the early stages, known today as helicopters, were crucial to the war effort as they were fast traveling units that could pickup casualties and deliver them effectively back to MASH units. With mountainous terrain in Korea, this was crucial as ground transport could compromise the patients lives and would take longer to arrive to MASH units.
32:
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The Korean War played a great role in defining MASH units. High casualties in the front line called for onsite paramedic care, such as ambulances and medical tents. Having learned from World War II that transporting wounded soldiers to rear hospitals was highly inefficient in reducing mortality rate,
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for emergency stabilizing surgery, and finally routed to the MASH for the most extensive treatment. This proved to be highly successful; during the Korean War, a seriously wounded soldier who made it to a MASH unit alive had a greater than 97% chance of survival once he received treatment. MASH units
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of the Tokyo Army
Hospital, also aided in the establishment of the MASH program. It was an alternative to the random individual systems of portable surgical hospitals, field hospitals, and general hospitals used during World War II. It was designed to get experienced personnel closer to the front, so
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through 300 wounded soldiers. By comparison, the 8076th Mobile Army
Surgical Hospital had personnel including 10 medical officers, 12 nursing officers, and 89 enlisted soldiers of assorted medical and non-medical specialties. On one occasion, the unit handled over 600 casualties in a 24-hour period.
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serving as a predominant medical evacuation aircraft during the war. Military doctors stabilized wounded soldiers midair before getting them to a field hospital. MASH onsite paramedic care and air ambulance system decreased post evacuation mortality from 4% in World War II to 2.5% in the Korean War.
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The
Vietnam War had little action for the MASH units within the U.S Army. The Vietnam War marked the demise of the MASH units as only one unit, known as the "2nd MASH Unit", served actively, and only from October 1966 to July 1967. The Vietnam War was a very different environment from the Korean War
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Each MASH unit had 60 beds, as well as surgical, nursing, and other enlisted and officer staff available at all times. MASH units filled a vital role in military medicine by providing support to army units upwards of 10,000 to 20,000 soldiers. These units had a low mortality rate compared to others,
557:
For narrative simplicity, the "4077th MASH" unit depicted in the novel, movie, and television series was smaller than real MASH units. The fictional 4077th consisted of four general surgeons and one neurosurgeon, around 10 nurses, and 50–70 enlisted men. In an average 24-hour period, they could go
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In addition, one of the last MASH units worldwide was located in
Pakistan serving as a civilian hospital to aid in recovery efforts following an earthquake in 2006. Known as the 212th MASH unit which was originally in Miesau, Germany, it was re-established for the Iraq War. In addition to treating
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made airmobile and other ground units ineffective in desert and tropical terrain. Lastly, technology made for treating patients in the operating room and elsewhere has gotten much more complex resulting in more space and care needed to treat soldiers along with many fewer troops being deployed.
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The system allows for caregivers to prioritize patient's wounds and injuries in order to get those who are severely injured treated as soon as possible. The patient's status is determined an overview of their respiratory, perfusion, and mental status. The current triage system consists of
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Other MASH units that served in 1990–91 included the 2nd MASH, 1st
Medical Group, Benning; the 10th MASH, 1st Medical Group, Carson; the 115th MASH (DCARNG); the 475th MASH (341st Med Group, KY USAR); the 807th MASH (341st Med Group, KY USAR); and the 912th MASH (TN USAR).
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MASH units were established near front lines to supply mobile and flexible military medical care. They contributed to making improvements in resuscitation and trauma care, patient transport, blood storage and distribution, patient triage, and evacuation. The
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While the concept of triage had been used years before the Korean War, it wasn't until MASH units put it into real practice that the idea was fully developed. World War I and World War II saw the introduction of chemical weapons, such as
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Air evacuation undoubtedly contributed to the dramatic reduction in the death rate of wounded soldiers in the Korean War, compared with previous conflicts (World War I, 8.5%; World War II, 4%; and Korean War,
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US Army medics move a wounded soldier on a stretcher from a 568th
Medical Ambulance Company ambulance into a tent for treatment at the 8225th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH), Korea, September 1, 1951.
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relief operations. The U.S. State
Department bought the MASH's tents and medical equipment, owned by the DoD, and donated the entire hospital to the Pakistani military, a donation worth $ 4.5 million.
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Principles for a mobile medical unit and their implementation were established through trial and error in the dental field during World War II by Major
Vincent P. Marran, a medic in the
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167:", the first hour after an injury is first sustained, which is referred to in trauma as the "most important hour". The U.S. Army deactivated the last MASH unit on February 16, 2006.
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system was developed to transport soldiers by aircraft at a quicker pace. Helicopters were frequently used as "air ambulances" during the Korean War, with the
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Data from March 19, 2003 - September 25, 2004; Data prepared from: Washington
Headquarters Services. Directorate for information, Operation and Reports. ht
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Marble, Sanders. "The Evolution and Demise of the MASH, 1946–2006: Organizing to Perform Forward Surgery as Medicine and the Military Change,"
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An operation is performed on a wounded soldier at the 8209th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, 20 miles (32 km) from the front lines, 1952.
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King, Booker, MD, and Ismail Jatoi, MD. "The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH): A Military and Surgical Legacy." (n.d.): n. pag. Print.
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U.S. personnel and equipment needed to save a life are assembled at HQs of the 8225th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, Korea, in 1951.
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This article is about the U.S. military hospital medical units that existed from 1910s to 2007. For the 2007–2017 U.S. unit, see
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that the wounded could be treated sooner and with greater success. Casualties were first treated at the point of injury through
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was deactivated. A deactivating ceremony was held in South Korea, which was attended by several members of the cast of the
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985:"THE EVOLUTION + DEMISE OF THE MASH, 1946–2006: ORGANIZING TO PERFORM FORWARD SURGERY AS MEDICINE AND THE MILITARY CHANGE"
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The 212th MASH – based in Miesau Ammo Depot, Germany – was deployed to Iraq in 2003, supporting coalition forces during
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U.S. Army soldiers and interpreters train local Uzbek anesthesia providers on the 885 Mobile Anesthesia Machine at the
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Gross, Michael L. Bioethics and Armed Conflict: Moral Dilemmas of Medicine and War. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2006. Print.
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King, Booker, and Ismalil Jatoi. "The mobile Army surgical hospital (MASH): a military and surgical legacy."
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Surgeon to soldiers; diary and records of the Surgical Consultant, Allied Force Headquarters, World War II
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MASH units played an important role in the development of the triage system, a technique that underscores
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The 212th MASH's unit sign now resides at the Army Medical Department's Museum in San Antonio, Texas.
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755:"Emergency Medicine Research Directors: Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2005 Survey Results"
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Skilled and resolute : a history of the 12th Evacuation Hospital and the 212th MASH, 1917–2006
865:"Helicopter Ambulance delivering a patient in Med-evac Stretcher Pannier at 8063rd M.A.S.H., Korea"
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and other surgical consultants as the "mobile army surgical hospital". Col. Harry A. Ferguson, the
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as the transportation time to hospitals was shorter, resulting in fewer patients dying within the "
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Unit history of the 45th Surgical Hospital (8076th AU) : unit activation to 10 Aug 53
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Wounds or injuries that aren't completely disabling. Referred to as "walking wounded."
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which MASH units were created in. The Vietnam War required a change from MASH to
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1263:. Office of the Surgeon General, United States Army, Washington, DC, 2013.
1018:"The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH): A Military and Surgical Legacy".
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Major V.P. Marran, medic with Patton's Third Army (firefall editions, 2010)
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MASH angels : tales of an air-evac helicopter pilot in the Korean War
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818:"The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH): A Military and Surgical Legacy"
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Not in immediate danger but requires medical care. Requires observation.
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1046:"Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH): A Military and Surgical Legacy".
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Internationally, the last MASH unit in the U.S. Army was converted to a
1179:. Washington, D.C. : Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1987.
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on the organizational colors. The 212th MASH's last deployment was to
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3rd Republic of Korea Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, Wonju, Korea, 1951
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color-coding; each patient (and at times their different wounds) are
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Deceased or so severely wounded that there is no hope for survival.
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Mission training plan for the Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH)
1300:. Office, Chief of Army Field Forces, Army Airborne Center, 1951.
925:"The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital: Vietnam War – MUST vs. MASH |"
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1 was established, following the example of the French military
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units conceptualized in 1946 as replacements for the obsolete
1208:. Carlisle Barracks, Pa. : U.S. Army War College, 2001.
1286:. Carlisle Barracks, PA : U.S. Army War College, 1993.
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United States. Army. Office. Chief of Army Field Forces.
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Phoenix, Ariz: AiResearch Manufacturing Division, 1967.
540:(1972–1983) also based on the novel. A 1953 film,
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before being phased out in the early 2000s, in favor of
1315:. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, .
1133:. Lexington : University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
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NPR Audio: Last U.S. MASH Unit Handed Over to Pakistan
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Glimpsing Modernity: Military Medicine in World War I
679:"Goodbye, farewell and amen to the last US Mash unit"
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United States. Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, 45th.
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Military medical organizations of the United States
385:(known as the first evac helicopter) and later the
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1385:is available for free viewing and download at the
473:Requires immediate treatment in order to survive.
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450:with either a black, red, yellow, or green tag.
1117:300th Mash: Desert Shield/Storm, Germany, 1991.
568:List of former United States Army medical units
1343:The creation of the portable surgical hospital
1230:. Short Hills, NJ : Burford Books, 2009.
890:"M*A*S*H' legacy lives on in Korea-based unit"
575:, a Norwegian MASH unit during the Korean War.
197:shortly after the American entry to the war.
16:Decommissioned type of U.S. Army medical unit
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1418:2006 disestablishments in the United States
1221:Journal of the national medical association
1048:Journal of the National Medical Association
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822:Journal of the National Medical Association
717:Journal of the National Medical Association
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1413:1945 establishments in the United States
816:King, Booker; Jatoi, Ismail (May 2005).
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1206:Commanding the 212th MASH in Bosnia
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326:operated in Iraq in support of the
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442:(ER) medicine in hospitals today.
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1408:United States military hospitals
958:"Army's last MASH becomes a CSH"
888:Jon Rabiroff (August 29, 2009).
791:Stephen C. Craig, Dale C. Smith
518:The MASH unit made its way into
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1382:Big Picture: Pictorial Report
1156:. Philadelphia, Lippincott .
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324:Louisiana Army National Guard
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765:(5Supplement 1): S202–S203.
753:Karras, D. J. (2006-05-01).
195:automobile-chirurgical units
187:American Expeditionary Force
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1093:"Office of Medical History"
759:Academic Emergency Medicine
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1129:Apel, Otto F.; Apel, Pat.
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929:www.medicalinspection.net
771:10.1197/j.aem.2006.03.515
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1095:. History.amedd.army.mil
983:Marble, Sanders (2014).
723:(2): 97. February 2009.
215:United States Third Army
157:combat support hospitals
592:Combat Support Hospital
522:through the 1968 novel
372:Combat Support Hospital
360:2005 Kashmir earthquake
348:Operation Iraqi Freedom
342:Operation Iraqi Freedom
21:Combat support hospital
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508:battalion aid stations
417:aeromedical evacuation
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408:Operation Provide Hope
332:Operation Desert Storm
248:Battalion Aid Stations
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139:(MASH) were U.S. Army
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1226:Kirkland, Richard C.
1190:Garrett Corporation.
1152:Churchill, Edward D.
947:(Dinackus, Chart 2-4)
620:(1972–1983 TV series)
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892:. Stars and Strpies
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685:. 2006-02-07
683:The Guardian
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48:Please help
43:verification
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1054:. May 2005.
1026:. May 2005.
532:, the 1970
504:mustard gas
306:During the
285:Vietnam War
271:Frank Burns
256:South Korea
181:World War I
165:Golden Hour
1397:Categories
1375:MASH Units
1099:2014-04-23
964:2016-02-16
934:2021-11-18
874:2021-11-18
713:"Masthead"
689:2021-11-18
655:2021-11-18
625:References
394:Field care
221:Korean War
176:In service
149:Korean War
76:newspapers
1277:861789107
1244:318421406
1200:701255387
997:1546-5330
779:1069-6563
737:0027-9684
421:Bell H-13
383:Bell H-13
244:buddy aid
1351:45409004
1336:14145260
1330:. 1953.
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1292:28208258
1214:49979530
1185:14378361
1147:38738909
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1005:26300268
844:15926641
562:See also
356:Pakistan
308:Gulf War
302:Gulf War
153:Gulf War
835:2569328
617:M*A*S*H
609:M*A*S*H
573:NORMASH
404:Fergana
330:during
273:), and
261:M*A*S*H
171:History
151:to the
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849:2.5%)
796:p.120
489:Green
459:Black
97:JSTOR
83:books
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993:ISSN
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292:MUST
69:news
830:PMC
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