1825:"We decline to grant the state unrestricted access to a wireless carrier's database of physical location information," Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. wrote for the majority. ... "Mapping a cellphone's location over the course of 127 days provides an all-encompassing record of the holder's whereabouts," he wrote, going on to quote from an earlier opinion. "As with GPS information, the time-stamped data provides an intimate window into a person's life, revealing not only his particular movements, but through them his 'familial, political, professional, religious and sexual associations.'" ... "cellphones and the services they provide are 'such a pervasive and insistent part of daily life' that carrying one is indispensable to participation in modern society."
20:
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1724: 1878) ("Letters and sealed packages subject to letter postage in the mail can be opened and examined only under like warrant, issued upon similar oath or affirmation, particularly describing the thing to be seized, as is required when papers are subjected to search in one's own household. The constitutional guaranty of the right of the people to be secure in their papers against unreasonable searches and seizures extends to their papers, thus closed against inspection, wherever they may be.").
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The location of a mobile phone can be determined using the service provider's network infrastructure. The advantage of network-based techniques, from a service provider's point of view, is that they can be implemented non-intrusively without affecting handsets. Network-based techniques were developed
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shall issue only if the governmental entity offers specific and articulable facts showing that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the contents of a wire or electronic communication, or the records or other information sought, are relevant and material to an ongoing criminal investigation.
433:
listen for a signal sent from the phone and negotiate which tower is best able to communicate with the phone. As the phone changes location, the antenna towers monitor the signal, and the phone is "roamed" to an adjacent tower as appropriate. By comparing the relative signal strength from multiple
450:
A phone's location can be shared with friends and family, posted to a public website, recorded locally, or shared with other users of a smartphone app. The inclusion of GPS receivers on smartphones has made geographical apps nearly ubiquitous on these devices. Specific applications include:
1744:
A court issuing an order pursuant to this section, on a motion made promptly by the service provider, may quash or modify such order, if the information or records requested are unusually voluminous in nature or compliance with such order otherwise would cause an undue burden on such
217:
One of the key challenges of network-based techniques is the requirement to work closely with the service provider, as it entails the installation of hardware and software within the operator's infrastructure. Frequently the compulsion associated with a legislative framework, such as
308:(E-OTD). This avenue has not made significant headway, due to the difficulty of convincing different manufacturers to cooperate on a common mechanism and to address the cost issue. Another difficulty would be to address the issue of foreign handsets that are roaming in the network.
345:
Wi-Fi data can also be used to identify a handset's location. The poor performance of the GPS-based methods in indoor environment and the increasing popularity of Wi-Fi have encouraged companies to design new and feasible methods to carry out Wi-Fi-based indoor positioning. Most
333:, round-trip time, and signal strength. The type of information obtained via the SIM can differ from that which is available from the handset. For example, it may not be possible to obtain any raw measurements from the handset directly, yet still obtain measurements via the SIM.
249:
installed on the handset. This technique determines the location of the handset by putting its location by cell identification, signal strengths of the home and neighboring cells, which is continuously sent to the carrier. In addition, if the handset is also equipped with
385:
and network information to compute the location. Both types of data are thus used by the telephone to make the location more accurate (i.e., A-GPS). Alternatively tracking with both systems can also occur by having the phone attain its GPS-location directly from the
264:
The key disadvantage of handset-based techniques, from service provider's point of view, is the necessity of installing software on the handset. It requires the active cooperation of the mobile subscriber as well as software that must be able to handle the different
541:
which allows users to watch his entire movements during that time in fast-forward. Spitz concluded that technology consumers are the key to challenging privacy norms in today's society who "have to fight for self determination in the digital age."
210:" timing methods as the most accurate. The accuracy of network-based techniques is both dependent on the concentration of cell base stations, with urban environments achieving the highest possible accuracy because of the higher number of
441:
Newer phones may also allow the tracking of the phone even when turned on but not active in a telephone call. This results from the roaming procedures that perform hand-over of the phone from one base station to another.
202:
The accuracy of network-based techniques varies, with cell identification being the least accurate (due to differential signals transposing between towers, otherwise known as "bouncing signals") and
257:
Another approach is to use a fingerprinting-based technique, where the "signature" of the home and neighboring cells signal strengths at different points in the area of interest is recorded by
46:. To locate a mobile phone using multilateration of mobile radio signals, the phone must emit at least the idle signal to contact nearby antenna towers and does not require an active call. The
511:
issues, since it enables someone to check where a person is without the person's consent. Strict ethics and security measures are strongly recommended for services that employ positioning.
1700:
and (c) that an invasion of a constitutionally protected area by federal authorities is, as the Court has long held, presumptively unreasonable in the absence of a search warrant.").
2760:
1789: 3 July 1984) ("the use of a beeper to conduct surveillance on Karo and his accomplices constituted an unlawful search and seizure in violation of the Fourth Amendment.").
154:
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Advanced systems determine the sector in which the mobile phone is located and roughly estimate also the distance to the base station. Further approximation can be done by
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city residents. Aggregate presence of mobile phone users could be tracked in a privacy-preserving fashion. This location data was used to locate protesters during
1739:
Requirements for Court Order.— A court order for disclosure under subsection (b) or (c) may be issued by any court that is a court of competent jurisdiction and
30:
is a process for identifying the location of a mobile phone, whether stationary or moving. Localization may be affected by a number of technologies, such as the
435:
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antenna towers, a general location of a phone can be roughly determined. Other means make use of the antenna pattern, which supports angular determination and
1389:
635:
that the government violates the Fourth
Amendment by accessing historical records containing the physical locations of cellphones without a search warrant.
1880:
Varshavsky, Alex; Chen, Mikey; Froehlich, Jon; Haehnel, Dirk; Hightower, Jeffrey; Lamarca, Anthony; Potter, Fred; Sohn, Timothy; Tang, Karen; Smith, Ian.
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at the time, saying, "This is six months of my life You can see where I am, when I sleep at night, what I'm doing." He partnered up with
2822:
2984:
1427:
326:
1688: 18 December 18, 1967) ("(a) that an enclosed telephone booth is an area where, like a home, and unlike a field, a person has
2431:
733:
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In
January 2019, the location of her iPhone as determined by her sister helped Boston police find kidnapping victim Olivia Ambrose.
390:, and then having the information sent via the network to the person that is trying to locate the telephone. Such systems include
1930:
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use a combination of network-based and handset-based technologies for location determination. One example would be some modes of
192:
1803:
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329:(UMTS) handsets, it is possible to obtain raw radio measurements from the handset. Available measurements include the serving
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There are also hybrid positioning systems which combine several different location approaches to position mobile devices by
2707:
2023:
1280:
578:, and location data obtained from mobile phone networks is usually given the same protection as the communication itself.
2697:
2250:
1742:
In the case of a State governmental authority, such a court order shall not issue if prohibited by the law of such State.
1616: 22 June 2018) ("The Government's acquisition of Carpenter's cell-site records was a Fourth Amendment search.").
1243:
2803:
2735:
1786:
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917:
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133:
1839:"United States ∙ Carpenter v US: Supreme Court Rules Police Need a Warrant to Obtain Cell-Site Location Information"
525:
after suing the company. He described the data, which consists of 35,830 lines of data collected during the span of
261:
and matched in real-time to determine the handset location. This is usually performed independent from the carrier.
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2256:
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1984:
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to determine the location of GSM mobile phones, or dedicated trackers, usually with the intent to locate the user.
2974:
1397:
1336:
559:
2319:
1735:"Stored Communications Act (18 U.S. Code § 2703(d) - Required disclosure of customer communications or records)"
2324:
1106:
Ibrahim, M.; Youssef, M. (2011-06-01). "A Hidden Markov Model for
Localization Using Low-End GSM Cell Phones".
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signals between adjacent antenna towers. Qualified services may achieve a precision of down to 50 meters in
2692:
2203:
713:
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2208:
1923:
1550:
994:
Ibrahim, M.; Youssef, M. (2012-01-01). "CellSense: An
Accurate Energy-Efficient GSM Positioning System".
626:
189:
and desolate areas may see miles between base stations and therefore determine locations less precisely.
19:
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intrusion into a place that is in this sense private may constitute a violation of the Fourth
Amendment;
2964:
2702:
2578:
2352:
1603:
1309:
1047:
Ibrahim, M.; Youssef, M. (2010-12-01). "CellSense: A Probabilistic RSSI-Based GSM Positioning System".
827:
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then significantly more precise location information can be then sent from the handset to the carrier.
149:
2969:
2880:
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2344:
855:
Laitinen, H.; Lahteenmaki, J.; Nordstrom, T. (2001). "Database correlation method for GSM location".
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on the issue of mobile phone privacy in which he showcased his own stored data that he received from
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61:
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The inviolability of the homes of citizens and privacy of correspondence are protected by law.
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2755:
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2198:
1979:
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1675:
773:
610:. Police access of seven days of a citizen's location data is unquestionably enough to be a
2928:
2677:
2142:
2043:
1969:
1757:
1640: 25 June 2014) ("Required a warrant to search mobile telecommunications devices.").
1062:
857:
IEEE VTS 53rd
Vehicular Technology Conference, Spring 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37202)
750:
351:
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8:
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1996:
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where mobile traffic and density of antenna towers (base stations) is sufficiently high.
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1021:
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882:
868:
698:
174:, so knowledge of the location of the base station implies the cell phone is nearby.
65:
1410:
D. Quercia, Ilias
Leontiadis, Liam McNamara, Cecilia Mascolo, Jon Crowcroft (2011).
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1412:
SpotME If You Can: Randomized
Responses for Location Obfuscation on Mobile Phones.
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278:
234:
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1664: 23 January 2012) ("Limited use of GPS devices to track movements.").
2953:
2622:
2271:
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2186:
2174:
1889:
In 7th IEEE Workshop on Mobile
Computing Systems and Applications (HotMobile)
1862:
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1025:
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943:"Israeli spy firm suspected of accessing global telecoms via Channel Islands"
703:
619:
599:
587:
342:
286:
282:
207:
203:
178:
1281:"Brief for technology companies as amici curiae in support of neither party"
941:
Black, Crofton; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Sabbagh, Dan (December 16, 2020).
2654:
2617:
2551:
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2152:
1939:
378:
171:
1466:
1262:"A common smartphone feature helped find missing woman - The Boston Globe"
2642:
2607:
2556:
2531:
2093:
2033:
1898:"Location tracking of GSM cellphones: now easier (and cheaper) than ever"
1815:. Vol. CLXII, no. 58, 002 (National ed.). pp. A1, A16
1799:
688:
657:
514:
493:
391:
147:
many years prior to the widespread availability of GPS on handsets. (See
69:
898:"Geolocation propagation modeling for cellular-based mobile positioning"
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2546:
2521:
2418:
2329:
2286:
2225:
418:
347:
270:
258:
211:
182:
118: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
35:
1390:"China plans to track cellphone users, sparking human rights concerns"
237:, thereby being able to track the location of any cellphone globally.
80:
The location of a mobile phone can be determined in a number of ways.
2266:
2028:
1549:"Chapter X, Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens, Article 128".
1337:"Malte Spitz's TED Talk Takes On Mobile Phone Privacy Debate (VIDEO)"
673:
455:
430:
387:
166:
and uses the concept that a powered mobile phone always communicates
93:
2637:
2409:
2016:
2006:
2001:
973:
902:
IEEE 60th
Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004
607:
534:
403:
318:
225:
In December 2020, it emerged that the Israeli surveillance company
167:
1428:"Chinese police are using cellphone data to track down protesters"
1116:
1057:
1008:
801:"Tracking a suspect by any mobile phone: Tracking SIM and handset"
554:
has proposed using this technology to track commuting patterns of
162:
The technology of locating is based on measuring power levels and
2536:
2314:
1991:
1584:
1244:"Roving Bug in Cell Phones Used By FBI to Eavesdrop on Syndicate"
1241:
828:"Location Based Services for Mobiles: Technologies and Standards“
662:
555:
526:
508:
359:
330:
274:
1908:
304:
hardware or software on the handset by the manufacturers, e.g.,
222:, is required before a service provider will deploy a solution.
2649:
2369:
1690:
a constitutionally protected reasonable expectation of privacy;
1222:"Improving WLAN-Based Indoor Mobile Positioning Using Sparsity"
571:
480:
474:
1471:. Fortsakis, Théodore. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.
414:
410:
399:
214:, and the implementation of the most current timing methods.
186:
1049:
2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM 2010
854:
2011:
831:
72:
the location of a mobile phone, and thereby also its user.
43:
1879:
1108:
2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)
2722:
2147:
1464:
940:
859:. Vol. 4. Rhodes, Greece: IEEE. pp. 2504–2508.
832:
IEEE International Conference on Communication (ICC) 2008
382:
322:
290:
251:
206:
as moderately accurate, and newer "advanced forward link
47:
297:, would be able to run such software, e.g. Google Maps.
64:
that disclose the actual coordinates of a mobile phone.
2120:
2115:
2105:
2088:
2083:
2072:
245:
The location of a mobile phone can be determined using
2844:
574:
most countries have a constitutional guarantee on the
1569:
The Legal Protection of the Secrecy of Correspondence
1502:"The origins and development of the right to privacy"
1242:
Declan McCullagh and Anne Broache (6 December 2008).
590:, there is a limited constitutional guarantee on the
1334:
959:Handset-based mobile phone tracking app example 1:
458:
specific locations of interest such as No Fly Zones
1219:
537:and made his information publicly available in an
1310:"Your phone company is watching - TEDGlobal 2012"
974:"Handset-based Mobile phone carrier tracking app"
598:. The use of location data is further limited by
23:An indoor location tracking map on a mobile phone
2951:
896:Wang, S.S.; Wylie-Green, M.P. (September 2004).
300:One proposed work-around is the installation of
1882:"Are GSM phones THE solution for localization?"
895:
233:signaling system via cellular network provider
1804:"Warrant Required for Cellphone Tracking Data"
1105:
1046:
993:
507:Locating or positioning touches upon delicate
159:for one of the first works relating to this.)
2830:
1924:
1360:
1229:Asilomar Conference on Signal Processing 2012
1758:"47 CFR Subpart E - Privacy Act Regulations"
1597:
1595:
1593:
1450:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1387:
665:Russian "Global Navigation Satellite System"
369:
1175:
823:
821:
479:Recording a journey, for example to show a
2837:
2823:
1931:
1917:
1895:
1508:, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 9–23,
904:. Vol. 7. pp. 5155–5159 Vol. 7.
844:Mobile Positioning Using Wireless Networks
327:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
16:Identifying the location of a mobile phone
1590:
1125:
1115:
1056:
1007:
996:IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
830:, Shu Wang, Jungwon Min and Byung K. Yi,
734:Radio resource location services protocol
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
1836:
1499:
818:
445:
229:may have gained access, in 2018, to the
18:
1703:
48:Global System for Mobile Communications
2952:
2891:Underwater acoustic positioning system
1798:
1426:Xiong, Nectar Gan, Yong (2022-12-02).
424:
2934:Simultaneous localization and mapping
2818:
1912:
1643:
1619:
1425:
1768:
1667:
1335:Fitzgerald, Britney (25 July 2012).
1290:. Supreme Court of the United States
971:
429:In order to route calls to a phone,
116:adding citations to reliable sources
87:
1843:European Data Protection Law Review
1727:
1166:ETSI TS 102 223 V9.1.0 SIM standard
352:Global Navigation Satellite Systems
34:of radio signals between (several)
13:
2761:USA use restrictions while driving
2736:Legality of recording by civilians
1787:Supreme Court of the United States
1722:Supreme Court of the United States
1686:Supreme Court of the United States
1662:Supreme Court of the United States
1638:Supreme Court of the United States
1614:Supreme Court of the United States
1506:Comparative Privacy and Defamation
1465:Spyropoulos, Philippos K. (2009).
1278:
14:
3006:
2985:Mobile telecommunication services
1938:
1873:
1762:LII / Legal Information Institute
837:
490:purposes such as fitness tracking
306:Enhanced Observed Time Difference
42:and the phone or by simply using
2798:
2797:
2786:
2774:
965:
949:– via www.theguardian.com.
581:
421:, and network environment data.
240:
92:
83:
1896:Dan Goodin (17 February 2012).
1891:. IEEE Computer Society: 20–28.
1830:
1792:
1750:
1561:
1543:
1493:
1458:
1419:
1404:
1381:
1361:Biermann, Kai (10 March 2011).
1354:
1328:
1302:
1272:
1254:
1235:
1213:
1188:
1169:
1160:
1099:
1040:
103:needs additional citations for
1388:Cecilia Kang (March 3, 2011).
1176:Ted Gibbons (25 August 2008).
987:
953:
934:
889:
848:
793:
50:(GSM) is based on the phone's
1:
1552:1936 Constitution of the USSR
1220:Pourhomayoun; Fowler (2012).
786:
767:United States v. Jones (2012)
592:privacy of telecommunications
75:
2781:Telecommunication portal
1468:Constitutional law in Greece
714:Mobile identification number
311:
269:of the handsets. Typically,
7:
1514:10.4337/9781788970594.00008
1248:The Chicago Syndicate -BLOG
1075:10.1109/GLOCOM.2010.5683779
910:10.1109/VETECF.2004.1405083
638:
627:United States Supreme Court
560:protests in Beijing in 2022
10:
3011:
2881:Hybrid positioning systems
2876:Real-time locating systems
2703:Phantom vibration syndrome
2698:Mental health from overuse
1604:Carpenter v. United States
1363:"Betrayed by our own data"
1196:"Q&A on Location Data"
865:10.1109/VETECS.2001.944052
761:Triggerfish (surveillance)
647:Carpenter v. United States
632:Carpenter v. United States
502:
375:Hybrid positioning systems
319:Subscriber Identity Module
2904:
2871:Local positioning systems
2866:Indoor positioning system
2856:
2769:
2721:
2668:
2598:
2507:
2450:
2417:
2404:
2382:Open-source mobile phones
2343:
2295:
2245:
2234:
2133:
2052:
1960:
1946:
739:Real-time locating system
576:secrecy of correspondence
565:
370:Hybrid positioning system
364:Wi-Fi positioning systems
54:to nearby antenna masts.
2896:Wi-Fi positioning system
1136:10.1109/icc.2011.5962993
1018:10.1109/TVT.2011.2173771
694:Local positioning system
545:
337:
170:with one of the closest
152:, issued 21 May 1996
2746:Photography and the law
2741:Mobile phones in prison
1855:10.21552/edpl/2018/4/17
1500:Campbell, John (2020),
780:Vehicle tracking system
709:Mobile device forensics
273:, such as one based on
62:location-based services
2975:Criminal investigation
1652:United States v. Jones
724:Positioning technology
653:Cellphone surveillance
625:In November 2017, the
614:search requiring both
68:companies use this to
24:
2793:Telephones portal
2756:Texting while driving
2693:External power supply
2392:Windows Phone devices
1837:Keyaerts, K. (2018).
1777:United States v. Karo
1676:Katz v. United States
1178:"Vodafone Local Zone"
774:United States v. Karo
446:Consumer applications
381:, which can both use
28:Mobile phone tracking
22:
2980:Espionage techniques
2929:Satellite navigation
2708:Radiation and health
2024:Standards comparison
1783:468 U.S. 705
1696:as well as physical
1682:389 U.S. 347
1658:565 U.S. 400
751:Satellite navigation
436:phase discrimination
112:improve this article
2886:Positional tracking
2858:Positioning systems
2850:positioning systems
1718:96 U.S. 727
1628:Riley v. California
1579:), 2009, number 1,
1567:Roxana Maria Roba.
1394:The Washington Post
1067:2010arXiv1004.3178I
972:Reynolds, Bethany.
745:Riley v. California
684:Information privacy
425:Operational purpose
2906:Navigation systems
1812:The New York Times
1573:Curentul "Juridic"
729:Phone surveillance
679:Indoor positioning
552:Chinese government
467:Locator apps like
195:localization uses
58:Mobile positioning
25:
2965:Mobile technology
2947:
2946:
2812:
2811:
2751:Telephone tapping
2594:
2593:
2542:Instant messaging
2400:
2399:
2129:
2128:
1523:978-1-78897-059-4
1478:978-90-411-2878-2
1400:on June 24, 2011.
1145:978-1-61284-232-5
1084:978-1-4244-5636-9
699:Mass surveillance
473:Dating apps like
267:operating systems
144:
143:
136:
66:Telecommunication
3002:
2970:Crime prevention
2924:Robot navigation
2919:Radio navigation
2839:
2832:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2801:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2688:Electronic waste
2678:BlackBerry thumb
2628:Japanese culture
2415:
2414:
2375:iOS jailbreaking
2243:
2242:
2165:Operating system
1980:Network operator
1965:Channel capacity
1958:
1957:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1886:
1867:
1866:
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1828:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1808:
1802:(23 June 2018).
1796:
1790:
1780:
1772:
1766:
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1731:
1725:
1715:
1712:Ex parte Jackson
1707:
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1490:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1423:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1396:. Archived from
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1332:
1326:
1325:
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1207:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1129:
1119:
1110:. pp. 1–5.
1103:
1097:
1096:
1060:
1051:. pp. 1–5.
1044:
1038:
1037:
1011:
991:
985:
984:
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963:
957:
951:
950:
938:
932:
931:
893:
887:
886:
852:
846:
841:
835:
834:, Beijing, China
825:
816:
815:
813:
812:
797:
756:Secure telephone
612:fourth amendment
596:Fourth Amendment
523:Deutsche Telekom
354:(GNSS), such as
164:antenna patterns
158:
157:
153:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
96:
88:
60:may be used for
3010:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2939:Visual odometry
2900:
2852:
2843:
2813:
2808:
2787:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2717:
2670:
2664:
2590:
2503:
2446:
2442:Cloud computing
2408:
2406:
2396:
2387:Symbian devices
2353:Android devices
2339:
2291:
2282:Satellite phone
2277:Projector phone
2237:
2230:
2135:
2125:
2048:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1884:
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1386:
1382:
1372:
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1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1341:Huffington Post
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1266:BostonGlobe.com
1260:
1259:
1255:
1240:
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1214:
1205:
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1194:
1193:
1189:
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1161:
1146:
1127:10.1.1.750.7082
1104:
1100:
1085:
1045:
1041:
992:
988:
978:
976:
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966:
958:
954:
939:
935:
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853:
849:
842:
838:
826:
819:
810:
808:
799:
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794:
789:
784:
719:Mobile security
669:Google Latitude
641:
584:
568:
548:
539:interactive map
512:
505:
488:quantified self
469:Find My Friends
448:
427:
372:
340:
317:Using the SIM (
314:
247:client software
243:
197:multilateration
155:
148:
140:
129:
123:
120:
109:
97:
86:
78:
52:signal strength
32:multilateration
17:
12:
11:
5:
3008:
2998:
2997:
2995:Geopositioning
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
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2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Dead reckoning
2910:
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2695:
2690:
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2683:Driving safety
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2229:
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2206:
2201:
2194:Text messaging
2191:
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2167:
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1994:
1989:
1988:
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1972:
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1961:
1955:
1944:
1943:
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1935:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1893:
1875:
1874:External links
1872:
1869:
1868:
1849:(4): 525–530.
1829:
1791:
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1726:
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1380:
1353:
1327:
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1279:Waxman, Seth.
1271:
1253:
1234:
1212:
1187:
1168:
1159:
1144:
1098:
1083:
1039:
1002:(1): 286–296.
986:
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616:probable cause
604:administrative
583:
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547:
544:
531:data retention
504:
501:
497:
496:
491:
484:
483:accomplishment
477:
471:
465:
462:GPS navigation
459:
447:
444:
426:
423:
394:, as well as,
371:
368:
339:
336:
335:
334:
313:
310:
279:Windows Mobile
242:
239:
220:Enhanced 9-1-1
142:
141:
100:
98:
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15:
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2365:BlackBerry 10
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2272:Feature phone
2270:
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2253:
2252:
2251:Manufacturers
2248:
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2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2187:airplane mode
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2175:phone cloning
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
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2018:
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2013:
2010:
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1982:
1981:
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1962:
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1951:
1945:
1941:
1940:Mobile phones
1934:
1929:
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1920:
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1911:
1904:. Conde Nast.
1903:
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929:
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921:
919:0-7803-8521-7
915:
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874:9780780367289
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704:Mobile dating
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588:United States
582:United States
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292:
288:
287:BlackBerry OS
284:
283:Windows Phone
280:
276:
272:
268:
262:
260:
255:
253:
248:
241:Handset-based
238:
236:
235:Sure Guernsey
232:
228:
227:Rayzone Group
223:
221:
215:
213:
209:
208:trilateration
205:
204:triangulation
200:
198:
194:
190:
188:
184:
180:
179:interpolating
175:
173:
172:base stations
169:
165:
160:
151:
138:
135:
127:
117:
113:
107:
106:
101:This section
99:
95:
90:
89:
84:Network-based
81:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2960:GSM standard
2608:Box breaking
2579:address book
2432:Distribution
2297:Form factors
2262:Camera phone
2249:
2226:Web browsing
2220:
2077:
2061:
1901:
1888:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1824:
1817:. Retrieved
1810:
1800:Liptak, Adam
1794:
1775:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1740:
1738:
1729:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1674:
1669:
1650:
1645:
1634:573 U.S.
1626:
1621:
1610:583 U.S.
1602:
1572:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1535:, retrieved
1505:
1495:
1467:
1460:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1398:the original
1393:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1366:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1313:
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1287:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1199:
1190:
1181:
1171:
1162:
1107:
1101:
1048:
1042:
999:
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