Model car - Knowledge

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example in 1965, Chrysler had promos made by AMT, Jo-Han, and MPC. But often one of the BIG 3 favored a particular model maker. For example, Jo-Han produced most Chrysler products and Cadillacs and Oldsmobiles from GM, while AMT did the Chevrolet, Buick, Pontiac, and Fords. American Motors Corporation shared promotional duties between Jo-Han and AMT depending on the year. Also, contracts sometimes changed between companies for similar models almost on an annual basis. For example, Jo-Han uncharacteristically produced the 1972 Ford Torino, and MPC did full-size Chevrolets in the early and mid-1970s. While Jo-Han did Chrysler early on, MPC took on the pentastar in the mid-1970s. 1968 through 1970 Chevy Impala kits were made by both MPC and AMT, as were some Camaros. Trying to beat competition to market, sometimes a model company would make a 'guess' at a particular model for a member of the Big 3 for a particular year and thus get details wrong.

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without glue (thus no glue or paint was required). When assembled these were almost identical to the much more elite promotional models. What usually gives them away is that they were mostly molded in a brighter nonmetallic color without paint matched to official 'Big 3' colors. AMT's "Craftsman" series of promo-like models had perforations in the bodies for mirrors and antennae – thus the model's final appearance was not precisely like a promo (which would have had no custom parts attached to the body of the car). Probably, because of the promo look, however, today these often command higher prices than the detailed "3-in-1" kits, especially AMT's Craftsman series of the early and mid sixties.

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kits are generally known for being ultra detailed and of very high quality. Most of the subjects of these companies are Japanese cars, both classic and current (and, of course, ships, planes and military vehicles). For example, Hasegawa and Aoshima make detailed models of the first-generation Toyota Celica, which has become somewhat of a classic. Nevertheless, Hasegawa also produced 1/25 scale models of 1965–66 American cars, including the 1965 Chevrolet Impala, and 1966 Buick Wildcat, Cadillac Coupe DeVille, and Thunderbird Landau. These were actually Johan and AMT kits that were simplified and modified for the Japanese market.

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convert their creations into model kit form. Jim Keeler, a model kit designer for Revell, brought the world highly detailed model cars in the early sixties and is credited with bringing Ed Roth's famous hot rods and customs to the model car marketplace. He also designed Revell's Custom Car Parts which allowed kit builders to add engines, custom wheels and other custom features to existing models. Keeler later went on to Aurora Plastics and innovated the Prehistoric Scenes, which were highly detailed models of prehistoric dinosaurs. Many of Keelers kit designs are still being sold in the 21st century.

1173: 1050: 955: 193: 913:) were introducing plastic promotional models to the public. Similar to metal model producer Banthrico, PMC also made many in the form of banks. Many Chevrolet bank models had the inscription on the bottom "To help save for a rainy day, or to buy a new Chevrolet." The scale for these cars was 1:25, however a few Chevrolets and Plymouths were produced in a larger 1:20 scale. Other less well known plastic companies like Lincoln Line, Cruver or Burd Manufacturing, made the occasional promotional model though cars may not have been the company's specialty. 760: 646:

hood/bonnet. Detailed interiors, instrument panels, trunks/boots with spare tires and engine compartments are common. Chassis often show intricacies of exhaust systems and suspensions. A working suspension system is often included. In smaller scales some of the details are often eliminated, so in 1:43, 1:64, or 1:87 scale cars, working steering is not common. Likewise, only the front doors and hood might open, with non-opening rear doors and trunk. (There are exceptions, of course, such as the steering by lever on the late 1960s 3 inch

1260:, resin, and even wood. In plastic model kits, parts are molded in single cast 'trees' with thin connections that can be easily severed for painting and assembly. Parts come molded in a variety of colors, white being the most common in the 1960s and 1970s. Some parts are chrome plated to simulate real bumpers, grilles, wheels, and other pieces that might be chrome on the actual vehicle. Tires are most commonly molded in rubber. Water 'slide-on' decals are usually included along with an instruction brochure. 179:, encompasses "ordinary or stock automobiles, racing cars (), buses, trucks, specialized service vehicles (especially fire engines), military vehicles, including such equipment as self-propelled gun carriers and mobile rocket launchers; construction equipment, including bulldozers and road rollers, tractors and related farm equipment; mobile showmen's engines, customized automobiles, hot rods, dragsters, the recently popular so-called 'funny cars', early self-propelled road carriages, and so on." 3072: 2833: 3082: 779:) which led to rising values, especially for rare models (for an example, see Parker 1993). This led to mass producers such as Matchbox (specifically with its Models of Yesteryear series) and Corgi intentionally catering to a higher-price market segment with exclusive 'limited editions' of collectible vehicles. Thus, this smaller movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s gradually gave rise to a huge premium market segment by the early 1990s. 456: 836: 625: 172:, there is no precise difference between a model car and a toy car, yet the word 'model' implies either assembly required or the accurate rendering of an actual vehicle at smaller scale. The kit building hobby became popular through the 1950s, while the collecting of miniatures by adults started to gain momentum around 1970. Precision-detailed miniatures made specifically for adults are a significant part of the market since the mid-1980s. 654: 1414: 1541:

modeling in general was on the decline (HO Slot Car Racing 1999–2011). One website attributes the weakening of the pastime to both the ageing of the baby-boomers along with the fragile economics of the slot car industry and the closing of many commercial slot car tracks perhaps as toy companies offered smaller sets to be used at home. A wide variety of electrically powered vehicles, however are available today – in various forms.

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and Model Car World (for example, with its White Box line) have been started in Europe – with production increasingly seen in China. Many of these producers have focused on global auto marques producing vehicles that were produced in Russia or Brazil. Some of these companies only produce kits – others produce kits and build them up to order. Still others are professional kit builders, who do not produce the kits themselves.

865: 584: 816:, Enchantment Land, Conquest / Madison, Durham Classics, Elegance Models, Mini Auto Emporium, Mini Marque, Motor City USA, Tron, Starter, RacingModels, SMTS and Victory. Several of these started production in the 1970s and 1980s and were handmade in the United States, Canada, or England with the occasional constructor in France, Belgium or the Netherlands. A couple of geographical oddities include 36: 1558: 97: 752:, Idea3 and Pirate Models were sold to adult collectors for the first time. Many of these were handmade in white metal in fewer numbers. Also in the early 1970s, craftsmen like Carlo Brianza and Michelle Conti started making ultra-detailed large replicas in Italy and Spain – costing hundreds or even thousands of dollars. In addition, the company 1553:

or "clockwork" car models, that are wound with a key or by a friction mechanism. These were common until slot cars largely replaced them in the 1960s. In fact, the first commercially successful slot cars, the Scalextric 1/32 line (originally 1:30) which debuted in 1957, were simply motorized versions

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which draw power from the track. They became extremely popular in the 1960s, but commercial slot car racing experienced a rapid decline in popularity late in the decade. By the end of the 1970s, the slot car hobby had diminished significantly, especially public tracks operating larger scale cars, and

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and steam engines. In order to make them less fragile, powered models are often somewhat simplified and not as detailed as the best static models. For this reason, some modelers dismiss nearly all powered miniature cars as toys; however many individual efforts and commercial products are sufficiently

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In addition to building them stock, most annual kits offered "3 in 1" versions which allowed the builder to assemble the car in stock, custom, or racing form. MPC joined the kit/promo business in 1965, and among their first annual kits/promos, was the full-size Dodge Monaco, which was released with a

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and Emek Muovi in Denmark and Finland, respectively. Tekno was one of the first European companies to offer a wide variety of multiple promotional variations. Almost all European toy model brands had some kind of promotional service, but in Germany, 1:50 scale was, and remains very common for trucks.

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In the United States, the word 'promo' is usually associated with 1:25 scale plastic, pre-assembled models. In Europe, promotionals were made in smaller vehicle sizes in diecast zamac in 1:32, 1:43, or 1:50 scales. In the case of Chrysler's later Turbine Car, where 50 real cars were put into consumer

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introduced a line of 1932 Grahams and later, the 1935 LaSalle. These were both diecast and made available in boxes with the brand name displayed with appropriate logos and colors (Seeley, No Date). National Products made models of about 1/28th scale starting in 1934. Later manufacturers like Winross,

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or China by either American or Asian companies. 1:87 scale plastic vehicles, related to railroad modeling or not, also continue to be popular in Europe. Despite continued European companies, today, China is now the center of diecast production. Post-war European diecast models were produced in fairly

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Since the mid-1990s several companies including: Tameo, Studio 27, Model Factory Hiro, and Renaissance have issued hundreds of Sports Car and Formula 1 subjects in limited-run, multimedia kit sets. These so-called "multimedia" offerings consist of a combination of resin, white metal, photo-etch, and

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Many of the kits from the golden age of modeling have been reissued. Not only does this allow the craftsman to build the cars they always wanted (but couldn't obtain or afford), but it tends to lower the prices of the originals. In some cases, models of cars from the 1950s and 1960s have been issued

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With the exception of some firms like Stahlberg which made larger scale plastic promotional models of Swedish Volvos and Saabs in an American style, European promotionals were usually based on the 1:43 or 1:32 scale diecast metal models produced as toys or collectors items, often brightly colored or

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the size of the real car. The vehicle was stationary on the company grounds and large enough to hold a whole band that played mostly for photo shoots (Quinn 2004). As time went by, companies in the United States, Europe and Asia made, provided, or sold toys or precision promotional models to attract

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Interest in model car kits began to wane in the mid-1970s, and while the precise causes are not perfectly clear, some factors were a sharp rise in the price of plastics, parents becoming cautious of 'glue sniffing' and, later, the rise of video gaming. A revival of sorts was seen in the late 1980s,

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era with Ace and Berkeley wooden model cars. Revell pioneered the plastic model car in the late 1940s with their Maxwell kit, which was basically an unassembled version of a pull toy. Derek Brand, from England, pioneered the first real plastic kit, a 1932 Ford Roadster for Revell. He was also known

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started producing diecast promotional model car banks in the late 1940s for the banking industry. These coin-banks were available as gifts to customers who opened a new account and had a slot in the bottom to put their spare change. Usually the bank's name and address was painted on the roof of the

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cars (often approx. 1:64) were introduced in the mid-1950s. These early die-cast toys featured no opening parts whatsoever. Affected by market forces and by improvements in production technology, companies began to improve the quality of the toys over time. The "best" improvements were often copied

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Japanese model kit manufacturers – Tamiya, Fujimi, Aoshima, and Hasegawa, among them – also stepped up their presence in the U.S. market during the 1980s and 1990s. Lesser known kit manufacturers, at least in the United States, were Doyusha, Yamada, Nichimo, Otaki, Marui, Rosso, and Arii. Japanese

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Some model companies sold unassembled versions of the promo cars, that were typically simpler and easier to assemble than the annual kits (with engine and customizing parts available in the full-blown kits left out). They were molded in color (instead of the traditional white) and easily assembled

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Since 2000, more than fifty different diecast, resin and white metal manufacturers in England, France, Italy, the Ukraine and Russia have exploded onto the adult collector market. These include Spark, Bizarre, FDS, YOW Modellini (from Japan) and many others. Since 2000, companies like Altaya, Ixo,

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The trend is nearly always a diffusion from more industrialized to somewhat lesser industrialized countries and often the result is poorer paint, faulty zamac alloys, and imprecise assembly. One example was the copies of Italian Ediltoys made by Meboto in Turkey. The Argentine Mukys featured paint

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opening doors, hoods, and complete interiors with all detail, so they were often single castings with few parts. Sophistication in America did come in the form of detailed (but simply cast) promotional models for automotive dealerships which preceded the appearance of automotive kits for assembly.

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Today, model car companies are still in business, fueled by this renewed interest. ERTL took over AMT and MPC which are now both under the Round 2 LLC name. Revell and Monogram have merged. Modelers today can take advantage of modern technology, which includes photoetched details, adhesive chrome

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Organized collecting of model cars developed shortly after the models first appeared on the market. Even before such companies as Corgi and Dinky were ten years old, adults were collecting them, particularly in the UK and the USA. Often, as well, adults seek the joys of childhood, collecting what

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Toys in the United States almost always were simpler castings of zinc alloy (zamak), pressed steel or plastic and often castings of only seven parts (a car body, four plastic wheels and two axles) – while more complex plastic and zamak models in Europe often had precision detail with more working

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worked for AMT. Tom Daniel design vehicles for Monogram and Mattel. Dean Jeffries was employed by MPC. Bill Campbell created hippie monster designs for Hawk. Ed Roth, famous for his 'Rat Fink' was hired by Revell about 1962. Many of these customizers created real cars and had to have specialists

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from the early 1960s, up until around 1973. Differences from dealer promos were lack of manufacturer's official paint schemes and often the addition of a friction motor located on the front axle, noticeable by the studded white vinyl gear that protruded around the axle (and through the oil pan).

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These plastic models were intricately detailed, with body scripts, trim, and emblems, as well as dashboard details, exact duplicates of the real thing, in 1/25 scale. Typically, each automaker would license their cars to one or more model companies. Sometimes the contracts seemed piecemeal – for

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Europe quickly developed niche marketing after World War II. The greater availability of labor there generally allowed the development of relatively complex toys to serve different markets in different countries. In the United States, less labor availability would not allow for complex toys with

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in 1948. These were mostly promotional models manufactured for automobile dealers. Youngsters would be given the scale models to play with while the parents and the salesman haggled. Collecting and trading these "promos" soon became a popular hobby. AMT soon took control of SMP, another plastic

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Also notable is the diffusion of model dies to companies in other countries which could not afford tooling expenses for their own new lines. Traditionally, when European companies have finished marketing their models, newer dies are developed and introduced and older dies are sold off to other

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also started producing model car kits about this same time. Most of these were known as "annual" kits, and were the unassembled kit version of the promotional models or 'promos' representing the new cars that were introduced at the beginning of each model year. As early as 1962, avid British

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After being owned for a time by Seville Enterprises, Okey Spaulding purchased once-defunct Jo-Han, which produced a few of its original Jo-Han models in limited quantities. These include the 1963 Chrysler Turbine Car, 1959 Rambler station wagon, and some of its original 1950s Oldsmobiles and

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Larger 1:24 and 1:18 scale premium models became extremely popular at toy and hobby centers during the 1990s, but are less popular circa 2010. This size is generally made with close attention to the details of the real vehicles, such as a working steering, and opening doors, trunk/boot, and

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The collectors' market also led to licensing aspects not known until the 1980s. In the 1950s and 1960s, models were produced spontaneously without licensing agreements, and real auto manufacturers saw it as free advertising. Today, model companies have licensing arrangements with real car

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The scales of toy and model cars vary according to historical precedent, market demand and the need for detail. Many 'in house' models of real car companies are made by professional modelers in full size, or at very large scales like 1:4, 1:5, 3:8, or 1:10 to portray adequate features and

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by the competition within 1–2 years of their appearance on the market. Examples of these would be plastic windows, interiors, separate wheel/tire assemblies, working suspensions, opening/moving parts, jeweled headlights, mask-spraying or tampo-printing, and low-friction 'fast' wheels.

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Northern Europe and the British Isles were the homes of the most successful European producers in the 1950s and 1960s in the post-war revitalized economies across the continent (Rixon 2005, p. 9). Quite popular were models produced in the altered railroad modeling scale of 1:43.

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As early as about 1970, Dinky tooling became 'Nicky' Toys in India, just as older Matchbox models became 'Miltons' or Corgi dies became 'Maxwell'. Many dies previously made by Corgi, Efsi, Tekno, Sablon or Solido, trekked southward in Europe to Spanish or Portuguese companies like

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Over time, market pressures have caused further changes in the way models are designed and manufactured. In the 1960s, many European models had opening parts and working components, but today few of the smaller scale toys do. More working parts mean more production expense and

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generally became popular first. Since the 1980s, many factory assembled scale model cars made of diecast metal have become more and more adult collectible oriented and less and less toy-like. Besides the smaller scales, these models are manufactured in various scales like

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collector Cecil Gibson had even written a book on plastic model cars. By the mid-1960s, plastic model kits had become more plentiful and varied, with increased level of detail. Typically, the kits often had opening hoods, separate engines and detailed suspension parts.

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Licenses appear on models where model car manufacturers enter similar licensing agreements. Licenses are expensive, which enhances the position of mass producers of model cars, while smaller companies have been marginalized and forced out of business. For example, when

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that was flat and dull, unlike the bright colors of the original Hot Wheels. At the other extreme, Auto Pilen of Spain was an exception and copied models beautifully. These were as good as, or sometimes better, than the original Dinkys or Solidos in quality and paint.

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Into the 1970s, model makers began to feel the squeeze of rising costs. Often press tooling for a new model might cost more than 30,000 pounds (more than US$ 50,000). Companies began to offer fewer new issues and the models became simpler with fewer opening parts.

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machined aluminum instead of inject plastic parts. The most popular scales are 1/43, 1/20, and 1/24. These multimedia kits are very high quality, require a wide set of construction skills to complete, and are marketed to international competition enthusiasts.

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Miniature models of automobiles first appeared in Europe around the time real automobiles did. Then, shortly after, they appeared in the United States. These were toys and replicas often made of lead and brass. Later models made in the early 20th century were

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Throughout, the promo producers were at the whim of the real automakers and would respond to requests of particular scales, paint colors, and other details like working suspensions or even, on occasion, detailed engines, or other opening features.

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colors and used as "paint chips" so dealers could gauge the upcoming colors on real models. These primitive promotionals included Buicks, Cadillacs, Lincolns, Packards, DeSotos, Chryslers, Dodges, Ramblers and the more common Chevrolets and Fords.

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foil for chrome trim, wiring for engines, and billet-aluminum parts. Many builders today can construct a model so it resembles the real car in miniature, much more than could have been done with essentially the same kit more than forty years ago.

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powered models, which were developed in the 1930s and were common until the 1960s. Often guided by a rail between the wheels, or by a tether staked to the center of a circular course, most of these cars use small internal combustion

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Though most car models are static display items, individual model builders have sometimes powered their vehicles in various ways, including rubber bands, springs, inertia mechanisms, electric motors, internal combustion engines,

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The mid-1960s is generally considered the "golden age" of plastic model car kits. Many specialty modelers and customizers, famous for their wild creations, were hired by model companies to sponsor and create new kit designs.

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with all-new tooling, which allows for even more detailing with modern kit design and manufacturing methods. These include AMT's 1966 Fairlane and 1967 Impala SS, and Monogram's 1967 Chevelle and 1965 Impala Super Sport.

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Promotional models are sometimes used when the real auto manufacturers contract with model or toy companies to make copies of their real vehicles. Some of the earliest promotional models were from the early 1930s, when

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of Germany, were introduced in the 1920s through the 1940s, but period models rarely copied actual vehicles, likely because of the crudeness of early casting and metal shaping techniques. Casting vehicles in

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Craftsman's Guild Competition where hundreds of modelers competed for scholarship money.. The emphasis was to earn recognition for creativity which would lead to possible employment as an industry stylist.

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are expensive and usually remote controllable. As combustion engines have a significant danger such cars are not suitable for children. Combustion engine powered model cars are often used for races.

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or about 3 inches), which improved profit margins in packaging more items per carton, and increasing profit per vehicle sold. Others moved to larger scales from 1:43 toward 1:40, 1:38 or

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The internet has also fueled a growing modeling community through websites, online forums and bulletin boards, and sites that host photographs, allowing the hobby to expand internationally.

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for developing a line of 1/32 scale model car kits in England for the Gowland brothers. These kits were later introduced by Revell in the U.S. as the "Highway Pioneers" Series of kits.

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Plymouths. However, he has had financial problems from the start, and there are no indications that he will be able to continue to produce the highly desired Johan line of models.

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and Matchbox vehicles now rarely have such features. Today, the number of moving parts has been reduced even in large-scale models. For example, premium model maker

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race cars, as did AMT with a kit of the 1966 Chevrolet Nova, which American modelers had been requesting for years. New model specific magazines sprang up, such as

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Another variation on promotionals were whole toy lines or brands constructed to represent vehicles on display at particular automotive museums. Examples were

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and Pennjoy are a couple of European style examples which have had much success, particularly Winross which has been making models since the early 1960s.

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Many early model cars were not intended either as toys or for collecting. By the 1920s, the manufacturers of real automobiles would design and construct

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Hudson "Display Models". Viewed 2010. 1932 1/4 scale Hudsons and text on display. Ypsilanti Automotive Heritage Museum. Ypsilanti, Michigan.

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This article is about miniature car replicas or toys. For remotely controllable miniature cars with functioning motors or engines, see

1371:. These magazines spread the word, helped advertisers, and brought a new generation of modelers together from all across the country. 1263:

The best kits have incredible levels of accuracy, even in detail and parts unseen when the model is complete. Major manufacturers are

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manufacturers to make replicas of their products, whether they be concepts, cars in current production, or models no longer produced.

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which made its own tooling for several unique models. Non-market system communist countries also had some successful factories, like

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well-scaled and detailed that they deserve to be called models. The main types of commercially produced powered car models include:

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use, the model by Jo-Han was widely distributed as a good will gesture by Chrysler, though the Turbine was never actually marketed.

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Lesney Matchbox, Lledo, AHL, and White Rose used their toy vehicles to advertise logos on their flanks promoting various companies.

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with authentic tampo or silk screen liveries for commercial products. Companies commonly making promotionals in Europe have been

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succeeding generations to their products. More models also displayed advertising on their bodies for non-automotive promotions.

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features. This provides instruction on different regions of the world and their varied cultures, markets, labor and economies.

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Seeley, Clint. No Date. 1933-1941 Tootsietoy Models. Found on Toy Museum at Home. Website of the De Lespinay Collection.

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Scale miniatures of real production vehicles, designed as kits for children or the enthusiast to construct, can be made of

882: 1151:, R.A.M.I. by J.M.K. of France which made vehicles in the Automobile Museum de Rochetaillée sur Saône in France, or also 168:, etc. are often included in this general category. Because many miniature vehicles were originally aimed at children as 1478: 921:

promotional model producer. By 1960, Wisconsin-based PMC ceased to produce promo models, though continued to make toys.

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Many manufacturers began catering to the adult collector market. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, David Sinclair in

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of Italy. Immediately post-war, Belgium made Septoy and Gasquy. Even Israel got into the act quite successfully with

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Around the early 1990s, many began to collect and record vehicle variations in miniature (in a manner similar to

395:(about 4 inches long, or O scale) common scales. Other companies made vehicles in variations around 1:40 to 58: 387:

proportions. For toys, many European pre-war cars and trucks were made to display with railroad layouts, making

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In-house models could also be precise replicas made of similar materials to the real vehicles. For example,

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of France, for example, made its own models for promotional purposes as early as 1923. Sometimes styling or

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they had destroyed in youth or what their parents had thrown away. This also lead to the foundation of the

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model cars are also available. They exist in versions with or without remote control and are common toys.

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dies made their way to Brazil. Even some of Mattel's earlier Hot Wheels tooling showed up in Argentina as

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felt the crunch, and Bburago went out of business (though the name was eventually reacquired by Maisto).

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Among more collectible vehicles in Europe after World War II and during the 1950s, smaller scales, like

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Larger sizes in die-cast grew out of offerings of European companies like Polistil, Schuco Modell, and

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from 1955. One of two car models the company made, this model is 17.5 in (440 mm) long. In

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Buriki. Japanese Tin Toys from the Golden Age of the American Automobile: The Yoku Tanaka Collection

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and Igra of Czechoslovakia, Espewe of East Germany, and Estetyka of Poland. State factories of the

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Purdy, Steve (December 2004). "Recaptured Youth: A Reunion of the Fisher Body Craftsman's Guild".

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made twelve precisely crafted 1/4 scale replicas of its 1932 vehicles for promotion at the 1932

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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

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The scope of the vehicles involved in the hobby, according to Louis Heilbroner Hertz author of

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and given a chrome or gold finish; they typically doubled as cigarette holders and ash trays.

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Manufacturers focusing on premium models, usually in white metal and sometimes resin, include

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Doty, Dennis (2000). "1965: The Year in Miniature". Collectible Scale Automobile section.

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In Japan, promotional models from the late 1950s until the 1970s were typically cast in

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entered into an exclusive agreement with Mattel's Hot Wheels, companies like Solido and

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Moko Lesney flat bed truck box. Reproduction boxes can sometimes be difficult to spot.

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scales. Some companies went smaller to appeal to the hands of smaller children (about

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Commercial versions of the promos were also marketed and sold in retail stores like

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Doty, Dennis (2000). "Shades of Difference". Collectible Scale Automobile section.

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Interest in the hobby peaked during the 1950s and 1960s, with AMT, Jo-Han, and

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introduced a line of race and sports cars in 1:18 scale with no opening parts.

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Classic Miniature Vehicles Made in France with price guide and variations list

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About the time Banthrico was declining as a promotional maker, two companies,

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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

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Doty, Dennis (2000). "Cabs Forward". Collectible Scale Automobile section.

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However, they were painted and looked just as attractive as dealer promos.

829: 647: 577: 573: 299: 265: 3085: 2984: 2932: 2741: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2536: 2500: 2490: 2434: 2160:

Funding Universe webpage. No date. Company history of Revell-Monogram.

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were made out of wood or clay, often in 3/8 scale. From 1930 until 1968,

331: 323: 262: 23:. For the types of life-size automobiles from various manufacturers, see 2235:. Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, A Division of Book Sales, Inc. 1355:

especially among adults, as Monogram introduced a series of replicas of

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Chrysler's Turbine Car: The Rise and Fall of Detroit's Coolest Creation

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The World of Automobiles: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Motor Car

583: 327: 2736: 2726: 2721: 2689: 2473: 1346:

gold metallic plastic body and is a valuable collector's item today.

894: 877: 835: 658: 624: 608: 549: 545: 455: 355: 24: 2089:

Donnelly, Jim (January 2012). "Dave Sinclair". Personality Profile.

1413: 653: 2892: 2804: 2684: 2679: 2674: 1537: 832:

also focus on the collector market, though in a more popular vein.

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of Italy which made vehicles for the classic automobile museum in

2959: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2468: 864: 797: 793: 711:, and Matchbox tooling reappeared in other forms in many places. 708: 688: 671: 600: 596: 592: 525: 315: 650:

by Matchbox or the patented steering on 1:32 Modarri toy cars.)

459:

Die cast model cars in a variety of scales. Left to right: 1:64

298:) became popular in the late 1930s and remained prominent after 2927: 1948: 1581: 1356: 1316: 1312: 1272: 1241: 1124: 910: 753: 629: 604: 529: 2195:

The Complete Book of Building and Collecting Model Automobiles

177:

The Complete Book of Building and Collecting Model Automobiles

1156: 1020: 869: 533: 420: 295: 291: 157: 2170:. Watford, Hertfordshire, England: Model Aeronautical Press. 1750: 1143:

of Germany which made models specifically on display in the

2907: 2731: 2324:(a publication dedicated to Studebaker history). September. 1885: 1714: 1132:

In the United States, such diecast companies are rare, but

700: 388: 1687: 803: 96: 2878: 2179:. Troy Model Club Series. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1873: 416: 169: 161: 1936: 1924: 1704: 1702: 285:

cars, trucks, and military vehicles, like those made by

2847: 1897: 1801: 1762: 756:, from Italy, made extremely complex kits in 1:8 scale 294:

such as zinc-aluminum-magnesium-copper (trademarked as

1984: 1972: 1960: 1825: 326:

as well as full-sized models for design or promotion.

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car. Banthrico models were also painted in authentic

2224:

Collector's Guide to Diecast Toys & Scale Models

1861: 1837: 2360:London: Miller's, a division of Mitchell Beazley. 2320:Quinn, Richard. 2004. Life and Death of a Giant, 1996: 1914: 1912: 1813: 1738: 1663: 1438:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2271:"Revell: After 60 Years Still Building the Future" 2148:. West Chester, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. 2061:Clor, John M. (December 3, 1990). "Squeeze Play". 2029: 2017: 1849: 1675: 1639: 1789: 1651: 3098: 1909: 1726: 1307:On the heels of the promotional model business, 1194:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 1071:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 976:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 928:(MPC) as the primary promotional manufacturers. 916:AMT began producing assembled 1/25 friction and 214:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 512:Examples of well known companies are (or were) 415:was occasionally seen and more rarely, 1:10 or 305: 2069: 1954: 1593:, which can be bought assembled or built from 683:companies, often in less developed countries. 2863: 2419: 2308:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. 2152: 1780: 1394: 1299:The model car "kit" hobby began in the post 2316:. Vol. 21, no. 4. pp. 64–73. 2254:. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Review Press. 2133: 2120:. Vol. 17, no. 4. pp. 87–89. 2111:. Vol. 17, no. 2. pp. 87–90. 2102:. Vol. 17, no. 1. pp. 88–90. 1807: 2870: 2856: 2426: 2412: 2290:. Dorchester, England: Veloce Publishing. 2093:. Vol. 8, no. 4. pp. 54–57. 1311:or AMT introduced model car kits in 1957. 1283:but many smaller plastics companies, like 872:with typical warping of acetylene plastic. 156:. Other miniature motor vehicles, such as 2398:. London: Eagle Editions, A Quantum Book. 2393: 2339:Plastic Toy Cars of the 1950s & 1960s 2053: 1903: 1498:Learn how and when to remove this message 1225:Learn how and when to remove this message 1102:Learn how and when to remove this message 1007:Learn how and when to remove this message 935: 503: 373:toy pedal cars being manufactured at the 245:Learn how and when to remove this message 77:Learn how and when to remove this message 2376: 2088: 1879: 1867: 1768: 1556: 1554:of the earlier Scalex clockwork racers. 1236: 1039: 863: 834: 758: 652: 623: 582: 454: 434: 426: 365: 309: 256: 2358:Miller's Collecting Diecast Vehicles. 2336: 2221: 1819: 1669: 1291:, IMC, and Premier have come and gone. 944: 804:Collectible manufacturers and locations 640: 450: 411:(about 9 inches long). The larger 3099: 2341:. Dorset, England: Veloce Publishing. 2268: 2183: 2174: 2165: 2134:Fisher Body Craftsman's Guild (1956). 2035: 2023: 1891: 1843: 1831: 1720: 1708: 1693: 1657: 1645: 1349: 731: 2851: 2407: 2332:. Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing. 2327: 2311: 2285: 2249: 2192: 2143: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1942: 1930: 1855: 1795: 1744: 1732: 1681: 850: 270:The Children's Museum of Indianapolis 2396:Matchbox Toys, The Collector's Guide 2230: 2060: 1918: 1756: 1601:Combustion engine powered model cars 1436:adding citations to reliable sources 1407: 1166: 1043: 948: 900: 186: 29: 2433: 2394:Stoneback, Bruce and Diane (2002). 677: 13: 909:and Ideal Models (later to become 14: 3123: 2381:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 2074:. New York: Beekman House. 1979. 1403: 3080: 3071: 3070: 2832: 2831: 2193:Hertz, Louis Heilbroner (1970). 1412: 1385: 1171: 1048: 953: 391:(1 to 2 inches, or HO scale) or 191: 95: 34: 3032:American International Toy Fair 2306:Hot Wheels: A Collector's Guide 2231:King, Constance Eileen (1986). 2041: 2008: 1423:needs additional citations for 707:, Tomicas and Yat Mings became 101:Various Hot Wheels toy vehicles 1327: 528:Models of the United Kingdom; 381: 1: 2654:Standard gauge railway scales 2156:. Simon & Schuster. 1953. 2138:. General Motors Corporation. 1633: 1162: 718: 1623:Diecast Collector (magazine) 782: 595:, which was later to become 306:Fabricating the 'real' thing 59:Knowledge's inclusion policy 7: 2716:Narrow gauge railway scales 1606: 1337:, Darryl Starbird, and the 1294: 10: 3128: 2144:Force, Dr. Edward (1991). 926:Model Products Corporation 182: 18: 3066: 3045: 3024: 3016:National Toy Hall of Fame 3011:Toy Industry Hall of Fame 2998: 2885: 2827: 2755: 2560: 2529: 2441: 2379:Automobiles of the Future 2330:Diecast Cars of the 1960s 2218:. Temple Press Books Ltd. 1395:Short-run multimedia kits 423:(a little over an inch). 281:plaster or iron. Tin and 130: 122: 114: 106: 94: 3037:Toy Industry Association 2877: 2377:Stambler, Irwin (1966). 2337:Ralston, Andrew (2007). 2233:The Encyclopedia of Toys 2136:How to Build a Model Car 2014:Funding Universe webpage 1759:, pp. 176, 258–259. 1628:List of model car brands 1180:This section includes a 1057:This section includes a 962:This section includes a 348:Hudson Motor Car Company 200:This section includes a 150:miniature representation 2286:Olson, Randall (2008). 2214:Jewell, Brian F. 1963. 1209:more precise citations. 1086:more precise citations. 991:more precise citations. 229:more precise citations. 2356:Rixon, Peter. 2005. 2322:Turning Wheels Almanac 2314:Collectible Automobile 2275:Toy Collector Magazine 2269:Miller, Chuck (2011). 2222:Johnson, Dana (1998). 2184:Harvey, Brian (1974). 2175:Gibson, Cecil (1970). 2166:Gibson, Cecil (1962). 2118:Collectible Automobile 2109:Collectible Automobile 2100:Collectible Automobile 2054:Reference bibliography 1723:, pp. 1995, 1997. 1585: 1249: 936:American promo details 873: 843: 768: 662: 633: 588: 504:Early European diecast 476: 443: 378: 319: 273: 2923:Cymbal-banging monkey 2304:Parker, Bob. 1993. 2250:Lehto, Steve (2010). 1894:, pp. 1995–1997. 1696:, pp. 1995–1996. 1590:Radio-controlled cars 1565: 1361:Scale Auto Enthusiast 1240: 1040:European promotionals 867: 838: 762: 656: 627: 612:simple form, such as 586: 458: 438: 427:Materials and markets 369: 313: 261:A diecast 1:10 scale 260: 2216:Model Car Collecting 2197:. Crown Publishers. 2091:Hemmings Classic Car 1567:Radio-controlled car 1535:Electrically powered 1432:improve this article 1369:Model Cars Magazine! 1145:Mercedes-Benz Museum 945:Marketing approaches 726:Diecast Hall of Fame 641:Trends in toy detail 451:European die casting 21:Radio-controlled car 3112:Toy cars and trucks 3058:List of wooden toys 2328:Ragan, Mac (2000). 2281:on January 8, 2011. 2177:Commercial Vehicles 2125:Earle, Joe (2009). 1955:Consumer Guide 1979 1945:, pp. 89, 101. 1933:, pp. 137–154. 1574:Bienal do Automóvel 1350:Decline and revival 1309:Aluminum Model Toys 732:The adult collector 552:of (West) Germany; 91: 2168:Plastic Model Cars 1586: 1339:Alexander Brothers 1250: 1182:list of references 1059:list of references 964:list of references 874: 851:Promotional models 844: 769: 738:Erie, Pennsylvania 663: 634: 589: 477: 469:Ford Mustang Cobra 444: 379: 352:New York Auto Show 320: 314:A model of a 1962 274: 202:list of references 89: 16:Scale model of car 3094: 3093: 2845: 2844: 2811:Diecast Collector 2348:978-1-845841-25-6 2297:978-1-84584-156-0 2261:978-1-56976-549-4 2204:978-0-517-50225-9 2065:. pp. 17–19. 1993:, pp. 87–88. 1981:, pp. 87–88. 1969:, pp. 88–89. 1957:, pp. 34–37. 1882:, pp. 56–57. 1563: 1527:and are known as 1525:glow plug engines 1508: 1507: 1500: 1482: 1246:Mercedes-Benz SSK 1235: 1234: 1227: 1153:Dugu Miniautotoys 1112: 1111: 1104: 1017: 1016: 1009: 901:The plastic promo 842:Grand Prix model. 703:. Tomicas became 607:were produced in 255: 254: 247: 138: 137: 87: 86: 79: 3119: 3084: 3074: 3073: 2903:Construction set 2872: 2865: 2858: 2849: 2848: 2835: 2834: 2818:Meccano Magazine 2428: 2421: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2390: 2352: 2333: 2317: 2301: 2282: 2277:. Archived from 2265: 2246: 2227: 2208: 2189: 2180: 2171: 2157: 2149: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2066: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1808:Fisher Body 1956 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1564: 1503: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1481: 1440: 1416: 1408: 1230: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1205:this section by 1196:inline citations 1175: 1174: 1167: 1107: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1087: 1082:this section by 1073:inline citations 1052: 1051: 1044: 1012: 1005: 1001: 998: 992: 987:this section by 978:inline citations 957: 956: 949: 868:1:25 scale 1959 678:Die cast seconds 570:Gamda Koor Sabra 556:of Denmark, and 442:pressed tin toy. 375:Longbridge plant 316:BMW 700 LS Luxus 250: 243: 239: 236: 230: 225:this section by 216:inline citations 195: 194: 187: 99: 92: 88: 82: 75: 71: 68: 62: 38: 37: 30: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3090: 3062: 3041: 3020: 3006:Toy advertising 2994: 2945:Electronic game 2881: 2876: 2846: 2841: 2823: 2795:Miniature model 2751: 2556: 2525: 2437: 2435:Scale modelling 2432: 2402: 2349: 2298: 2288:GM in Miniature 2262: 2243: 2205: 2082: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1834:, p. 1998. 1830: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1790: 1779: 1775: 1771:, pp. 2–7. 1767: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1711:, p. 1995. 1707: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1609: 1576:exhibition, in 1572:competition in 1557: 1545:Battery powered 1504: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1441: 1439: 1429: 1417: 1406: 1397: 1388: 1352: 1330: 1297: 1231: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1200: 1186:related reading 1176: 1172: 1165: 1127:in Germany and 1108: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1077: 1063:related reading 1053: 1049: 1042: 1013: 1002: 996: 993: 982: 968:related reading 958: 954: 947: 938: 903: 853: 824:companies like 810:Brooklin Models 806: 785: 777:coin collecting 734: 721: 680: 643: 506: 461:Chevrolet Tahoe 453: 429: 384: 308: 251: 240: 234: 231: 220: 206:related reading 196: 192: 185: 102: 83: 72: 66: 63: 49:Please help by 48: 39: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3125: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3078: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3049: 3047: 3046:Related topics 3043: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2763:List of brands 2759: 2757: 2756:Related topics 2753: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2430: 2423: 2416: 2408: 2401: 2400: 2391: 2374: 2369: 2354: 2347: 2334: 2325: 2318: 2309: 2302: 2296: 2283: 2266: 2260: 2247: 2241: 2228: 2219: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2163: 2158: 2150: 2141: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2080: 2072:Consumer Guide 2070:"Model Cars". 2067: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2040: 2028: 2016: 2007: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1947: 1935: 1923: 1908: 1904:Stoneback 2002 1896: 1884: 1872: 1860: 1848: 1836: 1824: 1812: 1800: 1788: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1747:, p. 105. 1737: 1725: 1713: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1662: 1650: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1613:Model building 1608: 1605: 1578:Belo Horizonte 1551:Spring-powered 1506: 1505: 1420: 1418: 1411: 1405: 1404:Powered models 1402: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1363:, (now simply 1351: 1348: 1329: 1326: 1296: 1293: 1258:die-cast metal 1233: 1232: 1190:external links 1179: 1177: 1170: 1164: 1161: 1134:Winross Models 1110: 1109: 1067:external links 1056: 1054: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1015: 1014: 972:external links 961: 959: 952: 946: 943: 937: 934: 918:coaster models 902: 899: 852: 849: 814:Western Models 805: 802: 784: 781: 746:Western Models 733: 730: 720: 717: 679: 676: 642: 639: 505: 502: 452: 449: 428: 425: 383: 380: 338:sponsored the 336:General Motors 332:concept models 307: 304: 253: 252: 210:external links 199: 197: 190: 184: 181: 136: 135: 134:plastic, metal 132: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 100: 85: 84: 67:September 2020 42: 40: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3124: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3077: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025:Organizations 3023: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2913:Action figure 2911: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2838: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2790:Miniature art 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2454:Architectural 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2366:1-84533-030-7 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2242:1-55521-084-8 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2154:Ford at Fifty 2151: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2058: 2047:Slotblog 2007 2044: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2020: 2011: 2005:, p. 88. 2004: 1999: 1992: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1968: 1963: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1939: 1932: 1927: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1906:, p. 48. 1905: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1881: 1880:Donnelly 2012 1876: 1869: 1868:Donnelly 2012 1864: 1857: 1852: 1846:, p. 10. 1845: 1840: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1816: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1792: 1785: 1783: 1782:Ford at Fifty 1777: 1770: 1769:Stambler 1966 1765: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1695: 1690: 1684:, p. 11. 1683: 1678: 1671: 1666: 1659: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1502: 1499: 1491: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1449: – 1448: 1444: 1443:Find sources: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1421:This article 1419: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1392: 1386:Japanese kits 1383: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1335:George Barris 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1229: 1226: 1218: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1169: 1168: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141:Cursor Models 1137: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121:Conrad Models 1118: 1106: 1103: 1095: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1011: 1008: 1000: 990: 986: 980: 979: 973: 969: 965: 960: 951: 950: 942: 933: 929: 927: 922: 919: 914: 912: 908: 898: 896: 891: 887: 884: 879: 876:In the U.S., 871: 866: 862: 859: 848: 841: 837: 833: 831: 827: 826:Franklin Mint 823: 819: 815: 811: 801: 799: 795: 789: 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