2408:, was accused of acting like a governor general by Gorbachev. Tabeev was recalled from Afghanistan in July 1986, but while Gorbachev called for the end of Soviet management of Afghanistan, he could not help but to do some managing himself. At a Soviet Politburo meeting, Gorbachev said "It's difficult to build a new building out of old material I hope to God that we haven't made a mistake with Najibullah." As time would prove, the problem was that Najibullah's aims were the opposite of the Soviet Union's; Najibullah was opposed to a Soviet withdrawal, the Soviet Union wanted a Soviet withdrawal. This was logical, considering the fact that the Afghan military was on the brink of dissolution. The only means of survival seemed to Najibullah was to retain the Soviet presence. In July 1986 six regiments, which consisted up to 15,000 troops, were withdrawn from Afghanistan. The aim of this early withdrawal was, according to Gorbachev, to show the world that the Soviet leadership was serious about leaving Afghanistan. The Soviets told the United States Government that they were planning to withdraw, but the United States Government did not believe them. When Gorbachev met with
2477:, and to protect convoys from and to the city. The Soviet leadership were against Shevardnadze's plan, and Chernyaev even believed it was part of Najibullah's plan to keep Soviet troops in the country. To which Shevardnadze replied angrily "You've not been there, You've no idea all the things we have done there in the past ten years." At a Politburo meeting on 24 January, Shevardnadze argued that the Soviet leadership could not be indifferent to Najibullah and his government; again, Shevardnadze received support from Kryuchkov. In the end Shevardnadze lost the debate, and the Politburo reaffirmed their commitment to withdraw from Afghanistan. There was still a small presence of Soviet troops after the Soviet withdrawal; for instance, parachutists who protected the Soviet embassy staff, military advisors and
2195:"in order to complete the Saur Revolution in its new phase." Allegedly, an estimated 40,000 rebels were contacted by the government. At the end of 1986, Najibullah called for a six-months ceasefire and talks between the various opposition forces, this was part of his policy of National Reconciliation. The discussions, if fruitful, would lead to the establishment of a coalition government and be the end of the PDPA's monopoly of power. The programme failed, but the government was able to recruit disillusioned mujahideen fighters as government militias. In many ways, the National Reconciliation led to an increasing number of urban dwellers to support his rule, and the stabilisation of the Afghan defence forces.
580:
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2915:) himself claimed that Najibullah feared that "if he fled with the Tajiks, he would be for ever damned in the eyes of his fellow Pashtuns." Others, like General Tokhi, who was with Najibullah until the day before his torture and murder, stated that Najibullah mistrusted Massoud after his militia had repeatedly fired rockets at the UN compound and had effectively barred Najibullah from leaving Kabul. "If they wanted Najibullah to flee Kabul in safety," Tokhi said, "they could have provided him the opportunity as they did with other high-ranking officials from the communist party from 1992 to 1996." Dr Najibullah was the only member of the old regime (besides
2337:'s later years, and during Najibullah's tenure, the PDPA tried to improve their standing with Muslims by moving, or appearing to move, to the political centre. They wanted to create a new image for the party and state. Communist symbols were either replaced or removed. These measures did not contribute to any notable increase in support for the government, because the mujahideen had a stronger legitimacy to protect Islam than the government; they had rebelled against what they saw as an anti-Islamic government, that government was the PDPA. Islamic principles were embedded in the 1987 constitution, for instance, Article 2 of the constitution stated that
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2821:, played a significant role in orchestrating the political and military maneuvers that culminated in Najibullah's ousting. The strategic mutiny led by these Ismaili leaders, in collaboration with other non-Pashtun factions, effectively disrupted Najibullah's main supply route from the former Soviet Union, directly contributing to the collapse of his regime. This pivotal action not only marked a turning point in Afghanistan's history but also highlighted the critical influence of the Ismaili community in shaping the nation's political landscape during a period of profound change and instability.
1119:
543:
2876:, the defence minister, to consolidate relations with the Afghan authorities, reopen the embassy, and allow Najibullah to fly to India, but Massoud refused. Bhadrakumar wrote in 2016 that he believed Massoud did not want Najibullah to leave as Massoud could strategically make use of him, and that Massoud "probably harboured hopes of a co-habitation with Najib somewhere in the womb of time because that extraordinary Afghan politician was a strategic asset to have by his side". At the time, Massoud was commanding the government's forces fighting the militias of Dostum and
612:
589:
2124:. When Najibullah took the office of PDPA General Secretary, Karmal still had enough support in the party to disgrace Najibullah. Karmal went as far as to spread rumours that Najibullah's rule was little more than an interregnum, and that he would soon be reappointed to the general secretaryship. As it turned out, Karmal's power base during this period was KHAD. The Soviet leadership wanted to ease Karmal out of politics, but when Najibullah began to complain that he was hampering his plans of
500:
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2284:, which won 45 seats, and from various newly recognized left-wing parties, which had won a total of 24 seats. Although the election was boycotted by the Mujahideen, the government left 50 of the 234 seats in the House of Representatives, as well as a small number of seats in the Senate, vacant in the hope that the guerrillas would end their armed struggle and participate in the government. The only armed opposition party to make peace with the government was
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2014:
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2541:, leader of the ISI, hoped that the battle would topple Najibullah's government and create a mujahideen government seated in Jalalabad. During the battle, Najibullah called for Soviet assistance. Gorbachev called an emergency session of the Politburo to discuss his proposal, but Najibullah's request was rejected. Other attacks against the city failed, and by April the government forces were on the offensive. During the battle over four hundred
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plan, the economy, which had grown less than 2 percent annually until 1985, would grow 25 percent in the plan. Industry would grow 28 percent, agriculture 14–16 percent, domestic trade by 150 percent and foreign trade with 15 percent. As expected, none of these targets were met, and 2 percent growth annually which had been the norm before the plan continued under
Najibullah. The 1990 constitution gave due attention to the
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On the other side, several members were proclaiming anti-Soviet slogans as they accused the
National Reconciliation programme to be supported and developed by the Soviet Union. Najibullah reassured the inter-party opposition that he would not give up the gains of the Saur Revolution, but to the contrary, preserve them, not give up the PDPA's monopoly on power, or to collaborate with reactionary
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about the indoctrination programme of KHAD officials, said "a weapon in one hand, a book in the other." Counter-insurgency activities launched by KHAD reached its peak under
Najibullah. He reported directly to the Soviet KGB, and a big part of KHAD's budget came from the Soviet Union itself. As the head of KHAD, Najibullah was also involved in the planning of the hijacking of
2316:. Another problem was that party members took his policy seriously too, Najibullah recanted that most party members felt "panic and pessimism." At the Second Conference of the party, the majority of members, maybe up to 60 percent, were radical socialists. According to Soviet advisors (in 1987), a bitter debate within the party had broken out between those who advocated the
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name of
Afghanistan was changed from the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan to Republic of Afghanistan, and in June 1988 the Revolutionary Council, whose members were elected by the party leadership, was replaced by a National Assembly, an organ in which members were to be elected by the people. The PDPA's socialist stance was denied even more than previously, in 1989 the
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government could not survive if Ahmad Shah
Massoud remained alive. Shevardnadze again repeated that troops could not stay, since it would lead to international outcry, but said he would look into the matter. Shevardnadze demanded that the Soviet embassy created a plan in which at least 12,000 Soviet troops would remain in Afghanistan either under direct control of the
1040:. During his six years as head of KHAD he had two to four deputies under his command, who in turn were responsible for an estimated 12 departments. According to evidence, Najibullah was dependent on his family and his professional network, and more often than not appointed people he knew to top positions within the KHAD. In June 1981, Najibullah, along with
3143:(also an Ethnic Pashtun) making Pashto the 4th language spoken in space under his leadership. He often questioning the legitimacy of Pakistan's existence claiming it was "born out of British colonialism". Najibullah whose father was also a Pashtun Nationalist, had strong ties to the Pashtun Nationalist community in the Pashtun majority
2537:(ISI). The offensive against the city began when the mujahideen bribed several government military officers, from there, they tried to take the airport, but were repulsed with heavy casualties. The willingness of the common Afghan government soldier to fight increased when the mujahideen began to execute people during the battle.
42:
2979:, Tomsen wrote, “Najib's entrapment and execution carried the hallmarks of a classic intelligence operation. The Taliban, on their own, would not have taken such elaborate precautions to avoid violating the UN's diplomatic premises (where Dr Najibullah had taken sanctuary since stepping down in 1992).” In 1996,
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2235:. The PDPA still demanded it held on to all deputy ministers, retained its majority in the state bureaucracy and that it retained all its provincial governors. The government was not willing to concede all of these positions, and when the offer was broadcast, the ministries of defence and state security.
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became Russia's new leader, and he had no wish to continue to aid
Najibullah's government, which he considered a relic of the past. In the autumn of 1991, Najibullah wrote to Shevardnadze "I didn't want to be president, you talked me into it, insisted on it, and promised support. Now you are throwing
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openly that he would do everything to slow down the Soviet departure. Varennikov in turn replied that such a move would not help, and would only lead to an international outcry against the war. Najibullah would repeat his position later that year, to a group of senior Soviet representatives in Kabul.
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were shot, which were fired by a Soviet crew which had stayed behind. When the battle ended in July, the mujahideen had lost an estimated 3,000 troops. One mujahideen commander lamented "the battle of
Jalalabad lost us credit won in ten years of fighting." After the mujahideen's defeat in Jalalabad,
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was the main problem, and that he needed to be killed. In this, the
Soviets agreed, but repeated that such a move would be a breach of the Geneva Accords; to hunt for Ahmad Shah Massoud so early on would disrupt the withdrawal, and would mean that the Soviet Union would fail to meet its deadline for
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of the party and those who wanted to defend the gains of the Saur
Revolution. Opposition to his policy of National Reconciliation was met party-wide, but especially from Karmalists. Many people did not support the handing out of the already small state resources the Afghan state had at its disposal.
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As time would show, Najibullah was very efficient, and during his tenure as leader of KHAD, thousands were arrested, tortured, and executed. KHAD targeted anti-communist citizens, political opponents, and educated members of society. It was this efficiency which made him interesting to the
Soviets.
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After Najibullah's death, the brutal civil war between mujahideen factions, the Taliban regime, continued fighting, and enduring problems with corruption and poverty, his image among the Afghan people dramatically improved, and Najibullah came to be seen as a strong and patriotic leader. Since the
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In September 1986, a new constitution was written, which was adopted on 29 November 1987. The constitution weakened the powers of the head of state by cancelling his absolute veto. The reason for this move, according to Najibullah, was the need for real-power sharing. On 13 July 1987, the official
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and the Soviet Union continued, and so did bilateral trade. He encouraged the development of the private sector in industry. The Five-Year Economic and Social Development Plan which was introduced in January 1986 continued until March 1992, one month before the government's fall. According to the
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Under Najibullah, KHAD's personnel increased from 120 to 25,000 to 30,000. KHAD employees were amongst the best-paid government bureaucrats in communist Afghanistan, and because of it, the political indoctrination of KHAD officials was a top priority. During a PDPA conference, Najibullah, talking
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against PDPA-rule, stood at 3,400 regular troops and 14,000 tribal men. In 1988, the total number of security forces available to the government stood at 300,000. This trend did not continue, and by the summer of 1990, the Afghan government forces were on the defensive again. By the beginning of
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Soviet military aid continued after their withdrawal, and massive quantities of food, fuel, ammunition and military equipment was given to the government. Varennikov visited Afghanistan in May 1989 to discuss ways and means to deliver the aid to the government. In 1990, Soviet aid amounted to an
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Local elections were held in 1987. It began when the government introduced a law permitting the formation of other political parties, announced that it would be prepared to share power with representatives of opposition groups in the event of a coalition government, and issued a new constitution
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Najibullah was at the UN compound when unknown soldiers came for him on the evening of 26 September 1996. He was abducted from UN custody, and shot in the head. It is alleged that members of the Taliban after finding his corpse dragged his corpse behind a truck through the streets of Kabul. His
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The Pakistani people and establishment continued to support the Afghan mujahideen even if it was in contravention of the Geneva Accords. At the beginning, most observers expected the Najibullah government to collapse immediately, and to be replaced with an Islamic fundamentalist government. The
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During his January 1989 visit to Shevardnadze, Najibullah wanted to retain a small presence of Soviet troops in Afghanistan, and called for moving Soviet bombers to military bases close to the Afghan–Soviet border and place them on permanent alert. Najibullah also repeated his claims that his
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because Najibullah was known for exploiting his powers for his own benefit. Additionally, during his period as KHAD chief, the Pul-i Charki had become the home of several Khalqist politicians. Another problem was that Najibullah allowed graft, theft, bribery and corruption on a scale not seen
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India also refused to let him take refuge at the Indian embassy as it risked creating "subcontinental rivalries" and reprisals against Kabul's Indian community, arguing that Najibullah would be far safer at the UN compound. All attempts failed and he eventually sought refuge in the local UN
3171:” of Afghan society. Within his closest circle he speaks only in Pashto. He is inclined to select colleagues not for their professional qualities but for their personal devotion to him, predominantly relatives and fellow-villagers". Under Najibullah over 50% of Afghan media was in the
2951:, where both of them were buried after the Islamic funeral prayers for them by their fellow Ahmadzai tribesmen. The perpetrators of the murder have been debated, some including Soviet journalists Plastun and Andrianov who knew Najibullah personally, US Special Envoy to Afghanistan
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and Shevardnadze had resigned from his posts in the Soviet government in December 1990 – there were no longer any pro-Najibullah people in the Soviet leadership and the Soviet Union was in the middle of an economic and political crisis, which would lead directly to the
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With the Soviets' withdrawal in 1989, the Afghan army was left on its own to battle the insurgents. The most effective, and largest, assaults on the mujahideen were undertaken during the 1985–86 period. These offensives had forced the mujahideen on the defensive near
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previously. As would later be proven by the power struggle he had with Karmal after becoming PDPA General Secretary, despite Najibullah heading the KHAD for five years, Karmal still had sizeable support in the parcham faction leading to Najibullah relying more on
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before the PDPA took power in 1978. Najibullah's government also featured many former ministers of the Daoud Khan government. Najibullah was in support of restoration of the monarchy to some capacity, he restored Zahir Shah's citizenship and actively encouraged
2603:
had ended in a mujahideen victory and the morale of the Afghan military finally collapsed. In the Soviet Union, Kryuchkov and Shevardnadze had both supported continuing aid to the Najibullah government, but Kryuchkov had been arrested following the failed
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many of whom view his fall as the biggest blow to the Pashtun Nationalist Movement. Ever since the creation of Pakistan the various governments of Afghanistan whatever Monarchy, Republican or Communist had all backed Pashtun Nationalist parties such as
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and safely escorting him out of the country. Supporters claimed he had always been close to India and should not be denied asylum, but others said doing so would risk antagonizing India's relationship with the new mujahideen government formed under the
2276:. Najibullah stated that only the extremist part of the opposition could not join the planned coalition government. No parties had to share the PDPA's policy or ideology, but they could not oppose the bond between Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. A
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leader of Afghanistan, Soviet advisers still did the majority of work when Najibullah took power. As Gorbachev remarked "We're still doing everything ourselves . That's all our people know how to do. They've tied Najibullah hand and foot."
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Kabul, Massoud claimed to have offered Najibullah an opportunity to flee the capital. Najibullah refused. The reasons as to why he refused may be because unlike other members of the former regime, Najibullah was not granted amnesty by the
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in November 1985. Najibullah's ascent to power was proven by turning KHAD from a government organ to a ministry in January 1986. With the situation in Afghanistan deteriorating, and the Soviet leadership looking for ways to withdraw,
2991:, made it clear that he would never allow Taliban forces to kill former President Najibullah. On 20 September, Mullah Borjan was shot and killed by his bodyguards for unknown reasons. A week later, Najibullah was killed.
794:, was able to get Karmal to step down as PDPA General Secretary in 1986, and replace him with Najibullah. For a number of months, Najibullah was locked in a power struggle against Karmal, who still retained his post of
2101:, who had been a participant in the Saur Revolution. Najibullah succeeded Karmal as PDPA General Secretary on 4 May 1986 at the 18th PDPA meeting, but Karmal still retained his post as Chairman of the Presidium of the
762:
faction led by Karmal. During Najibullah's tenure as KHAD head, it became one of the most brutally efficient governmental organs. Because of this, he gained the attention of several leading Soviet officials, such as
3003:. The United Nations issued a statement which condemned the killing of Najibullah, and claimed that it would further destabilise Afghanistan. The Taliban responded by issuing death sentences on Dostum, Massoud and
2159:
In 1986, there were more than 100,000 political prisoners and there had been more than 16,500 extrajudicial executions. Its main objectives were the opponents of communism and the most educated classes in society.
5710:"Endorses the Special Rapporteur's condemnation of the abduction from United Nations premises of the former President of Afghanistan, Mr. Najibullah, and of his brother, and of their subsequent summary execution;"
5882:"WARNING – GRAPHIC: Anti-Taliban Pashtun Nationalists And Democrats Mark Afghan Taliban's Hanging Of Former President Dr. Najibullah In 1996 – The Afghan Taliban Had Threatened To Execute President Ashraf Ghani"
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2427:, and the Soviet Union and the United States signed as guarantors; the treaty specifically stated that the Soviet military had to withdraw from Afghanistan by 15 February 1989. Gorbachev later confided to
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who was granted military honors. Najibullah also attempted to hand over the control of non Pashtun ethnic militias to Pashtun leaders as he had grown to distrust many northern militias such as
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for aid. These newly independent states had no wish to see Afghanistan being taken over by religious fundamentalists, and supplied Afghanistan with 6 million barrels of oil and 500,000 tons of
821:
and the United States continued their support for the mujahideen. Throughout his tenure, he tried to build support for his government via the National Reconciliation reforms by distancing from
7111:
3187:, principal of the Peace School whom he met when she was an eighth-grade student and he was her science tutor. The couple had three daughters, who were forced to leave Afghanistan after the
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2431:, a personal advisor to Gorbachev, that the Soviet withdrawal would be criticised for creating a bloodbath which could have been averted if the Soviets stayed. During a Politburo meeting
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56:
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on 18 February 1989, four days after the Soviet withdrawal. 1,700 intellectuals were arrested in February alone, and until November 1991 the government still supervised and restricted
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2435:
said "We will leave the country in a deplorable situation", and further talked about the economic collapse, and the need to keep at least 10 to 15,000 troops in Afghanistan. In this
2085:
all thought highly of Najibullah, and negotiations of who would succeed Karmal might have begun as early as 1983. Despite this, Najibullah was not the only choice the Soviets had. A
999:(People's) faction of the PDPA gained supremacy over his own Parcham (Banner) faction, and after a brief stint as Ambassador to Iran, he was dismissed from government and went into
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On the 20th anniversary of his death, in 2016, Afghanistan's Research Center blamed the ISI for his death, claiming that the plan to kill Najibullah was implemented by Pakistan.
7101:
2443:, supported him. This stance, if implemented, would be a betrayal of the Geneva Accords just signed. During the second phase of the Soviet withdrawal, in 1989, Najibullah told
2494:. As it turned out, the Afghan military was entirely dependent on Soviet aid to function. When the Soviet Union was dissolved on 26 December 1991, Najibullah turned to former
2232:
2148:. A meeting in the PDPA in November relieved Karmal of his Revolutionary Council chairmanship, and he was exiled to Moscow where he was given a state-owned apartment and a
1057:
784:
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to allow Najibullah to leave the country as he felt that Najibullah was not safe as his presence was well known, Rabbani however refused to grant Najibullah amnesty.
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was the state religion, and Article 73 stated that the head of state had to be born into a Muslim Afghan family. The 1990 constitution stated that Afghanistan was an
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wanted Karmal to resign as PDPA General Secretary. The question of who was to succeed Karmal was hotly debated, but Gorbachev supported Najibullah. Yuri Andropov,
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or remain as "volunteers". The Soviet military leadership, when hearing of Shevardnadze's plan, became furious. But they followed orders, and named the operation
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took Najibullah's offer seriously, even if they sympathised or were against the regime. Their hopes were dampened when the Najibullah government introduced the
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2927:. Whatever his true motivations were, when Massoud's militia went to both Najibullah and General Tokhi and asked them to flee Kabul, they rejected the offer.
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stated in a report that the new government would be ambivalent, or even hostile towards the United States. Almost immediately after the Soviet withdrawal, the
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have claimed that Najibullah was assassinated by the ISI (alongside members of the Taliban working for them) allegedly over his Pashtun nationalist stance
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and his 40,000 Uzbek soldiers. The defectors would form an anti-Pashtun coalition known as the Movement of the North (Harakat-e Shamal) and ally with the
2521:
and Kandahar. The Soviets ensued a bomb and negotiate during 1986, and a major offensive that year included 10,000 Soviet troops and 8,000 Afghan troops.
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in December 1991, Najibullah was left without foreign aid. This, coupled with the internal collapse of his government (following the defection of general
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3427:
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By January 1992, Najibullah had become internationally isolated, with the loss of his biggest supporter he decided to consolidate his power over the non
2212:
2211:. Many parts of the Afghan government's economic monopoly was also broken, this had more to do with the tight situation than any ideological conviction.
813:, his government tried to solve the ongoing civil war without Soviet troops on the ground. While direct Soviet assistance ended with the withdrawal, the
2223:, on Gorbachev's orders, was able to get an agreement with the PDPA leadership to offer the posts of Gossoviet chairman (the state planning organ), the
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456:
2097:, the pre-KHAD secret police, who they believed would be better able to balance between the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Uzbeks. Another viable candidate was
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Because of this, KHAD became known for its ruthlessness. During his ascension to power, several Afghan politicians did not want Najibullah to succeed
5257:
5256:
Publisher: Parliament of Australia. Published Date: 31 Sep 1992. Accessed Date: 04.04.2024. Title: Afghanistan: the politics of disintegration. URL:
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brother, General Shahpur Ahmadzai, was given the same treatment. Najibullah and Shahpur's bodies were hanged from a traffic light pole outside the
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said that before constructing a mausoleum for him, the government should first investigate his assassination. In 2021, during an interview with a
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During the tumultuous period leading to the fall of Dr. Najibullah's government in Afghanistan, the Ismaili community, under the leadership of
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and was passing on secret information to Massoud which led to Najibullah ordering the sacking of Momin which was carried out by Juma Achak, an
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2587:. Although Tanai and his forces failed and fled to Pakistan, the coup attempt still managed to show weaknesses in Najibullah's government.
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began to work on the "de-Sovietisation" of universities, and in 1990 it was even announced by a party member that all PDPA members were
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In September 1986, the National Compromise Commission (NCC) was established on the orders of Najibullah. The NCC's goal was to contact
1988:
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report argued that he was a Pashtun nationalist, a stance which could decrease the regime's popularity even more. The GRU preferred
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an official religion, and invited exiled businessmen back to re-take their properties. In the 1990 constitution, all references to
2884:. A few months before his death, he quoted, "Afghans keep making the same mistake," reflecting upon his translation to a visitor.
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called Najibullah in 1988 from space as well as the fact Najibullah chose to speak Pashto at the UN General assembly rather than
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2010s, posters and pictures of him have become a common sight in many Afghan cities. Najibullah is a very popular figure amongst
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Page 333 – Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the Cia, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
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headquarters, where he would stay until 1996. In 1994, India sent senior diplomat M. K. Bhadrakumar to Kabul to hold talks with
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for protection after his guards fled, which was rejected. However, his attempt to flee to the airport was thwarted by troops of
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had established a local militia force which stood at an estimated 100,000 men. The 17th Division in Herat, which had begun the
2219:, even stated that traffickers of stolen goods would not be prosecuted by law as long as their goods were given to the market.
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Rashid, A. (2002). Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia. Quote on p. 49. Also see footnote 15 on p. 252
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Najibullah is often referred to as a communist by some however his rule from 1987 to 1992 was marked with a shift away from
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were removed. Article 1 of the 1990 Constitution said that Afghanistan was an "independent, unitary and Islamic state."
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and letting non-communists join the government. He remained open to dialogue with the mujahideen and other groups, made
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commander on Afghan television, he denied that the Taliban were involved and blamed Najibullah’s assassination on the
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2841:– who controlled the airport. At the UN compound in Kabul, while waiting for the UN to negotiate his safe passage to
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From 1989 to 1990, the Najibullah government was partially successful in building up the Afghan defence forces. The
7400:
3192:
2956:
2802:
2405:
1931:
810:
633:
5258:
https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22library%2Fprspub%2FWMH10%22;src1=sm1
5213:
Brokers, Bureaucrats, and the Quality of Government: Understanding Development and Decay in Afghanistan and Beyond
2112:
had been established, which was led by himself consisted of himself as head of party, Karmal as head of state and
7355:
7330:
6614:
3459:
3136:
2891:
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2610:
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and reconnaissance troops still operated in the "outlying provinces", especially along the Afghan–Soviet border.
2041:
2017:
1998:
1946:
1808:
1098:
850:
712:
991:
In 1977, Najibullah was elected to the Central Committee. On 27 April 1978, the PDPA took power in Afghanistan (
7320:
7264:
7203:
7182:
7116:
7085:
6693:
4239:
Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present
3704:
2511:
2098:
1135:
546:
5533:
7420:
7385:
7380:
6554:
5298:
3007:. India, which had been supporting Najibullah, strongly condemned his killing and began to support Massoud's
2117:
1794:
1683:
146:
6391:
3570:
The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts
2755:
army and paramilitaries defending the city. On March 18, 1992 Najibullah offered to resign, leading to many
2280:. The PDPA won 46 seats in the House of Representatives and controlled the government with support from the
1703:
579:
7410:
7360:
7335:
6505:
3144:
2924:
2896:
2790:
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1961:
1783:
1753:
972:) in 1975; however, he never practiced medicine. In 1965, during his study in Kabul, Najibullah joined the
697:
2999:
News of Najibullah's murder was greeted with widespread international condemnation, particularly from the
988:'s close associate and bodyguard during the latter's tenure in the lower house of parliament (1965–1973).
3034:
2526:
2220:
1368:
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as head of the state, the party and the government. During Karmal's rule, Najibullah became head of the
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3208:
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2252:), and a president to be indirectly elected to a 7-year term. The new political parties had to oppose
7325:
7224:
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2675:. This move offended many of the non Pashtun militias in the North and led to the defection of most
2367:
1144:
953:
5811:
3259:. Washington, DC: National Foreign Assessment Center, Central Intelligence Agency. 1988. p. 1.
508:
6414:
6287:
5216:
4129:
4063:
4027:
3994:
3928:
3895:
3524:"The Ghost of Najibullah: Hezb-e Watan announces (another) relaunch – Afghanistan Analysts Network"
2576:
2415:
1663:
795:
99:
3428:"The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and The Failures of Great Powers"
3402:"The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers"
3242:
845:. For various reasons, such changes did not win Najibullah any significant support. Following the
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1041:
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as "the end of Pashtun dominance in Afghan politics". Many Pashtuns remember under Najibullah,
2153:
1941:
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1224:
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The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt: Implications for Private Law
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4100:
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broke out between Afghan government forces and the mujahideen, in cooperation with Pakistan's
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National Assembly (Meli Shura), consisting of a Senate (Sena) and a House of Representatives (
537:
7168:
6716:
6663:
6356:
5033:
4540:
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4344:
4133:
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4031:
3998:
3932:
3675:
2900:
2424:
2384:
2109:
1274:
743:
628:
6042:"Woodrow Wilson Center Digital Archive. Nuclear Proliferation International History Project"
3737:
1118:
7300:
7295:
7196:
7054:
6898:
6852:
6805:
5968:"Afghan President Najibullah has no objection to King Zahir Shah participating in new govt"
5620:
3380:
3376:
3353:
3052:
2672:
2491:
2113:
542:
178:
130:
125:
6041:
2939:
prayers for Najibullah and Shahpur in Kabul, but the bodies were later handed over to the
2412:
during his visit the United States, Reagan called for the dissolution of the Afghan army.
2227:
chairmanship (head of government), ministries of defence, state security, communications,
8:
7049:
7014:
7004:
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6018:
Wings over the Hindu Kush: Air Forces, Aircraft and Air Warfare of Afghanistan, 1989-2001
5708:" United Nations Resolution 51/108, Article 10. 12 December 1996. Retrieved 15 June 2015
4475:
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3152:
3132:
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the next day in order to show the public that a new era had begun. The Taliban prevented
2904:
2877:
2834:
2814:
2767:
2741:
2700:
2661:
2595:
2495:
2473:. Shevardnadze contacted the Soviet leadership about moving a unit to break the siege of
2444:
2432:
2293:
2137:
1971:
1951:
941:
923:
887:
854:
809:
During his tenure as leader of Afghanistan, the Soviets began their withdrawal, and from
704:. After a failed attempt to flee to India, Najibullah remained in Kabul. He lived in the
452:
313:
218:
135:
7253:
7231:
6913:
6888:
6798:
6103:
5860:
5456:
5346:
5170:
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5106:
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3156:
3148:
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2029:
1508:
1378:
1323:
1244:
826:
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5237:
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5150:
5118:
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4907:
4875:
4843:
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4381:
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4308:
4283:
4275:
4250:
4212:
4183:
4137:
4104:
4071:
4035:
4002:
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3936:
3903:
3870:
3808:
3775:
3741:
3712:
3679:
3646:
3613:
3581:
3328:
3140:
3103:
3068:
2466:
2428:
2366:. Article 20 was about the establishment of private firms, and Article 25 encouraged
2313:
2074:
1956:
1438:
1408:
1184:
787:
155:
5510:
857:), led to his resignation in April 1992. In 1996, he was tortured and killed by the
7175:
7147:
7029:
6893:
6152:
6087:
6049:
5933:
5061:"Explained: Why a top Afghan official visited the grave of ex-President Najibullah"
3961:
3638:
3546:
3294:
3260:
3238:
2964:
2860:
2145:
2141:
1891:
1528:
1458:
1164:
961:
899:
734:, Najibullah was a low profile bureaucrat. He was sent into exile as Ambassador to
719:
468:
5759:
3486:"New Afghan leadership's 'national reconciliation' policy signals welcome changes"
2357:
Najibullah continued Karmal's economic policies. The augmenting of links with the
7140:
7080:
7059:
6842:
6781:
6728:
6465:
6181:
5912:
5379:"Murder of a president: How India and the UN mucked up completely in Afghanistan"
3322:
3022:
2948:
2936:
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2865:
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2707:
2572:
2261:
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2078:
1723:
1448:
1284:
1234:
1204:
992:
911:
830:
772:
768:
739:
727:
685:
668:
301:
5937:
2599:
1991, the government controlled only 10 percent of Afghanistan, the eleven-year
7210:
7161:
7039:
7019:
7009:
6330:
6174:
3213:
3168:
3155:
Uzbek militia which had committed atrocities and started to open channels with
3128:
2737:
2600:
2547:
2478:
2458:
2363:
2305:
2133:
2129:
1653:
1578:
1568:
1488:
1468:
1398:
1304:
1254:
1069:
842:
160:
41:
5993:
5925:
5826:"Shift Dr. Najibullah's corpse to Kabul: Paktia residents – The Pashtun Times"
5668:"Taliban Killed Dr Najibullah on Orders of Pak Military Officer, Says Khattak"
5559:"DAILY PRESS BRIEFING OF OFFICE OF SPOKESMAN FOR SECRETARY-GENERAL | UN Press"
5497:
2128:, the Soviet Politburo decided to remove Karmal; this motion was supported by
995:), with Najibullah a member of the ruling Revolutionary Council; however, the
779:. In 1985, Najibullah stepped down as the state security minister to focus on
499:
7289:
6862:
6847:
6786:
6470:
6197:
6099:
5856:
5779:"Ideology and Electricity: The Soviet Experience in Afghanistan – The Nation"
3107:
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2846:
2733:
2614:
2409:
2342:
2334:
1901:
1856:
1643:
1623:
1603:
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1428:
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1214:
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1033:
1029:
985:
891:
883:
764:
747:
656:
202:
79:
3504:"SOVIET 'COLLAPSE' SHIFTS THE AXIS OF GLOBAL POLITICS – The Washington Post"
2152:. In his position as Revolutionary Council chairman Karmal was succeeded by
6755:
6632:
6627:
6596:
6529:
3184:
3147:. Najibullah was present during the funeral for Pashtun Nationalist leader
3124:
3026:
3000:
2952:
2859:. India was placed in a difficult position by deciding to allow Najibullah
2714:
2692:
2638:
2542:
2470:
2440:
2358:
2317:
2249:
1876:
1613:
1558:
1388:
1004:
878:
814:
417:
6650:
6565:
5667:
5274:
2968:
2932:
2553:
2257:
2253:
1896:
1823:
1358:
1313:
563:
522:
5864:
5840:
3668:
The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan
6107:
6075:
5746:"Researchers Blame Pakistan's ISI for Death of Ex-President Najibullah"
5643:"Researchers Blame Pakistan's ISI For Death Of Ex-President Najibullah"
2786:
2557:
In 1990, Najibullah formed the "Watan Party" which consisted mostly of
1911:
1886:
1881:
1538:
1478:
1333:
755:
696:
from 1987 until his resignation in April 1992, shortly after which the
463:
2808:
918:. His ancestral village of Najibqilla is located between the towns of
7217:
7154:
4967:
4536:
4340:
3196:
3099:
2538:
2346:
2269:
2245:
1851:
1548:
1294:
949:
838:
822:
515:
492:
6685:
6091:
2469:
was the German military operation against the city of Moscow during
533:
6732:
4964:
War Without End: The Rise of Islamist terrorism and Global Response
4467:
4096:
3701:
Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982
3573:
2959:, Afghanistan's Strategic and Scientific Research Center, and many
2774:
2756:
2745:
2718:
2684:
2665:
2660:
who served as Commander of the Northern Zone and was known to hold
2657:
2654:
2635:
2627:
2474:
2289:
2184:
1871:
934:
818:
7376:
Political office-holders of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
3288:
3232:
2423:
On 14 April 1988, the Afghan and Pakistani governments signed the
1032:. He was appointed following lobbying from the Soviets, including
984:) and was twice imprisoned for political activities. He served as
882:
Najibullah (second from right) among other communist PDPA members
5496:
Interview with General Tokhi. Relevant section from 09.40 min. –
3384:
3188:
3030:
2984:
2920:
2888:
2729:
2711:
2688:
2664:
views. General Momin was replaced with General Rasul, an ethnic
2395:
2273:
2265:
2208:
2179:
1866:
1418:
1007:
intervened in 1979 and supported a Parcham-dominated government.
973:
895:
858:
817:
still supported Najibullah with economic and military aid, while
759:
709:
615:
399:
57:
General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
5321:"All attempts to take Najibullah safely out of Afghanistan fail"
3172:
3135:
being hailed as the first Afghan leader to speak Pashto at the
3064:
3018:
2944:
2726:
2704:
2696:
2680:
2676:
2646:
2645:
general, Abdul Momin. Momin had developed secret ties with the
2642:
2322:
2204:
1906:
1861:
930:
919:
907:
652:
341:
6386:
5995:
Afghanistan ex-president Dr Najeebullah speech about Pakistan.
2292:
party not to be confused with the bigger party in Iran or the
5906:
Afghan Biographies – Olumi, Noorulhaq Noor ul Haq Olomi Ulumi
2988:
2842:
2798:
2778:
2759:
2748:
2668:
2580:
2569:
2518:
2499:
2419:
Najibullah giving a decoration to a Soviet serviceman in 1986
2338:
2149:
1174:
1082:
1000:
996:
957:
834:
802:. Najibullah accused Karmal of trying to wreck his policy of
701:
363:
5760:"فتانه نجیب: د قبر تر جوړېدو مخکې دې د نجیب د مرګ پلټنه وشي"
5614:
4533:
Regional Surveys of the World: Far East and Australasia 2003
4337:
Regional Surveys of the World: Far East and Australasia 2003
3698:
6338:
5405:"Exclusive! How India reached out to the Afghan Mujahideen"
3665:
3072:
2591:
2094:
1021:
751:
742:'s rise to power. He returned to Afghanistan following the
735:
592:
483:
268:
199:(as Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council)
5592:
Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia
5585:
5583:
5581:
5579:
3293:. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency. p. 1.
3291:
Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments
3257:
Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments
3237:. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency. p. 1.
3235:
Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments
2546:
Gul blamed the administration of Pakistani Prime Minister
3110:. In Terms of Policy, Najibullah can be best compared to
2829:
Not long before Kabul's fall, Najibullah appealed to the
1025:
806:, a series of efforts by Najibullah to end the conflict.
783:
politics; he had been appointed to the PDPA Secretariat.
5026:
US–Pakistan relationship: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
3516:
3167:, he is one of the motivating spirits of the policy of “
1015:
672:; 6 August 1947 – 27 September 1996), commonly known as
5576:
5233:
AFGHANISTAN: History, Diplomacy and Journalism Volume 1
3602:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation.
2830:
6123:"Najibullah Retains Control With Power and Pragmatism"
4126:
A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
4060:
A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
4024:
A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
3991:
A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
3925:
A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
3892:
A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
3734:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
3958:
Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present
3635:
Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present
870:
was created as a continuation of Najibullah's party.
7316:
People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan politicians
5932:, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 168–193,
5270:"Ex president hanged by Taliban after fall of Kabul"
5055:
5053:
906:
Najibullah was born on 6 August 1947 in the city of
5455:
5345:
5169:
5137:
5105:
5073:
4929:
4894:
4862:
4830:
4795:
4763:
4731:
4699:
4664:
4632:
4600:
4568:
4436:
War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992
4403:
War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992
4370:
War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992
4305:
War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992
4272:
War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992
3857:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
2809:
Role of Ismailis in the overthrow of Dr. Najibullah
2801:would continue to fight this new government in the
2579:in March 1990, the coup was stopped however by the
5693:https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB227/17.pdf
4994:
4433:
4400:
4367:
4302:
4269:
4202:
4123:
4093:Conflict in Afghanistan: a Historical Encyclopedia
4057:
4021:
3988:
3955:
3922:
3889:
3765:
3731:
3632:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3017:On 1 June 2020, following a visit to his grave in
3011:in an attempt to contain the rise of the Taliban.
964:where he began studying in 1964 and completed his
5050:
4236:
3542:"Rebels Scorn Afghan Leader's Offer of Elections"
2785:would be signed on 26 April 1992 between various
2618:me and the Republic of Afghanistan to its fate."
7287:
5461:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
5351:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
5175:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
5143:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
5111:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
5079:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
4935:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
4900:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
4868:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
4836:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
4801:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
4769:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
4737:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
4705:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
4670:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
4638:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
4606:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
4574:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
3863:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989
3837:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
3794:
3445:
3123:to take part in negotiations, Najibullah's wife
2671:known for his brutal reputation of commander of
708:headquarters until his assassination during the
269:Director of the State Intelligence Agency (KHAD)
6148:"Najibullah's Family in India, Government Says"
5832:
4502:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4090:
3567:
3460:"Dr Mohammed Najibullah: the Afghan Prometheus"
3374:
3305:
926:in an area known as Mehlan. He belonged to the
3183:Najibullah was married on 1 September 1974 to
2550:for the defeat. Bhutto eventually sacked Gul.
1020:In 1980, Najibullah was appointed the head of
722:, Najibullah held different careers under the
488:Hero of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
6701:
6372:
5924:Maley, William (2002), Maley, William (ed.),
5617:"Наджибулла. Афганистан в тисках геополитики"
5589:
5299:"Executed Afghan president stages 'comeback'"
5023:
4826:
4824:
3195:. The daughters grew up with their mother in
3090:members formerly led by Mohammad Najibullah.
3067:became the 4th language spoken in space when
2789:factions, leading to the creation of the new
2634:. This came after complaints from his fellow
2049:
676:, was an Afghan politician who served as the
239:30 September 1987 – 30 November 1987
6076:"The Decline of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan"
5229:
4225:
2736:would defect en masse during the capture of
519:Order of Friendship of Peoples (Afghanistan)
5502:
5498:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MPzl7DnrTg
4961:
3289:National Foreign Assessment Center (1991).
3233:National Foreign Assessment Center (1987).
3055:. The fall of Najibullah was considered by
2563:National Revolutionary Party of Afghanistan
2238:
1088:
775:. In 1981, Najibullah was appointed to the
281:11 January 1980 – 21 November 1985
7306:20th-century heads of state of Afghanistan
6708:
6694:
6379:
6365:
5926:"The Interregnum of Najibullah, 1989–1992"
4821:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3163:dossier on Najibullah described him as "A
3086:was registered – who seek to unite former
2373:
2168:
2056:
2042:
1066:Pakistan International Airlines Flight 326
1010:
377:
40:
5714:
5698:
5594:. I.B. Tauris & Company. p. 49.
4695:
4693:
3827:
3628:
3626:
2837:– once loyal to him, but now allied with
966:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
112:30 November 1987 – 16 April 1992
5876:
5874:
5706:Situation of human rights in Afghanistan
5511:"Flashback: When the Taleban took Kabul"
5422:
5290:
5163:
4925:
4923:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3320:
3021:by the Afghan National Security Advisor
2983:, who was the commander-in-chief of the
2963:including a former senator in Pakistan,
2941:International Committee of the Red Cross
2824:
2552:
2414:
2178:
978:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
877:
873:
724:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
682:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
430:
7225:Pictures from Afghanistan (documentary)
6777:Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen
5776:
5534:"Hollywood's Dangerous Afghan Illusion"
4564:
4562:
4560:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3699:Kakar, Hassan; Kakar, Mohammed (1997).
3271:
3249:
3226:
2613:on 26 December 1991. At the same time,
2575:attempted to overthrow Najibullah in a
2278:parliamentary election was held in 1988
2108:On 15 May, Najibullah announced that a
1044:, a former tank commander and the then
16:Leader of Afghanistan from 1986 to 1992
7391:20th-century executions by Afghanistan
7288:
6120:
6015:
5296:
5230:Halim Tanwir, Dr. M. (February 2013).
5210:
4690:
4188:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4053:
4051:
3666:Weiner, Myron; Banuazizi, Ali (1994).
3623:
2630:who were considered less loyal to the
1024:, the Afghan equivalent to the Soviet
669:[mʊˈhamadnad͡ʒibʊˈlɑahmadˈzai]
7112:Military equipment used by Mujahideen
6715:
6689:
6360:
6073:
5923:
5871:
5723:Canada in Afghanistan: The War So Far
5615:Пластун В.Н., Андрианов В.В. (1999).
5531:
5508:
5463:. Indo-European Publishing. pp.
5206:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5099:
5081:. Indo-European Publishing. pp.
4920:
3604:National Defense University. p. 76.;
3554:
3425:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3199:, India, after moving there in 1992.
2987:siege force on the southeast side of
2845:, he occupied himself by translating
2175:National Reconciliation (Afghanistan)
1016:Minister of State Security: 1980–1985
746:which toppled Amin's rule and placed
692:from 1986 to 1992 and as well as the
667:
504:Order of the Red Banner (Afghanistan)
7270:
6054:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim010030016
5838:
5777:Parenti, Christian (17 April 2012).
5428:
5353:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
5177:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
5145:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
5113:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
4937:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
4902:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
4870:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
4838:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
4803:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
4771:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
4739:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
4707:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
4672:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
4640:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
4608:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
4576:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
4557:
4466:
3865:. Indo-European Publishing. p.
3754:
3421:
3419:
3396:
3394:
3084:National United Party of Afghanistan
2561:Members and members of Daoud Khan's
2505:
2378:
2352:
2163:
2156:, who was not a member of the PDPA.
946:St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School
660:
6114:
4472:Religion and politics in South Asia
4048:
3610:Culture and Customs of Afghanistan.
2971:as well as revenge for the botched
2903:had pleaded with the government of
2328:
69:4 May 1986 – 16 April 1992
13:
7346:Ambassadors of Afghanistan to Iran
7065:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
6761:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
6009:
5917:
5727:Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd, 2007.
5509:White, Terence (15 October 2001).
5195:
3375:@muskanajibullah (6 August 2019).
3341:
3321:Whitaker, Joseph (December 1991).
2621:
2389:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
1028:, and was promoted to the rank of
841:were removed and Islam became the
732:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
14:
7437:
6244:Chairman of the Presidium of the
6175:Biography of President Najibullah
6168:
3416:
3391:
3127:is also related to former Afghan
2943:who in turn sent their bodies to
2448:This time Najibullah stated that
2207:and that the party had abandoned
526:Order For Gallantry (Afghanistan)
225:Chairman of the Presidium of the
7426:Politicians assassinated in 1996
7269:
7260:
7259:
7247:
6643:
6607:
6576:
6541:
6498:
6436:
6401:
6140:
6121:Fisher, Earleen (13 July 1991).
3828:Mitrokhin, Vasiliy (July 2002).
2957:National Directorate of Security
2465:, maybe ironic considering that
2406:Soviet ambassador to Afghanistan
2231:, presidencies of banks and the
2023:
2013:
2012:
1117:
610:
587:
578:
562:
541:
532:
521:
514:
507:
498:
491:
482:
7416:Assassinated presidents in Asia
6067:
6034:
5986:
5960:
5899:
5818:
5770:
5752:
5738:
5686:
5660:
5635:
5608:
5551:
5525:
5490:
5481:
5449:
5397:
5371:
5339:
5313:
5297:Latifi, Ali M. (22 June 2012).
5262:
5250:
5223:
5131:
5067:
5017:
4988:
4955:
4888:
4856:
4789:
4757:
4725:
4658:
4626:
4594:
4525:
4496:
4460:
4427:
4394:
4361:
4329:
4296:
4263:
4196:
4150:
4117:
4084:
4015:
3982:
3949:
3916:
3883:
3851:
3821:
3788:
3725:
3692:
3659:
3594:
3534:
3496:
3478:
2611:dissolution of the Soviet Union
2606:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
851:dissolution of the Soviet Union
754:, the Afghan equivalent of the
426:
7117:Afghanistan War Memorial, Kyiv
5793:– via www.thenation.com.
5532:Parry, Robert (7 April 2013).
3705:University of California Press
3368:
3009:United Front/Northern Alliance
547:Order of Friendship of Peoples
1:
6388:Heads of state of Afghanistan
5845:Economic and Political Weekly
4997:Afghanistan: Past and Present
4440:C. Hurst & Co. Publishers
4407:C. Hurst & Co. Publishers
4374:C. Hurst & Co. Publishers
4309:C. Hurst & Co. Publishers
4276:C. Hurst & Co. Publishers
4205:Afghanistan: Past and Present
3768:Afghanistan: Past and Present
3404:. Kirkus Reviews. 15 May 2011
3219:
3191:seizure and the start of the
2641:of harassment from an ethnic
2345:, and the last references to
730:and the establishment of the
7341:People killed by the Taliban
6279:of the Revolutionary Council
6277:as Chairman of the Presidium
6074:Ahady, Anwar-ul-Haq (1995).
4999:. DIANE Publishing. p.
4207:. DIANE Publishing. p.
3962:C. Hurst & Co Publishers
3770:. Diane Publishing. p.
3736:. Diane Publishing. p.
3639:C. Hurst & Co Publishers
3528:www.afghanistan-analysts.org
3145:North West Frontier province
3139:and having Afghan Cosmonaut
3082:was formed and in 2003, the
2994:
2925:Islamic State of Afghanistan
2897:Islamic State of Afghanistan
2887:In September 1996, when the
2791:Islamic State of Afghanistan
2299:
2201:Minister of Higher Education
902:in Kabul on 19th April 1978.
864:In 2017, the pro-Najibullah
634:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
512:Order of the Saur Revolution
7:
5938:10.1007/978-1-4039-1840-6_9
5735:. p. 54. – via Google Books
4995:Amtstutz, J. Bruce (1994).
4434:Giustozzi, Antonio (2000).
4401:Giustozzi, Antonio (2000).
4368:Giustozzi, Antonio (2000).
4303:Giustozzi, Antonio (2000).
4270:Giustozzi, Antonio (2000).
4203:Amtstutz, J. Bruce (1994).
4124:Kalinovsky, Artemy (2011).
4058:Kalinovsky, Artemy (2011).
4022:Kalinovsky, Artemy (2011).
3989:Kalinovsky, Artemy (2011).
3956:Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005).
3923:Kalinovsky, Artemy (2011).
3890:Kalinovsky, Artemy (2011).
3797:Afghanistan: The Soviet War
3766:Amtstutz, J. Bruce (1994).
3732:Amtstutz, J. Bruce (1994).
3633:Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005).
3324:Whitaker's Almanac 1992 124
3202:
2899:. The UN Secretary-General
2527:Central Intelligence Agency
2393:While he may have been the
1989:Hindu and Buddhist heritage
1799:Transitional Administration
1369:Principality of Chaghaniyan
940:Najibullah was educated at
496:Order of the Sun of Liberty
387:Gardez, Paktia, Afghanistan
10:
7442:
7371:Habibia High School alumni
7045:Battle of Arghandab (1987)
6584:Transitional Islamic State
5839:Khan, Iqbal Ahmed (2013).
4243:Amsterdam University Press
4237:Otto, Jan Michiel (2010).
3209:Watan Party of Afghanistan
3080:Watan Party of Afghanistan
2695:militias including ethnic
2592:Ministry of State Security
2535:Inter-Service Intelligence
2512:Afghan Civil War (1989–92)
2509:
2382:
2172:
1845:Related historical regions
1046:Minister of Communications
7311:Presidents of Afghanistan
7241:
7232:Bitter Lake (documentary)
7125:
7094:
7073:
6997:
6931:
6881:
6835:
6828:
6769:
6748:
6741:
6723:
6672:
6641:
6605:
6574:
6539:
6496:
6434:
6399:
6345:
6339:State Intelligence Agency
6335:
6327:
6322:
6304:
6294:
6284:
6267:
6252:
6242:
6234:
6229:
6219:
6213:People's Democratic Party
6202:
6194:
6189:
5766:(in Pashto). 1 June 2020.
5672:Afghanistan International
3795:Girardet, Edward (1985).
3672:Syracuse University Press
3608:Hafizullah Emadi (2005).
3600:J. Bruce Amstutz (1986).
3432:New York Journal of Books
3356:. Encyclopædia Britannica
3178:
3040:
2268:, racial discrimination,
1145:Indus Valley civilisation
894:at the funeral of former
758:. He was a member of the
642:
621:
606:
598:
574:
557:
552:
474:
462:
448:
440:
411:
391:
383:
373:
351:
328:
323:
319:
307:
295:
285:
274:
267:
255:
243:
232:
224:
212:
187:
144:
116:
105:
97:
85:
73:
62:
55:
51:
39:
30:
23:
7086:Kabul students' uprising
6288:President of Afghanistan
6190:Party political offices
5435:. Penguin. p. 695.
5217:Johns Hopkins University
4507:. Mohr Siebeck. p.
4503:Yassari, Nadjma (2005).
4130:Harvard University Press
4091:Clements, Frank (2003).
4064:Harvard University Press
4028:Harvard University Press
3995:Harvard University Press
3929:Harvard University Press
3896:Harvard University Press
3830:"The KGB in Afghanistan"
3612:Greenwood Press. p. 46.
3568:Tucker, Spencer (2010).
3093:
2773:in order to prevent non
2717:in taking on the mostly
2239:Elections: 1987 and 1988
2068:He was appointed to the
1664:Principality of Qandahar
1089:Rise to power: 1985–1986
976:(Banner) faction of the
785:Soviet General Secretary
694:President of Afghanistan
374:Cause of death
100:President of Afghanistan
31:
7401:20th-century physicians
6794:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
6180:23 October 2005 at the
5911:23 October 2014 at the
5806:Cite magazine requires
5236:. Xlibris Corporation.
5211:Nadiri, Khalid (2017).
3426:Silverman, Jerry Mark.
3299:2027/osu.32435024019754
3265:2027/osu.32435024019804
3116:Republic of Afghanistan
2977:The Wars of Afghanistan
2933:Arg presidential palace
2911:(a member of Rabbani's
2855:into his mother tongue
2795:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
2771:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
2502:to survive the winter.
2374:Afghan–Soviet relations
2370:in the private sector.
2304:Several figures of the
2193:counter-revolutionaries
2169:National Reconciliation
2126:National Reconciliation
1042:Mohammad Aslam Watanjar
1011:Under Karmal: 1979–1986
804:National Reconciliation
690:Republic of Afghanistan
7356:Afghan torture victims
7331:Executed Afghan people
7254:Afghanistan portal
7107:War in popular culture
7102:Soviet aircraft losses
7025:Battle of Maravar Pass
6519:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
6476:Haji Mohammad Chamkani
6238:Haji Mohammad Chamkani
6046:The SHAFR Guide Online
6020:. Helion and Company.
6016:Müller, Lukas (2020).
5841:"The Confused Pashtun"
5590:Rashid, Ahmed (2002).
5024:Hilali, A. Z. (2005).
3059:Wakman faction leader
2803:Third Afghan Civil War
2565:
2484:
2420:
2188:
2154:Haji Mohammad Chamkani
2030:Afghanistan portal
1967:List of heads of state
1225:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
1056:were appointed to the
916:Kingdom of Afghanistan
903:
726:(PDPA). Following the
346:Kingdom of Afghanistan
291:(as General Secretary)
262:Himself (as president)
250:Haji Mohammad Chamkani
7321:Afghan murder victims
6664:Hibatullah Akhundzada
6246:Revolutionary Council
5325:Indiatoday.intoday.in
3153:Abdul Rashid Dostum's
3025:, Najibullah's widow
2975:in 1989. In his book
2913:Jamiat-e Islami Party
2901:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
2825:Final years and death
2768:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's
2556:
2510:Further information:
2492:United States dollars
2418:
2294:Lebanese organization
2182:
2110:collective leadership
2103:Revolutionary Council
1275:Indo-Parthian kingdom
1255:Indo-Scythian kingdom
1003:in Europe, until the
881:
874:Early life and career
800:Revolutionary Council
599:Years of service
227:Revolutionary Council
7421:Pashtun nationalists
7386:1990s in Afghanistan
7381:1980s in Afghanistan
7197:The Living Daylights
7183:Charlie Wilson's War
7055:Battle for Hill 3234
6899:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
6853:Konstantin Chernenko
6806:Hezb-e Islami Khalis
5930:The Afghanistan Wars
5785:on 11 September 2018
5429:Coll, Steve (2004).
4962:Hiro, Dilip (2002).
4476:Taylor & Francis
3801:Taylor & Francis
3048:Pashtun Nationalists
2919:) to not be granted
2764:Najibullah loyalists
2673:Pul-e Charkhi Prison
2490:estimated 3 billion
2244:providing for a new
2225:Council of Ministers
2122:Council of Ministers
2114:Sultan Ali Keshtmand
684:, the leader of the
205:(as President, 1980)
179:Mohammed Eshaq Tokhi
175:Sultan Ali Keshtmand
131:Mohammad Hasan Sharq
126:Sultan Ali Keshtmand
7411:Executed communists
7361:Pashtun politicians
7336:Executed presidents
7050:Operation Magistral
7015:Panjshir offensives
7005:Operation Storm-333
6998:Military operations
6919:Burhanuddin Rabbani
6904:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
6873:Abdul Rashid Dostum
6868:Mohammad Najibullah
6525:Burhanuddin Rabbani
6482:Mohammad Najibullah
6461:Nur Muhammad Taraki
6444:Democratic Republic
6426:Mohammad Daoud Khan
6349:Ghulam Faruq Yaqubi
6323:Government offices
6313:Mohammed Daoud Khan
6298:Burhanuddin Rabbani
5674:. 20 September 2023
5457:Braithwaite, Rodric
5347:Braithwaite, Rodric
5278:. 28 September 1996
5219:. pp. 155–156.
5171:Braithwaite, Rodric
5139:Braithwaite, Rodric
5107:Braithwaite, Rodric
5075:Braithwaite, Rodric
4931:Braithwaite, Rodric
4896:Braithwaite, Rodric
4864:Braithwaite, Rodric
4832:Braithwaite, Rodric
4797:Braithwaite, Rodric
4765:Braithwaite, Rodric
4733:Braithwaite, Rodric
4701:Braithwaite, Rodric
4666:Braithwaite, Rodric
4634:Braithwaite, Rodric
4602:Braithwaite, Rodric
4570:Braithwaite, Rodric
3859:Braithwaite, Rodric
3509:The Washington Post
3492:. 28 February 1987.
3466:. 24 September 2014
3243:2027/uc1.c050186243
3165:Pushtun nationalist
3137:UN General Assembly
3133:Pashtun Nationalist
3131:. Najibullah was a
3005:Burhanuddin Rabbani
2973:Battle of Jalalabad
2961:Pashtun Nationalist
2905:Burhanuddin Rabbani
2892:were about to enter
2878:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
2835:Abdul Rashid Dostum
2815:Sayed Mansur Naderi
2742:Mohammad Nabi Azimi
2701:Abdul Rashid Dostum
2596:1979 Herat uprising
2577:failed coup attempt
2531:Battle of Jalalabad
2496:Soviet Central Asia
2445:Valentin Varennikov
2433:Eduard Shevardnadze
2368:foreign investments
2138:Eduard Shevardnadze
1734:Democratic Republic
1054:Minister of Defence
942:Habibia High School
888:Nur Muhammad Taraki
855:Abdul Rashid Dostum
744:Soviet intervention
649:Mohammad Najibullah
538:Order of José Marti
453:Habibia High School
314:Ghulam Faruq Yaqubi
219:Burhanuddin Rabbani
136:Fazal Haq Khaliqyar
25:Mohammad Najibullah
7204:The Magic Mountain
6914:Abdul Rahim Wardak
6889:Ahmad Shah Massoud
6799:Maktab al-Khidamat
6309:Title last held by
6230:Political offices
5538:Consortiumnews.com
5030:Ashgate Publishing
3327:. William Clowes.
3157:Ahmad Shah Massoud
3061:Anwar ul-Haq Ahady
2874:Ahmad Shah Massoud
2839:Ahmad Shah Massoud
2819:Sayed Jafar Naderi
2740:including General
2662:Pashtun chauvinist
2651:Ahmad Shah Massoud
2566:
2450:Ahmad Shah Massoud
2437:Vladimir Kryuchkov
2421:
2310:state of emergency
2189:
2187:Conference in 1989
2183:Najibullah at the
2093:, earlier head of
2091:Assadullah Sarwari
1937:Political violence
1744:Tanai coup attempt
1379:Rashidun Caliphate
1324:Hephthalite Empire
1245:Indo-Greek kingdom
1048:and Major General
904:
849:in Moscow and the
827:Afghan nationalism
792:last Soviet leader
171:Abdul Wahed Sorabi
166:Abdul Hamid Mohtat
92:Position disbanded
46:Najibullah in 1991
7396:Muslim socialists
7366:People from Kabul
7351:Afghan physicians
7283:
7282:
7074:Civilian protests
7035:Battles of Zhawar
6927:
6926:
6858:Mikhail Gorbachev
6824:
6823:
6717:Soviet–Afghan War
6683:
6682:
6487:Abdul Rahim Hatif
6355:
6354:
6346:Succeeded by
6295:Succeeded by
6282:
6263:
6253:Succeeded by
6220:Succeeded by
6209:Central Committee
6205:General Secretary
5947:978-1-4039-1840-6
5828:. 30 August 2016.
5733:978-1-55002-674-0
5474:978-1-60444-002-7
5385:. 30 October 2017
5364:978-1-60444-002-7
5188:978-1-60444-002-7
5156:978-1-60444-002-7
5124:978-1-60444-002-7
5092:978-1-60444-002-7
5043:978-0-7546-4220-6
4981:978-0-415-28802-6
4948:978-1-60444-002-7
4913:978-1-60444-002-7
4881:978-1-60444-002-7
4849:978-1-60444-002-7
4814:978-1-60444-002-7
4782:978-1-60444-002-7
4750:978-1-60444-002-7
4718:978-1-60444-002-7
4683:978-1-60444-002-7
4651:978-1-60444-002-7
4619:978-1-60444-002-7
4587:978-1-60444-002-7
4550:978-1-85743-133-9
4518:978-3-16-148787-3
4489:978-0-415-77800-8
4453:978-1-85065-396-7
4420:978-1-85065-396-7
4387:978-1-85065-396-7
4354:978-1-85743-133-9
4322:978-1-85065-396-7
4289:978-1-85065-396-7
4256:978-90-8728-057-4
4170:on 4 October 2013
4143:978-0-674-05866-8
4110:978-1-85109-402-8
4077:978-0-674-05866-8
4041:978-0-674-05866-8
4008:978-0-674-05866-8
3975:978-1-85065-703-3
3942:978-0-674-05866-8
3909:978-0-674-05866-8
3876:978-1-60444-002-7
3814:978-0-7099-3802-6
3718:978-0-520-20893-3
3685:978-0-8156-2608-4
3652:978-1-85065-703-3
3587:978-1-85109-947-4
3530:. 21 August 2017.
3334:978-0-85021-220-4
3141:Abdul Ahad Momand
3104:Islamic Socialism
3069:Abdul Ahad Momand
2917:Assadullah Sawari
2506:After the Soviets
2467:Operation Typhoon
2429:Anatoly Chernyaev
2385:Soviet–Afghan War
2379:Soviet withdrawal
2353:Economic policies
2314:freedom of speech
2213:Abdul Hakim Misaq
2164:Leader: 1986–1992
2075:Mikhail Gorbachev
2066:
2065:
1957:Afghan (ethnonym)
1932:Political history
1836:
1835:
1684:Saqqawist Emirate
1634:Sadozai Sultanate
1587:
1586:
1373:7th–8th centuries
1342:
1341:
1195:Macedonian Empire
1185:Achaemenid Empire
1155:Oxus civilization
954:Jammu and Kashmir
829:, abolishing the
788:Mikhail Gorbachev
678:General Secretary
646:
645:
629:Soviet–Afghan War
356:27 September 1996
156:Abdul Rahim Hatif
7433:
7326:Castrated people
7273:
7272:
7263:
7262:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7148:Afghan Breakdown
7030:Badaber uprising
6894:Abdul Ali Mazari
6833:
6832:
6816:Ittehad i-Islami
6746:
6745:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6687:
6686:
6657:
6656:
6655:(Supreme Leader)
6649:
6647:
6646:
6621:
6620:
6615:Islamic Republic
6613:
6611:
6610:
6590:
6589:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6559:
6558:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6512:
6511:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6454:
6453:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6419:
6418:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6358:
6357:
6337:Director of the
6328:Preceded by
6317:
6274:
6268:Preceded by
6257:
6235:Preceded by
6223:Office abolished
6195:Preceded by
6187:
6186:
6162:
6161:
6156:. Archived from
6153:Associated Press
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5998:, 7 October 2020
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5921:
5915:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5878:
5869:
5868:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5809:
5804:
5802:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5781:. Archived from
5774:
5768:
5767:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5742:
5736:
5718:
5712:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5619:. Archived from
5612:
5606:
5605:
5587:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5266:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5208:
5193:
5192:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5021:
5015:
5014:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4927:
4918:
4917:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4566:
4555:
4554:
4539:. 2002. p.
4529:
4523:
4522:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4343:. 2002. p.
4333:
4327:
4326:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4234:
4223:
4222:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4163:. Archived from
4162:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4019:
4013:
4012:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3834:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3763:
3752:
3751:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3630:
3621:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3547:Associated Press
3538:
3532:
3531:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3456:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3350:
3339:
3338:
3318:
3303:
3302:
3286:
3269:
3268:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3230:
2965:Afrasiab Khattak
2861:political asylum
2329:An Islamic state
2146:Viktor Chebrikov
2142:Anatoly Dobrynin
2070:PDPA Secretariat
2058:
2051:
2044:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2015:
1999:Muslim conquests
1984:Hinduism history
1947:Economic history
1831:
1809:Islamic Republic
1600:
1599:
1529:Chagatai Khanate
1355:
1354:
1295:Kidarite kingdom
1165:Gandhara kingdom
1141:
1140:
1121:
1111:
1093:
1092:
962:Kabul University
900:Mir Akbar Khyber
720:Kabul University
713:capture of Kabul
671:
666:
662:
614:
613:
591:
590:
582:
567:
566:
553:Military service
545:
536:
525:
518:
511:
502:
495:
486:
469:Kabul University
434:
432:
428:
378:Shot in the head
361:
359:
338:
336:
324:Personal details
310:
298:
279:
258:
246:
237:
215:
190:
149:
119:
110:
88:
76:
67:
44:
34:
21:
20:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7248:
7246:
7237:
7190:The Kite Runner
7141:The 9th Company
7126:Films about war
7121:
7090:
7081:3 Hoot uprising
7069:
7060:Operation Arrow
6993:
6923:
6877:
6843:Leonid Brezhnev
6820:
6782:Jamiat-e Islami
6765:
6737:
6729:Afghan conflict
6719:
6714:
6684:
6679:
6668:
6654:
6653:
6651:Islamic Emirate
6644:
6642:
6637:
6618:
6617:
6608:
6606:
6601:
6587:
6586:
6577:
6575:
6570:
6552:
6551:
6549:Islamic Emirate
6542:
6540:
6535:
6509:
6508:
6499:
6497:
6492:
6466:Hafizullah Amin
6447:
6446:
6437:
6435:
6430:
6412:
6411:
6402:
6400:
6395:
6385:
6351:
6342:
6333:
6315:
6310:
6300:
6291:
6278:
6273:
6256:
6249:
6240:
6225:
6216:
6200:
6182:Wayback Machine
6171:
6166:
6165:
6160:on 5 July 2021.
6146:
6145:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6119:
6115:
6092:10.2307/2645419
6072:
6068:
6058:
6056:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6014:
6010:
6001:
5999:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5975:
5966:
5965:
5961:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5922:
5918:
5913:Wayback Machine
5904:
5900:
5890:
5888:
5880:
5879:
5872:
5837:
5833:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5808:|magazine=
5807:
5805:
5796:
5795:
5788:
5786:
5775:
5771:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5720:Pigott, Peter.
5719:
5715:
5703:
5699:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5675:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5651:
5649:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5626:
5624:
5623:on 17 July 2015
5613:
5609:
5602:
5588:
5577:
5567:
5565:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5530:
5526:
5516:
5514:
5507:
5503:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5475:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5411:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5388:
5386:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5365:
5344:
5340:
5330:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5302:
5301:. aljazeera.com
5295:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5228:
5224:
5209:
5196:
5189:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5072:
5068:
5059:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5022:
5018:
5011:
4993:
4989:
4982:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4861:
4857:
4850:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4567:
4558:
4551:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4235:
4226:
4219:
4201:
4197:
4181:
4180:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4158:"Archived copy"
4156:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4020:
4016:
4009:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3764:
3755:
3748:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3631:
3624:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3572:. Vol. 1.
3566:
3555:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3424:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3342:
3335:
3319:
3306:
3287:
3272:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3205:
3181:
3173:Pashto language
3129:King Amanaullah
3096:
3043:
3023:Hamdullah Mohib
2997:
2949:Paktia Province
2937:Islamic funeral
2882:Battle of Kabul
2866:Peshawar Accord
2827:
2811:
2783:Peshawar Accord
2723:Afghan Military
2708:Jamiat-e Islami
2624:
2622:Fall from power
2573:Shahnawaz Tanai
2514:
2508:
2487:
2391:
2383:Main articles:
2381:
2376:
2355:
2331:
2302:
2262:neo-colonialism
2241:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2083:Dmitriy Ustinov
2079:Boris Ponomarev
2062:
2024:
2022:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1824:Islamic Emirate
1764:Islamic Emirate
1724:Saur Revolution
1597:
1589:
1588:
1519:Mongol Invasion
1493:before 879–1215
1352:
1344:
1343:
1285:Sasanian Empire
1269:135 BC – 248 AD
1235:Parthian Empire
1205:Seleucid Empire
1138:
1109:
1102:
1091:
1018:
1013:
993:Saur Revolution
912:Paktia Province
876:
831:one-party state
811:1989 until 1992
773:Boris Ponomarev
769:Dmitriy Ustinov
740:Hafizullah Amin
728:Saur Revolution
664:
638:
611:
588:
586:
561:
540:
531:
527:
520:
513:
506:
497:
490:
481:
455:
436:
424:
420:
403:
392:Political party
362:
357:
355:
340:
334:
332:
308:
302:Assadullah Amin
296:
290:
280:
275:
256:
244:
238:
233:
213:
208:
188:
183:
145:
140:
117:
111:
106:
86:
74:
68:
63:
47:
35:
32:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7439:
7429:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7267:
7257:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7211:Peshavar Waltz
7207:
7200:
7193:
7186:
7179:
7172:
7165:
7162:All Costs Paid
7158:
7151:
7144:
7137:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7098:
7096:
7095:Related topics
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7077:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7040:Battle of Jaji
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7020:Siege of Urgun
7017:
7012:
7010:Siege of Khost
7007:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6935:
6933:
6932:Events by year
6929:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6839:
6837:
6830:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6779:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6752:
6750:
6743:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6713:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6690:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6660:
6658:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6624:
6622:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6562:
6560:
6555:Supreme Leader
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6527:
6522:
6515:
6513:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6484:
6479:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6455:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6422:
6420:
6409:Daoud Republic
6397:
6396:
6384:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6361:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6344:
6334:
6331:Asadullah Amin
6329:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6319:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6293:
6283:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6254:
6251:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6218:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6185:
6184:
6170:
6169:External links
6167:
6164:
6163:
6139:
6113:
6086:(7): 621–634.
6066:
6033:
6027:978-1913118662
6026:
6008:
5985:
5959:
5946:
5916:
5898:
5870:
5831:
5817:
5769:
5751:
5737:
5713:
5697:
5685:
5659:
5634:
5607:
5601:978-1845117887
5600:
5575:
5550:
5524:
5501:
5489:
5480:
5473:
5448:
5441:
5421:
5396:
5370:
5363:
5338:
5327:. 15 June 2013
5312:
5289:
5261:
5249:
5242:
5222:
5194:
5187:
5162:
5155:
5130:
5123:
5098:
5091:
5066:
5063:. 30 May 2020.
5049:
5042:
5016:
5009:
4987:
4980:
4954:
4947:
4919:
4912:
4887:
4880:
4855:
4848:
4820:
4813:
4788:
4781:
4756:
4749:
4724:
4717:
4689:
4682:
4657:
4650:
4625:
4618:
4593:
4586:
4556:
4549:
4524:
4517:
4495:
4488:
4459:
4452:
4426:
4419:
4393:
4386:
4360:
4353:
4328:
4321:
4295:
4288:
4262:
4255:
4224:
4217:
4195:
4149:
4142:
4116:
4109:
4083:
4076:
4047:
4040:
4014:
4007:
3981:
3974:
3948:
3941:
3915:
3908:
3882:
3875:
3850:
3820:
3813:
3787:
3780:
3753:
3746:
3724:
3717:
3691:
3684:
3658:
3651:
3622:
3593:
3586:
3553:
3533:
3515:
3495:
3477:
3444:
3415:
3390:
3383:) – via
3367:
3340:
3333:
3304:
3270:
3248:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3214:Sulaiman Layeq
3211:
3204:
3201:
3180:
3177:
3169:Pushtunization
3114:who ruled the
3095:
3092:
3042:
3039:
2996:
2993:
2852:The Great Game
2826:
2823:
2810:
2807:
2753:Pro-Najibullah
2738:Mazar-i-Sharif
2623:
2620:
2601:Siege of Khost
2585:Aslam Watanjar
2548:Benazir Bhutto
2507:
2504:
2486:
2483:
2479:special forces
2459:United Nations
2425:Geneva Accords
2402:Fikryat Tabeev
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2364:private sector
2354:
2351:
2330:
2327:
2306:intelligentsia
2301:
2298:
2282:National Front
2240:
2237:
2221:Yuli Vorontsov
2217:Mayor of Kabul
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2134:Yuli Vorontsov
2130:Andrei Gromyko
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843:state religion
777:PDPA Politburo
718:A graduate of
706:United Nations
661:محمد نجیبالله
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33:محمد نجیبالله
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7406:Afghan exiles
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7134:List of films
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6863:Babrak Karmal
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6854:
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6849:
6848:Yuri Andropov
6846:
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6811:Hezb-e Wahdat
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6787:Shura-e Nazar
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6506:Islamic State
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6471:Babrak Karmal
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6198:Babrak Karmal
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5974:. 31 May 1988
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5851:(31): 25–27.
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5799:cite magazine
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5764:BBC News پښتو
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3839:. p. 136
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3149:Abdul Ghaffar
3146:
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3138:
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3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:Mixed economy
3105:
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3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3078:In 1997, the
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:Afghan Mellat
3054:
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3028:
3024:
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3015:
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2981:Mullah Borjan
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2955:, the former
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2847:Peter Hopkirk
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2800:
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2777:from seizing
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2766:to ally with
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2734:Babrak Karmal
2731:
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2693:Ismaili Shias
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2615:Boris Yeltsin
2612:
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2543:Scud missiles
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2410:Ronald Reagan
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2343:Islamic state
2340:
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2335:Babrak Karmal
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2233:Supreme Court
2230:
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2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:List of years
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Paropamisadae
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1841:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:Islamic State
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:Islamic State
1752:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1644:Afsharid Iran
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1624:Hotak dynasty
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1265:Kushan Empire
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:247 BC–224 AD
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1215:Maurya Empire
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1175:Median Empire
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1078:Babrak Karmal
1073:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Mohammad Rafi
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Yuri Andropov
1031:
1030:Major General
1027:
1023:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
986:Babrak Karmal
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:in Kabul, at
943:
938:
936:
932:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
901:
897:
893:
892:Babrak Karmal
889:
885:
884:Nur Ahmed Nur
880:
871:
869:
868:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:Yuri Andropov
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:Babrak Karmal
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
658:
654:
650:
641:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
624:
620:
617:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
585:
581:
577:
573:
570:
565:
560:
556:
551:
548:
544:
539:
535:
530:
524:
517:
510:
505:
501:
494:
489:
485:
480:
477:
473:
470:
467:
465:
461:
458:
457:SJS Baramulla
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
419:
414:
410:
406:
401:
397:
394:
390:
386:
384:Resting place
382:
379:
376:
372:
369:
365:
354:
350:
347:
343:
339:6 August 1947
331:
327:
322:
318:
315:
312:
306:
303:
300:
294:
289:Babrak Karmal
288:
284:
278:
273:
270:
266:
263:
260:
254:
251:
248:
242:
236:
231:
228:
223:
220:
217:
211:
204:
203:Babrak Karmal
201:
198:
195:
194:
192:
186:
180:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
151:
148:
143:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
121:
115:
109:
104:
101:
96:
93:
90:
84:
81:
80:Babrak Karmal
78:
72:
66:
61:
58:
54:
50:
43:
38:
29:
22:
19:
7245:
7230:
7223:
7216:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7167:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7139:
7132:
6867:
6756:Soviet Union
6742:Belligerents
6727:Part of the
6633:Ashraf Ghani
6628:Hamid Karzai
6597:Hamid Karzai
6530:Hamid Karzai
6481:
6336:
6311:
6305:
6285:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6260:as President
6259:
6258:
6243:
6222:
6203:
6158:the original
6151:
6142:
6130:. Retrieved
6126:
6116:
6083:
6080:Asian Survey
6079:
6069:
6057:. Retrieved
6045:
6036:
6017:
6011:
6002:20 September
6000:, retrieved
5994:
5988:
5978:20 September
5976:. Retrieved
5971:
5962:
5951:, retrieved
5929:
5919:
5901:
5891:20 September
5889:. Retrieved
5885:
5848:
5844:
5834:
5820:
5787:. Retrieved
5783:the original
5772:
5763:
5754:
5740:
5722:
5716:
5709:
5700:
5688:
5678:20 September
5676:. Retrieved
5671:
5662:
5652:20 September
5650:. Retrieved
5646:
5637:
5625:. Retrieved
5621:the original
5610:
5591:
5568:20 September
5566:. Retrieved
5563:press.un.org
5562:
5553:
5541:. Retrieved
5537:
5527:
5515:. Retrieved
5504:
5492:
5483:
5460:
5451:
5431:
5424:
5412:. Retrieved
5408:
5399:
5387:. Retrieved
5382:
5373:
5350:
5341:
5329:. Retrieved
5324:
5315:
5303:. Retrieved
5292:
5280:. Retrieved
5273:
5264:
5252:
5232:
5225:
5212:
5174:
5165:
5142:
5133:
5110:
5101:
5078:
5069:
5025:
5019:
4996:
4990:
4963:
4957:
4934:
4899:
4890:
4867:
4858:
4835:
4800:
4791:
4768:
4759:
4736:
4727:
4704:
4669:
4660:
4637:
4628:
4605:
4596:
4573:
4532:
4527:
4504:
4498:
4471:
4462:
4435:
4429:
4402:
4396:
4369:
4363:
4336:
4331:
4304:
4298:
4271:
4265:
4238:
4204:
4198:
4172:. Retrieved
4165:the original
4152:
4125:
4119:
4092:
4086:
4059:
4023:
4017:
3990:
3984:
3957:
3951:
3924:
3918:
3891:
3885:
3862:
3853:
3841:. Retrieved
3836:
3823:
3796:
3790:
3767:
3733:
3727:
3700:
3694:
3667:
3661:
3634:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3569:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3507:
3498:
3489:
3480:
3470:20 September
3468:. Retrieved
3463:
3435:. Retrieved
3431:
3406:. Retrieved
3370:
3358:. Retrieved
3354:"Najibullah"
3323:
3290:
3256:
3251:
3234:
3228:
3185:Fatana Najib
3182:
3125:Fatana Najib
3097:
3077:
3044:
3027:Fatana Najib
3016:
3013:
3001:Muslim world
2998:
2976:
2953:Peter Tomsen
2929:
2886:
2870:
2851:
2828:
2817:and his son
2812:
2715:Hezbe Wahdat
2625:
2589:
2567:
2523:
2515:
2488:
2471:World War II
2462:
2455:
2453:withdrawal.
2441:KGB Chairman
2422:
2394:
2392:
2359:Eastern Bloc
2356:
2332:
2318:Islamisation
2303:
2250:Wolesi Jirga
2242:
2197:
2190:
2158:
2107:
2067:
1977:List of wars
1826:(reinstated)
1786:(reinstated)
1159:2100–1800 BC
1149:2200–1800 BC
1074:
1062:
1038:KGB Chairman
1019:
1005:Soviet Union
990:
939:
905:
865:
863:
825:in favor of
815:Soviet Union
808:
717:
673:
648:
647:
622:Battles/wars
528:
478:
418:Fatana Najib
358:(1996-09-27)
309:Succeeded by
276:
261:
257:Succeeded by
234:
214:Succeeded by
196:
107:
91:
87:Succeeded by
64:
18:
7301:1996 deaths
7296:1947 births
6619:(President)
6588:(President)
6566:Mullah Omar
6510:(President)
6059:24 February
5972:India Today
5953:27 December
5414:17 December
5389:17 December
5331:17 December
5275:Irish Times
4311:. pp.
4174:30 November
3931:. pp.
3843:14 February
3490:India Today
3464:Daily Times
3159:. A Soviet
3106:and a more
2969:Durand Line
2880:during the
2793:. However,
2730:Parchamites
2258:imperialism
2254:colonialism
2099:Abdul Qadir
1897:Kushanshahr
1774:US invasion
1509:Khwarezmids
1359:Kabul Shahi
1314:Alchon Huns
1169:1500–535 BC
1110:Afghanistan
1108:History of
867:Watan Party
847:August Coup
790:, also the
584:Afghan Army
569:Afghanistan
407:(from 1990)
368:Afghanistan
297:Preceded by
245:Preceded by
189:Preceded by
75:Preceded by
7290:Categories
7275:Multimedia
6882:Mujahideen
6770:Mujahideen
6392:since 1973
6343:1980–1985
6292:1987–1992
6217:1986–1992
5789:12 January
5543:31 January
5409:Rediff.com
5032:. p.
4970:. p.
4478:. p.
4442:. p.
4409:. p.
4376:. p.
4278:. p.
4245:. p.
4132:. p.
4099:. p.
4066:. p.
4030:. p.
3997:. p.
3964:. p.
3898:. p.
3803:. p.
3707:. p.
3674:. p.
3641:. p.
3576:. p.
3220:References
3121:Zahir Shah
3112:Daoud Khan
2787:Mujahadeen
2699:, General
2288:, a small
1912:Zabulistan
1887:Kafiristan
1882:Kabulistan
1704:Daoud coup
1539:Qarlughids
1479:Ghaznavids
1389:Tang China
1334:Nezak Huns
1259:155–80? BC
1229:256–125 BC
1219:305–180 BC
1209:312–150 BC
1199:330–312 BC
1189:550–330 BC
1179:728–550 BC
924:Said Karam
756:Soviet KGB
700:took over
698:mujahideen
558:Allegiance
464:Alma mater
335:1947-08-06
7218:Rambo III
7176:Cargo 200
7169:The Beast
7155:Afghantsi
6909:Abdul Haq
6415:President
6100:0004-4687
5857:0012-9976
5305:23 August
5282:2 October
4968:Routledge
4537:Routledge
4468:Riaz, Ali
4341:Routledge
3197:New Delhi
3193:civil war
3100:Communism
2995:Reactions
2744:with the
2732:loyal to
2568:Hardline
2539:Hamid Gul
2347:communism
2300:Emergency
2286:Hizbollah
2270:apartheid
2246:bicameral
1852:Arachosia
1818:2004–2021
1803:2001–2004
1768:1996–2001
1758:1992–1996
1738:1978–1992
1718:1973–1978
1698:1926–1973
1678:1823–1926
1668:1818–1855
1658:1747–1823
1648:1738–1747
1638:1716–1732
1628:1709–1738
1618:1510–1709
1608:1501–1738
1583:1520–1591
1573:1370–1507
1563:1245–1381
1553:1256–1335
1549:Ilkhanate
1543:1224–1266
1533:1226–1245
1523:1219–1226
1513:1215–1231
1503:1037–1194
1459:Saffarids
1249:180–90 BC
1083:Khalqists
960:, and at
950:Baramulla
933:tribe of
914:, in the
839:communism
823:socialism
710:Taliban's
686:one-party
674:Dr. Najib
602:1965–1992
479:Domestic:
449:Education
277:In office
235:In office
108:In office
65:In office
7265:Category
6836:Alliance
6749:Alliance
6733:Cold War
6731:and the
6676:* Acting
6450:Chairman
6178:Archived
6132:8 August
5909:Archived
5865:23527943
5647:TOLOnews
5627:28 April
5459:(2007).
5349:(2007).
5173:(2007).
5141:(2007).
5109:(2007).
5077:(2007).
4933:(2007).
4898:(2007).
4866:(2007).
4834:(2007).
4799:(2007).
4767:(2007).
4735:(2007).
4703:(2007).
4668:(2007).
4636:(2007).
4604:(2007).
4572:(2007).
4470:(2010).
4184:cite web
4097:ABC-CLIO
3861:(2007).
3606:see also
3574:ABC-CLIO
3203:See also
3102:towards
2849:'s book
2797:and the
2775:Pashtuns
2760:Khalqist
2749:Khalqist
2669:Khalqist
2655:Achakzai
2649:warlord
2628:Pashtuns
2583:General
2581:Khalqist
2570:Khalqist
2475:Kandahar
2185:Belgrade
2118:Chairman
2018:Category
1892:Khorasan
1872:Gandhara
1813:politics
1714:Republic
1614:Safavids
1569:Timurids
1483:963–1187
1469:Samanids
1449:Tahirids
1439:Abbasids
1409:Umayyads
1351:Medieval
1127:Timeline
1099:a series
1097:Part of
935:Pashtuns
928:Ahmadzai
819:Pakistan
796:Chairman
529:Foreign:
441:Children
98:5th
6829:Leaders
6271:Himself
6255:Himself
6211:of the
6207:of the
6127:AP News
6108:2645419
5517:15 June
5465:302–303
5083:296–297
4313:155–156
3437:28 July
3408:28 July
3385:Twitter
3189:Taliban
3031:Taliban
2985:Taliban
2923:by the
2921:amnesty
2909:Massoud
2889:Taliban
2757:Pashtun
2746:Pashtun
2725:. Many
2719:Pashtun
2685:Turkmen
2666:Pashtun
2658:Pashtun
2636:Pashtun
2463:Typhoon
2396:de jure
2333:During
2323:Mullahs
2274:fascism
2266:Zionism
2229:finance
2209:Marxism
2205:Muslims
2120:of the
1942:Culture
1867:Bactria
1795:Interim
1694:Kingdom
1674:Emirate
1604:Mughals
1579:Arghuns
1559:Kartids
1499:Seljuks
1489:Ghurids
1473:875–999
1463:863–900
1453:821–873
1443:750–821
1433:750-977
1423:680–870
1419:Zunbils
1413:661–750
1403:660–842
1393:660–669
1383:652–661
1363:565–879
1338:484–711
1328:410–557
1318:380–560
1299:320–465
1289:230–651
1136:Ancient
1036:, then
974:Parcham
898:leader
896:Parcham
859:Taliban
798:of the
760:Parcham
738:during
688:ruling
680:of the
665:Pashto:
616:General
435:
423:
400:Parcham
197:Himself
6648:
6612:
6581:
6546:
6503:
6441:
6406:
6316:(1978)
6306:Vacant
6106:
6098:
6024:
5944:
5863:
5855:
5731:
5598:
5471:
5439:
5383:Gz.com
5361:
5240:
5185:
5153:
5121:
5089:
5040:
5007:
4978:
4945:
4910:
4878:
4846:
4811:
4779:
4747:
4715:
4680:
4648:
4616:
4584:
4547:
4515:
4486:
4450:
4417:
4384:
4351:
4319:
4286:
4253:
4215:
4140:
4107:
4074:
4038:
4005:
3972:
3939:
3906:
3873:
3811:
3778:
3744:
3715:
3682:
3649:
3616:
3584:
3360:4 June
3331:
3179:Family
3065:Pashto
3041:Legacy
3019:Gardez
2945:Gardez
2857:Pashto
2781:. The
2712:Hazara
2689:Hazara
2681:Tajiks
2639:Kochis
2632:regime
2439:, the
2404:, the
2215:, the
1907:Sistan
1862:Ariana
1596:Modern
1101:on the
1052:, the
931:Ghilji
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