142:. During this reestablishment, kinetics associated with bond binding and bond breakage are obtained back. The imprinted molecule is then released from the template, in which it would then rebind with the target molecule, forming the same covalent bonds that were formed before polymerization. Advantages through utilizing this approach include the functional group being solely associated with the binding sites, avoiding any non-specific binding. The imprinted molecule also displays a homogenous distribution of binding sites, increasing the stability of the template-polymer complex. However, there are a few number of compounds that can be used to imprint with template molecules via covalent bonding, such as
253:. They have been developed to target herbicides, sugars, drugs, toxins, and vapors. MIP-based sensors not only have high selectivity and high sensitivity, but they can also generate output signals (electrochemical, optical, or piezoelectric) for detection. This allows them to be utilized in fluorescence sensing, electrochemical sensing, chemiluminescence sensing, and UV-Vis sensing. Forensic applications that delve into detections of illicit drugs, banned sport drugs, toxins, and chemical warfare agents are also an area of growing interest.
65:
116:(HPLC). In 1972, Wulff and Klotz introduced molecular imprinting to organic polymers. They found that molecular recognition was possible by covalently introducing functional groups within the imprinted cavity of polymers. The Mosbach group then proved it was possible to introduce functional groups into imprinted cavities through non-covalent interactions, thus leading to non-covalent imprinting. Many approaches regarding molecular imprinting have since been extended to different purposes.
246:, and stir bar sorption extraction has been studied in several publications. Moreover, chromatography techniques such as HPLC and TLC can make use of MIPs as packing materials and stationary phases for the separation of template analytes. The kinetics of noncovalently imprinted materials were observed to be faster than materials prepared by the covalent approach, so noncovalent MIPs are more commonly used in chromatography.
280:
Pharmaceutical applications include selective drug delivery and control drug release systems, which make use of MIPs’ stable conformations, fast equilibrium release, and resistance to enzymatic and chemical stress. Intelligent drug release, the release of a therapeutic agent as a result of a specific
276:
imprinting. Large, water-soluble biological macromolecules have posed a difficulty for molecular imprinting because their conformational integrity cannot be ensured in synthetic environments. Current methods to navigate this include immobilizing template molecules at the surface of solid substrates,
100:, the resulting silica showed a higher uptake of this additive. By 1949, the concept of instructional theory molecular imprinting was used by Dickey; his research precipitated silica gels in the presence of organic dyes and showed imprinted silica had high selectivity towards the template dye.
41:
recognition, which is called the "lock and key" model. The active binding site of an enzyme has a shape specific to a substrate. Substrates with a complementary shape to the binding site selectively bind to the enzyme; alternative shapes that do not fit the binding site are not recognized.
1042:
332:
Alexander, Cameron; Andersson, Håkan S.; Andersson, Lars I.; Ansell, Richard J.; Kirsch, Nicole; Nicholls, Ian A.; O'Mahony, John; Whitcombe, Michael J. (2006). "Molecular imprinting science and technology: A survey of the literature for the years up to and including 2003".
281:
stimuli, has also been explored. Molecularly imprinted materials of insulin and other drugs at the nanoscale were shown to exhibit high adsorption capacity for their respective targets, showing huge potential for newfound drug delivery systems. In comparison with natural
103:
Following Dickey’s observations, Patrikeev published a paper of his ‘imprinted’ silica with the method of incubating bacteria with gel silica. The process of drying and heating the silica promoted growth of bacteria better than other reference silicas and exhibited
277:
thereby minimizing aggregation and controlling the template molecules to locate at the surface of imprinted materials. However, a critical review of molecular imprinting of proteins by scientists from
Utrecht University found that further testing is required.
186:
is the most commonly used compound due to its ability to interact with other functional groups. Another way to alternate the non-covalent interaction between the template molecule and polymer is through the technique ‘bite and switch’ developed by
285:, MIPs also have higher chemical and physical stability, easier availability, and lower cost. MIPs could especially be used for stabilization of proteins, particularly selective protection of proteins against denaturation from heat.
714:
Subrahmanyam, Sreenath; Piletsky, Sergey; Piletska, Elena; Chen, Beining; Karim, Kal; Turner, Anthony (2001). "'Bite-and-Switch' approach using computationally designed molecularly imprinted polymers for sensing of creatinine".
61:(MIP)). The template is subsequently removed in part or entirely, leaving behind a cavity complementary in size and shape to the template. The obtained cavity can work as a selective binding site for the templated molecule.
191:
y and
Sreenath Subrahmanyam. In this process, functional groups first non-covalently bond with the binding site, but during the rebinding step, the polymer matrix forms irreversible covalent bonds with the target molecule.
154:, all of which have high formation kinetics. In some cases, the rebinding of the polymer matrix with the template can be very slow, making this approach time inefficient for applications that require fast kinetics, such as
237:
for biomedical, environmental, and food analysis. Sample preconcentration and treatment can be carried out by removing targeted trace amounts of analytes in samples using MIPs. The feasibility of MIPs in
133:
that are then polymerized together. After polymerization, the polymer matrix is cleaved from the template molecule, leaving a cavity shaped as the template. Upon rebinding with the original molecule, the
212:
polymers that are in the presence of a metal ion will form a matrix that is capable of metal binding. Metal ions can also mediate molecular imprinting by binding to a range of functional monomers, where
182:. This method is the most widely used approach to create MIPs due to easy preparation and the wide variety of functional monomers that can be bound to the template molecule. Among the functional groups,
750:
Piletsky, Sergey; Piletska, Elena; Subrahmanyam, Sreenath; Karim, Kal; Turner, Anthony (2001). "A new reactive polymer suitable for covalent immobilisation and monitoring of primary amines".
272:. Methods to utilize molecular imprinting techniques for mimicking linear and polyanionic molecules, such as DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates have been researched. An area of challenges is
225:
of the metal ion. In addition to mediating imprinting, metal ions can be utilized in the direct imprinting. For example, a metal ion can serve as the template for the imprinting process.
437:
Takagishi, Toru; Klotz, Irving (1972). "Macromolecule-small molecule interactions; Introduction of additional binding sites in polyethyleneimine by disulfide cross-linkages".
535:
Wulff, G.; Dederichs, R.; Grotstollen, R.; Jupe, C. (1982). "Affinity
Chromatography and Related Techniques -Theoretical Aspects/Industrial and Biomedical Applications".
166:
With non-covalent imprinting, interaction forces between template molecule and functional monomer are the same as the interaction forces between the polymer matrix and
871:
Nishide, H.; Tsuchida, E. (1976). "Selective adsorption of metal ions on poly (4-vinylpyridine) resins in which the ligand chain is immobilized by crosslinking".
676:
Kempe, Maria; Mosbach, Klaus (1995). "Separation of amino acids, peptides and proteins on molecularly imprinted stationary phases".
204:, serves as an approach to enhance template molecule and functional monomer interaction in water. Typically, metal ions serve as a
268:. In the biopharmaceutical market, separation of amino acids, chiral compounds, hemoglobin, and hormones can be achieved with MIP
1225:
Iacob, Bogdan-Cezar; Bodoki, Andreea; Oprean, Luminita; Bodoki, Ede (2018). "Metal–Ligand
Interactions in Molecular Imprinting".
57:
on both the template and monomers, are polymerized to form an imprinted matrix (commonly known in the scientific community as a
480:
Sellergren, B. (1997). "Noncovalent molecular imprinting: antibody-like molecular recognition in polymeric network materials".
113:
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64:
88:
The first example of molecular imprinting is attributed to M. V. Polyakov in 1931 with his studies in the polymerization of
649:
Andersson, Lars; Sellergren, Borje; Mosbach, Klaus (1984). "Imprinting of amino acid derivatives in macroporous polymers".
1196:
Cieplak, Maciej; Kutner, Wlodzimierz (2016). "Artificial
Biosensors: How Can Molecular Imprinting Mimic Biorecognition?".
76:, separations, biological and chemical sensing, and more. Taking advantage of the shape selectivity of the cavity, use in
1040:, Domb, Abraham, "Preparation of biologically active molecules by molecular imprinting", published 1996-12-19
1265:
1056:
Verheyen, Ellen; Schillemans, Joris; Wijk, Martin; Demeniex, Marie-Astrid; Hennink, Wim; Nostrum, Cornelus (2011).
556:"Selective binding to polymers via covalent bonds. The construction of chiral cavities as specific receptor sites"
595:
Andersson, Lars (2000). "Molecular imprinting: Developments and applications in the analytical chemistry field".
422:
Wulff, G.; Sarhan, A. "The use of polymers with enzyme-analogous structures for the resolution of racemates".
1037:
264:. The selective interaction between template and polymer matrix can be utilized in preparation of artificial
630:
Hongyuan, Yan; Row, Kyung (2006). "Characteristic and
Synthetic Approach of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer".
516:
Shah, Nasrullah (2012). "A Brief
Overview of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: From Basics to Applications".
403:
Patrikeev, V.; Smirnova, G.; Maksimova (1962). "Some biological properties of specifically formed silica".
49:
that assemble around the template and subsequently get cross-linked to each other. The monomers, which are
1140:"Magnetic surface imprinted hydrogel nanoparticles for specific and reversible stabilization of proteins"
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matrices with predetermined selectivity and high affinity. This technique is based on the system used by
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This article is about polymer chemistry. The term "molecular imprinting" is also used to mean
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1099:"Biomimetic insulin-imprinted polymer nanoparticles as a potential oral drug delivery system"
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Another application is the use of molecularly imprinted materials as chemical and biological
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Molecular
Imprinting: Principles and Applications of Micro- and Nanostructure Polymers
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Molecularly imprinted materials are prepared using a template molecule and functional
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789:"Iron removal from human plasma based on molecular recognition using imprinted beads"
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In covalent imprinting, the template molecule is covalently bonded to the functional
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In recent decades, the molecular imprinting technique has been developed for use in
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Haupt, Karsten (2003). "Molecularly
Imprinted Polymers: The Next Generation".
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108:. He later used this imprinted silica method in further applications such as
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Chen, Lingxin; Wang, Xiaoyan; Lu, Wenhui; Wu, Xiaqing; Li, Jinhua (2016).
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822:"Chitosan in molecularly-imprinted polymers: Current and future prospects"
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96:. When the polymerization process was accompanied by an additive such as
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One application of molecular imprinting technology is in affinity-based
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Liu, Yibin; Zhai, Junqiu; Dong, Jiantong; Zhao, Meiping (2015).
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Die Makromolekulare Chemie: Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
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1058:"Challenges for the effective molecular imprinting of proteins"
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Molecular imprinting has steadily been emerging in fields like
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Paul, Pijush; Treetong, Alongkot; Suedee, Roongnapa (2017).
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will interact with the target molecule, reestablishing the
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980:"Molecular Imprinting Applications in Forensic Science"
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Yılmaz, E.; Garipcan, B.; Patra, H.; Uzun, L. (2017).
900:"Molecular imprinting: Perspectives and applications"
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is a technique to create template-shaped cavities in
170:. The forces involved in this procedure can include
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around the template molecule by interaction between
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80:for certain reactions has also been facilitated.
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537:Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium
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376:Dickey, Frank (1955). "Specific Adsorption".
68:Preparation of molecularly imprinted material
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826:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
820:Xu, L.; Huang, Y.; Zhu, Q.; Ye, C. (2015).
632:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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16:Technique in polymer chemistry
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729:10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00191-9
663:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)81566-5
609:10.1016/S0378-4347(00)00135-3
494:10.1016/S0165-9936(97)00027-7
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690:10.1016/0021-9673(94)00820-Y
518:Journal of Pharmacy Research
120:Type of Molecular Imprinting
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885:10.1002/macp.1976.021770807
295:Molecular imprinted polymer
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244:solid-phase microextraction
189:Professor Sergey A. Piletsk
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59:molecular imprinted polymer
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806:10.1016/j.msec.2005.04.005
560:Pure and Applied Chemistry
451:10.1002/bip.1972.360110213
176:dipole dipole interactions
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678:Journal of Chromatography
110:thin layer chromatography
1266:Supramolecular chemistry
1175:Lei Ye (19 April 2016).
904:Chemical Society Reviews
1198:Trends in Biotechnology
1157:10.1515/molim-2015-0006
573:10.1351/pac198254112093
1238:Cite journal requires
1116:10.1515/acph-2017-0020
240:solid-phase extraction
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839:10.3390/ijms160818328
424:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
300:Molecular recognition
180:induced dipole forces
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1144:Molecular Imprinting
942:Analytical Chemistry
27:Molecular imprinting
996:2017Senso..17..691Y
651:Tetrahedron Letters
390:10.1021/j150530a006
1103:Acta Pharmaceutica
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832:(8): 18328–18347.
554:Wulff, G. (1982).
106:enantioselectivity
94:ammonium carbonate
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21:genetic imprinting
1188:978-981-4364-87-4
1038:WO WO1996040822A1
1005:10.3390/s17040691
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603:(1): 3–13.
439:Biopolymers
235:separations
1255:Categories
990:(4): 691.
306:References
270:adsorbents
266:antibodies
112:(TLC) and
405:Nauk SSSR
283:receptors
219:electrons
148:aldehydes
78:catalysis
39:substrate
1261:Polymers
1218:27289133
1125:28590908
1084:21288565
1024:28350333
962:14632031
924:26936282
858:26262607
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617:10997701
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543:: 22–26.
467:43855200
363:37702488
355:16395662
289:See also
206:mediator
144:alcohols
131:monomers
125:Covalent
47:monomers
1015:5419804
992:Bibcode
984:Sensors
849:4581248
752:Polymer
698:7894656
524:: 3309.
459:5016558
274:protein
251:sensors
223:orbital
217:donate
215:ligands
168:analyte
152:ketones
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