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continued to garner positive feedback in 18th-century
England, but they were not so warmly welcomed in France at this time. However, during the French Restoration of the 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both the French public and the critics. Romanticists admired his plays for the unconventional individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have carried on this interest in Molière and his plays and have continued to study a wide array of issues relating to this playwright. Many critics now are shifting their attention from the philosophical, religious and moral implications in his comedies to the study of his comic technique.
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677:" ("valet of the King's chamber and keeper of carpets and upholstery"). His son assumed the same posts in 1641. The title required only three months' work and an initial cost of 1,200 livres; the title paid 300 livres a year and provided a number of lucrative contracts. Molière also studied as a provincial lawyer some time around 1642, probably in
941:) seems to be a tribute both to Commedia dell'arte and to his teacher. Its theme of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the falsity inherent in human relationships. This view is also evident in his later works and was a source of inspiration for many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century
1201:), a satire against the official sciences. This was a success despite a moral treatise by the Prince of Conti, criticizing the theatre in general and Molière in particular. In several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians of his day as pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to impress others with false erudition, and know only
717:), for which they owed 2000 livres. Historians differ as to whether his father or the lover of a member of his troupe paid his debts; either way, after a 24-hour stint in prison he returned to the acting circuit. It was at this time that he began to use the pseudonym Molière, possibly inspired by a small village of the same name in the
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has been accused of not having a consistent, organic style, of using faulty grammar, of mixing his metaphors, and of using unnecessary words for the purpose of filling out his lines. All these things are occasionally true, but they are trifles in comparison to the wealth of character he portrayed, to
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was produced. It is now widely regarded as Molière's most refined masterpiece, the one with the highest moral content, but it was little appreciated at the time. It caused the "conversion" of
Donneau de Visé, who became fond of his theatre. But it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately
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and rendered in a prose that still seems modern today. It describes the story of an atheist who becomes a religious hypocrite and, for this, is punished by God. This work too was quickly suspended. The king, demonstrating his protection once again, became the new official sponsor of Molière's troupe.
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family. Upon seeing him for the first time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", a reference to the infant's large nose. Molière was called "Le Nez" by his family from that time. He lost his mother when he was 10, and he does not seem to have been particularly close to his father. After his mother's death,
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Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders and medical professionals in Molière's time criticised his work, their ideas did not really diminish his widespread success with the public. Other playwrights and companies began to emulate his dramatic style in
England and in France. Molière's works
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Molière suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, possibly contracted when he was imprisoned for debt as a young man. The circumstances of Molière's death, on 17 February 1673, became legend. He collapsed on stage in a fit of coughing and haemorrhaging while performing in the last play he had written,
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developed accidentally when Molière was enlisted to mount both a play and a ballet in the honor of Louis XIV and found that he did not have a big enough cast to meet these demands. Molière therefore decided to combine the ballet and the play so that his goal could be met while the performers catch
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of contemporary
Italian troupes, were successful as part of Madeleine Béjart and Molière's plans to win aristocratic patronage and, ultimately, move the troupe to a position in a Paris theater-venue. Later Molière concentrated on writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted by songs
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Despite his own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to further with the
Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one act and performed after the tragedy. Some of these farces were only partly written, and were played in the style of Commedia dell'arte
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was also performed at
Versailles, in 1664, and created the greatest scandal of Molière's artistic career. Its depiction of the hypocrisy of the dominant classes was taken as an outrage and violently contested. It also aroused the wrath of the Jansenists and the play was banned.
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his brilliancy of wit, and to the resourcefulness of his technique. He was wary of sensibility or pathos; but in place of pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and searching melancholy, which strangely sustains his inexhaustible mirth and his triumphant gaiety".
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Molière was born in Paris shortly before his christening as Jean
Poquelin on 15 January 1622. Known as Jean-Baptiste, he was the first son of Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April 1621. His mother was the daughter of a prosperous
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Molière was always careful not to attack the institution of monarchy. He earned a position as one of the king's favourites and enjoyed his protection from the attacks of the court. The king allegedly suggested that Molière suspend performances of
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Molière was forced to reach Paris in stages, staying outside for a few weeks in order to promote himself with society gentlemen and allow his reputation to feed in to Paris. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and performed in front of the King at the
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The theatre troupe went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head of the troupe, due in part, perhaps, to his acting prowess and his legal training. However, the troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent of the theatre (a court for
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of a cemetery. However, Molière's widow, Armande, asked the King if her spouse could be granted a normal funeral at night. The King agreed and Molière's body was buried in the part of the cemetery reserved for unbaptised infants.
887:, a group created by Richelieu under a royal patent to establish the rules of the fledgling French theatre. The Académie preached unity of time, action, and styles of verse. Molière is often associated with the claim that comedy
1678:, forced to impersonate a doctor, the chancer Sganarelle examines a young woman who is faking muteness in order to delay an arranged marriage. He then delivers to her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings of gibberish,
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was withdrawn and never restaged by Molière. His hard work in so many theatrical capacities took its toll on his health and, by 1667, he was forced to take a break from the stage. In 1673, during a production of his final play,
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in France (and taken most of the best available singers for his own performances), so Molière had to go back to his traditional genre. It was a great success, and it led to his last work, which is still held in high esteem.
1078:" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These people accused Molière of having married his daughter. The Prince of Conti, once Molière's friend, joined them. Molière had other enemies, too, among them the
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because two priests refused to visit him while a third arrived too late. The superstition that green brings bad luck to actors is said to originate from the colour of the clothing he was wearing at the time of his death.
681:, but it is not documented that he ever qualified. So far he had followed his father's plans, which had served him well; he had mingled with nobility at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a career in office.
732:; this life was to last about twelve years, during which he initially played in the company of Charles Dufresne, and subsequently created a company of his own, which had sufficient success and obtained the patronage of
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614:, Molière, who suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, was seized by a coughing fit and a haemorrhage while playing the hypochondriac Argan; he finished the performance but collapsed again and died a few hours later.
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arranges to be tutored in good manners and culture, and is delighted to learn that, because every statement that is not poetry is prose, he therefore has been speaking prose for 40 years without knowing it
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demanded that both the dancers and the actors play an important role in advancing the story. Similar to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized together at the
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in 1714, but the first complete version in
English, by Baker and Miller in 1739, remained "influential" and was long reprinted. The first to offer full translations of Molière's verse plays such as
1261:' work of the same name and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the drama. With some conjecture, Molière's play can be seen to allude to the love affairs of Louis XIV, then king of France.
1471:). Molière insisted on completing his performance. Afterwards he collapsed again with another, larger haemorrhage before being taken home, where he died a few hours later, without receiving the
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and/or dances, but for years the fundamentals of numerous comedy-traditions would remain strong, especially
Italian (e.g. the semi-improvisatory style that in the 1750s writers started calling
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by showing them at dinner after watching the play; it addresses all the criticism raised about the piece by presenting the critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the so-called
1302:), another of his masterpieces. It is claimed to be particularly directed against Colbert, the minister who had condemned his old patron Fouquet. The collaboration with Lully ended with a
949:. It describes a kind of round dance where two couples believe that each of their partners has been betrayed by the other's and is the first in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes
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from
November 11, 2023 to February 18, 2024, is a retelling of the life of Molière using a blend of historical costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres.
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closely integrated dance with music and the action of the play and the style of continuity distinctly separated these performances from the court ballets of the time; additionally, the
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1566:, and that Olivier then responded "Molière? Funny as a baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You may imagine how that made me feel. Fortunately, he was dead wrong."
1713:("You wanted it, George Dandin") to address himself when his rich wife cheats on him. Now the phrase is used to reproach someone ironically, something like "You did it yourself".
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won Molière the attention and the criticism of many, but it was not a popular success. He then asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His 1660 play
1167:). Subtitles on this occasion reported that the work was given "par ordre du Roi" (by order of the king) and this work was received much more warmly than its predecessors.
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was the first of Molière's many attempts to satirize certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France. It is widely accepted that the plot was based on
520:), Molière was well suited to begin a life in the theatre. Thirteen years as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comedic abilities while he began writing, combining
1669:) is frequently used to imply that someone else is calling for something to be hidden or ignored out of their own hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.
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and some traditional authors. However, the king expressed support for the Moliere, granting him a pension and agreeing to be the godfather of Molière's first son.
657:, an affluent area of Paris. It is likely that his education commenced with studies at a Parisian elementary school, followed by his enrollment in the prestigious
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1345:) of 1672 is considered another of Molière's masterpieces. It was born from the termination of the legal use of music in theatre, since Lully had patented the
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In June 1643, when Molière was 21, he decided to abandon his social class and pursue a career on the stage. Taking leave of his father, he joined the actress
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1698:). The more modern phrase "je parle de la prose sans le savoir" is used by a person who realizes that he was more skilled or better aligned than he thought.
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In 1660, the Petit-Bourbon was demolished to make way for the eastern expansion of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to move into the abandoned
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Hartnoll, p. 554. "Author of some of the finest comedies in the history of the theater", and Roy, p. 756. "...one of the theatre's greatest comic artists".
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more often than those of any other playwright today. His influence is such that the French language is often referred to as the "language of Molière".
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and his theatrical accomplishments in this and other early plays, see e.g. Stephen C. Bold, “‘Ce Noeud Subtil’: Molière’s Invention of Comedy from
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In 1672, Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from this loss and from the worsening of his own illness. Nevertheless, he wrote a successful
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Molière is considered the creator of modern French comedy. Many words or phrases introduced in Molière's plays are still used in current French:
925:), Spanish, and French plays, all also drawing on classical models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially the trope of the clever slave/servant.
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1653:, act 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists that Dorine take a handkerchief to cover up her bosom, saying, "Cover that bosom which I ought not to see" (
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or "criticises customs through humour" (a phrase in fact coined by his contemporary Jean de Santeuil and sometimes mistaken for a classical
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criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, he mentioned to Olivier that he (Cronyn) was about to play the title role in
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However, more serious opposition was brewing, focusing on Molière's politics and his personal life. A so-called
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Despite the adulation of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism from other circles. For
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near the Louvre, a spacious room appointed for theatrical performances. Later, he was granted the use of the
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and recursive explanations which conclude with an authoritative "and so that is why your daughter is mute" (
1640:) The phrase "to go into that galley" is used to describe unnecessary difficulties a person has sought, and
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lasted 15 years. Under his command, ballet and opera rightly became professional arts unto themselves. The
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studies), but Molière would not perform it, though he encouraged Racine to pursue his artistic career.
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their breath and change costume. The risky move paid off and Molière was asked to produce twelve more
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to demand the arrest of Fouquet for wasting public money, and he was condemned to life imprisonment.
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1835:, written in the style of Molière, includes the character Elomire as an anagrammatic parody of him.
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invites Molière to share his supper—an unfounded Romantic anecdote, illustrated in 1863 painting by
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In his 14 years in Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of the 85 plays performed on his stage.
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First volume of a 1739 translation into English of all of Molière's plays, printed by John Watts.
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After his imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit of the provinces with a new
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489:), was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the great writers in the
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Molière l'opéra urbain, the extraordinary musical comedy about Molière at the Dôme de Paris
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and the art of professional theatre which was developing in the advent of the use of the
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Par ma foi, il y a plus de quarante ans que je dis de la prose, sans que j’en susse rien
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is a hypocrite, especially a hypocrite displaying affected morality or religious piety.
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Martin Barnham. "The Cambridge Guide to Theater." Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1995, p. 472.
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Born into a prosperous family and having studied at the Collège de Clermont (now
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The Information Master: Jean-Baptiste Colbert's Secret State Intelligence System
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367:; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name
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46/1 (1992): 13-25; and Philip A. Wadsworth, "Scappino & Mascarille," in
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from a courtesan, turned toward religion and joined Molière's enemies in the
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908:(a vague plot outline). He began to write full, five-act comedies in verse (
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with 630 livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister.
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1371:. These ballets were a transitional form of dance performance between the
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and the archbishop banned the play. The King finally imposed respect for
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arose in French high society, who protested against Molière's excessive "
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1686:). The phrase is used wholesale to mock an unsatisfactory explanation.
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a few years later, after he had gained more power over the clergy.
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This article is about the French playwright. For other uses, see
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presents his complete biography. It was in competition for the
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817:
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535:—Molière procured a command performance before the King at the
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also supported him through statements that he included in his
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In 1631, his father Jean Poquelin purchased from the court of
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wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled
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to replace it. It was a strange work, derived from a work by
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Under French law at the time, actors were not allowed to be
803:(one of the early works he wrote after he had abandoned his
2605:(London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017), esp. 73 and 134;
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Gaines 2002, p. 383 (birthdate); Scott 2000, p. 14 (names).
1709:(1668), Act I, scene 7, the main character uses the phrase
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Roy, Donald (1995). "Molière", pp. 756–757, in
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2380:"France looks to the law to save the language of Molière"
1900:(1658), the first play performed by Molière's troupe for
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gave in honor of the sovereign. These entertainments led
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a database of over 34,000 performances from 1680 to 1791
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was more loosely based on the life of Molière, starring
1751:. It was written in 1932–1933 and first published 1962.
1055:), in which the opposite side was taken by writers like
3127:, edited by Martin Banham. Cambridge University Press.
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Banham, Martin; Brandon, James R. (21 September 1995).
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Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet
869:) took place at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November 1659.
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Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: M-Z
2591:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), 1-7.
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Marie Cressé died on 11 May 1632 (Gaines 2002, p. xi).
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Molière's works were translated into English prose by
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2536:(in French). Lyon: La Manufacture. pp. 520–21.
1271:) was little appreciated, but success returned with
820:(then for rent as a theatre) in Corneille's tragedy
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Publication, Statistics, Words Research (in French)
3082:(fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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The Jesuits; a history from Ignatius to the present
1644:("galley") means a difficult and chaotic situation.
1457:which had lavish ballets performed to the music of
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3229:"Biography, Bibliography, Analysis, Plot overview"
916:(Béziers, 1656)), which although immersed in the
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2744:. London: Thames & Hudson LTD. p. 24.
2716:. London: Thames & Hudson LTD. p. 25.
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2666:. London: Thames & Hudson LTD. p. 23.
1844:, directed by Bruno Berberes and staged at the
831:with some success. He was awarded the title of
527:Through the patronage of aristocrats including
493:and world literature. His extant works include
3844:17th-century French dramatists and playwrights
1578:
674:valet de chambre ordinaire et tapissier du Roi
524:elements with the more refined French comedy.
3658:
3530:
3291:
2991:De Sortiraparis, Julie (November 17, 2023). "
2735:
2733:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2603:Plautus and the English Renaissance of Comedy
2413:
2317:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1802:, as well as his illness and on-stage death.
1638:Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?
1232:. As soon as the King left Paris for a tour,
1008:Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi
2900:French Classics for English Readers: Molière
2827:French Classics for English Readers: Molière
2645:(Ann Arbor: Univ. of MI Press, 2009), 43-52.
2623:Molière and the Italian Theatrical Tradition
2579:88/1(1997): 67-85; David Maskell, Moliere's
2516:
974:theatre in the east wing of the Palais-Royal
2456:. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard. p.
2086:The Misanthrope, or, the Cantankerous Lover
1937:Don Garcia of Navarre or the Jealous Prince
1619:is used as a model of implacable rigidity (
839:being the honorific for the king's brother
3665:
3651:
3537:
3523:
3298:
3284:
3231:(in French). biblioweb.org. Archived from
3067:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
3050:The White Death: A History of Tuberculosis
3035:Voyage de Molière en Languedoc (1647–1657)
2758:
2730:
2648:
551:, Molière was granted the use of salle du
3268:Free Online 2012 American Translation of
3260:Free Online 2011 American Translation of
3252:Free Online 2010 American Translation of
3095:Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier
3052:. New York University Press, p. 10.
2962:
2789:
2462:lives of the most eminent french writers.
1933:Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux
1665:and often with some other item replacing
1608:, is an obsessively greedy and cheap man.
1569:Author Martha Bellinger points out that:
1502:
1333:, is considered one of his lesser works.
978:Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2742:Ballet and Modern Dance - Second Edition
2714:Ballet and Modern Dance - Second Edition
2689:Ballet and Modern Dance - Second Edition
2664:Ballet and Modern Dance - Second Edition
2473:
2453:Lives of the Most Eminent French Writers
2314:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
2081:Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux
1717:
1684:Et voilà pourquoi votre fille est muette
1506:
1439:
1169:
963:
694:
621:
2449:
2400:
2398:
2377:
1775:He is portrayed among other writers in
1558:writes that, in 1962, celebrated actor
1356:
27:French playwright and actor (1622–1673)
14:
3816:
2928:
2855:
1851:
1655:Couvrez ce sein que je ne saurais voir
1220:, he tried again to perform a revised
3889:17th-century deaths from tuberculosis
3646:
3518:
3279:
3037:. Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc.
2531:
2521:. London: Sheed and Ward. p. 30.
2450:Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft (1840).
2295:
2267:
2140:George Dandin, or the Abashed Husband
1487:In 1792, his remains were brought to
1021:On 20 February 1662, Molière married
797:. Racine offered Molière his tragedy
599:, which was followed by a ban by the
484:
362:
3343:Sganarelle, or The Imaginary Cuckold
2395:
1928:Sganarelle, or the Imaginary Cuckold
1602:, named after the main character of
1284:With Lully, he again used music for
1224:in 1667, this time with the name of
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
3112:, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press.
3080:The Oxford Companion to the Theatre
2963:Bellinger, Martha Fletcher (1927).
2894:Molière; Matthews, Brander (1908).
2821:Molière; Matthews, Brander (1908).
2589:Molière and the Comedy of Intellect
1884:The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
1754:The French 1978 film simply titled
1621:raide comme la statue du Commandeur
1247:was written for festivities at the
1097:influenced him towards writing his
1041:La Critique de "L'École des femmes"
649:he lived with his father above the
24:
3624:Hidalgo: La historia jamás contada
3078:Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (1983).
2739:
2711:
2686:
2661:
2378:Randall, Colin (24 October 2004).
2151:The Miser, or, the School for Lies
1264:George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu
810:
595:denounced this study of religious
25:
3925:
3904:17th-century pseudonymous writers
3869:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
3768:Bring a Torch, Jeanette, Isabella
3406:George Dandin ou le Mari confondu
3154:
3063:Gaines, James F., editor (2002).
2935:. New York: Morrow. p. 275.
2625:(Birmingham AL: Summa, 1987), 7;
2135:George Dandin ou Le Mari confondu
2121:The Sicilian, or Love the Painter
1993:La Critique de l'école des femmes
1794:), in which Molière is played by
1428:in his retirement performance of
1398:Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation
933:Sganarelle, ou Le Cocu imaginaire
898:
3849:17th-century French male writers
3801:
3789:
3195:
2981:– via Theatredatabase.com.
2382:– via www.telegraph.co.uk.
2273:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
1997:Critique of the School for Wives
1971:(26 December 1662; adapted into
1923:Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire
1798:, shows his collaborations with
1461:and which ironically was titled
1361:In 1661, Molière introduced the
1312:, written in collaboration with
883:of 1656. He primarily mocks the
429:
379:
345:
149:
41:
3874:17th-century French male actors
3254:Dom Juan ou le Festin de pierre
3246:The Comédie Française Registers
3027:
2998:
2985:
2956:
2922:
2887:
2849:
2814:
2783:
2705:
2680:
2635:
2615:
2595:
2559:
2550:
2525:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2467:
2443:
2055:Don Juan, or, The Stone Banquet
2050:Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre
1249:castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1138:Dom Juan ou le Festin de Pierre
1135:, and the author rapidly wrote
1029:.) The same year, he premiered
539:. Performing a classic play by
52:needs additional citations for
3731:The Doctor in Spite of Himself
3723:The Doctor in Spite of Himself
3212:at toutmoliere.net (in French)
3161:Works by Molière in eBook form
3142:. Cambridge University Press.
3125:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre
2434:
2420:. Cambridge University Press.
2417:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre
2407:
2386:
2371:
2362:
2331:
2289:
2261:
2146:L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge
2117:Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre
2097:The Doctor in Spite of Himself
1722:Molière plays a small part in
1491:, and in 1817, transferred to
1489:the museum of French monuments
1251:, and was followed in 1668 by
1245:Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre
1243:Molière, now ill, wrote less.
855:, famous for the character of
793:and later became the lover of
13:
1:
3914:Tuberculosis deaths in France
3909:17th-century theatre managers
2902:. Vol. 1. Translated by
2829:. Vol. 1. Translated by
2573:to ‘'Les Fourberies de Scapin
2478:. USA: Pearson. p. 199.
2254:
1873:The Jealousy of le Barbouillé
1736:for his central character in
1611:The statue of the Commander (
1388:before his death. During the
160:
3329:L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps
3010:The Encyclopaedia Britannica
2966:A Short History of the Drama
2896:"Preface to the Translation"
2766:"Molière - French dramatist"
2583:: Signs of Things to Come",
1879:L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps
1711:Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin
1495:in Paris, close to those of
1420:(1664) and also appeared as
1392:, Molière collaborated with
776:Compagnie de Saint Sacrement
739:L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps
706:L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps
7:
3864:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
3305:
3194:(public domain audiobooks)
3093:Ranum, Patricia M. (2004).
2864:Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers
2242:
2210:The Countess of Escarbagnas
1657:). This phrase (often with
1579:Influence on French culture
1481:buried in the sacred ground
1209:as (ineffective) remedies.
841:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
734:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
557:theatre in the Palais-Royal
529:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
333:Marie Madeleine (1665–1723)
10:
3930:
3140:Molière, A Theatrical Life
2517:O'Malley, John W. (2014).
2344:Collins English Dictionary
2057:(subtitle also translated
2044:Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
2022:(27 April 1664; now lost)—
1986:(15 April 1663; now lost)—
1452:'s is visible just beyond.
1373:court ballets of Louis XIV
1300:The Middle Class Gentleman
1199:The Doctor Despite Himself
1093:Molière's friendship with
904:with improvisation over a
29:
3884:17th-century male writers
3854:17th-century French poets
3759:
3741:
3714:
3687:
3613:
3594:
3559:
3464:
3313:
3179:Works by or about Molière
3048:Dormandy, Thomas (2000).
2932:A Terrible Liar: A Memoir
2906:. New York & London:
2833:. New York & London:
2790:Pavlovski, Linda (2001).
2275:(3rd ed.). Longman.
2206:La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas
2063:The Feast with the Statue
2002:L'Impromptu de Versailles
1988:The Jealousy of Gros-René
1917:The Affected Young Ladies
1869:La Jalousie du barbouillé
1729:The Vicomte of Bragelonne
1331:La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas
866:The Affected Young Ladies
593:Catholic Church in France
364:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]
344:
339:
327:
317:
307:
263:
253:
245:
237:
227:
219:
211:
203:
189:
171:
148:
141:
3879:French male stage actors
3427:Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
3420:Monsieur de Pourceaugnac
3336:Les Précieuses ridicules
3270:Les Fourberies de Scapin
3138:Scott, Virginia (2000).
3065:The Molière Encyclopedia
3033:Alberge, Claude (1988).
2971:Henry Holt & Company
2770:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2474:Brockett, Oscar (2008).
2201:The Impostures of Scapin
2196:Les Fourberies de Scapin
2174:Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
2157:Monsieur de Pourceaugnac
2020:Gros-René, petit enfant
2006:The Versailles Impromptu
1984:La Jalousie du Gros-René
1912:Les Précieuses ridicules
1778:The Blasphemers' Banquet
1738:Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
1691:Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
1629:Les Fourberies de Scapin
1519:and Rue Molière in Paris
1459:Marc-Antoine Charpentier
1435:
1326:Les Fourberies de Scapin
1295:Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
1286:Monsieur de Pourceaugnac
1281:), now very well known.
929:Les précieuses ridicules
873:Les Précieuses Ridicules
861:Les Précieuses Ridicules
703:for the printed text of
199:Paris, Kingdom of France
32:Molière (disambiguation)
3350:The School for Husbands
3006:"The Imaginary Invalid"
2862:. Vol. 2. London:
2792:"Molière: Introduction"
2179:The Bourgeois Gentleman
2039:Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur
1948:The School for Husbands
1841:Molière, l'Opéra Urbain
1535:into English verse was
993:The School for Husbands
760:Armand, Prince of Conti
617:
568:The School for Husbands
155:Portrait of Molière by
3839:Male actors from Paris
3240:Moliere's Verses Plays
3222:Molière's works online
3216:Molière's works online
3203:Molière's works online
2856:Classe, Olive (2000).
2532:Simon, Alfred (1987).
2476:History of the Theatre
2168:The Magnificent Lovers
2164:Les Amants magnifiques
2024:Gros-René, Small Child
1749:Life of Mr. de Molière
1576:
1520:
1511:Molière statue on the
1503:Reception of his works
1493:Père Lachaise Cemetery
1453:
1446:Père Lachaise Cemetery
1444:Molière's tomb at the
1430:Les Amants magnifiques
1290:Les Amants magnifiques
1269:The Confounded Husband
1181:
1109:), written for royal "
969:
889:castigat ridendo mores
709:
640:
356:Jean-Baptiste Poquelin
177:before 15 January 1622
175:Jean-Baptiste Poquelin
3704:Le médecin malgré lui
3679:Le Médecin malgré lui
3455:The Imaginary Invalid
3392:Le Médecin malgré lui
3262:Le Médecin malgré lui
3224:at InLibroVeritas.net
3110:Molière and Modernity
3108:Riggs, Larry (2005).
2929:Cronyn, Hume (1991).
2232:The Imaginary Invalid
2092:Le Médecin malgré lui
1805:The 2007 French film
1718:Portrayals of Molière
1689:Monsieur Jourdain in
1675:Le médecin malgré lui
1571:
1510:
1469:The Imaginary Invalid
1443:
1194:Le médecin malgré lui
1173:
1016:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
967:
951:Dom Garcie de Navarre
938:The Imaginary Cuckold
800:Théagène et Chariclée
698:
626:Molière as Caesar in
625:
612:The Imaginary Invalid
360:French pronunciation:
232:University of Orléans
3899:Man in the Iron Mask
3615:Story within a story
3357:The School for Wives
2227:Le Malade imaginaire
2073:(15 September 1665)—
2033:The Princess of Elid
2029:La Princesse d'Élide
1979:The School for Wives
1613:statue du Commandeur
1464:Le Malade imaginaire
1367:in conjunction with
1357:Les Comédies-Ballets
1153:, Molière presented
1115:Palace of Versailles
1103:La Princesse d'Élide
1036:The School for Wives
881:Le Cercle des Femmes
787:Mademoiselle Du Parc
752:(The Doctor in Love)
574:The School for Wives
518:Lycée Louis-le-Grand
292:The School for Wives
61:improve this article
3448:Les Femmes Savantes
3218:at site-Molière.com
2904:Page, Curtis Hidden
2831:Page, Curtis Hidden
2601:Richard F. Hardin,
2230:(10 February 1673)—
2216:Les Femmes savantes
2149:(9 September 1668)—
2119:(14 February 1667)—
2053:(15 February 1665)—
2015:The Forced Marriage
1915:(18 November 1659)—
1898:Le Docteur amoureux
1891:(16 December 1656)—
1852:List of major works
1800:Jean-Baptiste Lully
1772:at Cannes in 1978.
1661:"hide," instead of
1547:, and many others.
1337:Les Femmes savantes
1257:, inspired both by
1095:Jean-Baptiste Lully
829:Le Docteur Amoureux
748:Le Docteur Amoureux
699:Illustration after
662:Collège de Clermont
651:Pavillon des Singes
629:The Death of Pompey
562:The Affected Ladies
3441:Scapin the Schemer
3208:2020-09-06 at the
2908:G.P. Putnam's Sons
2835:G.P. Putnam's Sons
2740:Au, Susan (2002).
2712:Au, Susan (2002).
2687:Au, Susan (2002).
2662:Au, Susan (2002).
2621:Philip Wadsworth,
2577:The Romanic Review
2507:Scott 2000, p. 16.
2221:The Learned Ladies
2208:(2 December 1671)—
2188:(17 January 1671)—
2177:(14 October 1670)—
2166:(4 February 1670)—
2075:Love Is the Doctor
2013:(29 January 1664)—
2004:(14 October 1663)—
1968:L'École des femmes
1935:(4 February 1661)—
1906:The Doctor in Love
1537:Curtis Hidden Page
1521:
1454:
1342:The Learned Ladies
1304:tragédie et ballet
1292:, and finally for
1182:
1045:L'École des femmes
1031:L'École des femmes
983:The Jealous Prince
970:
959:L'École des femmes
923:commedia dell'arte
885:Académie Française
849:Commedia dell'arte
833:Troupe de Monsieur
762:, the governor of
756:Commedia dell'arte
710:
641:
549:The Doctor in Love
522:Commedia dell'arte
335:Pierre (1672–1672)
285:The Learned Ladies
3777:
3776:
3750:Le Médecin volant
3640:
3639:
3512:
3511:
3488:Troupe of Molière
3322:Le Médecin volant
3174:Project Gutenberg
2973:. pp. 178–81
2751:978-0-500-20352-1
2723:978-0-500-20352-1
2698:978-0-500-20352-1
2673:978-0-500-20352-1
2485:978-0-205-51186-0
2324:978-0-521-15255-6
2282:978-1-4058-8118-0
2236:The Hypochondriac
2130:(13 January 1668)
2110:(5 January 1667)—
2108:Pastorale comique
2104:(2 December 1666)
1959:(also translated
1955:(17 August 1661)—
1943:L'École des maris
1889:Le Dépit amoureux
1864:The Flying Doctor
1859:Le Médecin volant
1838:The 2023 musical
1762:Ariane Mnouchkine
1318:Philippe Quinault
1218:Pastorale comique
988:L'École des maris
955:L'École des maris
914:Le dépit amoureux
912:(Lyon, 1654) and
877:Samuel Chappuzeau
847:with the Italian
511:Comédie-Française
353:
352:
331:Louis (1664–1664)
254:Literary movement
215:Playwright, actor
184:Kingdom of France
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3921:
3859:French satirists
3806:
3805:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3483:Illustre Théâtre
3472:Madeleine Béjart
3300:
3293:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3236:
3199:
3198:
3188:Works by Molière
3183:Internet Archive
3170:Works by Molière
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3002:
2996:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2659:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2619:
2613:
2599:
2593:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2534:Molière, une vie
2529:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2411:
2405:
2404:Roy, p. 756–757.
2402:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2265:
2219:(11 March 1672)—
2160:(6 October 1669)
2095:(6 August 1666)—
2011:Le Mariage forcé
1974:The Amorous Flea
1821:Ludivine Sagnier
1766:Philippe Caubère
1745:Mikhail Bulgakov
1560:Laurence Olivier
1517:Rue de Richelieu
1513:Fontaine Molière
1418:Le Mariage forcé
1414:comédies-ballets
1410:comédies-ballets
1406:comédies-ballets
1394:Pierre Beauchamp
1390:comédies-ballets
1386:comédies-ballets
1381:comédies-ballets
1377:proscenium stage
1364:comédies-ballets
1314:Pierre Corneille
1179:Jean-Léon Gérôme
1124:, ou L'Imposteur
1099:Le Mariage forcé
1072:parti des Dévots
947:Luigi Pirandello
853:Tiberio Fiorillo
791:Pierre Corneille
772:Parti des Dévots
690:Illustre Théâtre
686:Madeleine Béjart
676:
655:rue Saint-Honoré
634:Pierre Corneille
541:Pierre Corneille
531:—the brother of
488:
486:[mɔljɛʁ]
483:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
451:
450:
447:
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409:
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401:
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385:
378:
366:
361:
349:
322:Madeleine Béjart
196:
193:17 February 1673
165:
162:
153:
139:
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132:
125:
121:
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112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3929:
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3924:
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3922:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3755:
3737:
3710:
3696:The Mock Doctor
3683:
3671:
3641:
3636:
3609:
3590:
3555:
3543:
3513:
3508:
3460:
3385:The Misanthrope
3378:L'Amour médecin
3309:
3304:
3227:
3210:Wayback Machine
3196:
3165:Standard Ebooks
3157:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
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2957:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2866:. p. 958.
2854:
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2819:
2815:
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2799:
2788:
2784:
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2731:
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2685:
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2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
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2435:
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2138:(18 July 1668)—
2070:L'Amour médecin
2059:The Stone Guest
1946:(24 June 1661)—
1854:
1817:Fabrice Luchini
1792:The King Dances
1743:Russian writer
1724:Alexandre Dumas
1720:
1581:
1552:A Terrible Liar
1545:Donald M. Frame
1505:
1438:
1359:
1156:L'Amour médecin
1143:Tirso de Molina
1111:divertissements
1057:Donneau de Visé
1012:Nicolas Fouquet
901:
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811:Return to Paris
701:Pierre Brissart
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1187:Le Misanthrope
1149:With music by
1105:(subtitled as
1061:Edmé Boursault
1049:Guerre comique
1027:Duke of Modena
1023:Armande Béjart
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3707:(1858 opera)
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3606:(1980 opera)
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3233:the original
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3028:Bibliography
3013:. Retrieved
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2977:November 27,
2975:. Retrieved
2969:. New York:
2965:
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2946:. Retrieved
2931:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2910:. p. 31
2899:
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2877:. Retrieved
2858:
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2837:. p. 43
2826:
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2806:– via
2800:. Retrieved
2785:
2775:29 September
2773:. Retrieved
2769:
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2641:Jacob Soll,
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2392:Roy, p. 756.
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2352:. Retrieved
2342:
2333:
2312:
2309:Esling, John
2305:Setter, Jane
2301:Roach, Peter
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1827:David Hirson
1825:
1813:Romain Duris
1806:
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1796:Tchéky Karyo
1791:
1787:Le Roi Danse
1785:
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1760:directed by
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548:
547:of his own,
526:
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195:(1673-02-17)
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3834:1673 deaths
3829:1622 births
3699:(1732 play)
3584:Le tartuffe
3505:(2007 film)
3497:(1978 film)
3015:25 February
2802:28 November
1953:Les Fâcheux
1904:(now lost)—
1556:Hume Cronyn
1497:La Fontaine
1450:La Fontaine
1402:Paris Opéra
1369:Les Fâcheux
1230:L'Imposteur
1161:Love Doctor
999:Les Fâcheux
943:Nobel Prize
857:Scaramouche
851:company of
824:and in the
795:Jean Racine
220:Nationality
164: 1658
3818:Categories
3399:Amphitryon
2948:1 November
2808:Enotes.com
2796:Gale Group
2611:1683931297
2543:273770054X
2255:References
2127:Amphitryon
2065:, &c.)
1770:Palme d'Or
1529:John Ozell
1473:last rites
1254:Amphitryon
1212:After the
1080:Jansenists
1065:Montfleury
906:canovaccio
669:Louis XIII
258:Classicism
212:Occupation
87:newspapers
3796:Biography
3413:The Miser
2581:L'Etourdi
2571:L’Étourdi
2567:L'Étourdi
2339:"Molière"
2102:Mélicerte
1957:The Bores
1902:Louis XIV
1726:'s novel
1680:dog latin
1605:The Miser
1564:The Miser
1278:The Miser
1234:Lamoignon
1214:Mélicerte
1207:bleedings
1184:In 1666,
1175:Louis XIV
1113:" at the
1004:The Bores
910:L'Étourdi
764:Languedoc
646:bourgeois
601:Parlement
597:hypocrisy
533:Louis XIV
340:Signature
299:The Miser
241:1645–1673
228:Education
117:July 2024
76:"Molière"
3603:Tartuffe
3576:Tartuffe
3568:Tartuffe
3551:Tartuffe
3371:Dom Juan
3364:Tartuffe
3206:Archived
3192:LibriVox
2311:(eds.).
2299:(2011).
2271:(2008).
2243:See also
1977:, 1964)—
1829:'s play
1781:(1989).
1663:couvrez,
1650:Tartuffe
1617:Dom Juan
1599:harpagon
1590:tartuffe
1554:, actor
1533:Tartuffe
1432:(1670).
1238:Tartuffe
1226:Panulphe
1222:Tartuffe
1216:and the
1203:clysters
1133:Tartuffe
1122:Tartuffe
837:Monsieur
822:Nicomède
805:theology
774:and the
768:syphilis
723:Le Vigan
606:Dom Juan
603:, while
587:Tartuffe
495:comedies
328:Children
271:Tartuffe
204:Pen name
3824:Molière
3808:Theatre
3782:Portals
3760:Related
3674:Molière
3546:Molière
3502:Molière
3494:Molière
3465:Related
3307:Molière
3181:at the
2914:27 June
2879:27 June
2841:27 June
2354:30 June
1961:The Mad
1882:(1655)—
1871:(1650)—
1862:(1645)—
1832:La Bête
1808:Molière
1757:Molière
1734:Porthos
1701:In the
1659:cachez,
1615:) from
1422:Neptune
1273:L'Avare
1259:Plautus
1084:Boileau
1076:realism
945:winner
679:Orléans
653:on the
482:French:
369:Molière
318:Partner
207:Molière
143:Molière
101:scholar
18:Moliere
3742:Source
3734:(1999)
3726:(1931)
3682:(1666)
3587:(1984)
3579:(1965)
3571:(1926)
3554:(1664)
3479:(wife)
3434:Psyché
3146:
3131:
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3101:
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3071:
3056:
3041:
2939:
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2748:
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2321:
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2190:Psyche
2185:Psyché
1642:galère
1634:galley
1426:Apollo
1379:. The
1309:Psyché
1288:, for
1191:write
1063:, and
996:) and
818:Louvre
659:Jesuit
571:, and
543:and a
537:Louvre
499:farces
308:Spouse
249:Comedy
238:Period
223:French
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3715:Films
3688:Stage
3595:Stage
3314:Works
2798:, Inc
2575:", "
1436:Death
1347:opera
1151:Lully
826:farce
721:near
545:farce
246:Genre
180:Paris
108:JSTOR
94:books
3560:Film
3144:ISBN
3129:ISBN
3114:ISBN
3099:ISBN
3084:ISBN
3069:ISBN
3054:ISBN
3039:ISBN
3017:2019
2979:2007
2950:2009
2937:ISBN
2916:2010
2881:2010
2868:ISBN
2843:2010
2804:2007
2777:2020
2746:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2693:ISBN
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2607:ISBN
2538:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2422:ISBN
2356:2019
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2277:ISBN
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1667:sein
1424:and
1316:and
1205:and
1101:and
957:and
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783:Lyon
745:and
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618:Life
190:Died
172:Born
80:news
3676:'s
3548:'s
3190:at
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