805:
4070:, and it can only be made monophyletic if scaphopods and bivalves are excluded. A 2010 analysis recovered the traditional conchiferan and aculiferan groups, and showed molluscs were monophyletic, demonstrating that available data for solenogastres was contaminated. Current molecular data are insufficient to constrain the molluscan phylogeny, and since the methods used to determine the confidence in clades are prone to overestimation, it is risky to place too much emphasis even on the areas of which different studies agree. Rather than eliminating unlikely relationships, the latest studies add new permutations of internal molluscan relationships, even bringing the conchiferan hypothesis into question.
4166:
1335:
4242:
165:
9459:
2771:
1327:
2593:
2880:
2848:
472:
212:
11589:
4409:
4500:
2620:
125:
4459:
183:
1500:
1953:
11601:
2791:
2067:
2015:
1836:
145:
1713:, the foot acts as a sucker attaching the animal to a hard surface, and the vertical muscles clamp the shell down over it; in other molluscs, the vertical muscles pull the foot and other exposed soft parts into the shell. In bivalves, the foot is adapted for burrowing into the sediment; in cephalopods it is used for jet propulsion, and the tentacles and arms are derived from the foot.
3533:-like worm. Scientists disagree about this: Giribet and colleagues concluded, in 2006, the repetition of gills and of the foot's retractor muscles were later developments, while in 2007, Sigwart concluded the ancestral mollusc was metameric, and it had a foot used for creeping and a "shell" that was mineralized. In one particular branch of the family tree, the shell of
4529:, is "second only to malaria as the most devastating parasitic disease in tropical countries. An estimated 200 million people in 74 countries are infected with the disease â 100 million in Africa alone." The parasite has 13 known species, two of which infect humans. The parasite itself is not a mollusc, but all the species have freshwater snails as
1370:. The Bivalvia would comprise about 14% of the total and the other five classes less than 2% of the living molluscs. In 2009, Chapman estimated the number of described living mollusc species at 85,000. Haszprunar in 2001 estimated about 93,000 named species, which include 23% of all named marine organisms. Molluscs are second only to
1668:
869:(also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis, or snail fever) is transmitted to humans by water snail hosts, and affects about 200 million people. Snails and slugs can also be serious agricultural pests, and accidental or deliberate introduction of some snail species into new environments has seriously damaged some
2557:
Classification into higher taxa for these groups has been and remains problematic. A phylogenetic study suggests the
Polyplacophora form a clade with a monophyletic Aplacophora. Additionally, it suggests a sister taxon relationship exists between Bivalvia and Gastropoda, uniting them in the new clade
1821:
Most molluscs have only one pair of gills, or even only a singular gill. Generally, the gills are rather like feathers in shape, although some species have gills with filaments on only one side. They divide the mantle cavity so water enters near the bottom and exits near the top. Their filaments have
2193:
are molluscs that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over their gills. Most bivalves are filter feeders, which can be measured through clearance rates. Research has demonstrated that environmental stress can affect the feeding of bivalves
2188:
Most molluscs are herbivorous, grazing on algae or filter feeders. For those grazing, two feeding strategies are predominant. Some feed on microscopic, filamentous algae, often using their radula as a 'rake' to comb up filaments from the sea floor. Others feed on macroscopic 'plants' such as kelp,
815:
Molluscs have been and still are an important food source for humans. Toxins that can accumulate in certain molluscs under specific conditions create a risk of food poisoning, and many jurisdictions have regulations to reduce this risk. Molluscs have, for centuries, also been the source of important
4377:
to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments. Their population status or structure, physiology, behaviour or the level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the state of contamination status of the ecosystem. They are particularly
1987:
The acephalic molluscs (i.e., bivalves) also have this ring but it is less obvious and less important. The bivalves have only three pairs of gangliaâ cerebral, pedal, and visceralâ with the visceral as the largest and most important of the three functioning as the principal center of "thinking".
1936:
Periodically, circular muscles at the hindgut's entrance pinch off and excrete a piece of the prostyle, preventing the prostyle from growing too large. The anus, in the part of the mantle cavity, is swept by the outgoing "lane" of the current created by the gills. Carnivorous molluscs usually have
1480:
of
Threatened Species included nearly 2,000 endangered non-marine molluscs. For comparison, the great majority of mollusc species are marine, but only 41 of these appeared on the 2004 Red List. About 42% of recorded extinctions since the year 1500 are of molluscs, consisting almost entirely of
1475:
appear exceptionally vulnerable to extinction. Estimates of the numbers of non-marine molluscs vary widely, partly because many regions have not been thoroughly surveyed. There is also a shortage of specialists who can identify all the animals in any one area to species. However, in 2004 the
2962:
and other early cephalopods crept along the seafloor instead of swimming, as their shells contained a "ballast" of stony deposits on what is thought to be the underside, and had stripes and blotches on what is thought to be the upper surface. All cephalopods with external shells except the
4353:) in several preindustrial societies. However, these "currencies" generally differed in important ways from the standardized government-backed and -controlled money familiar to industrial societies. Some shell "currencies" were not used for commercial transactions, but mainly as
2153:
and feeds on floating food particles by using the two bands of cilia around its "equator" to sweep food into the mouth, which uses more cilia to drive them into the stomach, which uses further cilia to expel undigested remains through the anus. New tissue grows in the bands of
4154:. In 2005, China accounted for 80% of the global mollusc catch, netting almost 11,000,000 tonnes (11,000,000 long tons; 12,000,000 short tons). Within Europe, France remained the industry leader. Some countries regulate importation and handling of molluscs and other
4382:
is used by some water treatment plants to test for estrogen-mimicking pollutants from industrial agriculture. Several species of mollusca have been used as bioindicators of environmental stresses that can cause DNA damage. These species include the
American oyster
9102:
2170:
into the adult form. While metamorphosis is the usual state in molluscs, the cephalopods differ in exhibiting direct development: the hatchling is a 'miniaturized' form of the adult. The development of molluscs is of particular interest in the field of
1800:. A pair of metanephridia ("little kidneys") to the rear of and connected to the coelom extracts any re-usable materials from the urine and dumps additional waste products into it, and then ejects it via tubes that discharge into the mantle cavity.
1540:
on top. The shell is secreted by a mantle covering the upper surface. The underside consists of a single muscular "foot". The visceral mass, or visceropallium, is the soft, nonmuscular metabolic region of the mollusc. It contains the body organs.
4042:
Morphological analyses tend to recover a conchiferan clade that receives less support from molecular analyses, although these results also lead to unexpected paraphylies, for instance scattering the bivalves throughout all other mollusc groups.
1378:' 52,000. About 200,000 living species in total are estimated, and 70,000 fossil species, although the total number of mollusc species ever to have existed, whether or not preserved, must be many times greater than the number alive today.
3524:
Because the relationships between the members of the family tree are uncertain, it is difficult to identify the features inherited from the last common ancestor of all molluscs. For example, it is uncertain whether the ancestral mollusc was
1672:
1924:
and mucus, which is rotated by further cilia so it acts as a bobbin, winding the mucus string onto itself. Before the mucus string reaches the prostyle, the acidity of the stomach makes the mucus less sticky and frees particles from it.
1670:
3494:" were molluscs or closely related to molluscs, debates arise about the relationships between the classes of living molluscs. In fact, some groups traditionally classified as molluscs may have to be redefined as distinct but related.
5962:
Shigeno, S.; Sasaki, T.; Moritaki, T.; Kasugai, T.; Vecchione, M.; Agata, K. (January 2008). "Evolution of the cephalopod head complex by assembly of multiple molluscan body parts: Evidence from
Nautilus embryonic development".
977:, the members of the three groups having been supposed to somewhat resemble the molluscs. As now known, these groups have no relation to molluscs, and very little to one another, so the name Molluscoida has been abandoned.
3556:. This would have been impermeable and thus forced the development of more sophisticated respiratory apparatus in the form of gills. Eventually, the cuticle would have become mineralized, using the same genetic machinery (
1928:
The particles are sorted by yet another group of cilia, which send the smaller particles, mainly minerals, to the prostyle so eventually they are excreted, while the larger ones, mainly food, are sent to the stomach's
1008:(defining characteristics) to apply to all modern groups is difficult. The most general characteristic of molluscs is they are unsegmented and bilaterally symmetrical. The following are present in all modern molluscs:
2189:
rasping the plant surface with its radula. To employ this strategy, the plant has to be large enough for the mollusc to 'sit' on, so smaller macroscopic plants are not as often eaten as their larger counterparts.
4478:
are venomous and can sting painfully when handled, although many species are too small to pose much of a risk to humans, and only a few fatalities have been reliably reported. Their venom is a complex mixture of
1671:
7244:
Steiner, M.; Li, G.; Qian, Y.; Zhu, M.; Erdtmann, B.D. (2007). "Neoproterozoic to Early
Cambrian small shelly fossil assemblages and a revised biostratigraphic correlation of the Yangtze Platform (China)".
8317:
Mannino, M.A.; Thomas, K.D. (2002). "Depletion of a resource? The impact of prehistoric human foraging on intertidal mollusc communities and its significance for human settlement, mobility and dispersal".
1826:
entering the mantle cavity, the gills' cilia may stop beating until the unwelcome intrusions have ceased. Each gill has an incoming blood vessel connected to the hemocoel and an outgoing one to the heart.
683:. Other than these common elements, molluscs express great morphological diversity, so many textbooks base their descriptions on a "hypothetical ancestral mollusc" (see image below). This has a single, "
4238:
several freshwater mussel species in the southeastern United States. The pearl industry is so important in some areas, significant sums of money are spent on monitoring the health of farmed molluscs.
1701:
The body of a mollusc has a ventral muscular foot, which is adapted to different purposes (locomotion, grasping the substratum, burrowing or feeding) in different classes. The foot carries a pair of
2166:, the "equatorial" band of cilia nearest the apical tuft, develops into the velum ("veil"), a pair of cilia-bearing lobes with which the larva swims. Eventually, the larva sinks to the seafloor and
8051:
Jacobs, D.K.; Wray, C. G.; Wedeen, C. J.; Kostriken, R.; Desalle, R.; Staton, J. L.; Gates, R.D.; Lindberg, D.R. (2000). "Molluscan engrailed expression, serial organization, and shell evolution".
1358:
Estimates of accepted described living species of molluscs vary from 50,000 to a maximum of 120,000 species. The total number of described species is difficult to estimate because of unresolved
8386:
1822:
three kinds of cilia, one of which drives the water current through the mantle cavity, while the other two help to keep the gills clean. If the osphradia detect noxious chemicals or possibly
2688:, though arguably each of these may belong only to the stem lineage of their respective classes. However, the evolutionary history both of the emergence of molluscs from the ancestral group
6383:
Jensen, K. R. (February 1993). "Morphological adaptations and plasticity of radular teeth of the
Sacoglossa (= Ascoglossa) (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) in relation to their food plants".
9395:
Trigo, J.E.; DĂaz Agras, G.J.; GarcĂa-Ălvarez, O.L.; Guerra, A.; Moreira, J.; PĂ©rez, J.; RolĂĄn, E.; Troncoso, J.S.; Urgorri, V. (2018). Troncoso, J.S.; Trigo, J.E.; RolĂĄn, E. (eds.).
1976:(gullet). The pedal ganglia, which control the foot, are below the esophagus and their commissure and connectives to the cerebral and pleural ganglia surround the esophagus in a
4483:, some fast-acting and others slower but deadlier. The effects of individual cone-shell toxins on victims' nervous systems are so precise as to be useful tools for research in
7315:
Landing, E.; Geyer, G.; Bartowski, K.E. (2002). "Latest Early
Cambrian Small Shelly Fossils, Trilobites, and Hatch Hill Dysaerobic Interval on the Quebec Continental Slope".
6151:"Indication for selfing in geographically separated populations and evidence for Pleistocene survival within the Alps: the case of Cylindrus obtusus (Pulmonata: Helicidae)"
1669:
4831:"Phylogeny and taxonomy of the KermiaâPseudodaphnella (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Raphitomidae) genus complex: A remarkable radiation via diversification of larval development"
5596:
Rosa, Rui; Lopes, Vanessa M.; Guerreiro, Miguel; Bolstad, Kathrin; Xavier, José C. (2017). "Biology and ecology of the world's largest invertebrate, the colossal squid (
2110:. The nephridia extract the gametes from the coelom and emit them into the mantle cavity. Molluscs that use such a system remain of one sex all their lives and rely on
4830:
6339:
2273:
of molluscs; for example, the table below shows seven living classes, and two extinct ones. Although they are unlikely to form a clade, some older works combine the
6795:
4701:
7429:
Hagadorn, J.W. & Waggoner, B.M. (2002). "The Early
Cambrian problematic fossil Volborthella: New insights from the Basin and Range". In Corsetti, F.A. (ed.).
4361:
money, as a tradable commodity whose value differed from place to place, often as a result of difficulties in transport, and which was vulnerable to incurable
8416:
9492:
8712:
6609:
Kocot, K. M.; Cannon, J. T.; Todt, C.; Citarella, M. R.; Kohn, A. B.; Meyer, A.; Santos, S. R.; Schander, C.; Moroz, L. L.; et al. (22 September 2011).
5802:
Cherns, L. (December 2004). "Early
Palaeozoic diversification of chitons (Polyplacophora, Mollusca) based on new data from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden".
4435:, which live around Australia and New Guinea, bite humans only if severely provoked, but their venom kills 25% of human victims. Another tropical species,
1992:
have eyes around the edges of their shells which connect to a pair of looped nerves and which provide the ability to distinguish between light and shadow.
8701:
Particularly chapters "Boom and slump for the cowrie trade" (pages 64â79) and "The cowrie as money: transport costs, values and inflation" (pages 125â147)
8135:
Passamaneck, Y.; Schander, C.; Halanych, K. (2004). "Investigation of molluscan phylogeny using large-subunit and small-subunit nuclear rRNA sequences".
1509:
Because of the great range of anatomical diversity among molluscs, many textbooks start the subject of molluscan anatomy by describing what is called an
2915:, was long thought to be a cephalopod, but discoveries of more detailed fossils showed its shell was not secreted, but built from grains of the mineral
703:, and is secreted by a mantle covering the whole upper surface. The underside of the animal consists of a single muscular "foot". Although molluscs are
6701:
6149:
Kruckenhauser, Luise; Haring, Elisabeth; Tautscher, Barbara; CadahĂa, Luis; Zopp, Laura; Duda, Michael; Harl, Josef; Sattmann, Helmut (13 June 2017).
8178:
Wilson, N.; Rouse, G.; Giribet, G. (2010). "Assessing the molluscan hypothesis
Serialia (Monoplacophora+Polyplacophora) using novel molecular data".
4743:
8394:
11103:
1968:
cords serving the internal organs and the pedal ones serving the foot. Most pairs of corresponding ganglia on both sides of the body are linked by
11794:
7929:
Goloboff, Pablo A.; Catalano, Santiago A.; Mirande, J. Marcos; Szumik, Claudia A.; Arias, J. Salvador; KÀllersjö, Mari; Farris, James S. (2009).
7018:
Caron, J.B.; Scheltema, A.; Schander, C.; Rudkin, D. (13 July 2006). "A soft-bodied mollusc with radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale".
2212:
2197:
Cephalopods are primarily predatory, and the radula takes a secondary role to the jaws and tentacles in food acquisition. The monoplacophoran
1890:, "tongues", bearing many rows of chitinous teeth, which are replaced from the rear as they wear out. The radula primarily functions to scrape
8009:"The cell lineage of the polyplacophoran, Chaetopleura apiculata: variation in the spiralian program and implications for molluscan evolution"
2763:
are fragments of a genuinely mollusc-like radula. This appears to contradict the concept that the ancestral molluscan radula was mineralized.
1940:
As the head has largely disappeared in bivalves, the mouth has been equipped with labial palps (two on each side of the mouth) to collect the
11820:
1972:(relatively large bundles of nerves). The ganglia above the gut are the cerebral, the pleural, and the visceral, which are located above the
8850:
Michel C, Vincent-Hubert F (November 2015). "DNA oxidation and DNA repair in gills of zebra mussels exposed to cadmium and benzo(a)pyrene".
2825:. Although most helcionellid fossils are only a few millimeters long, specimens a few centimeters long have also been found, most with more
7702:
Zong-Jie, F. (2006). "An introduction to Ordovician bivalves of southern China, with a discussion of the early evolution of the Bivalvia".
4658:
Zhang, G.; Parry, L. A.; Vinther, J.; Ma, X. (2024). "A Cambrian spiny stem mollusk and the deep homology of lophotrochozoan scleritomes".
4292:
may have pioneered the extraction of "imperial purple" during the Middle Minoan period in the 20thâ18th centuries BC, centuries before the
2163:
9480:
1549:
The mantle cavity, a fold in the mantle, encloses a significant amount of space. It is lined with epidermis, and is exposed, according to
1413:; and other lesser-known but similarly distinctive subgroups. The majority of species still live in the oceans, from the seashores to the
570:
species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000, and the proportion of undescribed species is very high. Many taxa remain poorly studied.
8637:
2158:
in the interior, so the apical tuft and anus are pushed further apart as the animal grows. The trochophore stage is often succeeded by a
5530:
5029:
1553:, to sea, fresh water or air. The cavity was at the rear in the earliest molluscs, but its position now varies from group to group. The
782:
larvae, or miniature adults. The coelomic cavity is reduced. They have an open circulatory system and kidney-like organs for excretion.
727:. The "generalized" mollusc's feeding system consists of a rasping "tongue", the radula, and a complex digestive system in which exuded
11917:
9235:
4513:
3571:
The evolutionary relationships within the molluscs are also debated, and the diagrams below show two widely supported reconstructions:
9128:
7430:
6796:"New data on Kimberella, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White Sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications"
6256:"How the Pacific Oyster Responds to Ocean Acidification: Development and Application of a Meta-Analysis Based Adverse Outcome Pathway"
4104:
in some preindustrial societies. A number of species of molluscs can bite or sting humans, and some have become agricultural pests.
3033:
6295:
Steneck, R.S.; Watling, L. (July 1982). "Feeding capabilities and limitation of herbivorous molluscs: A functional group approach".
11768:
7280:
Mus, M.M.; Palacios, T.; Jensen, S. (2008). "Size of the earliest mollusks: Did small helcionellids grow to become large adults?".
6006:
Tantiwisawaruji, Sukanlaya; Rocha, Maria J.; Silva, Ana; Pardal, Miguel A.; Kovitvadhi, Uthaiwan; Rocha, Eduardo (31 August 2022).
11807:
10809:
8270:"A molecular palaeobiological hypothesis for the origin of aplacophoran molluscs and their derivation from chiton-like ancestors"
7487:
Marshall C.R.; Ward P.D. (1996). "Sudden and Gradual Molluscan Extinctions in the Latest Cretaceous of Western European Tethys".
2887:
2847:
1362:. In 1969, David Nicol estimated the probable total number of living mollusc species at 107,000 of which were about 12,000
7166:
9404:
9296:
9255:
8980:
8495:
8370:
7471:
7379:
7213:
6726:
6500:
5910:
5682:
5498:
5421:
5342:
5310:
5195:
5165:
4905:
4805:
4711:
1920:
At the tapered rear end of the stomach and projecting slightly into the hindgut is the prostyle, a backward-pointing cone of
4869:
861:
of the family Conidae can also kill, but their sophisticated, though easily produced, venoms have become important tools in
11812:
5438:
2821:
and China, are thought to be early molluscs with rather snail-like shells. Shelled molluscs therefore predate the earliest
793:
period, 541â485.4 million years ago. However, the evolutionary history both of molluscs' emergence from the ancestral
6358:
6008:"A Stereological Study of the Three Types of Ganglia of Male, Female, and Undifferentiated Scrobicularia plana (Bivalvia)"
4943:
4066:
are both separate, monophyletic lineages unrelated to the remaining molluscan classes; the traditional phylum Mollusca is
8442:
Jones, J.B.; Creeper, J. (April 2006). "Diseases of Pearl Oysters and Other Molluscs: a Western Australian Perspective".
6834:
5145:
4951:
8215:"Phylogenetic support values are not necessarily informative: the case of the Serialia hypothesis (a mollusk phylogeny)"
9523:
8694:
4455:
that lasts longer than one month if untreated, and headaches and weakness persisting for up to a week even if treated.
2005:
1573:(reproductive organs) are in the mantle cavity. The whole soft body of bivalves lies within an enlarged mantle cavity.
809:
7622:
Gubanov, A.P.; Kouchinsky, A.V.; Peel, J.S. (2007). "The first evolutionary-adaptive lineage within fossil molluscs".
6978:"The origin of the animals and a 'Savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution: Early evolution of the animals"
5072:"Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons"
2720:, has been described by some paleontologists as "mollusc-like", but others are unwilling to go further than "probable
804:
9377:
9103:"Doctor snailâLethal to fish and sometimes even humans, cone snail venom contains a pharmacopoeia of precision drugs"
5946:
2001:
1525:) to illustrate the most common features found within the phylum. The depiction is visually rather similar to modern
5839:"A comparative study of the ultrastructure and mineralogy of calcified land snail eggs (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora)"
1902:, a cartilaginous supporting organ. The radula is unique to the molluscs and has no equivalent in any other animal.
11879:
11747:
9560:
4378:
useful since they are sessile so that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed.
9486:
8720:
11825:
11760:
9555:
331:
7336:
5655:
5636:
9425:
A Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries: (Mollusca, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, Tunicata, Echinoderma, and Worms)
7600:
6716:
6133:
8455:
8420:
5838:
3484:(evolutionary "family tree") of molluscs is a controversial subject. In addition to the debates about whether
9639:
9629:
9612:
4357:
displays at important occasions, such as weddings. When used for commercial transactions, they functioned as
2633:
has been described as being "mollusc-like" because of its features which are shared with modern day molluscs.
2074:
1917:(tiny "hairs") drive the mucus towards the stomach, so the mucus forms a long string called a "food string".
843:
A handful of mollusc species are sometimes considered hazards or pests for human activities. The bite of the
1761:
circulate and which encloses most of the other internal organs. These hemocoelic spaces act as an efficient
6864:
Butterfield, N.J. (2006). "Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale".
6410:
WĂ€gele, H. (March 1989). "Diet of some Antarctic nudibranchs (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Nudibranchia)".
4761:
Rosenberg, Gary (2014). "A new critical estimate of named species-level diversity of the recent mollusca".
4230:
insert either "seeds" or beads into oysters. The "seed" method uses grains of ground shell from freshwater
9320:
Civeyrel, L.; Simberloff, D. (October 1996). "A tale of two snails: is the cure worse than the disease?".
8511:
Reese, D.S. (1987). "Palaikastro Shells and Bronze Age Purple-Dye Production in the Mediterranean Basin".
5465:
4747:
4084:
For millennia, molluscs have been a source of food for humans, as well as important luxury goods, notably
1792:), which is fairly short and opens into the hemocoel. The atria of the heart also function as part of the
11690:
11677:
10802:
8748:): Induction of oxidative stress biomarkers, cellular apoptosis, DNA damage and ÎłH2AX signaling pathways"
4968:
1977:
902:, soft, first used by J. Jonston (HistoriĂŠ Naturalis, 1650) to describe a group comprising cephalopods.
11579:
4963:
3552:
The molluscan shell appears to have originated from a mucus coating, which eventually stiffened into a
2954:
uses to remove water from compartments it has vacated as it grows, and which is also visible in fossil
2175:
as environmental stress is recognized to affect the settlement, metamorphosis, and survival of larvae.
659:
The four most universal features defining modern molluscs are a soft body composed almost entirely of
11912:
11835:
11695:
10946:
8893:
Emmanouil C, Sheehan TM, Chipman JK (April 2007). "Macromolecule oxidation and DNA repair in mussel (
6666:
Budd GE, Jensen S (May 2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla".
6584:
4131:
1734:
211:
6065:
Yurchenko, Olga V.; Skiteva, Olga I.; Voronezhskaya, Elena E.; Dyachuk, Vyacheslav A. (April 2018).
6525:
Runnegar, B.; Pojeta, J. Jr. (October 1974). "Molluscan Phylogeny: the Paleontological Viewpoint".
6471:
5488:
4447:
4379:
2836:. However, other scientists are not convinced these Early Cambrian fossils show clear signs of the
2587:
1334:
990:
656:) are by far the most diverse class and account for 80% of the total classified molluscan species.
31:
7904:
7882:
7367:
6954:
5157:
1611:). Molluscs never use phosphate to construct their hard parts, with the questionable exception of
1587:
The mantle edge secretes a shell (secondarily absent in a number of taxonomic groups, such as the
11884:
11031:
9644:
9160:"Venomous mollusks: The risks of human accidents by conus snails (gastropoda: Conidae) in Brazil"
4117:
4051:
2920:
2829:-like shapes. The tiny specimens have been suggested to be juveniles and the larger ones adults.
2014:
1883:
1726:
724:
17:
9209:
2220:
sea-slugs suck the sap from algae, using their one-row radula to pierce the cell walls, whereas
11617:
10795:
9516:
9464:
3521:. The diagram on the right summarizes a phylogeny presented in 2007 without the annelid worms.
2264:
2122:, functioning as both sexes; both of these methods require more complex reproductive systems.
2115:
2111:
2083:
1359:
764:
11861:
8668:
7181:
6490:
6454:
5898:
5070:
Giribet, G.; Okusu, A.; Lindgren, A.R.; Huff, S.W.; Schrödl, M.; Nishiguchi, M.K. (May 2006).
4420:
Some molluscs sting or bite, but deaths from mollusc venoms total less than 10% of those from
2840:
that identifies modern gastropods twists the internal organs so the anus lies above the head.
11856:
11259:
10909:
9607:
8970:
7463:
7457:
6695:
5571:
4503:
3044:
2946:
is now thought to be the earliest undisputed cephalopod fossil, as its shell had septa and a
2581:
2239:. (An extensive list of molluscs with unusual feeding habits is available in the appendix of
1532:
The generalized mollusc is an unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical animal and has a single, "
1374:
in numbers of living animal species â far behind the arthropods' 1,113,000 but well ahead of
11871:
11848:
8656:
7745:
Raup, D.M.; Jablonski, D. (1993). "Geography of end-Cretaceous marine bivalve extinctions".
4545:, can be serious crop pests, and when introduced into new environments, can unbalance local
2940:
is often interpreted as a cephalopod with 2 arms and no shell, but the Late Cambrian fossil
2242:
1457:, which until recently had not been observed alive in its adult form, is one of the largest
11716:
11664:
10924:
9453:
9329:
9136:
8906:
8859:
8816:
8759:
8144:
7935:
7797:
7754:
7711:
7666:
7588:
7496:
7439:
7324:
7289:
7254:
7193:
7091:
7027:
6810:
6755:
6622:
6534:
6419:
6304:
6225:
6162:
5811:
5768:
5753:
5710:
5609:
5083:
5023:
4845:
4523:(also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever), a disease caused by the fluke worm
4047:
3526:
1762:
1647:
there are holes in the shell used for respiration and the release of egg and sperm, in the
1472:
1367:
756:
594:
11799:
8112:
8095:
7396:
6067:"Nervous system development in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca: Bivalvia)"
164:
8:
7982:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
4428:
4413:
4079:
2837:
2740:, was a mollusc, and much of this centers on whether its feeding apparatus was a type of
2602:
2172:
1933:(a pouch with no other exit) to be digested. The sorting process is by no means perfect.
1766:
1418:
844:
760:
10787:
9333:
9071:
8910:
8863:
8820:
8763:
8601:
Turner, R.D.; Rosewater, J. (June 1958). "The Family Pinnidae in the Western Atlantic".
8148:
7801:
7758:
7715:
7670:
7592:
7500:
7328:
7293:
7258:
7197:
7095:
7031:
6977:
6814:
6759:
6626:
6538:
6423:
6308:
6229:
6166:
5815:
5772:
5714:
5613:
5087:
4849:
4427:
All octopuses are venomous, but only a few species pose a significant threat to humans.
11655:
11254:
10936:
10072:
9624:
9602:
9590:
9565:
9345:
9052:
9040:
8780:
8743:
8660:
8571:
8563:
8528:
8459:
8343:
8335:
8294:
8269:
8241:
8214:
8076:
7866:
7841:
7813:
7727:
7684:
7635:
7604:
7520:
7348:
7340:
7219:
7150:
7107:
7061:
6938:
6913:
6889:
6826:
6773:
6643:
6610:
6566:
6550:
6472:"Coexistence of hydroid-eating Nudibranchs: Do feeding biology and habitat use matter?"
6435:
6396:
6320:
6193:
6150:
6101:
6066:
6042:
6007:
5988:
5879:
5784:
5734:
5558:
5381:
5106:
5071:
4987:
4861:
4778:
2497:
seabed 1,800â7,000 metres (5,900â23,000 ft); one species 200 metres (660 ft)
1961:
1722:
1690:
1468:
1043:
736:
720:
598:
590:
206:
170:
9458:
7788:
Malinky, J.M. (2009). "Permian Hyolithida from Australia: The Last of the Hyoliths?".
5701:
Porter, S. (1 June 2007). "Seawater Chemistry and Early Carbonate Biomineralization".
5056:
11907:
11843:
11703:
11046:
10494:
10414:
9764:
9634:
9597:
9585:
9575:
9509:
9410:
9400:
9383:
9373:
9302:
9292:
9261:
9251:
9191:
9044:
9005:
8976:
8922:
8875:
8832:
8785:
8690:
8618:
8610:
8575:
8532:
8491:
8366:
8347:
8299:
8246:
8213:
WĂ€gele, J.; Letsch, H.; Klussmann-Kolb, A.; Mayer, C.; Misof, B.; WĂ€gele, H. (2009).
8195:
8160:
8117:
8068:
8064:
8030:
7964:
7949:
7930:
7871:
7770:
7731:
7512:
7467:
7375:
7352:
7223:
7209:
7158:
7053:
6997:
6943:
6881:
6722:
6683:
6648:
6558:
6496:
6277:
6198:
6180:
6129:
6106:
6088:
6047:
6029:
5980:
5942:
5906:
5871:
5788:
5726:
5678:
5563:
5494:
5417:
5338:
5306:
5201:
5191:
5161:
5111:
5045:
4911:
4901:
4811:
4801:
4717:
4707:
4675:
2770:
2236:
1781:
1604:
1050:
Other characteristics that commonly appear in textbooks have significant exceptions:
700:
189:
9349:
9176:
9159:
9056:
8944:
8664:
8463:
8080:
7817:
7688:
7608:
7111:
6893:
6570:
6439:
6324:
5992:
5883:
5738:
5442:
4865:
4782:
4241:
4134:, and this has often resulted in overfishing. Other commonly eaten molluscs include
1694:
11322:
11201:
11093:
11036:
10976:
10971:
10899:
10884:
9549:
9429:
9337:
9284:
9243:
9181:
9171:
9036:
8968:
8914:
8867:
8828:
8824:
8775:
8767:
8652:
8555:
8520:
8451:
8327:
8289:
8281:
8236:
8226:
8187:
8152:
8107:
8060:
8020:
7954:
7944:
7861:
7853:
7805:
7762:
7719:
7674:
7631:
7596:
7524:
7504:
7332:
7297:
7262:
7201:
7142:
7099:
7065:
7043:
7035:
6989:
6933:
6925:
6873:
6818:
6777:
6763:
6675:
6638:
6630:
6542:
6427:
6392:
6312:
6267:
6233:
6188:
6170:
6096:
6078:
6037:
6019:
5972:
5861:
5853:
5819:
5776:
5718:
5650:
5617:
5553:
5545:
5409:
5371:
5153:
5101:
5091:
4853:
4770:
4667:
4569:
4437:
4220:
3557:
2607:
2592:
1793:
1678:
1363:
1326:
986:
849:
664:
519:
9768:
8964:
8962:
8918:
7508:
7455:
6830:
11708:
11669:
11495:
11400:
11362:
11317:
11249:
11006:
10966:
10951:
10844:
10775:
10681:
10532:
10435:
10292:
9825:
9496:
8771:
7539:
7266:
7126:
6546:
5513:
5300:
4973:
4857:
4575:
4551:
4520:
4089:
2916:
2879:
2559:
2270:
1537:
1062:
866:
821:
688:
601:
578:
11682:
9158:
Haddad Junior, V.; Paula Neto, J.O.B.D.; Cobo, V.L.J. (SeptemberâOctober 2006).
9023:
Brazzelli, V.; Baldini, F.; Nolli, G.; Borghini, F.; Borroni, G. (March 1999). "
8191:
8156:
8025:
8008:
7842:"Deep molluscan phylogeny: synthesis of palaeontological and neontological data"
7432:
Proterozoic-Cambrian of the Great Basin and Beyond, Pacific Section SEPM Book 93
6914:"Deep molluscan phylogeny: synthesis of palaeontological and neontological data"
5003:
Little, L.; Fowler, H.W.; Coulson, J.; Onions, C.T., eds. (1964). "Malacology".
4165:
1607:), except the outermost layer, which in almost all cases is all conchiolin (see
11755:
11742:
11605:
11593:
11555:
11500:
11490:
11332:
11146:
11098:
11011:
10986:
10981:
10961:
10956:
10859:
10849:
10440:
10418:
10236:
10148:
10126:
10089:
9580:
9288:
9247:
8959:
6237:
5076:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4622:
4555:, has been introduced to many parts of Asia, as well as to many islands in the
4530:
3897:
3875:
3688:
3654:
3498:
3312:
3139:
3067:
2942:
2780:
2689:
2653:
2521:
2486:
2391:
2228:
2190:
1796:
by filtering waste products out of the blood and dumping it into the coelom as
1777:
1526:
1462:
1129:
1086:
1080:
794:
680:
637:
574:
476:
433:
412:
390:
312:
194:
150:
9414:
8871:
8744:"Effects of elevated temperature on 8-OHdG expression in the American oyster (
8622:
8524:
8331:
7017:
6744:"The Late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism"
6679:
6272:
6255:
6175:
6083:
5823:
5621:
5514:
Barnes, R.S.K.; Calow, P.; Olive, P.J.W.; Golding, D.W.; Spicer, J.I. (2001).
5205:
4416:'s rings are a warning signal; this octopus is alarmed, and its bite can kill.
3529:(composed of repeating units)âif it was, that would suggest an origin from an
1758:
1655:
goes through all the chambers, and the eight plates that make up the shell of
471:
11901:
11279:
11264:
11226:
11151:
11087:
11073:
11021:
11016:
10930:
10919:
10914:
10894:
10889:
10864:
10585:
10489:
9988:
9213:
8614:
8477:
7766:
7131:
sp. (Caudofoveata) and the evolutionary implications for the Phylum Mollusca"
6281:
6184:
6092:
6033:
5780:
5018:
5002:
4959:
4915:
4815:
4721:
4560:
4374:
4354:
4310:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4216:
4093:
3835:
3615:
3436:
3409:
2502:
2339:
2278:
2208:
2167:
2119:
1582:
1490:
1477:
1236:
1025:
825:
427:
395:
327:
131:
77:
9433:
9387:
9306:
9265:
7679:
7650:
5961:
5857:
5722:
5413:
5096:
4671:
2086:, but with more complex variations. All produce eggs, from which may emerge
1813:
instead of the copper-based hemocyanin to carry oxygen through their blood.
965:
was formerly used to denote a division of the animal kingdom containing the
11640:
11588:
11475:
11470:
11445:
11420:
11410:
11337:
11206:
11080:
11041:
11026:
11001:
10996:
10941:
10874:
10691:
10686:
10574:
10430:
10316:
10202:
10105:
10084:
9954:
9905:
9861:
9842:
9195:
9048:
9009:
8926:
8879:
8836:
8789:
8303:
8285:
8265:
8250:
8231:
8199:
8164:
8072:
8034:
7968:
7931:"Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups"
7875:
7857:
7774:
7162:
7057:
7001:
6947:
6929:
6885:
6687:
6652:
6562:
6202:
6110:
6051:
5984:
5875:
5730:
5567:
5549:
5115:
4679:
4556:
4442:
4338:. Apparently, only the ruling classes were allowed to wear these chlamys."
4193:
4170:
4067:
4055:
3850:
3630:
3564:. The first mollusc shell almost certainly was reinforced with the mineral
3506:
2904:
2807:
2775:
2568:
2274:
2131:
1952:
1629:
1608:
1458:
1414:
1013:
1005:
862:
854:
629:
625:
552:
502:
455:
400:
8996:
Anderson, R.C. (1995). "Aquarium husbandry of the giant Pacific octopus".
8121:
8093:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7827:
7516:
7438:. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology). pp. 135â150. Archived from
4895:
4445:
that can last for over a month even if treated correctly, and the bite of
3538:
1709:
as a lubricant to aid movement. In forms having only a top shell, such as
1024:, plates or shells. It overlaps the body with enough spare room to form a
1021:
882:
11781:
11649:
11530:
11505:
11450:
11425:
11347:
11342:
11307:
11297:
10991:
10904:
10652:
10623:
10609:
10599:
10184:
10000:
9913:
9695:
9423:
9096:
9094:
9092:
8096:"Investigation of molluscan phylogeny on the basis of 18S rRNA sequences"
6793:
5866:
5507:
4774:
4564:
4525:
4508:
4408:
4350:
4249:
4219:. Natural pearls form when a small foreign object gets stuck between the
4212:
3542:
3502:
3295:
3019:
2758:
2753:
2563:
2543:
2529:
2470:
2436:
2282:
2224:
2146:
2087:
1899:
1874:
1809:
or ram's horn snails, which are air-breathing snails that use iron-based
1805:
1613:
1454:
1291:
1098:
1074:
833:
772:
633:
417:
376:
256:
52:
8972:
Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals: A Medical and Biological Handbook
7039:
6634:
6024:
5033:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 675.
4828:
4499:
4100:, and chemical compounds. Their shells have also been used as a form of
2619:
2285:. Two of the commonly recognized "classes" are known only from fossils.
1004:
Molluscs have developed such a varied range of body structures, finding
898:
857:
that can last over a month. Stings from a few species of large tropical
11563:
11525:
11455:
11435:
11430:
11415:
11385:
11357:
11312:
11302:
11274:
11269:
11211:
11186:
10879:
10854:
10749:
10734:
10729:
10710:
10705:
10633:
10580:
10550:
10542:
10484:
10358:
10350:
10333:
10113:
10025:
9978:
9918:
9880:
9854:
9700:
9685:
9341:
9186:
8567:
8481:
7959:
7824:
7579:
Schneider, J.A. (2001). "Bivalve systematics during the 20th century".
7344:
7154:
6877:
6554:
6431:
6316:
5976:
5668:
5666:
5641:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5385:
4588:
4475:
4463:
4323:
4277:
4235:
4059:
3964:
3755:
3675:
3546:
3534:
3510:
3486:
3219:
3080:
3014:
2991:
2968:
2937:
2745:
2709:
2659:
2648:
2625:
2454:
2440:
2422:
2409:
2331:
2305:
2217:
2066:
1969:
1835:
1810:
1769:
1730:
1596:
1588:
1558:
1446:
1438:
1410:
1110:
1092:
998:
966:
955:
951:
946:
858:
786:
617:
609:
582:
563:
499:
485:
439:
422:
407:
380:
371:
367:
362:
352:
347:
292:
154:
97:
62:
9501:
9399:(in Spanish). Vigo: Servicio de PublicaciĂłns da Universidade de Vigo.
9089:
8339:
7809:
7301:
6993:
6789:
6787:
1659:
are penetrated with living tissue with nerves and sensory structures.
11786:
11729:
11480:
11460:
11352:
11231:
11166:
11156:
11141:
11136:
11117:
10869:
10715:
10662:
10657:
10628:
10617:
10566:
10561:
10513:
10425:
10212:
10207:
10169:
10018:
10010:
9939:
9891:
9812:
9799:
9780:
9775:
9734:
9132:
7205:
7103:
7077:
7075:
7048:
6822:
4598:
4546:
4484:
4467:
4421:
4362:
4358:
4315:
4245:
4185:
4180:
Most molluscs with shells can produce pearls, but only the pearls of
4174:
3949:
3934:
3799:
3740:
3725:
3595:
3565:
3491:
3481:
3382:
3351:
3228:
3224:
3186:
3163:
2979:
2964:
2947:
2910:
2895:
2891:
2870:
2833:
2822:
2812:
2795:
2735:
2721:
2715:
2700:
2683:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2597:
2199:
1973:
1738:
1702:
1684:
1652:
1618:
1566:
1494:
1453:
are among the most neurologically advanced of all invertebrates. The
1430:
1422:
1394:
1371:
1339:
994:
923:
870:
748:
735:
play various important roles. The generalized mollusc has two paired
704:
668:
641:
385:
358:
282:
269:
243:
223:
136:
124:
102:
11611:
8803:
Michel C, Vincent-Hubert F (January 2012). "Detection of 8-oxodG in
8559:
8546:
Stieglitz, R.R. (March 1994). "The Minoan Origin of Tyrian Purple".
7723:
7146:
6064:
5663:
5463:
5392:
5376:
5359:
2973:
2790:
1780:), which receive oxygenated blood from the gills and pump it to the
985:
The most universal features of the body structure of molluscs are a
182:
11734:
11634:
11600:
11515:
11510:
11485:
11465:
11440:
11405:
11395:
11390:
11221:
11196:
11176:
10836:
10739:
10646:
10638:
10593:
10556:
10537:
10526:
10508:
10502:
10363:
10304:
10177:
10058:
9947:
9831:
9722:
9713:
9619:
9394:
7013:
7011:
6784:
6148:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5235:
4593:
4488:
4452:
4297:
4208:
4198:
4151:
4113:
4101:
4097:
4063:
4026:
3862:
3561:
3475:
worms as the analysis concentrated on fossilizable "hard" features.
3203:
3051:
do not comment on the position of this phylum in the tree of life.
3040:
3005:
2999:
2955:
2925:
2704:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2426:
2352:
2335:
2155:
2150:
2135:
1989:
1941:
1891:
1823:
1750:
1648:
1434:
1375:
1104:
974:
919:
829:
790:
712:
676:
444:
302:
174:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
11773:
9370:
The Mollusks: A Guide to Their Study, Collection, and Preservation
9131:. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of
8969:
Williamson, J.A.; Fenner, P.J.; Burnett, J.W.; Rifkin, J. (1996).
8360:
7072:
6768:
6743:
6216:
Marin, F.; Luquet, G. (October 2004). "Molluscan shell proteins".
6123:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5022:
4130:, have been an important food source since at least the advent of
2919:(silica), and it was not divided into a series of compartments by
1499:
11540:
11520:
11216:
11191:
11181:
11171:
11127:
11064:
10699:
10675:
10667:
10604:
10518:
10338:
10325:
10258:
10249:
10194:
10119:
9448:
7456:
Vickers-Rich, P.; Fenton, C.L.; Fenton, M.A.; Rich, T.H. (1997).
4706:(2nd ed.). Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study.
4331:
4327:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4181:
4155:
4147:
4135:
3919:
3710:
3553:
3530:
3514:
3472:
3365:
3232:
3124:
3047:
that may be molluscs. Authors who suggest they deserve their own
3010:
2987:
2832:
Some analyses of helcionellids concluded these were the earliest
2818:
2729:
2664:
2511:
2431:
2418:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2319:
2204:
2159:
2091:
1965:
1887:
1644:
1633:
1625:(sometimes with traces of aragonite) to construct the eggshells.
1622:
1600:
1550:
1450:
1426:
1402:
1036:
1017:
970:
779:
740:
692:
653:
621:
605:
586:
555:
107:
82:
8989:
7008:
6124:
Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S. & Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Mollusca".
5635:
Lydeard, C.; Cowie, R.; Ponder, W.F.; et al. (April 2004).
5634:
5486:
2102:, a small cavity that surrounds the heart, into which they shed
1561:(chemical sensors) in the incoming "lane", the hindmost pair of
11380:
11372:
11241:
10744:
10478:
9678:
9665:
9536:
9533:
9469:
9465:
Researchers complete mollusk evolutionary tree; 26 October 2011
8212:
7279:
6005:
5936:
5212:
4579:
and went on to extirpate several native snail species instead.
4458:
4342:
4305:
4231:
4227:
4192:, are valuable. The best natural pearls are produced by marine
4127:
3518:
3199:
3048:
3025:
2826:
2741:
2693:
2396:
2373:
2361:
2323:
2232:
2099:
1857:
1840:
1789:
1773:
1742:
1710:
1656:
1592:
1533:
1382:
1122:
1118:
798:
775:
708:
696:
684:
672:
660:
567:
559:
505:
495:
233:
4621:
is still used in the United States â see the reasons given by
4330:
who received their insignia from the Roman Emperor were given
3471:
A possible "family tree" of molluscs (2007). Does not include
2692:, and of their diversification into the well-known living and
801:
forms are still subjects of vigorous debate among scientists.
11721:
11289:
11161:
9022:
8263:
7928:
5941:, vol. 11. Form and Function, New York: Academic Press,
5673:
Healy, J.M. (2001). "The Mollusca". In Anderson, D.T. (ed.).
5337:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 481.
4952:
4944:
4542:
4480:
4365:
if more efficient transport or "goldrush" behavior appeared.
4346:
4285:
4272:
shells, "fetched its weight in silver" in the fourth century
4269:
4189:
4159:
4143:
4139:
4085:
3236:
3191:
2983:
2414:
2327:
2311:
2221:
2142:
2127:
2107:
2095:
1930:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1895:
1797:
1785:
1754:
1746:
1706:
1637:
1570:
1442:
1406:
1386:
1351:
1343:
1207:
936:
927:
890:
837:
817:
744:
732:
728:
716:
645:
613:
7428:
6741:
4567:. Attempts to control it by introducing the predatory snail
2203:
uses its radula in the usual fashion, but its diet includes
1776:-carrier. The heart consists of one or more pairs of atria (
1636:, and an inner layer consisting of laminated calcite, often
797:
and of their diversification into the well-known living and
755:, and all have sensors to detect chemicals, vibrations, and
11327:
10819:
9428:. Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History).
9157:
9129:"Cone Shell Mollusc Poisoning, with Report of a Fatal Case"
8742:
Rahman MF, Billah MM, Kline RJ, Rahman MS (December 2023).
8387:"China catches almost 11 m tonnes of molluscs in 2005"
8134:
7365:
7337:
10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0287:LECSSF>2.0.CO;2
6452:
5937:
Wilbur, Karl M.; Trueman, E.R.; Clarke, M.R., eds. (1985),
5656:
10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0321:TGDONM]2.0.CO;2
5531:"First-ever observations of a live giant squid in the wild"
5457:
5152:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 455â602.
4123:
3195:
3029:
2357:
2315:
2103:
1705:, which act as balance sensors. In gastropods, it secretes
1562:
1554:
1398:
1390:
1347:
1032:
649:
534:
144:
9474:
9319:
8484:, cited by Athenaeus (12:526) around 200 BC; according to
7601:
10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1119:BSDTC>2.0.CO;2
7082:
Butterfield, N.J. (May 2008). "An Early Cambrian Radula".
5430:
5332:
4541:
Some species of molluscs, particularly certain snails and
4326:, "stated that the five hereditary satraps (governors) of
2936:
s classification is uncertain. The Middle Cambrian fossil
1632:) made of organic matter, a middle layer made of columnar
1330:
Diversity and variability of shells of molluscs on display
997:, and the organization of the nervous system. Many have a
528:
10817:
9422:
Bell, F. J.; Kirkpatrick, Randolph; Smith, E. A. (1901).
8600:
8589:
Webster's Third New International Dictionary (Unabridged)
8456:
10.2983/0730-8000(2006)25[233:DOPOAO]2.0.CO;2
8390:
8316:
8050:
7839:
5677:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 120â171.
5595:
1628:
The shell consists of three layers: the outer layer (the
1437:. About 80% of all known mollusc species are gastropods.
954:. The scientific study of molluscs is accordingly called
768:
752:
558:
of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest
9240:
Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance
8684:
6608:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5185:
5069:
4466:
can be dangerous to shell collectors, but are useful to
1180:
Dorsal concentration of internal organs (visceral mass)
914:) to describe a particular type of soft nut. The use of
767:, but more complex variations occur. Nearly all produce
10468:
8892:
8741:
8419:. United Kingdom: Food Standards Agency. Archived from
8274:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
8094:
Winnepenninckx, B; Backeljau, T; De Wachter, R (1996).
7744:
7648:
6918:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6475:
5538:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5181:
5179:
5177:
4795:
3032:-builders in the Cretaceous, but became extinct in the
2748:
worms. Nicholas Butterfield, who opposes the idea that
1621:, those gastropods that lay eggs with a hard shell use
785:
Good evidence exists for the appearance of gastropods,
8490:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
8441:
7486:
6794:
Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A.; Ivantsov, A.Y. (2007).
2923:
as those of fossil shelled cephalopods and the living
2138:
in the easternmost snail populations of this species.
1504:
Anatomical diagram of a hypothetical ancestral mollusc
1381:
Molluscs have more varied forms than any other animal
640:
is the largest known extant invertebrate species. The
11577:
8513:
Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens
7621:
7560:
Pojeta, J. (2000). "Cambrian Pelecypoda (Mollusca)".
7359:
7314:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6340:"Xenophyophores (Protozoa, Sarcodina) in the diet of
5319:
4308:) secreted by several bivalve molluscs, particularly
2082:
The simplest molluscan reproductive system relies on
1016:
part of the body wall is a mantle (or pallium) which
906:
is used in classical Latin as an adjective only with
597:
species. The phylum is typically divided into 7 or 8
543:
540:
537:
9421:
9164:
Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical
8849:
8802:
8006:
6611:"Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships"
5528:
5464:
Ponder, Winston F. & Lindberg, David R. (2004).
5249:
5174:
4703:
Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World
531:
9210:"The Carter Center Schistosomiasis Control Program"
8938:
8936:
7924:
7922:
5052:. National Council for Science and the Environment.
4829:Fedosov, Alexander E.; Puillandre, Nicolas (2012).
4657:
1830:
1617:. While most mollusc shells are composed mainly of
1277:
Snails, yes; slugs, mostly yes (internal vestigial)
525:
522:
8177:
7397:"Shell microstructures in Early Cambrian molluscs"
6976:Budd, Graham E.; Jensen, Sören (11 January 2017).
6859:
6857:
6855:
6509:
5043:
4986:Aristotle. "Book I part 1, Book IV part 1, etc.".
3513:. The other members of the Lophotrochozoa are the
9367:
7985:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
7907:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
7885:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
7247:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
7081:
6957:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
6863:
6742:Fedonkin, M.A.; Waggoner, B.M. (28 August 1997).
6128:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 290â291.
5493:(2 ed.). W.H. Freeman and Co. pp. 4â5.
5190:(2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates. p. 702.
5150:Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe
3036:. Even so, bivalves remain abundant and diverse.
1964:organized around a number of paired ganglia, the
1745:are reduced to fairly small spaces enclosing the
667:with a significant cavity used for breathing and
11899:
11104:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
9485:Online biomonitoring of bivalve activity, 24/7:
8933:
8417:"Importing fishery products or bivalve molluscs"
7919:
7480:
7243:
7186:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
7182:"The Cambrian 'basement' of gastropod evolution"
7179:
6803:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
6488:
6253:
5487:Raup, David M. & Stanley, Steven M. (1978).
5436:
4894:Ponder, W. F.; Lindberg, David R., eds. (2008).
3043:are a class of extinct animals with a shell and
2491:ancient lineage of molluscs with cap-like shells
1956:Simplified diagram of the mollusc nervous system
581:. They are highly diverse, not just in size and
8897:L.) gill following exposure to Cd and Cr(VI)".
8710:
8545:
8361:Garrow, J.S.; Ralph, A.; James, W.P.T. (2000).
8128:
7578:
6852:
6718:Epigenetic Mechanisms of the Cambrian Explosion
5299:Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. (2004).
4630:
3497:Molluscs are generally regarded members of the
1461:, surpassed in weight but not in length by the
1280:Octopuses, no; cuttlefish, nautilus, squid, yes
731:and microscopic, muscle-powered "hairs" called
9063:
8087:
7124:
6912:Sigwart, J. D.; Sutton, M. D. (October 2007).
6907:
6905:
6903:
6700:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
6524:
6294:
5404:Haszprunar, G. (2001). "Mollusca (Molluscs)".
5403:
4893:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4162:that can sometimes accumulate in the animals.
3545:; but this is difficult to reconcile with the
2727:There is an even sharper debate about whether
1643:In some forms the shell contains openings. In
577:phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named
30:"Mollusk" redirects here. For other uses, see
10803:
9517:
8046:
8044:
8007:Henry, J.; Okusu, A.; Martindale, M. (2004).
7459:The Fossil Book: A Record of Prehistoric Life
7173:
6911:
6469:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5696:
5694:
5468:(Press release). World Congress of Malacology
5143:
4699:
1960:The cephalic molluscs have two pairs of main
885:and mollusk are both derived from the French
711:tends to be small. The main body cavity is a
9368:Sturm, C.; Pearce, T.A.; Valdes, A. (2006).
9278:
8485:
8002:
8000:
7840:Sigwart, J.D.; Sutton, M.D. (October 2007).
7701:
7366:FrĂœda, J.; NĂŒtzel, A.; Wagner, P.J. (2008).
6735:
6254:Ducker, James; Falkenberg, Laura J. (2020).
5357:
4900:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3013:. "Modern-looking" bivalves appeared in the
2481:seabed 200â3,000 metres (660â9,840 ft)
2194:by altering the energy budget of organisms.
1071:Supposed universal Molluscan characteristic
918:in biological taxonomy by Jonston and later
9904:
9470:Hardy's Internet Guide to Marine Gastropods
9233:
8942:
8807:gill cells exposed to model contaminants".
8510:
8257:
7781:
7237:
6900:
6585:"Molluscabase â Cricoconarida †"
6337:
6288:
6215:
5905:. Cambridge University Press. p. 126.
5672:
5529:Kubodera, T.; Mori, K. (22 December 2005).
5333:Ponder, W.F.; Lindberg, D.R., eds. (2008).
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5125:
4686:
4573:proved disastrous, as the predator ignored
4054:comparisons concluded the molluscs are not
2637:Good evidence exists for the appearance of
1765:. The blood of these molluscs contains the
1569:(kidneys) known as "Organs of bojanus" and
1544:
1338:About 80% of all known mollusc species are
889:, which originated from the post-classical
10810:
10796:
9878:
9524:
9510:
9457:
9279:Barker, G.M. (2002). Barker, G. M. (ed.).
9100:
8704:
8635:
8206:
8041:
7651:"The early Cambrian helcionelloid mollusc
7559:
7540:"A Broad Brush History of the Cephalopoda"
7394:
7370:. In Ponder, W.F.; Lindberg, D.R. (eds.).
6975:
6665:
6376:
5925:
5795:
5700:
5691:
5637:"The global decline of nonmarine mollusks"
5360:"The Number of Living Species of Molluscs"
5144:Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S., eds. (2017).
5048:. In Jorgensen, A.; Cleveland, C. (eds.).
4234:, and overharvesting for this purpose has
4158:, mainly to minimize the poison risk from
2878:
2465:marine 6â7,000 metres (20â22,966 ft)
2240:
2065:
1886:. Most molluscs have muscular mouths with
747:, in species that have one, encircles the
10071:
9185:
9175:
8779:
8365:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 370.
8293:
8240:
8230:
8111:
8024:
7997:
7958:
7948:
7865:
7678:
7047:
6937:
6767:
6642:
6602:
6453:Publishers, Bentham Science (July 1999).
6385:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
6271:
6209:
6192:
6174:
6100:
6082:
6041:
6023:
5865:
5754:"Discussion of early Cambrian "molluscs""
5751:
5654:
5557:
5375:
5158:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549443.003.0010
5105:
5095:
4760:
4741:
4563:. In the 1990s, this species reached the
4549:. One such pest, the giant African snail
1803:Exceptions to the above are the molluscs
1676:A 50-second video of snails (most likely
1061:Whether characteristic is found in these
9938:
9862:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
9810:
9069:
8995:
8685:Hogendorn, J. & Johnson, M. (2003).
7118:
6492:Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution
5186:Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. (2003).
5122:
5017:
4651:
4498:
4457:
4407:
4240:
4164:
4046:However, an analysis in 2009 using both
2789:
2769:
2752:was a mollusc, has written that earlier
2618:
2591:
1951:
1834:
1666:
1498:
1419:significant part of the freshwater fauna
1333:
1325:
989:with a significant body cavity used for
803:
470:
10835:
9663:
9531:
9397:GuĂa de los Moluscos Marinos de Galicia
9004:. Boston: New England Aquarium: 14â23.
8657:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123127
8180:Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution
8137:Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution
7787:
7462:. Courier Dover Publications. pp.
7372:Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca
7273:
7169:from the original on 29 September 2023.
7125:Cruz, R.; Lins, U.; Farina, M. (1998).
5335:Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca
4897:Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca
4617:The formerly dominant British spelling
4314:, to attach themselves to the sea bed.
2508:fossils; probable ancestors of bivalves
14:
11900:
11063:
9856:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
9826:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
9126:
8591:1976. G. & C. Merriam Co., p. 307.
7374:. California Press. pp. 239â264.
7127:"Minerals of the radular apparatus of
6409:
6382:
5801:
4304:produced from the long silky threads (
4122:Molluscs, especially bivalves such as
2794:Spirally coiled shells appear in many
2050:
1898:off rocks, and is associated with the
1749:and gonads. The main body cavity is a
1268:Primitive forms, yes; modern forms, no
11616:
11615:
10791:
9797:
9505:
8113:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025577
6714:
6708:
6249:
6247:
5896:
5836:
4985:
3034:CretaceousâPaleogene extinction event
2863:
2527:fossils; snail-like molluscs such as
2045:
2030:
1716:
808:Fossilized ammonite displayed at the
585:structure, but also in behaviour and
11836:2238c7b7-0848-4046-90a6-49c686652bff
11761:064ca66d-38c4-4454-8d16-64c5e8fa0292
10127:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
7983:"Introduction to the Lophotrochozoa"
5903:An Introduction to the Invertebrates
5518:(3 ed.). UK: Blackwell Science.
4604:
4280:. The discovery of large numbers of
4073:
3574:
3537:is thought to have evolved from the
2853:
2696:forms, is still vigorously debated.
2055:
2040:
2035:
1913:, to which the food sticks. Beating
1425:. Molluscs are extremely diverse in
1149:Internal, cannot extend beyond body
9072:"An octopus bite and its treatment"
5441:. Australian Museum. Archived from
4744:"Mollusckque â Mollusk vs. Mollusc"
4403:
4341:Mollusc shells, including those of
2025:
2020:
24:
10161:
9967:
9724:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
9360:
9041:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06025.x
8687:The Shell Money of the Slave Trade
7846:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
7649:Gubanov, A.P.; Peel, J.S. (2003).
7636:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00534.x
6397:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00883.x
6244:
5897:Moore, Janet (21 September 2006).
5439:"Recognising research on molluscs"
4796:Taylor, P.D.; Lewis, D.N. (2005).
4494:
4491:makes it easy to synthesize them.
4264:products were made from molluscs.
3505:larvae and, in the case of living
3143:("limpet-like", "living fossils")
2784:is thought to be an early mollusc.
2269:Opinions vary about the number of
2006:Reproductive system of cephalopods
1689:) feeding on the sea floor in the
810:National Museum of the Philippines
25:
11929:
11918:Extant Cambrian first appearances
9442:
8711:Université Bordeaux; et al.
7537:
6721:. Elsevier Science. p. 152.
5761:Journal of the Geological Society
5005:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
4398:
4107:
2967:became extinct by the end of the
2699:Debate occurs about whether some
2258:
2134:. There is strong evidence for
2094:larvae, or miniature adults. Two
2002:Reproductive system of gastropods
1947:
1433:regions, but can be found at all
840:in some preindustrial societies.
759:. The simplest type of molluscan
11599:
11587:
10768:Phyla with â„1000 extant species
9475:Rotterdam Natural History Museum
9313:
9272:
9227:
9202:
9151:
9120:
9016:
8947:. Australian Venom Research Unit
8886:
8843:
8796:
8735:
8678:
8629:
8594:
8582:
8065:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00077.x
7950:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00255.x
6470:Lambert, W.J. (1 October 1991).
4933:. Oxford University press. 2023.
4368:
2908:, some fossils of which predate
2846:
2744:or more similar to that of some
2614:
2013:
1831:Eating, digestion, and excretion
1733:, whose circulatory systems are
1515:hypothetical generalized mollusc
518:
463:85,000 recognized living species
210:
181:
163:
143:
123:
50:
9177:10.1590/S0037-86822006000500015
8539:
8504:
8470:
8435:
8409:
8379:
8354:
8310:
8171:
8100:Molecular Biology and Evolution
7975:
7897:
7738:
7695:
7642:
7615:
7572:
7562:American Malacological Bulletin
7553:
7531:
7449:
7422:
7388:
7308:
6969:
6659:
6577:
6482:
6463:
6446:
6403:
6331:
6142:
6117:
6058:
5999:
5955:
5899:"§10.5 What are the Aculifera?"
5890:
5830:
5745:
5628:
5589:
5522:
5480:
5351:
5037:
5011:
4996:
4979:
4937:
4763:American Malacological Bulletin
3509:, a feeding structure called a
1995:
9955:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
9101:Concar, D. (19 October 1996).
8975:. UNSW Press. pp. 65â68.
8829:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.10.001
8689:. Cambridge University Press.
8264:Vinther, J.; Sperling, E. A.;
5837:Tompa, A. S. (December 1976).
5516:The Invertebrates: A synthesis
4922:
4887:
4822:
4789:
4754:
4735:
4611:
4506:created by the penetration of
4487:, and the small size of their
4318:, writing on the Persian wars
4300:is a fine, rare, and valuable
4268:, made from the ink glands of
4188:, whose shells are lined with
1905:Molluscs' mouths also contain
1816:
1651:a string of tissue called the
1519:hypothetical ancestral mollusc
832:. Their shells have also been
462:
27:Phylum of invertebrate animals
13:
1:
9798:
9322:Biodiversity and Conservation
8919:10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.01.009
8645:Annual Review of Anthropology
8488:Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists
8444:Journal of Shellfish Research
8363:Human Nutrition and Dietetics
7509:10.1126/science.274.5291.1360
7404:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
6459:. Bentham Science Publishers.
5406:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
5305:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole.
4644:
4373:Bivalve molluscs are used as
4226:The two methods of culturing
3299:(spicule-covered, worm-like)
2817:in Early Cambrian rocks from
2707:fossils really are molluscs.
2566:may also be in Mollusca (see
1565:and the exit openings of the
980:
508:, whose members are known as
10567:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
8772:10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100079
7267:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.046
6547:10.1126/science.186.4161.311
5298:
4858:10.1080/14772000.2012.753137
4838:Systematics and Biodiversity
4800:. Harvard University Press.
4629:, see the reasons given in:
3501:, a group defined by having
3054:
2677:) towards the middle of the
2575:
2404:rocky tidal zone and seabed
2247:Journal of Molluscan Studies
1321:
1042:There are two pairs of main
1039:open into the mantle cavity.
922:may have been influenced by
876:
847:is often fatal, and that of
679:), and the structure of the
604:, of which two are entirely
7:
10624:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
10364:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
10179:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
10090:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
9979:Loricifera (corset animals)
8943:Alafaci, A. (5 June 2018).
8638:"The Anthropology of Money"
8636:Maurer, B. (October 2006).
8192:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.028
8157:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.12.016
8053:Evolution & Development
8026:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.04.027
6682:(inactive 16 August 2024).
6344:(Mollusca, Monoplacophora)"
6260:Frontiers in Marine Science
5466:"Phylogeny of the Molluscs"
5044:Hogan, C. Michael. (2010).
4582:
4256:and wearing numerous pearls
3560:) as most other bilaterian
2997:The Early Cambrian fossils
2629:(fossil pictured) from the
1978:circumesophageal nerve ring
1937:simpler digestive systems.
1265:One or more valves/ shells
1212:No ceca in some Aplacophora
1175:Small, only at "front" end
719:circulates; as such, their
566:. The number of additional
10:
11934:
10514:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
10260:Annelida (segmented worms)
10085:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
10001:Onychophora (velvet worms)
9289:10.1079/9780851993201.0000
9248:10.1079/9780851993201.0000
9242:. CRC Press. p. 305.
9238:. In Barker, G. M. (ed.).
8752:Fish Shellfish Immunol Rep
8268:; Peterson, K. J. (2011).
6495:. Blackwell. p. 221.
6238:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.07.009
5598:Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni
5490:Principles of Paleontology
5358:Nicol, David (June 1969).
5007:. Oxford University press.
4953:
4945:
4132:anatomically modern humans
4111:
4077:
2978:. However, the shell-less
2950:, a strand of tissue that
2810:, which first appear over
2767:
2585:
2579:
2262:
2183:
2178:
1999:
1784:, which pumps it into the
1591:) that consists of mainly
1580:
1488:
1484:
1121:, a rasping "tongue" with
944:"soft"), which he applied
937:
928:
29:
11624:
11553:
11371:
11288:
11240:
11125:
11116:
11059:
10831:
10827:
10822:phyla/divisions by domain
10764:
10562:Asterozoans inc. starfish
10464:
10457:
10408:
10359:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
10349:
10340:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
10324:
10315:
10300:
10291:
10276:
10269:
10245:
10234:
10193:
10185:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
10168:
10157:
10146:
10098:
10080:
10067:
10056:
10009:
9996:
9987:
9974:
9963:
9931:
9914:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
9900:
9889:
9874:
9850:
9841:
9821:
9806:
9793:
9758:
9733:
9709:
9694:
9686:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
9674:
9659:
9543:
9236:"Snails and schistosomes"
8872:10.1007/s10646-015-1536-3
8525:10.1017/s0068245400020438
8332:10.1080/00438240120107477
7180:Parkhaev, P. Yu. (2007).
6715:Cabej, Nelson R. (2019).
6680:10.1017/s000632310000548x
6489:Clarkson, E.N.K. (1998).
6456:Current Organic Chemistry
6273:10.3389/fmars.2020.597441
6176:10.1186/s12862-017-0977-0
6084:10.1186/s12983-018-0259-8
5824:10.1080/00241160410002180
5752:Yochelson, E. L. (1975).
5622:10.1007/s00300-017-2104-5
5437:Hancock, Rebecca (2008).
4931:Oxford English Dictionary
4625:(1996). For the spelling
4345:, were used as a kind of
3962:
3947:
3932:
3917:
3910:
3895:
3888:
3873:
3866:
3848:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3753:
3738:
3723:
3708:
3701:
3686:
3679:
3652:
3628:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3589:
3432:
3405:
3379:
3362:
3355:
3344:
3310:
3293:
3286:
3217:
3184:
3177:
3161:
3154:
3137:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3078:
3071:
3024:. One bivalve group, the
2347:marine, freshwater, land
2297:Described living species
2141:The most basic molluscan
1851:
1059:
691:on top, which is made of
589:, as numerous groups are
573:Molluscs are the largest
461:
454:
343:
338:
207:Scientific classification
205:
117:
48:Cambrian Stage 2 â Recent
41:
10120:Rotifera (wheel animals)
9919:Priapulida (penis worms)
7767:10.1126/science.11537491
6668:Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc
6155:BMC Evolutionary Biology
5781:10.1144/gsjgs.131.6.0661
4742:Rosenberg, Gary (1996).
4536:
4380:Potamopyrgus antipodarum
2588:Evolution of cephalopods
1737:. Although molluscs are
1576:
1545:Mantle and mantle cavity
771:, from which may emerge
32:Mollusk (disambiguation)
11032:Thermodesulfobacteriota
10334:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
10306:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
10027:Tardigrada (waterbears)
10020:Arthropoda (arthropods)
9434:10.5962/bhl.title.46558
9070:Anderson, R.C. (1999).
7790:Journal of Paleontology
7680:10.1111/1475-4983.00334
7581:Journal of Paleontology
7395:Kouchinsky, A. (2000).
7317:Journal of Paleontology
7084:Journal of Paleontology
6357:: 95â98. Archived from
5858:10.1002/jmor.1051500406
5723:10.1126/science.1137284
5414:10.1038/npg.els.0001598
5097:10.1073/pnas.0602578103
5030:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4969:A GreekâEnglish Lexicon
4672:10.1126/science.ado0059
4118:List of edible molluscs
4052:molecular phylogenetics
3517:worms and seven marine
2976: million years ago
2913: million years ago
2815: million years ago
2738: million years ago
2718: million years ago
2686: million years ago
1884:intracellular digestion
1662:
626:neurologically advanced
10509:Anthozoans inc. corals
10208:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
9481:Mussel Watch Programme
9281:Molluscs As Crop Pests
8548:Biblical Archaeologist
8286:10.1098/rspb.2011.1773
8232:10.1186/1742-9994-6-12
7858:10.1098/rspb.2007.0701
7368:"Paleozoic Gastropoda"
6930:10.1098/rspb.2007.0701
6218:Comptes Rendus Palevol
5550:10.1098/rspb.2005.3158
4700:Chapman, A.D. (2009).
4517:
4471:
4417:
4391:) and the blue mussel
4334:(or cloaks) made from
4260:Other luxury and high-
4257:
4177:
2994:) are abundant today.
2799:
2785:
2634:
2611:
2265:List of mollusc orders
2116:internal fertilization
2112:external fertilization
2084:external fertilization
1957:
1879:
1698:
1506:
1364:fresh-water gastropods
1355:
1331:
816:luxury goods, notably
812:
789:, and bivalves in the
765:external fertilization
551:). Around 76,000
488:
11857:Paleobiology Database
11260:Neocallimastigomycota
10639:Hexapods inc. insects
9949:Nematoda (roundworms)
9283:. CABI Publications.
8945:"Blue ringed octopus"
8746:Crassostrea virginica
8486:Gulick, C.B. (1941).
8013:Developmental Biology
7445:on 11 September 2006.
5965:Journal of Morphology
5846:Journal of Morphology
5050:Encyclopedia of Earth
4960:Liddell, Henry George
4631:Brusca & Brusca.
4502:
4461:
4429:Blue-ringed octopuses
4411:
4385:Crassostrea virginica
4244:
4168:
4112:Further information:
3549:origins of spicules.
2793:
2773:
2622:
2595:
2582:Evolution of molluscs
2090:larvae, more complex
1955:
1838:
1675:
1502:
1489:Further information:
1337:
1329:
1154:Broad, muscular foot
935:(the soft ones; <
807:
751:. Most molluscs have
624:, are among the most
474:
11756:Fauna Europaea (new)
10925:Coprothermobacterota
9832:Chordata (chordates)
9454:Encyclopedia of Life
9234:Brown, D.S. (1994).
8805:Dreissena polymorpha
8219:Frontiers in Zoology
6589:www.molluscabase.org
6338:Tendal O.S. (1985).
6126:Invertebrate Zoology
6071:Frontiers in Zoology
5675:Invertebrate Zoology
5600:): a short review".
5302:Invertebrate Zoology
4875:on 10 September 2021
4798:Fossil Invertebrates
4775:10.4003/006.032.0204
4389:Dreissena polymorpha
4207:, which live in the
3020:488 to 443
2759:515 to 510
2281:into one class, the
2114:. Some molluscs use
1763:hydrostatic skeleton
1481:non-marine species.
1473:terrestrial molluscs
1421:and the terrestrial
671:, the presence of a
10282:Mollusca (molluscs)
9767:of the animal root
9477:Shell Image Gallery
9334:1996BiCon...5.1231C
8911:2007AqTox..82...27E
8864:2015Ecotx..24.2009M
8821:2012MRGTE.741....1M
8764:2023FSIR....400079R
8723:on 13 November 2016
8476:The fourth-century
8149:2004MolPE..32...25P
7880:For a summary, see
7802:2009JPal...83..147M
7759:1993Sci...260..971R
7716:2006GeolJ..41..303Z
7671:2003Palgy..46.1073G
7593:2001JPal...75.1119S
7501:1996Sci...274.1360M
7329:2002JPal...76..287L
7294:2008Geo....36..175M
7259:2007PPP...254...67S
7198:2007GSLSP.286..415P
7135:Biological Bulletin
7096:2008JPal...82..543B
7040:10.1038/nature04894
7032:2006Natur.442..159C
6952:For a summary, see
6840:on 22 November 2012
6815:2007GSLSP.286..157F
6760:1997Natur.388..868F
6635:10.1038/nature10382
6627:2011Natur.477..452K
6539:1974Sci...186..311R
6478:on 3 December 2021.
6424:1989MarBi.100..439W
6364:on 30 November 2012
6342:Neopilina galatheae
6309:1982MarBi..68..299S
6230:2004CRPal...3..469M
6167:2017BMCEE..17..138K
6025:10.3390/ani12172248
5816:2004Letha..37..445C
5773:1975JGSoc.131..661.
5715:2007Sci...316.1302P
5614:2017PoBio..40.1871R
5088:2006PNAS..103.7723G
5024:"Molluscoida"
4850:2012SyBio..10..447F
4414:blue-ringed octopus
4080:Molluscs in culture
2626:Kimberella quadrata
2603:Monachoides vicinus
2386:marine, freshwater
2241:GRAHAM, A. (1955).
2235:and others feed on
2173:ocean acidification
2162:stage in which the
2022:Apical tuft (cilia)
1909:that secrete slimy
1767:respiratory pigment
1723:circulatory systems
845:blue-ringed octopus
761:reproductive system
721:circulatory systems
11255:Blastocladiomycota
10495:Calcareous sponges
9680:Porifera (sponges)
9495:2016-11-13 at the
9342:10.1007/BF00051574
9139:on 7 November 2012
9029:Contact Dermatitis
8674:on 16 August 2007.
8423:on 30 October 2012
8397:on 23 January 2016
7704:Geological Journal
6982:Biological Reviews
6878:10.1002/bies.20507
6432:10.1007/BF00394819
6317:10.1007/BF00409596
5977:10.1002/jmor.10564
5364:Systematic Zoology
4989:History of Animals
4531:intermediate hosts
4518:
4472:
4418:
4258:
4178:
3541:(small spines) of
2800:
2786:
2635:
2612:
2600:by the land snail
2475:worm-like molluscs
2136:self-fertilization
2027:Prototroch (cilia)
1958:
1880:
1717:Circulatory system
1699:
1691:Gulf of California
1507:
1417:, but some form a
1356:
1350:), including this
1332:
1169:Modified into arms
813:
612:molluscs, such as
489:
171:Atlantic surf clam
11895:
11894:
11844:Open Tree of Life
11618:Taxon identifiers
11575:
11574:
11571:
11570:
11549:
11548:
11112:
11111:
11055:
11054:
11047:Verrucomicrobiota
10785:
10784:
10760:
10759:
10453:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10404:
10403:
10400:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10392:
10391:
10388:
10387:
10384:
10383:
10380:
10379:
10376:
10375:
10372:
10371:
10230:
10229:
10226:
10225:
10142:
10141:
10138:
10137:
10052:
10051:
10048:
10047:
10044:
10043:
10040:
10039:
10036:
10035:
9927:
9926:
9870:
9869:
9789:
9788:
9754:
9753:
9750:
9749:
9406:978-84-8158-787-6
9298:978-0-85199-320-1
9257:978-0-7484-0026-3
8982:978-0-86840-279-6
8497:978-0-674-99380-8
8372:978-0-443-05627-7
8320:World Archaeology
8280:(1732): 1259â68.
7810:10.1666/08-094R.1
7473:978-0-486-29371-4
7381:978-0-520-25092-5
7302:10.1130/G24218A.1
7215:978-1-86239-233-5
7026:(7099): 159â163.
6994:10.1111/brv.12239
6728:978-0-12-814312-4
6502:978-0-632-05238-7
5912:978-1-139-45847-4
5684:978-0-19-551368-4
5500:978-0-7167-0022-7
5423:978-0-470-01617-6
5344:978-0-520-25092-5
5312:978-0-03-025982-1
5197:978-0-87893-097-5
5167:978-0-19-954944-3
4907:978-0-520-25092-5
4807:978-0-674-01972-0
4713:978-0-642-56860-1
4666:(6708): 528â532.
4605:Explanatory notes
4448:Octopus rubescens
4387:, zebra mussels (
4205:Pinctada mertensi
4074:Human interaction
4058:; in particular,
4039:
4038:
4020:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4002:
4001:
3993:
3992:
3984:
3983:
3975:
3974:
3793:
3792:
3784:
3783:
3775:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3665:
3664:
3641:
3640:
3466:
3465:
3457:
3456:
3448:
3447:
3421:
3420:
3394:
3393:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3022:million years ago
2958:shells. However,
2804:
2803:
2761:million years ago
2555:
2554:
2243:"Molluscan diets"
2077:Trochophore larva
2042:Metatroch (cilia)
1988:Some such as the
1673:
1605:calcium carbonate
1318:
1317:
1157:Reduced or absent
1128:Absent in 20% of
701:calcium carbonate
469:
468:
334:
190:Tonicella lineata
16:(Redirected from
11925:
11913:Protostome phyla
11888:
11887:
11875:
11874:
11865:
11864:
11852:
11851:
11839:
11838:
11829:
11828:
11816:
11815:
11803:
11802:
11790:
11789:
11777:
11776:
11764:
11763:
11751:
11750:
11738:
11737:
11725:
11724:
11712:
11711:
11699:
11698:
11686:
11685:
11673:
11672:
11660:
11659:
11658:
11645:
11644:
11643:
11613:
11612:
11604:
11603:
11592:
11591:
11583:
11323:Anthocerotophyta
11202:Hemimastigophora
11123:
11122:
11094:Nitrososphaerota
11061:
11060:
11037:Thermomicrobiota
10977:Kiritimatiellota
10972:Ignavibacteriota
10937:Deferribacterota
10900:Campylobacterota
10885:Bdellovibrionota
10833:
10832:
10829:
10828:
10812:
10805:
10798:
10789:
10788:
10466:
10465:
10422:
10322:
10321:
10298:
10297:
10274:
10273:
10243:
10242:
10239:
10166:
10165:
10159:
10158:
10155:
10154:
10151:
10078:
10077:
10069:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10061:
9994:
9993:
9972:
9971:
9965:
9964:
9936:
9935:
9902:
9901:
9898:
9897:
9894:
9887:
9886:
9883:
9876:
9875:
9848:
9847:
9819:
9818:
9815:
9808:
9807:
9795:
9794:
9772:
9707:
9706:
9672:
9671:
9668:
9661:
9660:
9572:
9552:
9526:
9519:
9512:
9503:
9502:
9461:
9437:
9418:
9391:
9354:
9353:
9317:
9311:
9310:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9231:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9220:
9206:
9200:
9199:
9189:
9179:
9155:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9144:
9135:. Archived from
9124:
9118:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9098:
9087:
9086:
9076:
9067:
9061:
9060:
9025:Octopus apollyon
9020:
9014:
9013:
8998:Drum and Croaker
8993:
8987:
8986:
8966:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8952:
8940:
8931:
8930:
8890:
8884:
8883:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8800:
8794:
8793:
8783:
8739:
8733:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8719:. Archived from
8708:
8702:
8700:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8667:. Archived from
8642:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8598:
8592:
8586:
8580:
8579:
8543:
8537:
8536:
8508:
8502:
8501:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8439:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8428:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8393:. Archived from
8383:
8377:
8376:
8358:
8352:
8351:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8297:
8266:Briggs, D. E. G.
8261:
8255:
8254:
8244:
8234:
8210:
8204:
8203:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8132:
8126:
8125:
8115:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8048:
8039:
8038:
8028:
8004:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7990:
7979:
7973:
7972:
7962:
7952:
7926:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7879:
7869:
7852:(1624): 2413â9.
7837:
7822:
7821:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7742:
7736:
7735:
7710:(3â4): 303â328.
7699:
7693:
7692:
7682:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7576:
7570:
7569:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7535:
7529:
7528:
7495:(5291): 1360â3.
7484:
7478:
7477:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7437:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7401:
7392:
7386:
7385:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7206:10.1144/SP286.31
7177:
7171:
7170:
7122:
7116:
7115:
7104:10.1666/07-066.1
7079:
7070:
7069:
7051:
7015:
7006:
7005:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6951:
6941:
6924:(1624): 2413â9.
6909:
6898:
6897:
6861:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6839:
6833:. Archived from
6823:10.1144/SP286.12
6800:
6791:
6782:
6781:
6771:
6739:
6733:
6732:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6699:
6691:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6646:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6522:
6507:
6506:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6474:. Archived from
6467:
6461:
6460:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6363:
6348:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6275:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6196:
6178:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6104:
6086:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6045:
6027:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5959:
5953:
5951:
5934:
5923:
5922:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5869:
5843:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5758:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5698:
5689:
5688:
5670:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5576:
5570:. Archived from
5561:
5544:(1581): 2583â6.
5535:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5401:
5390:
5389:
5379:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5330:
5317:
5316:
5296:
5247:
5210:
5209:
5183:
5172:
5171:
5141:
5120:
5119:
5109:
5099:
5067:
5054:
5053:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5026:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4983:
4977:
4956:
4955:
4948:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4874:
4868:. Archived from
4835:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4750:on 3 March 2012.
4746:. Archived from
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4697:
4684:
4683:
4655:
4638:
4636:
4615:
4570:Euglandina rosea
4441:, causes severe
4438:Octopus apollyon
4404:Stings and bites
3913:
3912:
3898:Monoplacophorans
3891:
3890:
3876:Polyplacophorans
3869:
3868:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3813:
3704:
3703:
3689:Monoplacophorans
3682:
3681:
3655:Polyplacophorans
3609:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3583:
3575:
3490:and any of the "
3358:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3313:Polyplacophorans
3289:
3288:
3180:
3179:
3157:
3156:
3140:Monoplacophorans
3118:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3095:
3074:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3023:
3009:are regarded as
2977:
2935:
2914:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2816:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2739:
2719:
2687:
2608:sexual selection
2294:Major organisms
2288:
2287:
2254:
2098:sit next to the
2069:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
1944:from its mucus.
1878:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1794:excretory system
1679:Natica chemnitzi
1674:
1527:monoplacophorans
1366:and 35,000
1206:Large digestive
1054:
1053:
940:
939:
931:
930:
850:Octopus apollyon
699:reinforced with
632:âand either the
579:marine organisms
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
326:
215:
214:
185:
167:
147:
127:
112:
49:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
11933:
11932:
11928:
11927:
11926:
11924:
11923:
11922:
11898:
11897:
11896:
11891:
11883:
11878:
11870:
11868:
11860:
11855:
11847:
11842:
11834:
11832:
11824:
11819:
11811:
11806:
11798:
11793:
11785:
11780:
11772:
11767:
11759:
11754:
11746:
11741:
11733:
11728:
11720:
11715:
11707:
11702:
11694:
11689:
11681:
11676:
11668:
11663:
11654:
11653:
11648:
11639:
11638:
11633:
11620:
11610:
11598:
11586:
11578:
11576:
11567:
11545:
11496:Gnathostomulida
11401:Xenacoelomorpha
11367:
11363:Flowering plant
11318:Marchantiophyta
11284:
11250:Chytridiomycota
11236:
11108:
11051:
11007:Planctomycetota
10967:Gemmatimonadota
10952:Elusimicrobiota
10845:Acidobacteriota
10823:
10816:
10786:
10781:
10756:
10682:Phylactolaemata
10470:
10460:
10459:
10445:
10436:Xenambulacraria
10412:
10368:
10345:
10311:
10293:Kryptotrochozoa
10287:
10265:
10235:
10222:
10213:Monoblastozoa (
10189:
10147:
10134:
10106:Micrognathozoa
10094:
10057:
10032:
10005:
9983:
9959:
9923:
9890:
9879:
9866:
9837:
9811:
9802:
9785:
9762:
9746:
9729:
9698:
9690:
9664:
9655:
9654:
9570:
9548:
9539:
9530:
9497:Wayback Machine
9445:
9440:
9407:
9380:
9363:
9361:Further reading
9358:
9357:
9328:(10): 1231â52.
9318:
9314:
9299:
9277:
9273:
9258:
9232:
9228:
9218:
9216:
9208:
9207:
9203:
9156:
9152:
9142:
9140:
9125:
9121:
9111:
9109:
9099:
9090:
9074:
9068:
9064:
9021:
9017:
8994:
8990:
8983:
8967:
8960:
8950:
8948:
8941:
8934:
8891:
8887:
8848:
8844:
8801:
8797:
8740:
8736:
8726:
8724:
8709:
8705:
8697:
8683:
8679:
8671:
8640:
8634:
8630:
8599:
8595:
8587:
8583:
8560:10.2307/3210395
8544:
8540:
8509:
8505:
8498:
8475:
8471:
8440:
8436:
8426:
8424:
8415:
8414:
8410:
8400:
8398:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8373:
8359:
8355:
8315:
8311:
8262:
8258:
8211:
8207:
8176:
8172:
8133:
8129:
8106:(10): 1306â17.
8092:
8088:
8049:
8042:
8005:
7998:
7988:
7986:
7981:
7980:
7976:
7927:
7920:
7910:
7908:
7903:
7902:
7898:
7888:
7886:
7881:
7838:
7825:
7786:
7782:
7753:(5110): 971â3.
7743:
7739:
7724:10.1002/gj.1048
7700:
7696:
7647:
7643:
7620:
7616:
7577:
7573:
7558:
7554:
7544:
7542:
7536:
7532:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7454:
7450:
7442:
7435:
7427:
7423:
7413:
7411:
7399:
7393:
7389:
7382:
7364:
7360:
7313:
7309:
7278:
7274:
7242:
7238:
7228:
7226:
7216:
7178:
7174:
7147:10.2307/1543051
7123:
7119:
7080:
7073:
7016:
7009:
6974:
6970:
6960:
6958:
6953:
6910:
6901:
6862:
6853:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6798:
6792:
6785:
6740:
6736:
6729:
6713:
6709:
6693:
6692:
6664:
6660:
6621:(7365): 452â6.
6607:
6603:
6593:
6591:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6533:(4161): 311â7.
6523:
6510:
6503:
6487:
6483:
6468:
6464:
6451:
6447:
6408:
6404:
6381:
6377:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6351:Galathea Report
6346:
6336:
6332:
6293:
6289:
6252:
6245:
6214:
6210:
6147:
6143:
6136:
6122:
6118:
6063:
6059:
6004:
6000:
5960:
5956:
5949:
5935:
5926:
5913:
5895:
5891:
5841:
5835:
5831:
5800:
5796:
5756:
5750:
5746:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5671:
5664:
5633:
5629:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5533:
5527:
5523:
5512:
5508:
5501:
5485:
5481:
5471:
5469:
5462:
5458:
5448:
5446:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5402:
5393:
5377:10.2307/2412618
5356:
5352:
5345:
5331:
5320:
5313:
5297:
5250:
5213:
5198:
5184:
5175:
5168:
5142:
5123:
5068:
5057:
5042:
5038:
5016:
5012:
5001:
4997:
4984:
4980:
4974:Perseus Project
4942:
4938:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4908:
4892:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4833:
4827:
4823:
4808:
4794:
4790:
4759:
4755:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4724:
4714:
4698:
4687:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4635:(2nd ed.).
4616:
4612:
4607:
4585:
4576:Achatina fulica
4552:Achatina fulica
4539:
4521:Schistosomiasis
4497:
4495:Disease vectors
4474:All species of
4406:
4401:
4371:
4276:, according to
4173:farm in Seram,
4120:
4110:
4090:mother of pearl
4082:
4076:
4040:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4012:
4003:
3994:
3985:
3976:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3785:
3776:
3767:
3666:
3642:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3422:
3395:
3334:
3325:
3298:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3222:
3189:
3142:
3057:
3028:, became major
3018:
2972:
2933:
2917:silicon dioxide
2909:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2811:
2757:
2734:
2714:
2682:
2617:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2560:Pleistomollusca
2340:sea butterflies
2267:
2261:
2186:
2181:
2130:species of the
2080:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1950:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1866: = Muscles
1863:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1833:
1819:
1721:Most molluscs'
1719:
1687:stercusmuscaram
1667:
1665:
1585:
1579:
1547:
1505:
1497:
1487:
1385:. They include
1324:
1319:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
983:
879:
867:Schistosomiasis
822:mother of pearl
778:, more complex
521:
517:
325:
209:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
186:
178:
177:
168:
159:
158:
157:
148:
140:
139:
128:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11931:
11921:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11893:
11892:
11890:
11889:
11876:
11866:
11853:
11840:
11830:
11817:
11804:
11791:
11778:
11765:
11752:
11743:Fauna Europaea
11739:
11726:
11713:
11700:
11687:
11674:
11661:
11646:
11630:
11628:
11622:
11621:
11609:
11608:
11596:
11573:
11572:
11569:
11568:
11561:
11559:
11556:Incertae sedis
11551:
11550:
11547:
11546:
11544:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11501:Micrognathozoa
11498:
11493:
11491:Acanthocephala
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11377:
11375:
11369:
11368:
11366:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11333:Lycopodiophyta
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11294:
11292:
11286:
11285:
11283:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11246:
11244:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11147:Ancyromonadida
11144:
11139:
11133:
11131:
11120:
11114:
11113:
11110:
11109:
11107:
11106:
11101:
11099:Thermoproteota
11096:
11091:
11084:
11077:
11069:
11067:
11057:
11056:
11053:
11052:
11050:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11012:Pseudomonadota
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10987:Mycoplasmatota
10984:
10982:Lentisphaerota
10979:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10962:Fusobacteriota
10959:
10957:Fibrobacterota
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10860:Armatimonadota
10857:
10852:
10850:Actinomycetota
10847:
10841:
10839:
10825:
10824:
10815:
10814:
10807:
10800:
10792:
10783:
10782:
10780:
10779:
10772:
10765:
10762:
10761:
10758:
10757:
10755:
10754:
10753:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10720:
10719:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10696:
10695:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10672:
10671:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10647:Platyhelminths
10643:
10642:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10614:
10613:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10590:
10589:
10588:
10583:
10571:
10570:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10547:
10546:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10523:
10522:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10499:
10498:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10474:
10472:
10462:
10461:
10458:
10455:
10454:
10451:
10450:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10443:
10441:Centroneuralia
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10409:
10406:
10405:
10402:
10401:
10398:
10397:
10394:
10393:
10390:
10389:
10386:
10385:
10382:
10381:
10378:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10370:
10369:
10367:
10366:
10361:
10355:
10353:
10347:
10346:
10344:
10343:
10336:
10330:
10328:
10319:
10313:
10312:
10310:
10309:
10301:
10295:
10289:
10288:
10286:
10285:
10277:
10271:
10267:
10266:
10264:
10263:
10256:
10246:
10240:
10237:Lophotrochozoa
10232:
10231:
10228:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10220:
10210:
10205:
10199:
10197:
10191:
10190:
10188:
10187:
10182:
10174:
10172:
10163:
10152:
10149:Platytrochozoa
10144:
10143:
10140:
10139:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10132:
10131:
10130:
10123:
10111:
10108:(Limnognathia)
10102:
10100:
10096:
10095:
10093:
10092:
10087:
10081:
10075:
10062:
10054:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10046:
10045:
10042:
10041:
10038:
10037:
10034:
10033:
10031:
10030:
10023:
10015:
10013:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10003:
9997:
9991:
9985:
9984:
9982:
9981:
9975:
9969:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9957:
9952:
9944:
9942:
9933:
9929:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9921:
9916:
9910:
9908:
9895:
9884:
9872:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9859:
9851:
9845:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9835:
9828:
9822:
9816:
9804:
9803:
9791:
9790:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9759:
9756:
9755:
9752:
9751:
9748:
9747:
9745:
9744:
9740:
9738:
9737:(Triploblasts)
9731:
9730:
9728:
9727:
9720:
9718:and relatives)
9710:
9704:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9688:
9683:
9675:
9669:
9657:
9656:
9653:
9652:
9651:
9650:
9649:
9648:
9645:Mesomycetozoea
9642:
9637:
9627:
9617:
9616:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9594:
9593:
9581:Diaphoretickes
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9545:
9544:
9541:
9540:
9529:
9528:
9521:
9514:
9506:
9500:
9499:
9483:
9478:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9444:
9443:External links
9441:
9439:
9438:
9419:
9405:
9392:
9378:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9356:
9355:
9312:
9297:
9271:
9256:
9226:
9201:
9170:(5): 498â500.
9150:
9119:
9088:
9062:
9015:
8988:
8981:
8958:
8932:
8895:Mytilus edulis
8885:
8858:(9): 2009â16.
8842:
8795:
8734:
8703:
8696:978-0521541107
8695:
8677:
8628:
8593:
8581:
8538:
8503:
8496:
8469:
8434:
8408:
8378:
8371:
8353:
8326:(3): 452â474.
8309:
8256:
8205:
8186:(1): 187â193.
8170:
8127:
8086:
8040:
8019:(1): 145â160.
7996:
7974:
7943:(3): 211â230.
7918:
7905:"The Mollusca"
7896:
7883:"The Mollusca"
7823:
7796:(1): 147â152.
7780:
7737:
7694:
7665:(5): 1073â87.
7641:
7614:
7587:(6): 1119â27.
7571:
7552:
7530:
7479:
7472:
7448:
7421:
7387:
7380:
7358:
7323:(2): 287â305.
7307:
7272:
7236:
7214:
7192:(1): 415â421.
7172:
7141:(2): 224â230.
7117:
7090:(3): 543â554.
7071:
7007:
6988:(1): 446â473.
6968:
6955:"The Mollusca"
6899:
6872:(12): 1161â6.
6851:
6809:(1): 157â179.
6783:
6734:
6727:
6707:
6658:
6601:
6576:
6508:
6501:
6481:
6462:
6445:
6418:(4): 439â441.
6412:Marine Biology
6402:
6391:(2): 135â155.
6375:
6330:
6303:(3): 299â319.
6297:Marine Biology
6287:
6243:
6208:
6141:
6134:
6116:
6057:
5998:
5954:
5947:
5924:
5911:
5889:
5852:(4): 861â887.
5829:
5810:(4): 445â456.
5794:
5744:
5709:(5829): 1302.
5690:
5683:
5662:
5649:(4): 321â330.
5627:
5608:(9): 1871â83.
5588:
5577:on 3 June 2016
5521:
5506:
5499:
5479:
5456:
5445:on 30 May 2009
5429:
5422:
5391:
5350:
5343:
5318:
5311:
5248:
5211:
5196:
5173:
5166:
5146:"10. Molluscs"
5121:
5082:(20): 7723â8.
5055:
5036:
5021:, ed. (1911).
5019:Chisholm, Hugh
5010:
4995:
4978:
4936:
4921:
4906:
4886:
4844:(4): 447â477.
4821:
4806:
4788:
4769:(2): 308â322.
4753:
4734:
4712:
4685:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4623:Gary Rosenberg
4609:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4584:
4581:
4538:
4535:
4496:
4493:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:Harm to humans
4397:
4393:Mytilus edulis
4370:
4367:
4215:waters of the
4109:
4108:Uses by humans
4106:
4078:Main article:
4075:
4072:
4037:
4036:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3499:Lophotrochozoa
3470:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:(tusk shells)
3160:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3068:Lophotrochozoa
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3053:
2960:Plectronoceras
2943:Plectronoceras
2886:
2885:
2877:
2852:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2802:
2801:
2787:
2781:Yochelcionella
2690:Lophotrochozoa
2654:Plectronoceras
2623:The enigmatic
2616:
2613:
2580:Main article:
2577:
2574:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2525:
2522:Helcionelloida
2518:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:Monoplacophora
2483:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2392:Polyplacophora
2388:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2260:
2259:Classification
2257:
2229:Vetigastropoda
2191:Filter feeders
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2126:is an endemic
2120:hermaphrodites
2073:
2072:
2064:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1997:
1994:
1949:
1948:Nervous system
1946:
1832:
1829:
1818:
1815:
1759:coelomic fluid
1753:through which
1718:
1715:
1695:Puerto Peñasco
1664:
1661:
1603:hardened with
1581:Main article:
1578:
1575:
1546:
1543:
1503:
1486:
1483:
1463:colossal squid
1354:(a sea snail).
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1260:Small, simple
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1235:Large complex
1232:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:Neomeniomorpha
1126:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1087:Monoplacophora
1084:
1081:Polyplacophora
1078:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1029:
1006:synapomorphies
982:
979:
878:
875:
795:Lophotrochozoa
739:, or three in
715:through which
681:nervous system
638:colossal squid
477:Cornu aspersum
467:
466:
459:
458:
452:
451:
450:
449:
448:
447:
442:
437:
434:Helcionelloida
431:
425:
420:
415:
413:Monoplacophora
405:
404:
403:
398:
393:
391:Polyplacophora
383:
374:
365:
355:
341:
340:
336:
335:
320:
316:
315:
313:Lophotrochozoa
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
280:
273:
272:
267:
260:
259:
254:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
203:
202:
187:
180:
179:
169:
162:
161:
160:
151:Common octopus
149:
142:
141:
129:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11930:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11905:
11903:
11886:
11881:
11877:
11873:
11867:
11863:
11858:
11854:
11850:
11845:
11841:
11837:
11831:
11827:
11822:
11818:
11814:
11809:
11805:
11801:
11796:
11792:
11788:
11783:
11779:
11775:
11770:
11766:
11762:
11757:
11753:
11749:
11744:
11740:
11736:
11731:
11727:
11723:
11718:
11714:
11710:
11705:
11701:
11697:
11692:
11688:
11684:
11679:
11675:
11671:
11666:
11662:
11657:
11651:
11647:
11642:
11636:
11632:
11631:
11629:
11627:
11623:
11619:
11614:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11584:
11581:
11566:
11565:
11560:
11558:
11557:
11552:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11378:
11376:
11374:
11370:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11295:
11293:
11291:
11287:
11281:
11280:Basidiomycota
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11265:Glomeromycota
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11247:
11245:
11243:
11239:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11227:Stramenopiles
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11152:Apusomonadida
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11115:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11089:
11088:Nanoarchaeota
11085:
11082:
11078:
11075:
11074:Euryarchaeota
11071:
11070:
11068:
11066:
11062:
11058:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11022:Spirochaetota
11020:
11018:
11017:Rhodothermota
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10947:Dictyoglomota
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10932:
10931:Cyanobacteria
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10920:Chrysiogenota
10918:
10916:
10915:Chloroflexota
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10895:Calditrichota
10893:
10891:
10890:Caldisericota
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10865:Atribacterota
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10842:
10840:
10838:
10834:
10830:
10826:
10821:
10813:
10808:
10806:
10801:
10799:
10794:
10793:
10790:
10777:
10776:dubious phyla
10773:
10771:
10767:
10766:
10763:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10727:
10726:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10703:
10702:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10678:
10677:
10673:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10650:
10649:
10648:
10644:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10621:
10620:
10619:
10615:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10597:
10596:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10578:
10577:
10576:
10575:Hemichordates
10572:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10553:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10530:
10529:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10505:
10504:
10500:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10490:Glass sponges
10488:
10486:
10483:
10482:
10481:
10480:
10476:
10475:
10473:
10467:
10463:
10456:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10431:Deuterostomia
10429:
10427:
10424:
10420:
10417:of Bilateria
10416:
10411:
10410:
10407:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10356:
10354:
10352:
10348:
10342:
10341:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10331:
10329:
10327:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10314:
10308:
10307:
10303:
10302:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10290:
10284:
10283:
10279:
10278:
10275:
10272:
10268:
10262:
10261:
10257:
10255:
10253:
10250:Cycliophora (
10248:
10247:
10244:
10241:
10238:
10233:
10218:
10216:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10200:
10198:
10196:
10192:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10180:
10176:
10175:
10173:
10171:
10167:
10164:
10160:
10156:
10153:
10150:
10145:
10129:
10128:
10124:
10122:
10121:
10117:
10116:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10109:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10097:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10082:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10070:
10066:
10063:
10060:
10055:
10029:
10028:
10024:
10022:
10021:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10012:
10008:
10002:
9999:
9998:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9989:Panarthropoda
9986:
9980:
9977:
9976:
9973:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9950:
9946:
9945:
9943:
9941:
9937:
9934:
9930:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9907:
9903:
9899:
9896:
9893:
9888:
9885:
9882:
9877:
9873:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9857:
9853:
9852:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9840:
9834:
9833:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9823:
9820:
9817:
9814:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9796:
9792:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9770:
9766:
9761:
9760:
9757:
9742:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9732:
9726:
9725:
9721:
9719:
9717:
9712:
9711:
9708:
9705:
9702:
9697:
9693:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9681:
9677:
9676:
9673:
9670:
9667:
9662:
9658:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9622:
9621:
9618:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9608:Stramenopiles
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9592:
9589:
9588:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9571:(major groups
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9551:
9547:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9535:
9527:
9522:
9520:
9515:
9513:
9508:
9507:
9504:
9498:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9460:
9456:
9455:
9450:
9447:
9446:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9426:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9402:
9398:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9379:1-58112-930-0
9375:
9372:. Universal.
9371:
9366:
9365:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9323:
9316:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9275:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9230:
9215:
9214:Carter Center
9211:
9205:
9197:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9161:
9154:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9123:
9108:
9107:New Scientist
9104:
9097:
9095:
9093:
9084:
9080:
9073:
9066:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9035:(3): 169â70.
9034:
9030:
9026:
9019:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8992:
8984:
8978:
8974:
8973:
8965:
8963:
8946:
8939:
8937:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8899:Aquat Toxicol
8896:
8889:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8852:Ecotoxicology
8846:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8799:
8791:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8747:
8738:
8722:
8718:
8716:
8707:
8698:
8692:
8688:
8681:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8639:
8632:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8597:
8590:
8585:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8542:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8507:
8499:
8493:
8489:
8483:
8479:
8473:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8438:
8422:
8418:
8412:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8382:
8374:
8368:
8364:
8357:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8313:
8305:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8260:
8252:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8209:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8174:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8131:
8123:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8090:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8047:
8045:
8036:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8003:
8001:
7984:
7978:
7970:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7937:
7932:
7925:
7923:
7906:
7900:
7884:
7877:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7784:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7741:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7698:
7690:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7659:Palaeontology
7656:
7654:
7645:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7575:
7567:
7563:
7556:
7541:
7534:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7483:
7475:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7460:
7452:
7441:
7434:
7433:
7425:
7409:
7405:
7398:
7391:
7383:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7362:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7311:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7276:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7240:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7176:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7130:
7121:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7078:
7076:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7014:
7012:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6972:
6956:
6949:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6788:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6769:10.1038/42242
6765:
6761:
6757:
6754:(6645): 868.
6753:
6749:
6745:
6738:
6730:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6711:
6703:
6697:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6674:(2): 253â95.
6673:
6669:
6662:
6654:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6605:
6590:
6586:
6580:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6521:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6504:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6485:
6477:
6473:
6466:
6458:
6457:
6449:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6406:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6345:
6343:
6334:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6291:
6283:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6250:
6248:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6145:
6137:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6112:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5958:
5950:
5948:0-12-728702-7
5944:
5940:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5921:
5919:
5918:Polylacophora
5914:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5893:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5867:2027.42/50263
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5798:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5695:
5686:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5667:
5657:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5602:Polar Biology
5599:
5592:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5517:
5510:
5502:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5483:
5467:
5460:
5444:
5440:
5433:
5425:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5387:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5314:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5189:
5188:Invertebrates
5182:
5180:
5178:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5032:
5031:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5006:
4999:
4991:
4990:
4982:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4964:Scott, Robert
4961:
4957:
4949:
4940:
4932:
4925:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4890:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4799:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4650:
4634:
4633:Invertebrates
4628:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4561:Pacific Ocean
4558:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4504:Skin vesicles
4501:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4433:Hapalochlaena
4431:in the genus
4430:
4425:
4423:
4415:
4410:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4375:bioindicators
4369:Bioindicators
4366:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4355:social status
4352:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4311:Pinna nobilis
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4288:suggests the
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4266:Tyrian purple
4263:
4255:
4254:Tyrian purple
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4217:Pacific Ocean
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4201:margaritifera
4200:
4195:
4194:pearl oysters
4191:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4094:Tyrian purple
4091:
4087:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4048:morphological
4044:
4035:
4028:
4016:
4015:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3997:
3989:
3988:
3980:
3979:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:Solenogastres
3831:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3801:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:Solenogastres
3611:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3585:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3548:
3547:embryological
3544:
3543:aplacophorans
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3474:
3462:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:Odontogriphus
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:Orthrozanclus
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:Aplacophorans
3291:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2859: = Septa
2849:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2808:Helcionellids
2806:However, the
2797:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2733:, from about
2732:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2713:, from about
2712:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2615:Fossil record
2609:
2606:is a form of
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:Cricoconarida
2542:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:Rostroconchia
2501:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:Distribution
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:Solenogasters
2276:
2272:
2266:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2213:Stannophyllum
2210:
2209:xenophyophore
2206:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2168:metamorphoses
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2068:
2016:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:Molluscs use
1876:
1859:
1842:
1837:
1828:
1825:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:, except for
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1583:Mollusc shell
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:archi-mollusc
1501:
1496:
1492:
1491:Mollusc shell
1482:
1479:
1478:IUCN Red List
1474:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1459:invertebrates
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:metanephridia
1234:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:mantle cavity
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
948:
943:
934:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:
895:
892:
888:
884:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:Tyrian purple
823:
819:
811:
806:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:invertebrates
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
562:phylum after
561:
557:
554:
548:
515:
511:
507:
504:
501:
497:
493:
487:
484:) â a common
483:
482:Helix aspersa
479:
478:
473:
464:
460:
457:
453:
446:
443:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
428:Rostroconchia
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
402:
399:
397:
396:Solenogastres
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
382:
378:
375:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
354:
350:
349:
345:
344:
342:
337:
333:
329:
324:
321:
318:
317:
314:
311:
309:Superphylum:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
213:
208:
204:
196:
192:
191:
184:
176:
172:
166:
156:
152:
146:
138:
134:
133:
132:Helix pomatia
126:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
37:
33:
19:
11625:
11562:
11554:
11535:
11476:Orthonectida
11471:Gastrotricha
11446:Nematomorpha
11421:Chaetognatha
11411:Hemichordate
11338:Pteridophyta
11207:Malawimonada
11081:Korarchaeota
11042:Thermotogota
11027:Synergistota
11002:Nitrospirota
10997:Nitrospinota
10942:Deinococcota
10875:Bacteroidota
10774:Potentially
10769:
10723:
10722:
10698:
10692:Gymnolaemata
10687:Stenolaemata
10676:Ectoproctans
10674:
10645:
10616:
10592:
10586:Pterobranchs
10573:
10549:
10525:
10501:
10477:
10471:within phyla
10469:Major groups
10339:
10326:Bryozoa s.l.
10317:Lophophorata
10305:
10281:
10280:
10259:
10251:
10214:
10203:Orthonectida
10178:
10125:
10118:
10107:
10026:
10019:
9948:
9906:Scalidophora
9855:
9843:Ambulacraria
9830:
9743:(see belowâ)
9723:
9715:
9679:
9630:Opisthokonta
9488:
9452:
9424:
9396:
9369:
9325:
9321:
9315:
9280:
9274:
9239:
9229:
9217:. Retrieved
9204:
9167:
9163:
9153:
9141:. Retrieved
9137:the original
9122:
9110:. Retrieved
9106:
9082:
9079:The Festivus
9078:
9065:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9018:
9001:
8997:
8991:
8971:
8949:. Retrieved
8905:(1): 27â35.
8902:
8898:
8894:
8888:
8855:
8851:
8845:
8815:(1â2): 1â6.
8812:
8808:
8804:
8798:
8755:
8751:
8745:
8737:
8725:. Retrieved
8721:the original
8714:
8706:
8686:
8680:
8669:the original
8648:
8644:
8631:
8606:
8602:
8596:
8588:
8584:
8554:(1): 46â54.
8551:
8547:
8541:
8516:
8512:
8506:
8487:
8472:
8450:(1): 233â8.
8447:
8443:
8437:
8425:. Retrieved
8421:the original
8411:
8399:. Retrieved
8395:the original
8381:
8362:
8356:
8323:
8319:
8312:
8277:
8273:
8259:
8222:
8218:
8208:
8183:
8179:
8173:
8143:(1): 25â38.
8140:
8136:
8130:
8103:
8099:
8089:
8059:(6): 340â7.
8056:
8052:
8016:
8012:
7987:. Retrieved
7977:
7940:
7934:
7909:. Retrieved
7899:
7887:. Retrieved
7849:
7845:
7793:
7789:
7783:
7750:
7746:
7740:
7707:
7703:
7697:
7662:
7658:
7652:
7644:
7627:
7623:
7617:
7584:
7580:
7574:
7565:
7561:
7555:
7543:. Retrieved
7533:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7458:
7451:
7440:the original
7431:
7424:
7412:. Retrieved
7410:(2): 119â150
7407:
7403:
7390:
7371:
7361:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7285:
7281:
7275:
7250:
7246:
7239:
7227:. Retrieved
7189:
7185:
7175:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7120:
7087:
7083:
7023:
7019:
6985:
6981:
6971:
6959:. Retrieved
6921:
6917:
6869:
6865:
6842:. Retrieved
6835:the original
6806:
6802:
6751:
6747:
6737:
6717:
6710:
6696:cite journal
6671:
6667:
6661:
6618:
6614:
6604:
6592:. Retrieved
6588:
6579:
6530:
6526:
6491:
6484:
6476:the original
6465:
6455:
6448:
6415:
6411:
6405:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6368:14 September
6366:. Retrieved
6359:the original
6354:
6350:
6341:
6333:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6263:
6259:
6224:(6â7): 469.
6221:
6217:
6211:
6158:
6154:
6144:
6125:
6119:
6074:
6070:
6060:
6018:(17): 2248.
6015:
6011:
6001:
5968:
5964:
5957:
5939:The Mollusca
5938:
5917:
5916:
5902:
5892:
5849:
5845:
5832:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5767:(6): 661â2.
5764:
5760:
5747:
5706:
5702:
5674:
5646:
5640:
5630:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5579:. Retrieved
5572:the original
5541:
5537:
5524:
5515:
5509:
5489:
5482:
5470:. Retrieved
5459:
5447:. Retrieved
5443:the original
5432:
5405:
5370:(2): 251â4.
5367:
5363:
5353:
5334:
5301:
5187:
5149:
5079:
5075:
5049:
5039:
5028:
5013:
5004:
4998:
4988:
4981:
4967:
4939:
4930:
4924:
4896:
4889:
4877:. Retrieved
4870:the original
4841:
4837:
4824:
4797:
4791:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4748:the original
4737:
4725:. Retrieved
4702:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4632:
4626:
4618:
4613:
4574:
4568:
4557:Indian Ocean
4550:
4540:
4524:
4519:
4507:
4473:
4470:researchers.
4446:
4443:inflammation
4436:
4432:
4426:
4419:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4372:
4340:
4335:
4319:
4309:
4281:
4259:
4225:
4204:
4197:
4179:
4171:pearl oyster
4121:
4083:
4068:polyphyletic
4056:monophyletic
4045:
4041:
4033:
4029:" hypothesis
3963:
3948:
3933:
3918:
3896:
3874:
3851:Caudofoveata
3849:
3834:
3802:" hypothesis
3754:
3739:
3724:
3709:
3687:
3653:
3631:Caudofoveata
3629:
3614:
3570:
3551:
3535:conchiferans
3523:
3507:Lophophorata
3496:
3485:
3479:
3435:
3433:
3408:
3406:
3381:
3380:
3364:
3363:
3311:
3294:
3218:
3185:
3162:
3138:
3123:
3079:
3038:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2959:
2951:
2941:
2931:Volborthella
2930:
2924:
2905:Volborthella
2903:
2902:
2831:
2805:
2779:
2776:Helcionellid
2754:microfossils
2749:
2728:
2726:
2724:", if that.
2708:
2698:
2668:
2658:
2652:
2642:
2636:
2624:
2601:
2569:Tentaculites
2567:
2556:
2528:
2430:
2275:Caudofoveata
2268:
2250:
2246:
2211:
2207:such as the
2198:
2196:
2187:
2140:
2132:Eastern Alps
2123:
2081:
1996:Reproduction
1986:
1982:nerve collar
1981:
1959:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1904:
1881:
1849: = Food
1820:
1804:
1802:
1720:
1700:
1683:
1677:
1642:
1630:periostracum
1627:
1612:
1609:periostracum
1586:
1557:, a pair of
1548:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1467:
1415:abyssal zone
1380:
1357:
1239:("kidneys")
1060:
1049:
1003:
984:
962:
960:
945:
941:
932:
915:
911:
907:
903:
897:
893:
886:
880:
863:neurological
855:inflammation
848:
842:
814:
784:
675:(except for
658:
572:
513:
509:
503:invertebrate
491:
490:
481:
475:
401:Caudofoveata
357:
346:
322:
299:(unranked):
289:(unranked):
276:
263:
250:
240:Subkingdom:
188:
130:
36:
11782:iNaturalist
11650:Wikispecies
11531:Brachiopoda
11506:Cycliophora
11451:Onychophora
11426:Kinorhyncha
11348:Ginkgophyta
11343:Cycadophyta
11308:Chlorophyta
11298:Glaucophyta
10992:Myxococcota
10910:Chlorobiota
10905:Chlamydiota
10750:Tusk shells
10735:Cephalopods
10706:Polychaetes
10653:Turbellaria
10634:Crustaceans
10610:Secernentea
10600:Chromadorea
10581:Acorn worms
10551:Echinoderms
10543:Vertebrates
10485:Demosponges
10419:is disputed
9881:Protostomia
9769:is disputed
9696:ParaHoxozoa
9187:11449/30709
9127:Livett, B.
8713:"MolluSCAN
8609:(38): 294.
7960:11336/78055
7253:(1â2): 67.
6594:19 February
5971:(1): 1â17.
5952:page 4
4929:"mollusc".
4565:West Indies
4526:Schistosoma
4512:. (Source:
4509:Schistosoma
4476:cone snails
4464:cone snails
4351:shell money
4250:Justinian I
4223:and shell.
4213:subtropical
3965:Cephalopods
3756:Cephalopods
3503:trochophore
3220:Cephalopods
3081:Brachiopods
2681:period, c.
2649:cephalopods
2596:The use of
2564:Tentaculita
2530:Latouchella
2471:Aplacophora
2459:tusk shells
2410:Cephalopoda
2332:nudibranchs
2283:Aplacophora
2253:(3â4): 144.
2225:nudibranchs
2218:Sacoglossan
2149:, which is
2147:trochophore
2118:and/or are
2088:trochophore
1970:commissures
1962:nerve cords
1900:odontophore
1875:Odontophore
1817:Respiration
1806:Planorbidae
1731:cephalopods
1725:are mainly
1614:Cobcrephora
1589:nudibranchs
1455:giant squid
1439:Cephalopoda
1411:cephalopods
1368:terrestrial
1292:Odontophore
1183:Not obvious
1099:Cephalopoda
1075:Aplacophora
1065:of Molluscs
1044:nerve cords
1020:calcareous
967:brachiopods
963:Molluscoida
859:cone shells
787:cephalopods
773:trochophore
737:nerve cords
723:are mainly
634:giant squid
595:terrestrial
500:protostomic
418:Cephalopoda
377:Tentaculita
293:Protostomia
257:ParaHoxozoa
11902:Categories
11564:Parakaryon
11526:Entoprocta
11461:Arthropoda
11456:Tardigrada
11436:Priapulida
11431:Loricifera
11416:Echinoderm
11386:Ctenophora
11358:Gnetophyta
11313:Charophyta
11303:Rhodophyta
11275:Ascomycota
11270:Zygomycota
11212:Metamonada
11187:Euglenozoa
11172:Ciliophora
10880:Balneolota
10855:Aquificota
10730:Gastropods
10711:Clitellata
10618:Arthropods
10557:Sea lilies
10503:Cnidarians
10421:; see also
10351:Brachiozoa
10114:Syndermata
10073:Gnathifera
9771:; see also
9716:Trichoplax
9714:Placozoa (
9701:Planulozoa
9487:MolluSCAN
9449:"Mollusca"
9415:1107124658
8758:: 100079.
8727:28 January
8623:1419933002
8482:Theopompus
8480:historian
7936:Cladistics
7655:Vostokova"
7653:Anabarella
7630:(2): 155.
7568:: 157â166.
7538:Monks, N.
7414:4 November
7288:(2): 175.
7229:1 November
6161:(1): 138.
6135:0030259827
5642:BioScience
5581:22 October
5206:1154002552
4727:12 January
4645:References
4589:Land snail
4547:ecosystems
4451:can cause
4336:lana pinna
4284:shells on
4278:Theopompus
4236:endangered
4186:gastropods
4169:Saltwater
4060:Scaphopoda
3950:Gastropods
3935:Scaphopods
3741:Gastropods
3726:Scaphopods
3676:Conchifera
3511:lophophore
3492:halwaxiids
3487:Kimberella
3352:Halwaxiids
3315:(chitons)
3225:nautiloids
3187:Gastropods
3164:Scaphopods
3015:Ordovician
2992:cuttlefish
2969:Cretaceous
2965:nautiloids
2938:Nectocaris
2890:Septa and
2834:gastropods
2823:trilobites
2796:gastropods
2746:polychaete
2722:bilaterian
2710:Kimberella
2703:and Early
2660:Nectocaris
2639:gastropods
2598:love darts
2586:See also:
2455:Scaphopoda
2437:belemnites
2427:nautiluses
2423:cuttlefish
2318:including
2306:Gastropoda
2263:See also:
2164:prototroch
2151:planktonic
2124:C. obtusus
2000:See also:
1811:hemoglobin
1770:hemocyanin
1739:coelomates
1703:statocysts
1597:conchiolin
1469:Freshwater
1447:cuttlefish
1423:ecosystems
1409:and other
1401:and other
1395:gastropods
1393:and other
1372:arthropods
1340:gastropods
1111:Scaphopoda
1093:Gastropoda
999:calcareous
981:Definition
956:malacology
952:cuttlefish
947:inter alia
933:ta malĂĄkia
929:Ïᜰ ÎŒÎ±Î»ÎŹÎșÎčα
881:The words
871:ecosystems
865:research.
763:relies on
705:coelomates
642:gastropods
618:cuttlefish
610:Cephalopod
591:freshwater
583:anatomical
564:Arthropoda
486:land snail
480:(formerly
440:Gastropoda
423:Scaphopoda
408:Conchifera
368:Halwaxiida
348:Kimberella
339:Subgroups
155:cephalopod
11481:Dicyemida
11353:Pinophyta
11232:Telonemia
11167:Cryptista
11157:Breviatea
11142:Amoebozoa
11137:Alveolata
11118:Eukaryote
10870:Bacillota
10716:Sipuncula
10663:Monogenea
10658:Trematoda
10629:Myriapods
10594:Nematodes
10538:Tunicates
10533:Lancelets
10527:Chordates
10519:Myxozoans
10426:Nephrozoa
10415:phylogeny
10215:Salinella
10170:Rouphozoa
10011:Tactopoda
9940:Nematoida
9892:Ecdysozoa
9813:Bilateria
9800:Bilateria
9781:Benthozoa
9776:Eumetazoa
9765:phylogeny
9735:Bilateria
9625:Amoebozoa
9603:Alveolata
9591:Cryptista
9566:Eukaryota
9219:3 October
9143:3 October
9133:Melbourne
9112:3 October
8951:3 October
8809:Mutat Res
8651:: 15â36.
8615:0075-3920
8603:Johnsonia
8576:163601220
8533:129588313
8519:: 201â6.
8427:2 October
8401:3 October
8348:161085658
8225:(1): 12.
7989:2 October
7911:2 October
7889:2 October
7732:129430674
7353:130381069
7224:130979274
7129:Falcidens
7049:1912/1404
6961:2 October
6866:BioEssays
6282:2296-7745
6185:1471-2148
6093:1742-9994
6077:(1): 10.
6034:2076-2615
5789:219540340
5408:. Wiley.
5046:"Calcium"
4916:152581003
4816:912402392
4722:457073196
4599:Sea snail
4489:molecules
4485:neurology
4468:neurology
4422:jellyfish
4363:inflation
4359:commodity
4316:Procopius
4246:Byzantine
4184:and some
4175:Indonesia
4136:octopuses
3817:Molluscs
3800:Aculifera
3596:Aculifera
3587:Molluscs
3566:aragonite
3562:skeletons
3558:engrailed
3527:metameric
3482:phylogeny
3383:Halkieria
3229:ammonites
3204:sea hares
3099:Mollusca
3055:Phylogeny
3045:operculum
2980:Coleoidea
2948:siphuncle
2896:nautiloid
2892:siphuncle
2871:Siphuncle
2774:The tiny
2701:Ediacaran
2644:Aldanella
2631:Ediacaran
2576:Evolution
2441:ammonites
2419:octopuses
2336:sea hares
2227:and some
2200:Neopilina
1974:esophagus
1782:ventricle
1685:Cerithium
1653:siphuncle
1619:aragonite
1567:nephridia
1559:osphradia
1495:Pollicina
1451:octopuses
1435:latitudes
1431:temperate
1376:chordates
1322:Diversity
1123:chitinous
995:excretion
991:breathing
975:tunicates
971:bryozoans
961:The name
924:Aristotle
904:Molluscus
887:mollusque
877:Etymology
828:dye, and
749:esophagus
669:excretion
622:octopuses
599:taxonomic
593:and even
456:Diversity
386:Aculifera
359:Shishania
283:Nephrozoa
270:Bilateria
244:Eumetazoa
230:Kingdom:
224:Eukaryota
137:gastropod
11908:Molluscs
11683:Mollusca
11670:Mollusca
11656:Mollusca
11635:Wikidata
11626:Mollusca
11541:Annelida
11536:Mollusca
11516:Phoronid
11511:Nemertea
11486:Rotifera
11466:Flatworm
11441:Nematoda
11406:Chordate
11396:Cnidaria
11391:Placozoa
11222:Rhizaria
11197:Haptista
11177:Cercozoa
10837:Bacteria
10740:Bivalves
10724:Molluscs
10700:Annelids
10059:Spiralia
9666:Animalia
9620:Amorphea
9598:Rhizaria
9586:Hacrobia
9576:Excavata
9561:Bacteria
9493:Archived
9388:69028066
9350:43071631
9307:52761130
9266:52761130
9196:17160331
9085:: 45â46.
9057:35988014
9049:10073455
8927:17331596
8880:26438356
8837:22009068
8790:36589260
8717:project"
8665:51797573
8464:85652762
8304:21976685
8251:19555513
8200:19647088
8165:15186794
8081:25274057
8073:11256378
8035:15242797
7969:34879616
7876:17652065
7818:85924056
7775:11537491
7689:84893338
7609:85583173
7545:21 March
7167:Archived
7163:28570844
7112:86083492
7058:16838013
7002:26588818
6948:17652065
6894:29130876
6886:17120226
6688:10881389
6653:21892190
6571:46429653
6563:17839855
6440:83444088
6325:84207061
6203:28610555
6111:29681988
6052:36077968
5993:13109195
5985:17654542
5884:52844967
5876:30257539
5739:27418253
5731:17540895
5568:16321779
5116:16675549
4866:55028766
4783:86761029
4680:39088612
4594:Sea slug
4583:See also
4453:necrosis
4424:stings.
4298:Sea silk
4252:clad in
4248:Emperor
4209:tropical
4199:Pinctada
4182:bivalves
4152:scallops
4114:Seashell
4102:currency
4098:sea silk
4064:Bivalvia
4027:Testaria
3920:Bivalves
3863:Testaria
3711:Bivalves
3539:spicules
3239:, etc.)
3125:Bivalves
3041:Hyolitha
3017:period,
3011:bivalves
3006:Pojetaia
3000:Fordilla
2956:ammonite
2952:Nautilus
2926:Nautilus
2869: =
2705:Cambrian
2679:Cambrian
2674:Fordilla
2670:Pojetaia
2665:bivalves
2551:extinct
2370:geoducks
2366:scallops
2353:Bivalvia
2237:hydroids
2231:feed on
2205:protists
2156:mesoderm
2047:Mesoderm
1990:scallops
1966:visceral
1942:detritus
1892:bacteria
1873: =
1856: =
1824:sediment
1778:auricles
1751:hemocoel
1741:, their
1697:, Mexico
1649:nautilus
1645:abalones
1638:nacreous
1441:such as
1427:tropical
1403:bivalves
1360:synonymy
1105:Bivalvia
1037:genitals
1022:spicules
1018:secretes
920:Linnaeus
916:mollusca
894:mollusca
830:sea silk
791:Cambrian
741:bivalves
713:hemocoel
693:proteins
677:bivalves
514:mollusks
510:molluscs
492:Mollusca
445:Bivalvia
328:Linnaeus
323:Mollusca
319:Phylum:
303:Spiralia
234:Animalia
220:Domain:
42:Mollusca
11606:Biology
11594:Animals
11580:Portals
11521:Bryozoa
11217:Provora
11192:Jakobea
11182:Discoba
11128:Protist
11065:Archaea
10818:Extant
10745:Chitons
10668:Cestoda
10605:Enoplea
10479:Sponges
10252:Symbion
10195:Mesozoa
9635:Animals
9556:Archaea
9532:Extant
9451:at the
9330:Bibcode
9027:bite".
9010:4748345
8907:Bibcode
8860:Bibcode
8817:Bibcode
8781:9798191
8760:Bibcode
8568:3210395
8295:3282371
8242:2710323
8145:Bibcode
8122:8952075
7867:2274978
7798:Bibcode
7755:Bibcode
7747:Science
7712:Bibcode
7667:Bibcode
7624:Lethaia
7589:Bibcode
7525:1837900
7517:8910273
7497:Bibcode
7489:Science
7464:269â272
7345:1307143
7325:Bibcode
7290:Bibcode
7282:Geology
7255:Bibcode
7194:Bibcode
7155:1543051
7092:Bibcode
7066:4431853
7028:Bibcode
6939:2274978
6844:10 July
6811:Bibcode
6778:4395089
6756:Bibcode
6644:4024475
6623:Bibcode
6555:1739764
6535:Bibcode
6527:Science
6420:Bibcode
6305:Bibcode
6226:Bibcode
6194:5470289
6163:Bibcode
6102:5896133
6043:9454602
6012:Animals
5812:Bibcode
5804:Lethaia
5769:Bibcode
5711:Bibcode
5703:Science
5610:Bibcode
5559:1559985
5472:9 March
5449:9 March
5386:2412618
5107:1472512
5084:Bibcode
4972:at the
4954:ΌαλαÎșÏÏ
4946:ÎŒÎ±Î»ÎŹÎșÎčα
4879:11 July
4846:Bibcode
4660:Science
4627:mollusc
4619:mollusk
4343:cowries
4332:chlamys
4328:Armenia
4294:Tyrians
4290:Minoans
4232:mussels
4156:seafood
4148:oysters
4128:mussels
3554:cuticle
3531:annelid
3515:annelid
3473:annelid
3366:Wiwaxia
3350:â
3233:octopus
3200:limpets
3026:rudists
2988:octopus
2971:period
2838:torsion
2819:Siberia
2778:fossil
2750:Wiwaxia
2730:Wiwaxia
2663:?) and
2651:(e.g.,
2641:(e.g.,
2538:marine
2535:extinct
2516:marine
2512:extinct
2449:marine
2432:Spirula
2397:chitons
2378:rudists
2374:mussels
2362:oysters
2324:limpets
2320:abalone
2271:classes
2233:sponges
2184:Feeding
2179:Ecology
2160:veliger
2092:veliger
2060:= cilia
2032:Stomach
1888:radulae
1843:at work
1743:coeloms
1711:limpets
1657:chitons
1634:calcite
1623:calcite
1601:protein
1551:habitat
1536:-like"
1485:Anatomy
1063:classes
1001:shell.
942:malakĂłs
938:ΌαλαÎșÏÏ
896:, from
883:mollusc
853:causes
780:veliger
687:-like"
654:abalone
636:or the
628:of all
606:extinct
602:classes
587:habitat
556:species
506:animals
175:bivalve
18:Mollusc
11872:230454
11869:uBio:
11849:802117
11833:NZOR:
11735:1MOLLP
11641:Q25326
11381:Sponge
11373:Animal
10770:bolded
9613:Plants
9550:Domain
9534:animal
9413:
9403:
9386:
9376:
9348:
9305:
9295:
9264:
9254:
9212:. The
9194:
9055:
9047:
9008:
8979:
8925:
8878:
8835:
8788:
8778:
8693:
8663:
8621:
8613:
8574:
8566:
8531:
8494:
8462:
8369:
8346:
8340:827879
8338:
8302:
8292:
8249:
8239:
8198:
8163:
8120:
8079:
8071:
8033:
7967:
7874:
7864:
7816:
7773:
7730:
7687:
7607:
7523:
7515:
7470:
7378:
7351:
7343:
7222:
7212:
7161:
7153:
7110:
7064:
7056:
7020:Nature
7000:
6946:
6936:
6892:
6884:
6831:331187
6829:
6776:
6748:Nature
6725:
6686:
6651:
6641:
6615:Nature
6569:
6561:
6553:
6499:
6438:
6323:
6280:
6201:
6191:
6183:
6132:
6109:
6099:
6091:
6050:
6040:
6032:
5991:
5983:
5945:
5909:
5882:
5874:
5787:
5737:
5729:
5681:
5566:
5556:
5497:
5420:
5384:
5341:
5309:
5204:
5194:
5164:
5114:
5104:
4914:
4904:
4864:
4814:
4804:
4781:
4720:
4710:
4678:
4481:toxins
4306:byssus
4302:fabric
4262:status
4228:pearls
4221:mantle
4160:toxins
4150:, and
4144:whelks
4140:squids
4086:pearls
4034:
3192:snails
3049:phylum
2867:
2857:
2827:limpet
2742:radula
2694:fossil
2383:20,000
2344:70,000
2312:snails
2291:Class
2100:coelom
2096:gonads
1907:glands
1877:"belt"
1871:
1864:
1858:Radula
1854:
1847:
1841:radula
1839:Snail
1790:artery
1788:(main
1774:oxygen
1772:as an
1735:closed
1593:chitin
1571:gonads
1534:limpet
1449:, and
1407:squids
1387:snails
1383:phylum
1344:snails
1125:teeth
1119:Radula
1057:
1014:dorsal
987:mantle
973:, and
899:mollis
818:pearls
799:fossil
776:larvae
743:. The
709:coelom
707:, the
697:chitin
685:limpet
673:radula
665:mantle
661:muscle
646:snails
620:, and
575:marine
568:fossil
560:animal
553:extant
496:phylum
195:chiton
11880:WoRMS
11813:69458
11795:IRMNG
11787:47115
11748:11368
11290:Plant
11242:Fungi
11162:CRuMs
9932:N+L+P
9640:Fungi
9537:phyla
9346:S2CID
9075:(PDF)
9053:S2CID
8672:(PDF)
8661:S2CID
8641:(PDF)
8572:S2CID
8564:JSTOR
8529:S2CID
8460:S2CID
8344:S2CID
8336:JSTOR
8077:S2CID
7814:S2CID
7728:S2CID
7685:S2CID
7605:S2CID
7521:S2CID
7443:(PDF)
7436:(PDF)
7400:(PDF)
7349:S2CID
7341:JSTOR
7220:S2CID
7151:JSTOR
7108:S2CID
7062:S2CID
6890:S2CID
6838:(PDF)
6827:S2CID
6799:(PDF)
6774:S2CID
6567:S2CID
6551:JSTOR
6436:S2CID
6362:(PDF)
6347:(PDF)
6321:S2CID
5989:S2CID
5880:S2CID
5842:(PDF)
5785:S2CID
5757:(PDF)
5735:S2CID
5575:(PDF)
5534:(PDF)
5382:JSTOR
4873:(PDF)
4862:S2CID
4834:(PDF)
4779:S2CID
4543:slugs
4537:Pests
4462:Live
4347:money
4320:circa
4286:Crete
4282:Murex
4270:murex
4190:nacre
4124:clams
4096:dye,
4025:The "
3798:The "
3519:phyla
3237:squid
3196:slugs
2984:squid
2934:'
2929:are.
2921:septa
2898:shell
2756:from
2415:squid
2401:1,000
2358:clams
2328:conch
2316:slugs
2222:dorid
2145:is a
2143:larva
2128:snail
2108:sperm
2037:Mouth
1931:cecum
1922:feces
1915:cilia
1911:mucus
1896:algae
1798:urine
1786:aorta
1755:blood
1747:heart
1707:mucus
1577:Shell
1563:gills
1538:shell
1517:, or
1443:squid
1399:clams
1391:slugs
1352:cowry
1348:slugs
891:Latin
838:money
757:touch
745:brain
733:cilia
729:mucus
717:blood
689:shell
650:slugs
614:squid
494:is a
277:Clade
264:Clade
251:Clade
11862:7805
11826:6447
11821:NCBI
11808:ITIS
11769:GBIF
11730:EPPO
11722:2195
11691:BOLD
11328:Moss
10820:life
10413:The
9763:The
9411:OCLC
9401:ISBN
9384:OCLC
9374:ISBN
9303:OCLC
9293:ISBN
9262:OCLC
9252:ISBN
9221:2008
9192:PMID
9145:2008
9114:2008
9045:PMID
9006:OCLC
8977:ISBN
8953:2008
8923:PMID
8876:PMID
8833:PMID
8786:PMID
8729:2017
8691:ISBN
8619:OCLC
8611:ISSN
8492:ISBN
8429:2008
8403:2008
8367:ISBN
8300:PMID
8247:PMID
8196:PMID
8161:PMID
8118:PMID
8069:PMID
8031:PMID
7991:2008
7965:PMID
7913:2008
7891:2008
7872:PMID
7771:PMID
7547:2009
7513:PMID
7468:ISBN
7416:2009
7376:ISBN
7231:2009
7210:ISBN
7159:PMID
7054:PMID
6998:PMID
6963:2008
6944:PMID
6882:PMID
6846:2008
6723:ISBN
6702:link
6684:PMID
6649:PMID
6596:2024
6559:PMID
6497:ISBN
6370:2013
6278:ISSN
6199:PMID
6181:ISSN
6130:ISBN
6107:PMID
6089:ISSN
6048:PMID
6030:ISSN
5981:PMID
5943:ISBN
5907:ISBN
5872:PMID
5727:PMID
5679:ISBN
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