41:
22:
1686:
495:
sedimentationâwhich now extends the coastline by three miles (4.8 kilometres) in a centuryâremained insufficient, and the sea still reached too far inland, to support a population even as large as the modest population of the late precolonial era. The earliest evidence of
Burmese script is dated to 1035, and possibly as early as 984, both of which are earlier than the earliest evidence of the Burma Mon script (1093). Research from the 2000s argues that the
1710:
344:
1698:
502:
Though the size and importance of these states are still debated, all scholars accept that during the 11th century, Pagan established its authority in Lower Burma and this conquest facilitated growing cultural exchange, if not with local Mon, then with India and with
Theravada stronghold Sri Lanka.
494:
However, research from the 2000sâstill a minority viewâargues that Mon influence on the interior after
Anawrahta's conquest is a greatly exaggerated post-Pagan legend, and that Lower Burma in fact lacked a substantial independent polity prior to Pagan's expansion. Possibly in this period, the delta
650:
rose in Upper Burma to challenge the southern forces, and went on to conquer all of Upper Burma by
January 1754. After Hanthawaddy's second invasion of Upper Burma failed in May 1754, the kingdom's leadership in self-defeating measures killed off the Toungoo royal family, and persecuted ethnic
634:
Though
Toungoo kings would rule all of Lower Burma well into the mid-18th century, the golden age of Hanthawaddy was fondly remembered by the Mon. In 1740, they rose up against a weak Toungoo Dynasty on its last legs, and succeeded in restoring the fallen Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Supported by the
593:âthe kingdom enjoyed a long golden age, profiting from foreign commerce. Its merchants traded with traders from across the Indian Ocean, filling the king's treasury with gold and silver, silk and spices, and all the other stuff of early modern trade. The kingdom also became a famous centre of
548:
For its first 100 years, the kingdom was merely a loose collection of three Mon-speaking regions. The high kings at the capital had little substantive authority over the vassals. Indeed, Martaban was in open rebellion from 1363 to 1389. A more centralised rule came with the reign of King
478:
from the north in 1057, and that Thaton's literary and religious traditions helped to mould early Pagan civilisation. Between 1050 and about 1085, Mon craftsmen and artisans helped to build some two thousand monuments at Pagan, the remains of which today rival the splendors of
576:
After the war, Hanthawaddy entered its golden age whereas its rival Ava gradually went into decline. From the 1420s to the 1530s, Hanthawaddy was the most powerful and prosperous kingdom of all post-Pagan kingdoms. Under a string of especially gifted
474:(Bago) are believed to have been established in the 9th century. The states were important trading ports between Indian Ocean and mainland Southeast Asia. Still, according to traditional reconstruction, the early Mon city-states were conquered by the
565:(1385â1424). The war ended in a stalemate but it was a victory for Hanthawaddy as Ava finally gave up its dream of restoring the Pagan Empire. In the years following the war, Pegu occasionally aided Ava's southern vassal states of
620:. Toungoo captured the Irrawaddy delta and Pegu in 1538â1539, and Martaban in 1541. The kingdom was briefly revived in 1550 after Tabinshwehti was assassinated. But Bayinnaung quickly defeated the rebellion in 1552.
639:, the upstart kingdom quickly carved out a space for itself in Lower Burma, and continued its push northward. On 23 March 1752, its forces captured Ava, and ended the 266-year-old Toungoo dynasty.
666:
The fall of
Restored Hanthawaddy was the beginning of the end of Mon people's centuries-old dominance of Lower Burma. Konbaung armies' reprisals forced thousands of Mons to flee to
670:. By the early 19th century, assimilation, inter-marriage, and mass migration of Burman families from the north had reduced the Mon population to a small minority.
197:
444:
and a significant portion of the inhabitants fled west to present-day Lower Burma and eventually founded new polities. Another Mon-speaking state
1771:
651:
Burmans in the south, both of which only strengthened
Alaungpaya's hand. In 1755, Alaungpaya invaded Lower Burma. Konbaung forces captured the
1746:
372:
1145:
996:
1165:
285:
235:
1625:
1352:
965:
918:
899:
853:
834:
812:
1371:
1180:
466:
scholarship, the Mon established small polities (or large city-states) in Lower Burma in the 9th century. Both the city of
1290:
1175:
1155:
279:
1393:
1244:
491:, the earliest evidence of which was dated to 1058, a year after the Thaton conquest, by the colonial era scholarship.
946:
553:, who not only firmly unified the three Mon-speaking regions together but also successfully fended off the northern
1766:
1502:
365:
273:
267:
241:
1497:
1259:
1140:
522:
1170:
1436:
1381:
1224:
1512:
1456:
1364:
1325:
1310:
1264:
1239:
1135:
1110:
989:
629:
417:
291:
247:
205:
1645:
1570:
1470:
1431:
1229:
1204:
358:
325:
310:
305:
261:
1650:
1537:
892:
Strange
Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800â1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland
124:
1756:
1388:
1249:
1234:
1209:
1751:
1702:
1347:
1219:
330:
1660:
1532:
1487:
1426:
1315:
1295:
982:
315:
937:
Shorto, H.L. (2002). "The 32 Myos in the medieval Mon
Kingdom". In Vladimir I. Braginsky (ed.).
503:
From a geopolitical standpoint, Anawrahta's conquest of Thaton checked the Khmer advance in the
1421:
1320:
636:
1585:
1565:
1300:
1130:
1043:
463:
223:
50:
1741:
1655:
1517:
1492:
1451:
1376:
1337:
1305:
1192:
1103:
191:
8:
1665:
1522:
1278:
1254:
1088:
562:
545:. The kingdom's first capital was at Martaban but the capital was moved to Pegu in 1369.
516:
413:
165:
116:
1761:
1720:
1630:
1547:
1446:
1409:
1359:
1214:
1160:
1093:
1035:
1009:
594:
320:
229:
177:
98:
66:
32:
1709:
1615:
1590:
1507:
1063:
961:
942:
914:
895:
849:
830:
808:
667:
135:
1690:
1640:
1635:
1610:
1595:
1575:
1527:
1482:
1332:
1115:
643:
554:
504:
211:
822:
1620:
1600:
1098:
1073:
1048:
652:
609:
573:
in their rebellions but carefully avoided getting plunged into a full-scale war.
570:
542:
185:
145:
70:
56:
1714:
1580:
1555:
1125:
1078:
1053:
558:
488:
457:
409:
348:
151:
89:
445:
405:
40:
1735:
1605:
1150:
1083:
1068:
1058:
590:
566:
475:
157:
139:
129:
110:
525:, and all its vassal states became independent. In present-day Lower Burma,
1560:
1441:
613:
578:
441:
389:
604:
The powerful kingdom's end came abruptly. Due to the inexperience of King
1120:
660:
530:
471:
171:
21:
647:
617:
586:
582:
496:
484:
480:
437:
429:
605:
550:
433:
401:
939:
Classical civilisations of South East Asia: an anthology of articles
1342:
974:
656:
601:, and encouraged reforms that later spread throughout the country.
534:
397:
25:
Political entities of the Mon people around the 6th-7th centuries.
1005:
448:
also existed in northern
Thailand down to the late 13th century.
393:
598:
526:
467:
608:, the kingdom was captured by a smaller kingdom to the north,
958:
Mon nationalism and civil war in Burma: the golden sheldrake
538:
865:
History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824
529:
established a kingdom for the Mon-speaking people called
829:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press.
533:
by unifying three Mon-speaking regions of Lower Burma:
16:
Historical polities in present-day Myanmar and Thailand
805:
The Mists of RÄmañña: the Legend that was Lower Burma
510:
623:
1021:
876:. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
736:
1733:
911:The River of Lost Footsteps--Histories of Burma
848:(3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library.
885:(in Burmese). Yangon: Yangon University Press.
777:
775:
451:
990:
428:The first recorded kingdom attributed to the
366:
772:
763:
521:In 1287, the Pagan Empire collapsed due to
997:
983:
802:
373:
359:
889:
880:
871:
655:in May 1755, the French defended port of
392:-speaking people in parts of present-day
754:
745:
729:
727:
697:
20:
928:Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883).
908:
827:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
679:
1772:9th-century establishments in Thailand
1734:
936:
927:
862:
821:
784:
715:
659:in July 1756, and finally the capital
499:was the source of the Burmese script.
487:is considered to be the source of the
978:
955:
932:(1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.
724:
688:
440:when their capital was sacked by the
1697:
1004:
843:
706:
436:, which prospered until around 1000
408:in present-day northern Thailand to
1747:Former countries in Burmese history
1156:State Peace and Development Council
867:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
13:
597:. It established strong ties with
511:Hanthawaddy (1287â1539, 1550â1552)
14:
1783:
742:Aung-Thwin 2005: 167â178, 197â200
420:(1740â1757) in southern Myanmar.
388:were polities established by the
1708:
1696:
1685:
1684:
624:Restored Hanthawaddy (1740â1757)
342:
39:
825:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.).
423:
894:. Cambridge University Press.
807:. University of Hawaii Press.
1:
913:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
890:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003).
796:
1365:State Administration Council
1111:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
803:Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005).
630:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
7:
1166:2011â2015 political reforms
452:Thaton (9th century?â1057?)
400:. The polities ranged from
10:
1788:
627:
514:
455:
1680:
1546:
1478:
1469:
1417:
1408:
1286:
1277:
1200:
1191:
1034:
1022:Myanmar is also known as
1020:
1016:
872:Htin Aung, Maung (1967).
1291:Administrative divisions
673:
1767:9th century in Thailand
1661:Twelve Auspicious Rites
1442:Myanmar kyat (currency)
909:Myint-U, Thant (2006).
781:Lieberman 2003: 202â206
224:British colonial period
956:South, Ashley (2003).
863:Harvey, G. E. (1925).
685:CoedĂšs 1968: 63, 76â77
26:
844:Hall, D.G.E. (1960).
751:Htin Aung 1967: 78â80
703:Htin Aung 1967: 32â33
642:A new dynasty called
416:(1287â1539), and the
198:Nyaungyan Restoration
125:Warring states period
51:Prehistory of Myanmar
24:
1498:Environmental issues
1457:Units of measurement
1104:First Toungoo Empire
769:Harvey 1925: 153â157
616:and his deputy Gen.
612:in 1539 led by King
418:Restored Hanthawaddy
242:Nationalist movement
206:Restored Hanthawaddy
192:First Toungoo Empire
168:1287â1539, 1550â1552
1136:Japanese occupation
1089:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
760:Myint-U 2006: 64â65
517:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
274:Ne Win dictatorship
248:Japanese occupation
236:Resistance movement
166:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
117:Early Pagan Kingdom
1721:Outline of Myanmar
1437:Telecommunications
1353:commander-in-chief
1146:Socialist Republic
1094:Kingdom of Mrauk U
881:Kyaw Thet (1962).
874:A History of Burma
733:Lieberman 2003: 91
610:Kingdom of Toungoo
595:Theravada Buddhism
349:Myanmar portal
280:SLORC / SPDC junta
230:Anglo-Burmese Wars
178:Kingdom of Mrauk U
99:Arakanese kingdoms
67:Sri Ksetra Kingdom
33:History of Myanmar
27:
1729:
1728:
1676:
1675:
1513:Human trafficking
1465:
1464:
1404:
1403:
1372:Political parties
1311:Foreign relations
1273:
1272:
1064:Myinsaing Kingdom
1030:
1029:
967:978-0-7007-1609-8
920:978-0-374-16342-6
901:978-0-521-80496-7
855:978-1-4067-3503-1
836:978-0-8248-0368-1
814:978-0-8248-2886-8
383:
382:
286:Political reforms
59:200 BCE â 1050 CE
1779:
1757:Burmese monarchy
1712:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1646:National symbols
1476:
1475:
1432:Opium production
1415:
1414:
1284:
1283:
1198:
1197:
1116:Konbaung dynasty
1018:
1017:
999:
992:
985:
976:
975:
971:
952:
933:
930:History of Burma
924:
905:
886:
883:History of Burma
877:
868:
859:
840:
818:
791:
790:Myint-U 2006: 97
788:
782:
779:
770:
767:
761:
758:
752:
749:
743:
740:
734:
731:
722:
721:Harvey 1925: 307
719:
713:
710:
704:
701:
695:
694:CoedĂšs 1968: 208
692:
686:
683:
563:Forty Years' War
523:Mongol invasions
505:Tenasserim coast
375:
368:
361:
347:
346:
345:
326:Military history
321:Royal chronicles
311:List of capitals
268:AFPFL government
212:Konbaung dynasty
93:
74:
43:
29:
28:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1781:
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1778:
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1776:
1752:Former kingdoms
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1672:
1651:Public holidays
1542:
1538:Sex trafficking
1461:
1400:
1338:Law enforcement
1269:
1245:Protected areas
1187:
1099:Toungoo dynasty
1074:Sagaing Kingdom
1049:Pyu city-states
1026:
1012:
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968:
949:
921:
902:
856:
837:
815:
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768:
764:
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684:
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676:
653:Irrawaddy delta
632:
626:
543:Irrawaddy delta
519:
513:
464:colonial period
460:
454:
426:
379:
343:
341:
186:Toungoo dynasty
146:Sagaing Kingdom
87:
71:Tagaung Kingdom
64:
57:Pyu city-states
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1424:
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1401:
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1396:
1389:Prime Minister
1386:
1385:
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1374:
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1323:
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1141:Union of Burma
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:Karenni States
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1079:Kingdom of Ava
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1054:Thaton Kingdom
1051:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1028:
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1002:
1001:
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823:CoedĂšs, George
819:
813:
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723:
714:
712:South 2003: 67
705:
696:
687:
677:
675:
672:
628:Main article:
625:
622:
559:Kingdom of Ava
515:Main article:
512:
509:
489:Burmese script
458:Thaton Kingdom
456:Main article:
453:
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152:Kingdom of Ava
149:
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140:Pinya Kingdoms
122:
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103:
102:
95:
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90:Thaton Kingdom
84:
83:
76:
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61:
60:
54:
53:11,000â200 BCE
45:
44:
36:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1501:
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1348:military rule
1346:
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1220:Deforestation
1218:
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1196:
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1182:
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1159:
1157:
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1151:8888 Uprising
1149:
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1109:
1105:
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1101:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:Prome Kingdom
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:Pinya Kingdom
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1059:Pagan Kingdom
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
986:
981:
980:
977:
969:
963:
960:. Routledge.
959:
954:
950:
948:9780700714100
944:
941:. Routledge.
940:
935:
931:
926:
922:
916:
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903:
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824:
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766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
728:
718:
709:
700:
691:
682:
678:
671:
669:
664:
663:in May 1757.
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658:
654:
649:
645:
640:
638:
631:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
591:Binnya Ran II
588:
584:
580:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
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552:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
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508:
506:
500:
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492:
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486:
482:
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476:Pagan Kingdom
473:
469:
465:
462:According to
459:
449:
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411:
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331:Military rule
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303:
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293:
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269:
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264:1948âpresent
263:
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167:
164:
159:
158:Prome Kingdom
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
137:
134:
133:
131:
130:Upper Myanmar
128:
127:
126:
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118:
115:
114:
112:
111:Pagan Kingdom
109:
108:
107:
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100:
97:
96:
91:
86:
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82:825?â1057? CE
81:
78:
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72:
68:
63:
62:
58:
55:
52:
49:
48:
47:
46:
42:
38:
37:
34:
31:
30:
23:
19:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1533:Prostitution
1488:Demographics
1427:Central bank
1316:Human rights
1296:Constitution
1131:British rule
1023:
957:
938:
929:
910:
891:
882:
873:
864:
845:
826:
804:
786:
765:
756:
747:
738:
717:
708:
699:
690:
681:
665:
646:led by King
641:
633:
614:Tabinshwehti
603:
579:Binnya Ran I
575:
547:
541:(Bago), the
520:
501:
493:
461:
442:Khmer Empire
427:
424:Early states
386:Mon kingdoms
385:
384:
294:2021âpresent
80:Mon kingdoms
79:
18:
1742:Mon history
1422:Agriculture
1260:Earthquakes
1121:Shan States
537:(Mottama),
531:Ramannadesa
446:Haripuñjaya
414:Hanthawaddy
406:Haripuñjaya
172:Shan States
1736:Categories
1631:Literature
1586:Censorship
1566:State Seal
1360:Parliament
1301:Corruption
1225:Ecoregions
1044:Prehistory
797:References
648:Alaungpaya
618:Bayinnaung
587:Dhammazedi
583:Shin Sawbu
557:-speaking
497:Pyu script
485:Mon script
481:Angkor Wat
430:Mon people
262:Modern era
226:1824â1948
188:1510â1752
132:1297â1555
1762:Dvaravati
1656:Tattooing
1616:Festivals
1611:Etymology
1518:Languages
1493:Education
1377:President
1306:Elections
1265:Volcanoes
1240:Mountains
1193:Geography
1181:Civil war
1171:2021 coup
606:Takayutpi
577:monarchsâ
551:Razadarit
434:Dvaravati
402:Dvaravati
292:SAC junta
288:2011â2015
282:1988â2010
276:1962â1988
270:1948â1962
250:1942â1945
244:1900â1948
238:1885â1895
232:1824â1885
214:1752â1885
208:1740â1757
200:1599â1752
194:1510â1599
180:1429â1785
174:1215â1563
160:1482â1542
154:1365â1555
148:1315â1365
142:1297â1365
136:Myinsaing
113:849â1297
101:788?â1406
1691:Category
1666:Weddings
1626:Folklore
1596:Clothing
1576:Calendar
1571:Capitals
1523:Religion
1343:Military
1333:Conflict
1279:Politics
1255:Wildlife
1176:Protests
1010:articles
657:Thanlyin
644:Konbaung
535:Martaban
398:Thailand
306:Timeline
119:849â1044
1703:Commons
1601:Cuisine
1548:Culture
1471:Society
1447:Tourism
1410:Economy
1230:Islands
1215:Climate
1205:Borders
1036:History
1006:Myanmar
571:Toungoo
561:in the
555:Burmese
394:Myanmar
316:Leaders
1715:Portal
1591:Cinema
1581:Zodiac
1561:Anthem
1508:Health
1250:Rivers
1210:Cities
1008:
964:
945:
917:
898:
852:
833:
811:
637:French
599:Ceylon
527:Wareru
483:. The
468:Thaton
410:Thaton
1641:Music
1636:Media
1606:Dance
1528:Women
1483:Crime
1235:Lakes
1024:Burma
846:Burma
674:Notes
567:Prome
1621:Flag
1394:list
1382:list
1321:LGBT
962:ISBN
943:ISBN
915:ISBN
896:ISBN
850:ISBN
831:ISBN
809:ISBN
668:Siam
661:Pegu
589:and
569:and
539:Pegu
472:Pegu
470:and
404:and
396:and
138:and
1556:Art
432:is
390:Mon
1738::
774:^
726:^
585:,
581:,
507:.
438:CE
412:,
69:,
998:e
991:t
984:v
970:.
951:.
923:.
904:.
858:.
839:.
817:.
374:e
367:t
360:v
92:)
88:(
73:)
65:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
