709:
159:
43:
824:
scholar Sai Kam Möng observes: "Sometimes one of these strove to be the leading kingdom and sometimes all of them were unified into one single kingdom..." The capital of the kingdom shifted from place to place, but most of them were located near the Nam Mao river (the
910:
Mong Mao Long has a total of 81 saophas. Mao Long is currently located near the
Burmese border. (located during the Hso Wak Hpa era saopha No.52) in Yunnan Province, which in the past Counting with the provinces in Burma it is a group of Mong Mao Lung,
890:
Ri Mong Ram (different from Chao Chang Nyue, the 37th saopha of Mong Mao Long) and
Mahadevi Phlak Hkam Hsen Mawng, daughter of Sao Tai Lung, the 45th (Sao Pam Myo Pung, his son the 46th saopha, handed over the throne to Hso Kaa Hpa)
83:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
836:
chronicle tradition, recorded very early by Elias (1876), provides a long list with the first ruler of Möng Mao dating from 568 A.D. The dates in Elias for later rulers of Möng Mao do not match very well the dates in
886:
The city has gone through many events. Since the reign of Hso Hkan Hpa, their subsequent saopha have assassinated each other. The struggle for the throne led to Hso Kaa Hpa, son of Sao Chang Nyue from
1698:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 272) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 392): Tho Chi Bwa was a brother of Lord Tho Han Bwa. (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 170): Tho Chi Bwa was a son of Tho Khin Bwa, Lord of Maw.
728:
history, the history of the
Kingdom of Pong is largely legendary and existing chronicles and traditions include conflicting names and dates which have led to different interpretations.
1707:
All the main
Burmese chronicles—(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 297) (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 200) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 424)—give the name as Tho Ngan Bwa, the same name as the
2917:
2296:
820:
The center of power shifted frequently between these smaller states or chieftainships. Sometimes they were unified under one strong leader, sometimes they were not. As the
2076:
Translated by 龚肃政 (Gong
Suzheng); Explained by 杨永生 (Yang Yongsheng) (1988). "银云瑞雾的勐果占璧简史 (Yin yun rui wu de meng guo zhan bi jian shi)" [Chronicle of Guo-zhan-bi].
402:
388:
2295:, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand [Includes a complete translation and introduction to the Ming travelogue "Bai-yi Zhuan", a copy can be found at the
2041:
Daniels, Christian (2006) "Historical memories of a
Chinese adventurer in a Tay chronicle; Usurpation of the throne of a Tay polity in Yunnan, 1573–1584,"
1738:(Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 291) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 91): Both Tho Kyein Bwa and Tho Bok Bwa were still alive in 1451. Tho Bok Bwa was appointed
86:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
158:
879:
Later,the city became vacant. And was pioneered by Hkun Lai, who came from the city of Mong Ri Mong Ram, the city sited in the region called
2953:
2809:
675:), but most of the time this is a collective name of all the ethnic groups in south west of Yunnan, or specifically refers to Dai people.
608:
U Ting felt dizzy when she was brought to the sky by a bird. The name "Möng Mao" is still used nowadays, as the official Tai Nuea name of
2973:
2744:
1480:
2819:
2739:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2777:
2724:
2669:
869:
Mong Mao Long, or the white fog of Mong Mao Long, was founded in 56 BC by Hso Hom Hpa, a descendant of the ancient Tai King from
769:"Muang Mao" is sometimes used by authors to refer to the entire group of Tai states along the Chinese-Myanmar frontier including
2371:
2195:
2017:
1952:
751:
311:
743:. This kingdom had asserted some unity over the diversity of ethnic groups residing along the southwest frontier of Yunnan.
2232:
1729:(Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 291) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 91): Both Tho Kyein Bwa and Tho Bok Bwa were still alive in 1451.
2266:
2156:
Liew, Foon Ming. (1996) "The
Luchuan-Pingmian Campaigns (1436–1449): In the Light of Official Chinese Historiography".
94:
604:" means country or place. The "Mao" (ᥛᥣᥝᥰ) was evolved from "dizzy" (ᥛᥝᥰ), it is because the mother of legendary king
2948:
2222:
2089:
660:
107:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Chinese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
2112:胡绍华 (Hu Shaohua) (1984). "试述"百夷"含义的历史演变" [A discuss of the historical evolution of the meaning of "Baiyi"].
2052:
Calcutta: Foreign
Department Press. (Recent facsimile Reprint by Thai government in Chiang Mai University library).
750:
the Möng Mao under Si Lunfa decided to submit to Ming authority. However, Möng Mao revolted in 1386 and led to the
778:
763:
337:
2164:
861:
by
Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun (2001), also provides a fairly detailed local chronicle of Möng Mao.
1149:
Sao Lam Kon Kam Hpa 1448-1461 (son of Hso Ween Hpa but some source told he is the uncle of Hso Wak Hpa)
2364:
102:
31:
17:
2310:, Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore,
2963:
747:
740:
2328:尤中 (You Zhong) (1987). "明朝"三征麓川"叙论" [Introduction of Three Conquests Luchuan by Ming].
2912:
2291:
Wade, Geoff (1996) "The Bai Yi Zhuan: A Chinese Account of Tai Society in the 14th Century,"
324:
123:
2968:
2958:
2357:
832:
The various versions of the Möng Mao Chronicle provide the lineage of Möng Mao rulers. The
381:
2121:
642:
give a new explanation of "Guo-zhan-bi" which is "place that produce fragrant soft rice".
8:
2850:
2814:
2803:
2764:
2349:
724:, as well as with the kingdom of Luh Shwan mentioned in Chinese chronicles. Like most of
708:
627:
585:
479:
2258:
1958:
1883:
Elias, 1876; Daniels, 2006; Bian-zhang-ga, 1990; Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun, 2001
692:
438:
1223:
Hso Pa Hpa (Hso Wen Hpa) 1929-1955 son (ruled with Hso Kyang Hpa and Fang Hkuea Shang)
2343:
2262:
2218:
2191:
2085:
2057:
2013:
1948:
1743:
1268:
545:
98:
2840:
2792:
2254:
2117:
1940:
1274:
1244:
495:
487:
288:
2050:
Introductory Sketch of the History of the Shans in Upper Burma and Western Yunnan.
116:
2894:
2875:
2734:
2507:
2478:
2448:
2237:
732:
721:
697:
655:
529:
2173:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
2145:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
500:
2922:
2890:
2870:
2749:
2714:
2674:
2659:
2567:
2562:
2497:
2384:
774:
560:. The name of the main river in this region is the Nam Mao, also known as the
2942:
2624:
2592:
2517:
2512:
2483:
2403:
2321:
2300:
2293:
14th Conference of the International Association of Historians of Asia (IAHA)
1262:
1095:(He has younger brother name's Sam Lung Kung Maing (Sam Lung Hpa) became the
912:
858:
593:
577:
471:
467:
210:
55:
1962:
1934:
1226:
Hso Kyang Hpa (Thao Kying Pan) 1929-1940 (uncle of Hso Pa Hpa (Hso Wen Hpa))
2880:
2754:
2557:
2547:
2468:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2316:
Witthayasakphan, Sompong and Zhao Hongyun (translators and editors) (2001)
2169:
2141:
1229:
Fang Hkuea Shang 1940-1942 (Hso Pa Hpa (Hso Wen Hpa)'s another uncle) from
951:
916:
904:
903:
mountain range into Assam in India to established a new kingdom called the
874:
853:(Wade, 1996) which are considered more reliable from the time of the ruler
838:
826:
810:
755:
739:
around 1254. The Yuan ruled the region indirectly in what was known as the
736:
561:
395:
184:
180:
2058:"Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)"
2898:
2845:
2772:
2649:
2619:
2380:
2276:
2246:
1944:
849:
833:
821:
759:
725:
626:
as his Buddhistic classical name."Kosambi" is also called "Guo-zhan-bi" (
2344:
Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)
2026:
Bian-zhang-ga. (1990). "Hemeng gumeng: Meng Mao gudai zhuwang shi ." In
2835:
1158:
Hso Pim Hpa (Hso Liu Hpa) his nickname is Kyie-poi-pei-ma 1496-1516 son
843:
639:
509:
105:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
2241:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3. Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
2865:
2855:
2729:
2582:
2214:
1936:
Repossessing Shanland: Myanmar, Thailand, and a Nation-State Deferred
1085:
927:
896:
880:
870:
2320:, Chiang Mai: Silkworm. (Translation of Mong Mao chronicle into the
2231:
2797:
2787:
2719:
2679:
2522:
2502:
2492:
2428:
2207:
The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa
892:
720:, was written much later. Some scholars identify Möng Mao with the
605:
573:
537:
517:
241:
230:
2782:
2664:
2654:
2639:
2577:
2572:
2552:
2527:
2488:
2473:
2187:
2081:
2031:
1285:
1230:
1100:
854:
814:
796:
687:
615:
541:
521:
428:
260:
217:
164:
2311:
80:
2927:
2885:
2860:
2694:
2684:
2644:
2634:
2610:
2597:
2587:
2284:
2210:
2136:
2104:
2078:勐果占璧及勐卯古代诸王史 (Meng guo zhan bi ji meng mao gu dai zhu wang shi)
2035:
1673:
1175:
1091:
Hso Hkan Hpa (Hso Chi Hpa) son of Sao Ai Mo Kang Neng 1220–1250
900:
887:
786:
601:
553:
549:
513:
273:
199:
809:), even though specific place names are almost always used in
2689:
2629:
2281:
Inscriptions of Pagan, Pinya and Ava: Translation, with Notes
712:
Entry into Ruili, the capital of Mongmao kingdom from Myanmar
619:
609:
557:
533:
525:
424:
420:
195:
1720:(Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 82, 88): Great grandson of Tho Chi Bwa
234:
176:
2379:
2308:
Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource
2101:
History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824
2084:: Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House. pp. 1–51.
1923:
Sai Kam Mong, 2004, p. 10, citing Jiang Yingliang, 1983
1766:
Sai Kam Mong, 2004, p. 10, citing Jiang Yingliang, 1983
1205:
Hso Jing Hpa (Hso Hung Hpa) ?-1814 younger brother
439:"World Statesmen.org: Shan and Karenni States of Burma"
1894:
Lak Chang: A Reconstruction of Tai Identity in Daikong
1113:
Sao Xiao Hpa 1284-1285 younger brother of Hso Piam Hpa
873:, who sent his son Hkun Hkam Naw to build the city of
659:
as the name of the administrative division "Luchuan
512:
state that controlled several smaller Tai states or
76:
2167:(2012) . Myint Swe; Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.).
2010:
History of the Shan State: From Its Origins to 1962
1138:
Hso Ching Hpa (Hso Tit Hpa, Sao Lwei) 1396-1415 son
1110:
Hso Kam Hpa (Tai Peong, Tai Piam Hpa) 1283-1284 son
1170:Kan Kyaung Hpa 1611-1646 (son of Hso Hkwa Hpa the
1120:(He established the present of the city located)
731:Möng Mao arose in the power vacuum left after the
556:with a capital near the modern-day border town of
2940:
1932:
998:Hkam Sap Hpa (Hkam Lap Hpa) son of Hkam Pong Hpa
950:Sao Hkam Sunt 171-217 son of Sao Hkam Möng from
2151:The History and Development of the Shan Scripts
2114:中央民族学院学报 (Journal of Minzu University of China)
1080:He was the one of descendants from Hkun Su the
2318:Phongsawadan Muang Tai (Khreua Muang ku muang)
2028:Meng Guozhanbi ji Meng Mao gudai zhuwang shi .
667:). Some of literature also called Mong Mao as
101:accompanying your translation by providing an
67:Click for important translation instructions.
54:expand this article with text translated from
2365:
27:Shan state and Tusi chiefdom (abolished 1604)
678:In Burmese literature, Möng Mao was called
645:In Chinese literature, Möng Mao was called
2372:
2358:
2251:The Shan States and the British Annexation
2163:
436:
157:
2190:: Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House.
2055:
1141:Hso Ween Hpa (Hso Ngan Hpa) 1415-1445 son
1073:Pam Yau Pung (Pam Myo Pung) 1203-1210 son
716:The chronicle of this region, titled the
2075:
2007:
1990:
1988:
1811:
1787:
1161:Sao Sai Lung (Hso Hom Hpa) 1516-1533 son
1152:Hso Ham Hpa (Hso Powt Hpa) 1461-1490 son
1001:Hkam Sip Hpa (Hkam Suep Hpa) 703-753 bro
992:Ai Dyep That Hpa 638-678 son of Hkun Lai
857:. Bian-zhang-ga (1990), translated into
707:
2245:
2204:
1976:
1871:
1799:
1155:Hso Kaa Hpa (Hso Han Hpa) 1490-1496 son
995:Hkam Pong Hpa 678 son of Sao Hkun Kyunt
977:Hso Hang Hpa 394-420 son of Hso Tan Hpa
600:), which means "Great Muang Mao". The "
163:Territory of Mong Mao in the heyday of
14:
2941:
2098:
2043:International Journal of Asian Studies
1859:
2353:
2205:Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt (2005).
2122:10.15970/j.cnki.1005-8575.1984.03.022
1985:
1135:Hso Lung Hpa (Tai Lung) 1346-1396 son
2233:Royal Historical Commission of Burma
2177:
2135:
2132:, Chengdu: Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe.
1775:
989:Hkun Lai 568-638 from Mongri Mongram
36:
2954:Former countries in Chinese history
2327:
2275:
1847:
1823:
1236:
24:
2974:Former countries in Indian history
2111:
1886:
1835:
1116:Hso Wak Hpa (Hso Wa Hpa) 1285–1315
25:
2985:
2337:
1939:. University of Wisconsin Press.
1132:Hso Hkli Hpa (Tai Pong) 1339–1346
400:
386:
41:
2065:SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research
2012:. Chiang Mai: Silk Worm Books.
2001:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1877:
1865:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1701:
1692:
622:ancient country, Mong Mao used
597:
475:
2056:Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2006).
2045:, 3, 1 (2006), pp. 21–48.
1853:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1760:
1076:Sao Ai Mo Kang Neng 1210 -1220
805:
791:
782:
111:You may also add the template
13:
1:
2918:List of rulers of Shan states
2312:http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/
2287:: Government Printing, Burma.
2184:Tai Nuea - Chinese Dictionary
2153:, Chiang Mai; Silkworm Books.
1753:
1190:Hso Sueng Hpa ?-1699 son
752:Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388)
735:in Yunnan fell to the Mongol
1214:Hso Wing Hpa ?-1894 son
754:. In 1448, a combination of
7:
2829:Related states and outliers
2332:(in Chinese) (4): 58–64+57.
2297:Thailand Information Center
2178:孟尊贤 (Meng Zunxian) (2007).
2107:: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
1199:Hso Yin Hpa ?-1787 son
1061:Sao Hkun Ming 1145-1163 son
1043:Sao Sang Mwun 1081-1096 son
926:Hso Hom Hpa 56BC-24BC from
580:language name, also called
10:
2990:
1217:Hso Klai Hpa 1894-1928 son
1107:Hso Piam Hpa 1250-1283 son
1070:Sao Tai Lung 1188-1203 son
1064:Sao Hkun Kum 1163-1171 son
1055:Sao Lung Chu 1123-1137 bro
1052:Sao Sein Nga 1112-1123 son
1046:Sao Sang Yaw 1096-1103 son
1040:Hso Lung Hpa 1062-1081 son
895:had to evacuated from the
864:
762:, and other allied forces
703:
631:
589:
483:
338:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
75:Machine translation, like
29:
2908:
2828:
2763:
2703:
2606:
2536:
2457:
2391:
2116:(in Chinese) (3): 85–89.
2038:, Yunnan Minzu Chubanshe.
1933:Jane M. Ferguson (2021).
1193:Hso Bin Hpa 1699-1726 son
1067:Sao Tai Pum 1171-1188 son
1058:Sao Nga Chu 1137-1145 son
1049:Hso Tai Hpa 1103-1112 bro
1037:Hso Tai Hpa 1050-1062 son
980:Hso Hkuan Hpa 420-470 son
944:Hso Pung Mung 125-158 son
800:
672:
664:
650:
635:
499:
491:
434:
416:
361:
357:
347:
334:
321:
308:
298:
294:
284:
280:
267:
254:
250:
240:
226:
216:
206:
191:
172:
156:
151:
139:
56:the corresponding article
2949:Former countries in Asia
2306:Wade, Geoff. tr. (2005)
1685:
1220:Hso An Hpa 1928-1929 son
1208:Hso Lueng Hpa 1814-? son
1019:Hso Powt Hpa 933-960 son
1016:Hso Htao Hpa 901-933 son
1010:Hso Hkai Hpa 834-863 son
1007:Sao Hkun Hpa 793-834 son
1004:Ni Hpa Maung 753-793 son
983:Hso Huan Hpa 470-506 son
968:Hso Kawn Hpa 335-346 bro
965:Hso Kert Hpa 314-335 bro
962:Hso Kern Hpa 294-314 son
956:Sao Sam Myat 217-263 son
932:Hso Loum Hpa 24BC-16 bro
829:" on most maps today)"
567:
32:Mengmao (disambiguation)
2707:Kengtung & Yawnghwe
2160:39/2, pp. 162–203.
2128:Jiang Yingliang (1983)
2030:Gong Xiao Zheng. (tr.)
1577:Sa Ki Pha, Chau Si Pha
1390:brother of Zhao Bingfa
1196:Hso Kyue Hpa 1726-? son
1181:Hso Luan Hpa 1646-? son
1034:Hkun Kwat Hpa 1035–1050
1025:Hso Hon Hpa 983-995 son
1022:Hso Won Hpa 960-983 son
1013:Hso Han Hpa 863-901 son
974:Hso Kaw Hpa 372-394 bro
971:Hso Tan Hpa 346-372 son
959:Hso Mya Hpa 263-294 son
941:Hso Guen Hpa 75-125 son
748:Ming conquest of Yunnan
741:Native Chieftain System
548:principally set in the
122:For more guidance, see
2180:傣汉词典 (Dai han ci dian)
2008:Aung Tun, Sai (2009).
1202:Hso Wan Hpa 1787-? son
938:Hso Tawn Hpa 37-75 son
713:
349:• Disestablished
2913:Federated Shan states
2149:Kam Mong, Sai (2004)
2099:G. E. Harvey (1925).
1167:Sao Poreing 1604–1611
1031:Hso Lip Hpa 1014–1035
935:Hso Wei Hpa 16-37 son
711:
653:), first recorded in
325:Dao Ganmeng rebellion
207:Common languages
124:Knowledge:Translation
95:copyright attribution
2704:Southern Shan States
2607:Southern Shan States
2537:Southern Shan States
2458:Southern Shan States
2392:Northern Shan States
2247:Saimong Mangrai, Sao
2186:] (in Chinese).
1945:10.2307/j.ctv2175gx5
1905:Daniels, 2006, p. 28
1812:Gong & Yang 1988
1788:Gong & Yang 1988
1711:in the 15th century.
1453:grandson of Si Kefa
1124:Ai Puk 1315-1330 son
1028:Hso Hau Hpa 995–1014
690:literature, such as
382:First Toungoo Empire
113:{{Translated|zh|孟卯}}
30:For other uses, see
2851:Siamese Shan States
2765:Chinese Shan States
1742:of Mohnyin by King
1145:Vacant 1445–1448
1128:Vacant 1330–1339
764:subjugated Möng Mao
700:refer to Mong Mao.
638:) in Ruili, modern
470::𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫𑜉𑜧𑜨,
437:Ben Cahoon (2000).
300:• Established
2346:, by Jon Fernquest
2259:Cornell University
1994:Fernquest 2006: 36
1982:Aung Tun 2009: 103
718:Möng Mao Chronicle
714:
693:Cheitharol Kumbaba
612:(ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ).
103:interlanguage link
2936:
2935:
2197:978-7-5367-3790-7
2048:Elias, N. (1876)
2019:978-974-9511-43-5
1954:978-0-299-33300-3
1892:Yos Santasombat,
1874:, pp. 29, 41
1744:Narapati I of Ava
1683:
1682:
1187:Hso Kyoen Hpa son
1184:Hso Kying Hpa son
875:Oung Pawng-Hsipaw
847:(Wade, 2005) and
546:Arunachal Pradesh
454:
453:
412:
411:
408:
407:
312:Ming-Mong Mao War
269:• 1500–1533
256:• 1335–1365
135:
134:
68:
64:
16:(Redirected from
2981:
2841:Singaling Hkamti
2540:Central Division
2461:Eastern Division
2374:
2367:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2333:
2303:Central Library)
2288:
2272:
2255:Ithaca, New York
2242:
2228:
2201:
2174:
2146:
2125:
2108:
2095:
2072:
2062:
2023:
1995:
1992:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1850:, pp. 38–39
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1538:Tho Ngan Bwa II
1241:
1240:
1237:List of Monarchs
1211:Hso Suan Hpa son
1164:Vacant 1533–1604
919:located nearby.
915:, Mongkawng and
841:sources such as
807:
802:
793:
784:
771:Luchuan-Pingmian
674:
666:
663:" (Chinese:
652:
637:
633:
599:
591:
528:, the states of
508:, was an ethnic
503:
493:
485:
477:
449:
447:
445:
404:
403:
390:
389:
378:
377:
363:
362:
289:Late Middle Ages
161:
146:
137:
136:
114:
108:
81:Google Translate
66:
62:
45:
44:
37:
21:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2904:
2895:Western Karenni
2824:
2759:
2705:
2699:
2611:Myelat Division
2608:
2602:
2538:
2532:
2459:
2453:
2387:
2378:
2340:
2330:思想战线 (Thinking)
2269:
2238:Hmannan Yazawin
2225:
2198:
2158:Oriens Extremus
2092:
2060:
2020:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1955:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1676:
1626:
1601:
1583:
1573:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1510:
1483:
1471:
1470:Tho Ngan Bwa I
1443:
1407:
1380:
1353:
1326:
1316:
1288:
1263:Tai Lông (Shan)
1239:
867:
733:Kingdom of Dali
722:Kingdom of Pong
706:
634:, Chinese:
598:မိူင်းမၢဝ်းလူင်
570:
530:Northeast India
520:of what is now
459:, also spelled
450:
443:
441:
427:
423:
401:
387:
350:
340:
327:
314:
301:
270:
257:
177:Native chiefdom
168:
147:
144:
142:
131:
130:
129:
112:
106:
69:
63:(February 2021)
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2987:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:Tusi in Yunnan
2961:
2956:
2951:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2923:Princely state
2920:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2891:Karenni States
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2385:petty kingdoms
2377:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2338:External links
2336:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2314:
2304:
2289:
2273:
2268:978-0877270577
2267:
2243:
2229:
2223:
2202:
2196:
2175:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2133:
2126:
2109:
2096:
2090:
2080:(in Chinese).
2073:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2024:
2018:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1984:
1975:
1953:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1885:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1778:, p. 1347
1768:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:Tho Kyein Bwa
1570:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:သိူဝ်ဝဵၼ်းၾႃႉ
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:သိူဝ်ၶၢၼ်ႇၾႃႉ
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1093:
1092:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:Vacant 506–568
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
948:
947:Vacant 158–171
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
866:
863:
803:; pinyin:
799:(Chinese:
705:
702:
671:(Chinese:
649:(Chinese:
590:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ
569:
566:
558:Ruili/Meng Mao
514:chieftainships
452:
451:
435:
432:
431:
418:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
398:
392:
391:
384:
375:
372:
371:
366:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
348:
345:
344:
341:
335:
332:
331:
328:
322:
319:
318:
315:
309:
306:
305:
302:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
286:
285:Historical era
282:
281:
278:
277:
271:
268:
265:
264:
258:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:
228:
224:
223:
220:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
193:
189:
188:
174:
170:
169:
162:
154:
153:
149:
148:
145:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ
143:
141:Muang Mao Lông
140:
133:
132:
128:
127:
120:
109:
87:
84:
73:
70:
51:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2986:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:(17c. - 20c.)
2805:
2802:
2800:(13c. - 15c.)
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2322:Thai language
2319:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:Chulalongkorn
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2224:0-203-44427-2
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2091:7-5367-0352-X
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1991:
1989:
1979:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1862:, p. 322
1861:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1691:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:သိုကျိန်ဘွား
1571:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1543:Hso Ngan Pha
1542:
1537:
1535:
1534:ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥥᥢᥰ ᥜᥣᥳ
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:Hsö-Long-Hpa
1474:
1469:
1467:
1466:ᥔᥫᥴ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ ᥜᥣᥳ
1464:Se-Loong-Faa
1463:
1461:
1460:သိူဝ်လူင်ၾႃႉ
1457:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:သိူဝ်ဝၵ်ႉၾႃႉ
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1320:Hsö-Khan-Pha
1319:
1314:
1312:
1311:ᥔᥫᥴ ᥑᥣᥢᥱ ᥜᥣᥳ
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
953:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
929:
925:
924:
923:
920:
918:
914:
908:
906:
902:
899:. Across the
898:
894:
889:
884:
882:
877:
876:
872:
862:
860:
856:
852:
851:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
828:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
798:
794:
788:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
710:
701:
699:
696:use the name
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
676:
670:
662:
658:
657:
648:
643:
641:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
611:
607:
603:
595:
587:
583:
582:Möng Mao Lông
579:
575:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
497:
489:
481:
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
440:
433:
430:
426:
422:
419:
417:Today part of
415:
399:
397:
394:
393:
385:
383:
380:
379:
376:
374:
373:
370:
367:
365:
364:
360:
356:
352:
346:
342:
339:
333:
329:
326:
320:
316:
313:
307:
303:
297:
293:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:
266:
262:
259:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
212:
211:Tai languages
209:
205:
201:
198:(present-day
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:period (1360)
166:
160:
155:
150:
138:
125:
121:
118:
110:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
74:
72:
71:
65:
59:
57:
52:You can help
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2706:
2609:
2539:
2469:Kehsi Mansam
2460:
2419:South Hsenwi
2414:North Hsenwi
2399:Hsenwi State
2383:and related
2329:
2317:
2307:
2292:
2280:
2250:
2236:
2206:
2183:
2179:
2170:Yazawin Thit
2168:
2157:
2150:
2142:Maha Yazawin
2140:
2129:
2113:
2100:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2049:
2042:
2027:
2009:
2002:Bibliography
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1963:j.ctv2175gx5
1935:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1879:
1872:Parratt 2005
1867:
1855:
1843:
1838:, p. 86
1831:
1826:, p. 58
1819:
1807:
1802:, p. 37
1800:Mangrai 1965
1795:
1783:
1771:
1762:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1694:
1659:1500s?–1533
1625:Tho Han Bwa
1612:1465?–1479?
1602:သိုပုတ်ဘွား
1600:Tho Bok Bwa
1547:Hsö-Wen-Pha
1545:Sa Ngam Pha
1533:
1532:Se-Ween-Faa
1527:
1514:1413–1445/6
1465:
1459:
1458:Sua-Lông-Fā
1437:Hsö-Wak-Pha
1431:ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥐᥳ ᥜᥣᥳ
1430:
1424:
1317:သိုချည်ဘွား
1315:Tho Chi Bwa
1310:
1309:Se-Xaan-Faa
1304:
1303:Sua-Khān-Fā
1280:Other names
1176:Wanmaw state
1171:
1144:
1127:
1119:
1096:
1094:
1081:
1079:
921:
909:
905:Ahom Kingdom
885:
878:
868:
848:
842:
839:Ming dynasty
831:
819:
804:
790:
770:
768:
760:Sipsongpanna
745:
737:Yuan Dynasty
730:
717:
715:
691:
683:
679:
677:
668:
654:
646:
644:
632:ᥐᥨᥝᥰ ᥓᥛᥱ ᥙᥤᥱ
623:
614:
581:
572:Möng Mao is
571:
562:Shweli River
505:
463:
460:
456:
455:
442:. Retrieved
396:Ming dynasty
369:Succeeded by
368:
274:Hso Lung Hpa
99:edit summary
90:
61:
53:
2969:Shan States
2959:Tai history
2899:Kantarawadi
2846:Hkamti Long
2773:Chiang Hung
2620:Hsamonghkam
2381:Shan States
2277:Taw Sein Ko
1860:Harvey 1925
1814:, p. 1
1790:, p. 6
1627:သိုဟန်ဘွား
1526:Sua-Wen-Fā
1429:Se-Vak-Faa
1423:Sua-Wak-Fā
1379:Zhao Xiaofa
1325:Zhao Bingfa
1256:Succession
893:Hso Kaa Hpa
850:Baiyi Zhuan
506:Mao Kingdom
476:မိူင်းမၢဝ်း
235:tusi system
2943:Categories
2836:Hsawnghsup
2810:Mong-Santa
2165:Maha Sithu
2130:Daizu Shi
1914:Wade, 2005
1754:References
1609:Si Hongfa
1540:သိုငံဘွား
1496:abdicated
1487:1404–1413
1472:သိုငံဘွား
1447:1382–1399
1330:1371–1378
1292:1340–1371
1231:Mong Hkawn
844:Ming Shilu
775:Muang Yang
746:After the
640:Dai people
610:Ruili City
552:region of
516:along the
317:1380 –1388
227:Government
218:Demonym(s)
58:in Chinese
2866:Mongkawng
2856:Wa States
2745:Hsenmawng
2735:Mongyawng
2730:Kengcheng
2583:Nawngwawn
2508:Mongnawng
2479:Kengtawng
2449:Tawngpeng
2235:(2003) .
2215:Routledge
2139:(2006) .
1776:Meng 2007
1666:murdered
1634:Si Lufa?
1565:executed
1557:1445/6–?
1523:executed
1517:29 years
1481:Si Xingfa
1450:17 years
1420:murdered
1393:murdered
1366:murdered
1295:31 years
1101:Möngkawng
1086:Nawng Hsè
928:Nawng Hsè
922:Saophas:
897:Koshanpye
881:Koshanpye
871:Nawng Hsè
817:sources.
686:. In the
504:) or the
492:မိုင်းမော
484:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ
457:Muang Mao
343:1436–1449
330:1397–1398
263:( first )
152:1256–1604
117:talk page
2871:Mongyang
2820:Mong-Yin
2815:Mangshih
2798:Mong Mao
2788:Mong Lem
2750:Monghsat
2740:Hsenyawt
2720:Yawnghwe
2715:Kengtung
2680:Pangtara
2568:Mongping
2563:Lawksawk
2523:Mongpawn
2503:Kenghkam
2498:Mongkung
2493:Mongsang
2444:Mongtung
2439:Monglong
2434:Mongleng
2424:Hsumhsai
2279:(1899).
2249:(1965).
1968:18 March
1896:, p. 3-4
1848:Taw 1899
1824:You 1987
1637:1482?–?
1520:brother
1509:Si Renfa
1490:9 years
1442:Si Lunfa
1417:brother
1384:1379/80
1357:1378/79
1352:Tai Bian
1339:natural
1333:8 years
1300:natural
792:Mèngyǎng
773:(麓川平緬),
684:Maw Shan
574:Tai Nuea
538:Nagaland
518:frontier
276:( last )
242:Chao Pha
231:Monarchy
93:provide
18:Mong Mao
2804:Mengmao
2793:Mong-La
2778:Hsikwan
2725:Hsihkip
2670:Namhkom
2665:Namhkai
2655:Mawnang
2640:Loilong
2625:Kyawkku
2578:Namhkok
2573:Mongpai
2553:Hsatung
2528:Mongsit
2518:Mongpan
2513:Mongnai
2489:Monghsu
2484:Mawkmai
2474:Kenglon
2429:Manglon
2404:Mongmit
2285:Rangoon
2188:Kunming
2137:Kala, U
2082:Kunming
2032:Kunming
1836:Hu 1984
1656:Si Lun
1587:1449–?
1582:Si Bufa
1552:Si Jifa
1406:Si Wafa
1387:1 year
1360:1 year
1286:Si Kefa
1275:Burmese
1269:Tai Nua
1253:Length
1245:Chinese
913:Mongmit
901:Pad Kai
865:Saophas
855:Si Kefa
815:Burmese
795:), and
779:Chinese
726:Tai Yai
704:History
688:Manipur
661:Circuit
656:Yuanshi
647:Luchuan
628:Tai Nüa
624:Kosambi
618:was an
616:Kosambi
586:Tai Nüa
542:Manipur
522:Myanmar
496:Chinese
488:Burmese
480:Tai Nüa
429:Myanmar
336:•
323:•
310:•
261:Si Kefa
222:Tai-Mao
192:Capital
187:dynasty
165:Si Kefa
115:to the
97:in the
60:.
2928:Saopha
2886:Wuntho
2881:Wanmaw
2861:Kokang
2783:Momien
2755:Mongpu
2695:Yengan
2685:Pangmi
2675:Namtok
2660:Mawson
2645:Loimaw
2635:Loi ai
2598:Wanyin
2558:Laihka
2548:Hopong
2409:Hsipaw
2265:
2221:
2211:London
2194:
2105:London
2088:
2036:Yunnan
2016:
1961:
1951:
1740:sawbwa
1709:sawbwa
1674:Sawlon
1259:Death
1250:Years
1172:saopha
1097:saopha
1082:saopha
952:Hsipaw
917:Bammaw
827:Shweli
806:Mùbāng
797:Hsenwi
789::
787:pinyin
781::
620:Indian
554:Yunnan
550:Dehong
498::
444:7 July
246:
200:Yunnan
179:under
173:Status
2690:Poila
2630:Kyong
2593:Samka
2588:Sakoi
2182:[
2061:(PDF)
1959:JSTOR
1686:Notes
1677:စလုံ
1277:name
1271:Name
1265:Name
1247:name
669:Baiyi
568:Names
534:Assam
526:China
425:India
421:China
196:Ruili
77:DeepL
2876:Pong
2263:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2071:(2).
2014:ISBN
1970:2023
1949:ISBN
1584:思卜發
1562:son
1554:思機發
1511:思任發
1493:son
1484:思行發
1444:思倫發
1408:思瓦發
1381:昭肖發
1363:son
1336:son
1327:昭併發
1289:思可法
1103:)
888:Mong
859:Thai
834:Shan
822:Shan
813:and
811:Ming
756:Ming
698:Pong
606:Chao
602:Möng
594:Shan
578:Shan
576:and
544:and
472:Shan
468:Ahom
461:Möng
446:2014
353:1604
304:1256
185:Ming
183:and
181:Yuan
91:must
89:You
2650:Maw
2299:at
2118:doi
1941:doi
1354:臺扁
1174:of
1099:of
1084:of
682:or
680:Maw
665:麓川路
636:果占璧
532:of
510:Dai
464:Mao
79:or
2945::
2283:.
2261:.
2257::
2253:.
2217:.
2213::
2209:.
2103:.
2067:.
2063:.
2034:,
1987:^
1957:.
1947:.
1414:?
1411:?
907:.
883:.
801:木邦
785:;
783:孟養
766:.
758:,
673:百夷
651:麓川
630::
596::
592:;
588::
564:.
540:,
536:,
524:,
501:勐卯
494:;
490::
486:;
482::
478:;
474::
233:,
2901:)
2897:/
2893:(
2491:/
2373:e
2366:t
2359:v
2324:)
2271:.
2227:.
2200:.
2124:.
2120::
2094:.
2069:4
2022:.
1972:.
1943::
1746:.
1178:)
825:"
777:(
584:(
466:(
448:.
202:)
126:.
119:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
