802:
808:
39:
128:
774:. Taking advantage of the unrest fomenting under Kuchlug's rule, Jebe gained support from the Muslim populace by announcing that Kuchlug's policy of religious persecution had ended. When Jebe's army arrived at Kashgar in 1217, the populace revolted and turned on Kuchlug, forcing him to flee for his life. Jebe pursued Kuchlug across the
753:, ruler of the Karluk city Qayaliq and another son-in-law of Genghis Khan, to deal with the Qara Khitai threat, while sending Subutai with another two tumens on a simultaneous campaign against the Merkits. The two armies traveled alongside each other through the
705:
YelĂŒ Zhilugu welcomed
Kuchlug into his empire, and Kuchlug became an advisor and military commander, eventually marrying one of the daughters of Zhilugu. However, during a war with the bordering Khawarzmian dynasty, Kuchlug initiated a
761:
until arriving at
Almaliq. At that point, Subutai turned southwest, destroying the Merkits and protecting Jebe's flank against any sudden attacks from Khwarazm. Jebe relieved Almaliq, then moved south of
733:, which was a vassal of the Mongol Empire and whose ruler, Ozar, was married to a daughter of Jochi. Ozar was killed, and Kuchlug advanced on the city, which requested aid from Genghis Khan.
710:
against
Zhilegu. After Kuchlug took power, he allowed Zhilegu to rule the Qara Khitai in name only. When the Gurkhan died in 1213, Kuchlug took direct control of the khanate. Originally a
663:, where he was captured by hunters in 1218. The hunters turned Kuchlug over to the Mongols, who beheaded him. Upon defeating the Qara Khitai, the Mongols now had a direct border with the
297:
170:
1057:. The Mongols now had a firm outpost in Central Asia directly bordering the Khwarazm Empire. Relations with the Khwarazms would quickly break down, leading to the
290:
163:
801:
283:
156:
1041:
With the death of
Kuchlug, the Mongol Empire secured control over the Qara Khitai. Another segment of the Qara Khitai, from a dynasty founded by
1058:
573:
668:
366:
340:
227:
1022:
722:
majority, forcing them to convert to either
Buddhism or Christianity, a move which alienated Kuchlug from most of the population.
1549:
1559:
578:
1475:
1448:
1403:
1350:
1300:
1145:
598:
1584:
593:
583:
426:
371:
1594:
416:
210:
1589:
1529:
1506:
1380:
1327:
567:
522:
517:
264:
741:
In 1218, after requesting
Muhammad II of Khwarazm not to aid Kuchlug, Genghis Khan dispatched general Jebe with two
563:
552:
542:
328:
865:
556:
548:
474:
30:
532:
470:
421:
411:
383:
307:
205:
588:
1421:
1372:
537:
443:
930:
655:
and
Barchuk to pursue Kuchlug. After his force of over 30,000 was defeated by Jebe at the Khitan capital
499:
464:
388:
361:
356:
1498:
1319:
1292:
1137:
508:
494:
448:
438:
433:
259:
237:
1564:
790:, a group of hunters caught Kuchlug and handed him over to the Mongols, who promptly beheaded him.
406:
1395:
603:
480:
921:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1127:
1554:
1049:
as vassals of the
Mongols, but ceased to exist as an entity during the reign of the Mongol
758:
750:
242:
198:
193:
647:, vassals of the Mongol Empire, and killed their ruler Ozar, who was a grandson-in-law to
8:
1463:
1342:
1289:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of
Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
252:
1109:
1107:
1360:
823:
664:
628:
215:
1312:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in
Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
1525:
1521:
1502:
1487:
1471:
1444:
1417:
1413:
1399:
1376:
1346:
1323:
1296:
1141:
1104:
910:
787:
730:
640:
148:
1368:
999:
378:
247:
232:
807:
659:, Kuchlug faced rebellions over his unpopular rule, forcing him to flee to modern
1467:
1046:
988:
775:
754:
527:
275:
843:
627:(Western Liao Empire) in the year 1218 AD. Prior to the invasion, war with the
457:
1543:
1440:
1028:
961:
892:
854:
620:
127:
100:
1054:
979:
970:
950:
763:
742:
711:
690:
648:
180:
65:
38:
1042:
941:
874:
783:
680:
660:
624:
105:
779:
43:
Mongol conquest of Qara Khitai (Western Liao) and other Chinese regimes
1494:
1315:
1133:
767:
656:
399:
349:
770:. There, Jebe defeated an army of 30,000 troops and Kuchlug fled to
766:
into the lands of the Qara Khitai, where he besieged the capital of
1050:
715:
901:
834:
814:
771:
746:
726:
702:
698:
694:
684:
644:
636:
632:
122:
1010:
719:
1242:
1240:
1238:
749:
Barchuk (who was Genghis Khan's son-in-law) and possibly also
883:
701:
fled his homeland to take refuge among the Qara Khitai. The
1235:
707:
652:
117:
1211:
725:
The invasion was precipitated when Kuchlug besieged the
1180:
1178:
1252:
1223:
1082:
1080:
1078:
178:
86:
Territories of the Qara Khitai added to Mongol Empire
1365:
Genghis Khan's Greatest General: Subotai the Valiant
1175:
639:
had weakened the Qara Khitai. When Kuchlug besieged
1264:
1199:
1163:
1092:
1075:
651:, Genghis Khan dispatched a force under command of
1486:
1518:Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190â1400
1339:The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion
305:
1541:
1437:Genghis Khan: History's Greatest Empire Builder
714:, once among the Khitai Kuchlug converted to
291:
164:
1430:. Harvard University Press (published 1958).
1125:
1412:
1258:
298:
284:
171:
157:
1129:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
1515:
1336:
1286:
1246:
1229:
1426:. Translated by John Andrew Boyle from
1359:
1217:
1196:Broadbridge, 2018, pp. 122-123, 155-156
1184:
1116:, Chapter 6 â Seljukids and Ghazvanids.
1035:1215, on the eve of the Mongol invasion
1542:
1484:
1457:
1434:
1389:
1205:
1169:
1113:
1098:
1086:
1031:and main polities in continental Asia
977:
968:
959:
948:
919:
890:
1309:
1270:
1008:
939:
928:
881:
872:
863:
852:
812:
279:
152:
1119:
986:
908:
899:
841:
832:
821:
997:
631:and the usurpation of power by the
13:
1423:The History of The World Conqueror
745:(20,000 soldiers), along with the
24:Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai
14:
1606:
1287:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009).
1059:Mongol invasion of that territory
806:
800:
126:
37:
31:Mongol invasion of Central Asia
1550:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
1190:
1160:Broadbridge, 2018, pp. 155-156
1154:
1:
1560:Wars involving Imperial China
1392:Central Asia in World History
1126:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
1064:
1032:
674:
1373:University of Oklahoma Press
1069:
793:
7:
736:
10:
1611:
1585:1210s in the Mongol Empire
1516:Turnbull, Stephen (2003).
1499:Cambridge University Press
1485:Soucek, Svatopluk (2000).
1320:Cambridge University Press
1293:Princeton University Press
1279:
1138:Cambridge University Press
718:and began persecuting the
678:
643:, a city belonging to the
562:Hungary and Croatia (
143:total unknown, over 30,000
1595:1218 in the Mongol Empire
1390:Golden, Peter B. (2011).
1291:. Princeton, New Jersey:
1140:. pp. 123â124, 145.
547:Poland and Bohemia (
514:
507:
488:
456:
398:
348:
327:
322:
317:
189:
134:
111:
94:
47:
36:
28:
23:
1590:13th century in Mongolia
1337:Docherty, Paddy (2008).
667:, which they would soon
1489:A History of Inner Asia
1396:Oxford University Press
697:in 1204, Naiman prince
1458:Morgan, David (2007).
1310:Biran, Michal (2005).
112:Commanders and leaders
16:1218 military campaign
1435:Lococo, Paul (2008).
1468:Blackwell Publishing
1439:. Washington, D.C.:
1428:TarÄ«kh-i JahÄn-gushÄ
1023:class=notpageimage|
759:Tarbagatai Mountains
308:Mongol invasions and
194:Rise of Genghis Khan
1464:Hoboken, New Jersey
1361:Gabriel, Richard A.
1249:, pp. 187â188.
579:Bulgaria and Serbia
1414:Juvayni, Ata-Malik
1343:Union Square Press
665:Khwarazmian Empire
629:Khwarazmian Empire
1522:Osprey Publishing
1477:978-1-4051-3539-9
1450:978-1-61234-060-9
1418:Mohammad Ghazvini
1405:978-0-19-533819-5
1398:, United States.
1352:978-1-4027-5696-2
1341:. New York City:
1302:978-1-4008-2994-1
1220:, pp. 70â71.
1147:978-1-108-42489-9
788:Ata-Malik Juvayni
616:
615:
611:
610:
574:Holy Roman Empire
273:
272:
147:
146:
90:
89:
1602:
1535:
1512:
1492:
1481:
1462:(2nd ed.).
1454:
1431:
1409:
1394:. New York, NY:
1386:
1356:
1333:
1306:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1034:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1004:
995:
993:
984:
982:
975:
973:
966:
964:
957:
955:
946:
944:
937:
935:
926:
924:
917:
915:
906:
904:
897:
895:
888:
886:
879:
877:
870:
868:
861:
859:
850:
848:
839:
837:
830:
828:
819:
817:
810:
804:
594:Byzantine Thrace
320:
319:
312:
300:
293:
286:
277:
276:
184:
173:
166:
159:
150:
149:
130:
49:
48:
41:
21:
20:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1565:1210s conflicts
1540:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1509:
1478:
1451:
1406:
1383:
1353:
1330:
1303:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1259:Juvayni c. 1260
1257:
1253:
1245:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1029:Mongol homeland
1025:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
991:
989:
987:
985:
980:
978:
976:
971:
969:
967:
962:
960:
958:
953:
951:
949:
947:
942:
940:
938:
933:
931:
929:
927:
922:
920:
918:
913:
911:
909:
907:
902:
900:
898:
893:
891:
889:
884:
882:
880:
875:
873:
871:
866:
864:
862:
857:
855:
853:
851:
846:
844:
842:
840:
835:
833:
831:
826:
824:
822:
820:
815:
813:
811:
796:
786:. According to
776:Pamir Mountains
739:
687:
679:Main articles:
677:
617:
612:
489:Other invasions
313:
309:
306:
304:
274:
269:
185:
179:
177:
82:
68:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1513:
1507:
1482:
1476:
1455:
1449:
1432:
1410:
1404:
1387:
1381:
1357:
1351:
1334:
1328:
1307:
1301:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1189:
1174:
1162:
1153:
1146:
1118:
1103:
1091:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1045:, survived in
1026:
1021:
1020:
836:CUMAN KHANATES
805:
799:
798:
797:
795:
792:
738:
735:
676:
673:
669:invade in 1219
623:conquered the
614:
613:
609:
608:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
560:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
523:Volga Bulgaria
520:
512:
511:
505:
504:
503:
502:
497:
490:
486:
485:
484:
483:
478:
467:
460:
458:Southeast Asia
454:
453:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
402:
396:
395:
394:
393:
392:
391:
381:
376:
375:
374:
364:
359:
352:
346:
345:
344:
343:
338:
331:
325:
324:
318:
315:
314:
303:
302:
295:
288:
280:
271:
270:
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262:
257:
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225:
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218:
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203:
202:
201:
190:
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176:
175:
168:
161:
153:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
132:
131:
120:
114:
113:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
76:Mongol victory
74:
70:
69:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1607:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1533:
1531:1-84176-523-6
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1508:0-521-65704-0
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1441:Potomac Books
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1382:0-8061-3734-7
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1329:0-521-84226-3
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1273:, p. 87.
1272:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1247:Beckwith 2009
1243:
1241:
1239:
1232:, p. 16.
1231:
1230:Turnbull 2003
1226:
1219:
1214:
1208:, p. 76.
1207:
1202:
1193:
1187:, p. 70.
1186:
1181:
1179:
1172:, p. 75.
1171:
1166:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1101:, p. 54.
1100:
1095:
1089:, p. 82.
1088:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1030:
1024:
1016:
1005:
994:
983:
974:
965:
956:
945:
936:
925:
916:
905:
896:
887:
878:
869:
860:
858:CONFEDERATION
849:
838:
829:
818:
809:
803:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
734:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
700:
696:
693:defeated the
692:
686:
682:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:Mongol Empire
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
569:
565:
561:
558:
554:
550:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
513:
510:
506:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
491:
487:
482:
479:
476:
472:
468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
459:
455:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
408:
405:
404:
403:
401:
397:
390:
387:
386:
385:
382:
380:
377:
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
353:
351:
347:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
330:
326:
321:
316:
311:
301:
296:
294:
289:
287:
282:
281:
278:
266:
265:Volga Bulgars
263:
261:
258:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
229:
226:
224:
221:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
207:
204:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
182:
174:
169:
167:
162:
160:
155:
154:
151:
142:
139:
138:
133:
129:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
110:
107:
104:
102:
101:Mongol Empire
99:
98:
93:
85:
80:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1580:1217 in Asia
1575:1218 in Asia
1570:1216 in Asia
1517:
1488:
1459:
1436:
1427:
1422:
1391:
1364:
1338:
1311:
1288:
1266:
1254:
1225:
1218:Gabriel 2004
1213:
1201:
1192:
1185:Gabriel 2004
1165:
1156:
1128:
1121:
1094:
1040:
764:Lake Balkash
740:
724:
691:Genghis Khan
688:
649:Genghis Khan
618:
584:Latin Empire
372:Nizari state
335:
329:Central Asia
222:
183:'s campaigns
181:Genghis Khan
95:Belligerents
66:Central Asia
29:Part of the
18:
1555:Qara Khitai
1497:, England:
1460:The Mongols
1416:(c. 1260).
1206:Lococo 2008
1170:Lococo 2008
1114:Soucek 2000
1099:Morgan 2007
1087:Golden 2011
1043:Buraq Hajib
876:QARA KHITAI
825:KHWARAZMIAN
784:Afghanistan
751:Arslan Khan
708:coup d'Ă©tat
681:Qara Khitai
661:Afghanistan
625:Qara Khitai
422:Eastern Xia
412:Western Xia
336:Qara Khitai
260:Kalka River
223:Qara Khitai
211:Jin dynasty
206:Western Xia
106:Qara Khitai
81:Territorial
64:Modern-day
1544:Categories
1520:. Oxford:
1271:Biran 2005
1065:References
782:in modern
780:Badakhshan
675:Background
533:Durdzuketi
518:Kievan Rus
228:Khwarazmia
199:Chakirmaut
1495:Cambridge
1316:Cambridge
1134:Cambridge
1070:Citations
1001:SULTANATE
992:SULTANATE
914:CALIPHATE
867:KIPCHACKS
794:Aftermath
768:Balasagun
712:Nestorian
657:Balasagun
589:Lithuania
538:Circassia
400:East Asia
389:Palestine
357:Caucassus
350:West Asia
310:conquests
238:Samarkand
1363:(2004).
1051:Ilkhanid
737:Invasion
729:city of
716:Buddhism
444:Sakhalin
362:Anatolia
341:Khwarezm
216:Yehuling
135:Strength
60:Location
1420:(ed.).
1280:Sources
1055:ĂljaitĂŒ
990:AYYUBID
954:DYNASTY
934:DYNASTY
923:YADAVAS
912:ABBASID
903:ZENGIDS
894:GHURIDS
772:Kashgar
731:Almaliq
703:Gurkhan
699:Kuchlug
695:Naimans
685:Kuchlug
645:Karluks
641:Almaliq
637:Kuchlug
635:prince
604:Gazaria
528:Cumania
500:Siberia
469:Burma (
465:Vietnam
379:Baghdad
233:Bukhara
123:Kuchlug
83:changes
1528:
1505:
1474:
1447:
1402:
1379:
1369:Norman
1349:
1326:
1299:
1144:
1053:ruler
1047:Kirman
1003:OF RUM
943:XI XIA
856:MONGOL
845:KIEVAN
827:EMPIRE
747:Uyghur
743:tumens
727:Karluk
720:Muslim
689:After
633:Naiman
599:Serbia
568:Second
553:Second
543:Alania
509:Europe
475:Second
384:Levant
367:Persia
248:Parwan
140:20,000
125:
73:Result
981:KHMER
963:PAGAN
885:QOCHO
778:into
755:Altai
564:First
557:Third
549:First
495:India
471:First
449:Japan
439:Korea
434:Tibet
407:China
253:Indus
1526:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1027:The
1014:RYEO
972:DALI
952:SONG
847:RUS'
816:1215
757:and
683:and
653:Jebe
619:The
481:Java
427:Song
323:Asia
243:Merv
118:Jebe
55:1218
52:Date
1012:GO-
932:JIN
417:Jin
1546::
1524:.
1501:.
1493:.
1470:.
1466::
1443:.
1375:.
1371::
1367:.
1345:.
1322:.
1318::
1314:.
1295:.
1237:^
1177:^
1136::
1132:.
1106:^
1077:^
1061:.
1033:c.
671:.
566:,
555:,
551:,
473:,
1534:.
1511:.
1480:.
1453:.
1408:.
1385:.
1355:.
1332:.
1305:.
1261:.
1150:.
570:)
559:)
477:)
299:e
292:t
285:v
172:e
165:t
158:v
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