40:
71:
205:. They are generally equal in proportion, but albumin is much smaller than globulin, and slightly negatively charged, which leads to an accumulation at the end of the electrophoretic gel. The globulins separate out into three regions on the electrophoretic gel, which are the α band, the ÎČ band, and the Îł band.
310:
The three types of paraproteins may occur alone or in combination in a given individual. Note that while most heavy chains or whole immunoglobulins remain within blood vessels, light chains frequently escape and are excreted by the kidneys into urine, where they take the name of Bence Jones protein.
555:
536:
190:
These are characterized by the presence of any abnormal protein that is involved in the immune system, which are most often immunoglobulins and are associated with the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes.
422:
MartĂnez-GĂłmez MA, Carril-AvilĂ©s MM, Sagrado S, Villanueva-Camañas RM, Medina-HernĂĄndez MJ (2007). "Characterization of antihistamine-human serum protein interactions by capillary electrophoresis".
1655:
624:
194:
When a paraproteinemia is present in the blood, there will be a narrow band, or spike, in the serum protein electrophoresis because there will be an excess of production of one protein.
1399:
617:
953:
361:
1070:
610:
1660:
1469:
672:
334:
119:
251:
The Îł band is where the immunoglobulins appear, which is why they are also known as gammaglobulins. The majority of paraproteins appear in this band.
322:
and may lead to further complications. For example, certain macroglobulins tend to precipitate within blood vessel with cold, a phenomenon known as
1683:
1035:
1425:
764:
1724:
1115:
1628:
338:
1667:
1213:
1092:
958:
1193:
991:
1617:
1291:
845:
1464:
1283:
834:
1612:
1568:
1188:
986:
870:
1516:
1227:
326:. Others may make blood too viscous to flow smoothly (usually with IgM pentamer macroglobulins), a phenomenon known as
1459:
757:
456:
Abbas, A.K and
Lichtman, A.H. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Fifth Edition. Elsevier Saunders. Philadelphia. 2005
358:
1420:
687:
327:
1650:
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1501:
1379:
1318:
1304:
1198:
1139:
976:
902:
1698:
1608:
1558:
1454:
1183:
967:
341:(MGRS) results in kidney damage and chronic kidney disease due to the effects of monoclonal immunoglobulins.
47:
466:
Leung, Nelson; Bridoux, Frank; Nasr, Samih H. (19 May 2021). "Monoclonal
Gammopathy of Renal Significance".
1590:
1496:
1479:
1287:
841:
750:
633:
302:. If immunoglobulins tend to precipitate within blood vessels with cold, that phenomenon takes the name of
103:
1531:
1404:
1110:
1446:
706:
694:
285:
265:
164:
380:"A case of IgM paraproteinemia in which serum free light chain values were within reference intervals"
1334:
1175:
1097:
214:
70:
1536:
1364:
574:
241:
1002:
174:(no discernible cause): some of these will be revealed as leukemias or lymphomas over the years.
260:
Paraproteinemias may be categorized according to the type of monoclonal protein found in blood:
209:
The α band can be separated into two components: α1 and α2. The α1 region consists mostly of α1-
1553:
1430:
1409:
1323:
1104:
723:
602:
1562:
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1125:
1046:
948:
645:
131:
115:
107:
742:
1359:
971:
882:
790:
666:
148:
8:
1159:
943:
913:
699:
559:
290:
270:
39:
1623:
491:
171:
568:
564:
1703:
1354:
1343:
1133:
1023:
938:
683:
585:
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483:
439:
401:
319:
303:
245:
59:
1373:
421:
1473:
1252:
1120:
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731:
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662:
475:
431:
391:
323:
274:
111:
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1050:
934:
800:
795:
649:
579:
435:
396:
379:
365:
359:
http://www.use.hcn.com.au/subject.%60Immunoproliferative%20Disorders%60/home.html
88:
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95:
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549:
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1718:
1600:
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1208:
1164:
981:
855:
314:
It is also possible for paraproteins (usually whole immunoglobulins) to form
230:
222:
1203:
865:
657:
487:
443:
405:
159:
479:
877:
357:
Health
Communication Network. Immunoproliferative disorders- Topic Tree.
237:
226:
218:
210:
528:
773:
92:
1688:
777:
636:
202:
144:
140:
64:
315:
198:
154:
632:
16:
Excess myeloma protein or monoclonal gamma globulin in the blood
1236:
540:
1059:
924:
908:
772:
99:
1522:
1416:
1400:
Non-mycosis fungoides CD30â cutaneous large T-cell lymphoma
1395:
1313:
1055:
1030:
1010:
1006:
893:
811:
806:
1262:
1257:
1147:
318:
by aggregating with each other; this takes the name of
518:
1470:Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified
335:monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
120:monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
1292:Precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
846:Precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
136:Causes of paraproteinemia include the following:
1716:
465:
1036:Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
197:There are two large classes of blood proteins:
1426:Secondary cutaneous CD30+ large-cell lymphoma
758:
618:
1116:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
1071:immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
1629:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
339:monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance
333:The most common type of paraproteinemia is
114:. It is sometimes considered equivalent to
1668:Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin
1214:Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma
959:Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma
765:
751:
625:
611:
87:, is the presence of excessive amounts of
69:
38:
395:
118:. The most common form of the disease is
1194:Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma
992:Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma
1656:with bandlike and perivascular patterns
1618:Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
417:
415:
1717:
1465:Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma
746:
606:
377:
147:of various types, but usually B-cell
102:. It is usually due to an underlying
1613:X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
450:
412:
371:
351:
1725:Lymphocytic immune system disorders
1569:Large granular lymphocytic leukemia
1189:Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma
13:
14:
1736:
506:
273:). This may be associated with
1421:CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
468:New England Journal of Medicine
1651:Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia
1643:Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia
1502:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
1380:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
1319:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
1199:Primary cutaneous immunocytoma
1140:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
459:
151:with a plasma cell component.
1:
1699:Lymphoproliferative disorders
1609:Lymphoproliferative disorders
1559:Extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma
1431:Lymphomatoid papulosis type A
1410:Lymphomatoid papulosis type B
1324:Lymphomatoid papulosis type A
1184:Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
688:Waldenström macroglobulinemia
344:
328:Waldenström macroglobulinemia
48:Serum protein electrophoresis
1591:Acute biphenotypic leukaemia
1480:Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma
436:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.054
397:10.1373/clinchem.2006.080317
185:
104:immunoproliferative disorder
7:
1532:Aggressive NK-cell leukemia
1405:Pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma
1111:Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
10:
1741:
217:. The α2 region is mostly
165:Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
129:
1676:
1641:
1599:
1581:
1545:
1515:
1488:
1443:
1388:
1342:
1333:
1273:
1235:
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854:
833:
822:
789:
785:
721:
644:
522:
125:
58:
46:
37:
29:
24:
1684:Hematological malignancy
1537:Blastic NK cell lymphoma
1365:Granulomatous slack skin
1121:Classic Hodgkin lymphoma
1020:Classic Hodgkin lymphoma
255:
242:low-density lipoproteins
236:The ÎČ band consists of
724:hypergammaglobulinemia
378:Ma ES, Lee ET (2007).
368:. Accessed March 2007.
337:(MGUS). Another form,
1563:Angiocentric lymphoma
1153:AIDS-related lymphoma
977:Splenic marginal zone
480:10.1056/NEJMra1810907
289:only (also known as "
149:non-Hodgkin lymphomas
132:Plasma cell dyscrasia
116:plasma cell dyscrasia
108:hematologic neoplasms
81:Monoclonal gammopathy
25:Monoclonal gammopathy
1661:with nodular pattern
1360:Pagetoid reticulosis
972:marginal zone B-cell
667:Plasma cell leukemia
215:α1-acid glycoprotein
1160:Helicobacter pylori
987:Nodal marginal zone
914:Hairy cell leukemia
780:and related disease
712:Primary amyloidosis
700:Heavy chain disease
634:Immunoproliferative
291:heavy chain disease
271:Bence Jones protein
1704:Lymphoid leukemias
1624:Leukemoid reaction
1460:Angioimmunoblastic
1126:Burkitt's lymphoma
364:2007-09-28 at the
1712:
1711:
1637:
1636:
1577:
1576:
1511:
1510:
1439:
1438:
1355:Mycosis fungoides
1222:
1221:
1080:
1079:
1024:Nodular sclerosis
939:follicular B cell
740:
739:
684:Macroglobulinemia
600:
599:
474:(20): 1931â1941.
320:macroglobulinemia
304:cryoglobulinaemia
246:complement system
78:
77:
19:Medical condition
1732:
1474:Lennert lymphoma
1340:
1339:
1271:
1270:
1233:
1232:
1098:Primary effusion
831:
830:
820:
819:
787:
786:
767:
760:
753:
744:
743:
732:Cryoglobulinemia
663:Multiple myeloma
627:
620:
613:
604:
603:
520:
519:
515:at patient.info.
513:Paraproteinaemia
500:
499:
463:
457:
454:
448:
447:
419:
410:
409:
399:
375:
369:
355:
324:cryoglobulinemia
275:multiple myeloma
112:multiple myeloma
83:, also known as
74:
73:
42:
22:
21:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1715:
1714:
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1708:
1672:
1633:
1595:
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1573:
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1507:
1484:
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1384:
1329:
1277:
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1250:
1245:
1239:
1218:
1170:
1076:
1053:
1041:
997:
935:germinal center
919:
888:
850:
826:
824:
804:
799:
793:
781:
771:
741:
736:
717:
640:
631:
601:
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595:
531:
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503:
464:
460:
455:
451:
420:
413:
376:
372:
366:Wayback Machine
356:
352:
347:
299:immunoglobulins
258:
188:
134:
128:
89:myeloma protein
85:paraproteinemia
68:
33:paraproteinemia
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1694:Leukemia cutis
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1647:
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1639:
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1635:
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1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1597:
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1594:
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1587:
1585:
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1578:
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1566:
1549:
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1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1374:SĂ©zary disease
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1309:
1308:
1305:Prolymphocytic
1295:
1281:
1279:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1101:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1027:
1016:
1014:
999:
998:
996:
995:
989:
984:
979:
963:
962:
956:
951:
946:
930:
928:
921:
920:
918:
917:
905:
903:Prolymphocytic
899:
897:
890:
889:
887:
886:
874:
861:
859:
852:
851:
849:
839:
837:
828:
817:
816:
815:
783:
782:
770:
769:
762:
755:
747:
738:
737:
735:
734:
728:
726:
719:
718:
716:
715:
703:
691:
675:
670:
660:
654:
652:
642:
641:
637:immunoglobulin
630:
629:
622:
615:
607:
598:
597:
594:
593:
582:
571:
552:
532:
527:
526:
524:
523:Classification
517:
516:
508:
507:External links
505:
502:
501:
458:
449:
424:J Chromatogr A
411:
370:
349:
348:
346:
343:
308:
307:
294:
282:
279:AL amyloidosis
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:
234:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
180:
178:AL amyloidosis
169:
168:
167:
162:
157:
130:Main article:
127:
124:
96:gamma globulin
76:
75:
62:
56:
55:
54:spike, or peak
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1737:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1601:Lymphocytosis
1598:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Hepatosplenic
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1300:prolymphocyte
1297:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:Plasmacytosis
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1165:MALT lymphoma
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
974:
973:
969:
968:marginal zone
965:
964:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
941:
940:
936:
932:
931:
929:
926:
922:
915:
911:
910:
906:
904:
901:
900:
898:
895:
891:
884:
880:
879:
875:
872:
868:
867:
863:
862:
860:
857:
853:
847:
843:
840:
838:
836:
832:
829:
821:
818:
813:
810:
809:
808:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
779:
775:
768:
763:
761:
756:
754:
749:
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745:
733:
730:
729:
727:
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713:
709:
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681:
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676:
674:
671:
668:
664:
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647:
643:
638:
635:
628:
623:
621:
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587:
583:
581:
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572:
570:
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530:
525:
521:
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272:
268:
267:
263:
262:
261:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
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231:ceruloplasmin
228:
224:
223:macroglobulin
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:
206:
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179:
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110:, especially
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82:
72:
66:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
1552:
1495:
1489:By infection
1370:
1369:
1351:
1312:
1298:
1276:development/
1204:Plasmacytoma
1158:
1146:
1132:
1103:
1091:
1085:By infection
1068:
1029:
966:
933:
907:
876:
866:naive B cell
864:
825:development/
705:
693:
677:
658:Plasmacytoma
584:
573:
554:
535:
471:
467:
461:
452:
430:(2): 261â9.
427:
423:
390:(2): 362â3.
387:
383:
373:
353:
332:
313:
309:
296:
286:Heavy chains
284:
266:Light chains
264:
259:
196:
193:
189:
160:Plasmacytoma
135:
84:
80:
79:
51:
1371:aggressive:
1344:MF+variants
883:Mantle cell
878:mantle zone
707:light chain
695:heavy chain
238:transferrin
227:antiplasmin
219:haptoglobin
211:antitrypsin
30:Other names
1447:peripheral
944:Follicular
774:Leukaemias
586:DiseasesDB
384:Clin. Chem
345:References
172:Idiopathic
93:monoclonal
1582:Lymphoid+
1352:indolent:
1335:Cutaneous
1176:Cutaneous
954:GCB DLBCL
949:Burkitt's
778:lymphomas
639:disorders
496:234791002
269:only (or
248:proteins.
186:Diagnosis
145:lymphomas
141:Leukemias
60:Specialty
1719:Category
1689:leukemia
1247:leukemia
1242:lymphoma
801:leukemia
796:lymphoma
488:34010532
444:17339039
406:17259251
362:Archived
316:polymers
203:globulin
65:Oncology
1677:General
1584:myeloid
1546:T or NK
1517:NK cell
871:CLL/SLL
580:D010265
199:albumin
155:Myeloma
98:in the
1521:(most
1497:HTLV-1
1389:Non-MF
1278:marker
1251:(most
1237:T cell
909:CD11c+
827:marker
805:(most
791:B cell
722:Other
494:
486:
442:
404:
297:Whole
244:, and
229:, and
126:Causes
67:
50:shows
1444:Other
1314:CD30+
1060:CD138
1031:CD20+
925:CD79a
569:273.2
565:273.1
550:D89.2
546:D47.2
492:S2CID
256:Types
225:, α2-
221:, α2-
100:blood
52:gamma
1523:CD56
1417:CD30
1396:CD30
1284:TdT+
1228:T/NK
1093:KSHV
1069:see
1056:CD38
1047:PCDs
1011:CD30
1007:CD15
982:MALT
894:CD22
835:TdT+
812:CD20
807:CD19
673:MGUS
646:PCDs
591:9614
575:MeSH
560:9-CM
484:PMID
440:PMID
428:1147
402:PMID
213:and
201:and
143:and
1554:EBV
1419:+:
1398:-:
1288:ALL
1263:CD8
1258:CD4
1253:CD3
1148:HIV
1134:HCV
1105:EBV
1009:+,
856:CD5
842:ALL
679:IgM
556:ICD
537:ICD
476:doi
472:384
432:doi
392:doi
293:");
277:or
106:or
91:or
1721::
1286::
1274:By
1062:+)
1058:+/
1051:PP
1013:+)
1003:RS
823:By
776:,
650:PP
589::
578::
567:-
563::
548:,
544::
541:10
490:.
482:.
470:.
438:.
426:.
414:^
400:.
388:53
386:.
382:.
330:.
240:,
122:.
1620:)
1611:(
1565:)
1561:/
1557:(
1525:)
1519:/
1504:)
1500:(
1476:)
1472:(
1326:)
1317:(
1307:)
1303:(
1294:)
1290:(
1265:)
1249:)
1244:,
1240:(
1167:)
1163:(
1155:)
1151:(
1100:)
1096:(
1054:(
1049:/
1038:)
1034:(
1026:)
1022:(
1005:(
994:)
975:(
970:/
961:)
942:(
937:/
927:+
916:)
912:(
896:+
885:)
881:(
873:)
869:(
858:+
848:)
844:(
814:)
803:)
798:,
794:(
766:e
759:t
752:v
714:)
710:(
702:)
698:(
690:)
686:/
682:(
669:)
665:(
648:/
626:e
619:t
612:v
558:-
539:-
529:D
498:.
478::
446:.
434::
408:.
394::
306:.
281:.
233:.
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