833:
164:
144:
36:
309:
Monogenea are small parasitic flatworms mainly found on skin or gills of fish. They are rarely longer than about 2 cm. A few species infecting certain marine fish are larger, and marine forms are generally larger than those found on freshwater hosts. Monogenea are often capable of dramatically
296:
Freshwater fish that become infected with this parasite become lethargic and end up swimming towards the surface of the water. In addition, some may be seen rubbing the bottom or sides of their skin where the parasite is located. Infected skin where the parasite is attached may show areas of scale
285:
725:
have multiple parts to the haptor, typically clamps. These groups are also known as
Polyonchoinea and Heteronchoinea, respectively. Polyopisthocotyleans are almost exclusively gill-dwelling blood feeders, whereas monopisthocotyleans may live on the gills, skin, and fins.
313:
Monogeneans lack respiratory, skeletal, and circulatory systems but they do have posterior attachment structures in the form of adhesives, clamps, hamuli and suckers. Like other flatworms, Monogenea have no true
300:
In salt water fish, Monogeneans can infect the skin and gills, resulting in irritations to the host. Heavy infections could result in erratic swimming behavior. Affected gills may become irritated and swollen.
297:
loss and may produce a pinkish fluid. Gills that are infected may appear swollen and pale. "Pipping", which is gulping for air at the water surface, could indicate severe respiratory distress.
707:
were derived. Another view is that the rhabdocoel ancestor gave rise to two lines; one gave rise to monogeneans, which gave rise to digeneans, and the other line gave rise to cestodes".
257:, or fins of fish. They have a direct lifecycle and do not require an intermediate host. Adults are hermaphrodites, meaning they have both male and female reproductive structures.
838:
882:
851:
Monogeneans possess the simplest lifecycle among the parasitic platyhelminths. They have no intermediate hosts and are ectoparasitic on fish (seldom in the
752:
268:(live-bearing). Oviparous varieties release eggs into the water. Viviparous varieties release larvae, which immediately attach to another host. The genus
456:
1200:
813:
870:, the male reproductive system becomes functional before the female part. The eggs hatch releasing a heavily ciliated larval stage known as an
955:
1802:
1121:
1041:
Boeger, Walter A.; Kritsky, Delane C. (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships of the
Monogenoidea". In Littlewood, D.T.J.; Bray, R.A. (eds.).
1093:
981:
310:
elongating and shortening as they move. Biologists need to ensure that specimens are completely relaxed before measurements are taken.
363:
with functional reproductive organs of both sexes occurring in one individual. Most species are oviparous, but a few are viviparous.
1763:
1241:
344:
Like all ectoparasites, monogeneans have well-developed attachment structures. The anterior structures are collectively termed the
874:. The oncomiracidium has numerous posterior hooks and is generally the life stage responsible for transmission from host to host.
1789:
1183:
832:
699:. According to the more widely accepted view, "rhabdocoel turbellarians gave rise to monogeneans; these, in turn, gave rise to
1794:
100:
926:
L.A. Tubbsa et al. (2005). "Effects of temperature on fecundity in vitro, egg hatching and reproductive development of
717:
Some parasitologists divide the
Monogenea into two (or three) subclasses based on the complexity of their haptor: the
72:
1114:
1050:
119:
764:
much larger and lives on the skin of many tropical marine species, causing problematic infections in marine aquaria.
1841:
1742:
1524:
1807:
1755:
79:
1580:
1246:
1205:
57:
1585:
1565:
1519:
1492:
1363:
1195:
329:
Monogenea are
Platyhelminthes, so are among the lowest invertebrates to possess three embryonic germ layers—
1394:
1273:
1107:
956:
http://www.aces.edu/dept/fisheries/education/ras/publications/Update/Monogenean%20Parasites%20of%20Fish.pdf
341:. In addition, they have a head region that contains concentrated sense organs and nervous tissue (brain).
86:
356:. The posterior opisthaptor with its hooks, anchors, clamps etc. is typically the major attachment organ.
1874:
1685:
1672:
1550:
1130:
1529:
1268:
53:
17:
1833:
163:
68:
1690:
1534:
1595:
1161:
1846:
1480:
1468:
1412:
1258:
46:
994:
1612:
1441:
1331:
1210:
1498:
1338:
1216:
1145:
1820:
318:(coelom). They have a simple digestive system consisting of a mouth opening with a muscular
1711:
1659:
1486:
1448:
1429:
1381:
1306:
1235:
1189:
721:
have one main part to the haptor, often with hooks or a large attachment disc, whereas the
8:
1650:
1388:
1278:
1252:
755:
and is oviparous. This is one of the largest metazoan genera, with at least 970 species.
289:
1869:
1283:
1221:
1065:
Theunissen, M., Tiedt, L. & Du Preez, L. H. 2014: The morphology and attachment of
783:
722:
566:
471:
158:
93:
1013:
1815:
1698:
1324:
1046:
1017:
729:
718:
392:
1703:
1358:
1345:
1074:
1009:
711:
1664:
1677:
1405:
1352:
1228:
902:
852:
773:
695:
The ancestors of
Monogenea were probably free-living flatworms similar to modern
624:
602:
1750:
1737:
1575:
1263:
1177:
1078:
871:
844:
579:
517:
502:
360:
1099:
1863:
1635:
1418:
1151:
867:
405:
143:
1455:
1399:
1021:
891:
860:
792:
760:
747:
738:
639:
982:
flatworm :: Annotated classification - Britannica Online
Encyclopedia
1776:
1644:
1461:
1300:
1171:
863:
797:
777:
696:
315:
1768:
1555:
1435:
1156:
805:
427:
265:
205:
1781:
995:"Phylogenetics of the Monogenea – evidence from a medley of molecules"
1724:
1590:
1570:
1560:
1474:
1368:
1318:
769:
700:
372:
261:
175:
1606:
35:
1729:
1629:
1312:
801:
704:
338:
334:
330:
250:
195:
1166:
887:
819:
319:
1716:
1503:
1374:
934:(Monogenea) parasitic on yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi".
856:
353:
185:
1069:(Monogenea: Polystomatidae) infecting the African clawed frog
1828:
877:
284:
254:
323:
348:, while the posterior ones are collectively termed the
272:
is an example of a viviparous variety, while the genus
992:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
375:relationships of the different monogenean orders:
950:Reed, Peggy et al. Monogenean Parasites of Fish.
1861:
1129:
232:
1115:
1040:
1094:Monogenea – ectoparasitic flukes (flatworms)
690:
952:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
322:and an intestine with no terminal opening (
1122:
1108:
142:
1043:Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes
969:Roberts, S. Larry & John Janovy, Jr.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
842:, a parasite of the African clawed frog
831:
827:
714:and thousands of species are described.
283:
993:Olson PD, Littlewood DTJ (March 2002),
276:is an example of an oviparous variety.
14:
1862:
1002:International Journal for Parasitology
946:
944:
936:International Journal for Parasitology
800:and primitive freshwater fish such as
1611:
1610:
1242:Photobacterium damselae ssp piscicida
1201:Hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis
1103:
922:
920:
918:
279:
1834:357D87B8-9A54-9577-FC0A-FAF9FDDD97AC
1756:3bdaa364-aa35-480c-8213-6d6e7effcfb0
965:
963:
371:The following cladogram depicts the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
941:
24:
915:
817:is found in aquatic clawed toads (
742:has no eyespots and is viviparous.
304:
25:
1886:
1087:
960:
1525:Diseases and parasites in salmon
359:Generally, monogeneans also are
162:
34:
27:Class of ectoparasitic flatworms
249:, are a group of ectoparasitic
45:needs additional citations for
1581:Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
1206:Infectious pancreatic necrosis
1059:
1034:
986:
975:
890:, parasitizing the eye of the
13:
1:
1586:Paralytic shellfish poisoning
1566:Diarrheal shellfish poisoning
1520:Diseases and parasites in cod
1493:Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae
1364:Epizootic ulcerative syndrome
1014:10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00328-9
908:
876:No known monogeneans infect
366:
253:commonly found on the skin,
7:
1551:Amnesic shellfish poisoning
1131:Fish diseases and parasites
1045:(1st ed.). CRC Press.
971:Foundations of Parasitology
897:
10:
1891:
1530:Disease in ornamental fish
264:(egg-laying) and some are
1619:
1543:
1535:List of aquarium diseases
1512:
1292:
1137:
691:Systematics and evolution
637:
622:
615:
600:
593:
577:
570:
515:
500:
493:
469:
454:
447:
440:
425:
418:
403:
396:
386:
230:
225:
159:Scientific classification
157:
150:
141:
136:
1596:Scombroid food poisoning
1079:10.1051/parasite/2014020
1067:Protopolystoma xenopodis
905: – Family of worms
839:Protopolystoma xenopodis
1481:Sphaerothecum destruens
1469:Schistocephalus solidus
1413:Lernaeocera branchialis
1259:Spring viraemia of carp
836:Eggs of the monogenean
768:All of these can cause
245:, members of the class
1442:Nanophyetus salmincola
1332:Clinostomum marginatum
1184:Hematopoietic necrosis
1152:Nervous necrosis virus
883:Oculotrema hippopotami
866:). Although they are
848:
796:is primarily found in
293:
1339:Dactylogyrus vastator
1217:Mycobacterium marinum
1146:Aeromonas salmonicida
835:
828:Ecology and lifecycle
287:
260:Some monogeneans are
152:Echinoplectanum laeve
1751:Fauna Europaea (new)
1487:Swim bladder disease
1449:Pseudorhabdosynochus
1430:Myxobolus cerebralis
1382:Gyrodactylus salaris
1307:Amoebic gill disease
1236:Pfiesteria piscicida
1190:Heterosigma akashiwo
1073:. Parasite, 21, 20.
54:improve this article
1389:Henneguya zschokkei
1253:Streptococcus iniae
1096:- Clinical Sciences
290:Diplozoon paradoxum
1875:Protostome classes
1222:Aquarium granuloma
928:Benedenia seriolae
849:
784:Polyopisthocotylea
723:Polyopisthocotylea
567:Polyopisthocotylea
472:Montchadskyellidea
294:
280:Signs and symptoms
1857:
1856:
1816:Open Tree of Life
1613:Taxon identifiers
1604:
1603:
1325:Ceratomyxa shasta
932:Zeuxapta seriolae
730:Monopisthocotylea
719:Monopisthocotylea
703:, from which the
687:
686:
678:
677:
668:
667:
659:
658:
650:
649:
555:
554:
546:
545:
537:
536:
528:
527:
482:
481:
393:Monopisthocotylea
240:
239:
221:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1882:
1850:
1849:
1837:
1836:
1824:
1823:
1811:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1771:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1745:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1706:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1667:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1608:
1607:
1395:Ich (freshwater)
1359:Eustrongylidosis
1346:Diphyllobothrium
1211:Koi herpes virus
1196:Hole in the head
1162:Enteric redmouth
1124:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1081:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1028:
999:
990:
984:
979:
973:
967:
958:
948:
939:
924:
618:
617:
596:
595:
573:
572:
496:
495:
450:
449:
443:
442:
421:
420:
399:
398:
389:
388:
379:
378:
219:
167:
166:
146:
134:
133:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1615:
1605:
1600:
1539:
1508:
1406:Kudoa thyrsites
1353:Cymothoa exigua
1288:
1229:Novirhabdovirus
1133:
1128:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1024:
997:
991:
987:
980:
976:
968:
961:
949:
942:
925:
916:
911:
903:Gastrocotylinae
900:
875:
853:urinary bladder
830:
776:when raised in
774:freshwater fish
693:
688:
679:
674:Heteronchoinea
669:
660:
651:
625:Diclybothriidea
603:Chimaericolidea
556:
547:
538:
529:
483:
457:Lagarocotylidea
369:
307:
305:Characteristics
282:
218:
196:Platyhelminthes
161:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1888:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1838:
1825:
1812:
1799:
1786:
1773:
1760:
1747:
1738:Fauna Europaea
1734:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1669:
1656:
1641:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:Marine viruses
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1544:Related topics
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1264:Taura syndrome
1261:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1178:Flavobacterium
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:External links
1086:
1083:
1082:
1071:Xenopus laevis
1058:
1051:
1033:
1008:(3): 233–244,
985:
974:
959:
940:
938:(35), 315–327.
913:
912:
910:
907:
899:
896:
872:oncomiracidium
868:hermaphrodites
845:Xenopus laevis
829:
826:
825:
824:
814:Protopolystoma
809:
766:
765:
756:
743:
692:
689:
685:
684:
681:
680:
676:
675:
671:
670:
666:
665:
662:
661:
657:
656:
653:
652:
648:
647:
644:
643:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
621:
616:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
599:
594:
592:
591:Oligonchoinea
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:Polystomatidea
576:
571:
569:
563:
562:
561:Polyonchoinea
558:
557:
553:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
531:
530:
526:
525:
522:
521:
518:Dactylogyridea
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
503:Gyrodactylidea
499:
494:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
480:
479:
476:
475:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
453:
448:
446:
441:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
424:
419:
417:
414:
413:
410:
409:
402:
397:
395:
387:
385:
377:
368:
365:
361:hermaphroditic
306:
303:
281:
278:
238:
237:
228:
227:
223:
222:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
155:
154:
148:
147:
139:
138:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1887:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:Microsporidia
1417:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1247:Salmon anemia
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1052:9780367397852
1048:
1044:
1037:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
989:
983:
978:
972:
966:
964:
957:
953:
947:
945:
937:
933:
929:
923:
921:
919:
914:
906:
904:
895:
893:
889:
885:
884:
879:
873:
869:
865:
862:
858:
854:
847:
846:
841:
840:
834:
822:
821:
816:
815:
810:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:
789:
788:
787:
785:
781:
779:
775:
771:
763:
762:
757:
754:
750:
749:
744:
741:
740:
735:
734:
733:
731:
727:
724:
720:
715:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
683:
682:
673:
672:
664:
663:
655:
654:
646:
645:
642:
641:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
620:
619:
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
598:
597:
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
575:
574:
568:
565:
564:
560:
559:
551:
550:
542:
541:
533:
532:
524:
523:
520:
519:
513:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
498:
497:
491:
490:
487:
486:
478:
477:
474:
473:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
452:
451:
445:
444:
438:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
423:
422:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
406:Monocotylidea
401:
400:
394:
391:
390:
384:
381:
380:
376:
374:
364:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
311:
302:
298:
292:
291:
286:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
236:
234:
229:
224:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
165:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
140:
135:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1620:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1460:
1447:
1440:
1428:
1423:
1411:
1404:
1400:Ich (marine)
1387:
1380:
1373:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1251:
1234:
1227:
1215:
1188:
1176:
1144:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1042:
1036:
1025:, retrieved
1005:
1001:
988:
977:
970:
951:
935:
931:
927:
901:
892:hippopotamus
881:
861:cold-blooded
850:
843:
837:
818:
812:
793:Diclidophora
791:
782:
767:
761:Neobenedenia
759:
748:Dactylogyrus
746:
739:Gyrodactylus
737:
728:
716:
709:
694:
640:Mazocraeidea
638:
623:
601:
578:
516:
501:
470:
455:
426:
404:
382:
373:phylogenetic
370:
358:
352:, or simply
349:
345:
343:
328:
312:
308:
299:
295:
288:
274:Dactylogyrus
273:
270:Gyrodactylus
269:
259:
246:
242:
241:
231:
215:
202:Superclass:
151:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1777:iNaturalist
1645:Wikispecies
1513:Fish groups
1462:Saprolegnia
1456:Salmon lice
1301:Abergasilus
1172:Fish dropsy
880:, but one (
864:vertebrates
798:marine fish
778:aquaculture
697:Turbellaria
350:opisthaptor
316:body cavity
243:Monogeneans
220:Carus, 1863
69:"Monogenea"
1864:Categories
1556:Brevetoxin
1436:Myxosporea
1284:Yellowhead
1279:White spot
1157:Columnaris
909:References
886:) infects
806:paddlefish
770:epizootics
428:Capsalidea
266:viviparous
226:Subgroups
206:Neodermata
137:Monogenea
110:March 2007
80:newspapers
18:Monogenean
1870:Monogenea
1678:Monogenea
1665:Monogenea
1651:Monogenea
1621:Monogenea
1591:Saxitoxin
1571:Fish kill
1561:Ciguatera
1475:Sea louse
1424:Monogenea
1319:Carp lice
1293:Parasites
1138:Pathogens
823:species).
802:sturgeons
786:include:
751:has four
732:include:
710:About 50
701:digeneans
383:Monogenea
367:Phylogeny
346:prohaptor
262:oviparous
251:flatworms
247:Monogenea
216:Monogenea
182:Kingdom:
176:Eukaryota
1630:Wikidata
1313:Anisakis
1022:11835967
898:See also
753:eyespots
712:families
705:cestodes
339:ectoderm
335:mesoderm
331:endoderm
233:See text
192:Phylum:
186:Animalia
172:Domain:
1769:7774442
1717:2553362
1636:Q575927
1167:Fin rot
1027:May 19,
888:mammals
820:Xenopus
320:pharynx
212:Class:
94:scholar
1821:473600
1782:209067
1730:1MONGC
1504:Xenoma
1499:Velvet
1375:Glugea
1369:Flukes
1049:
1020:
857:rectum
811:Genus
790:Genus
758:Genus
745:Genus
736:Genus
354:haptor
337:, and
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1842:WoRMS
1829:Plazi
1808:37945
1795:54557
1743:16177
1704:62269
998:(PDF)
954:. .
878:birds
255:gills
101:JSTOR
87:books
1803:NCBI
1790:ITIS
1764:GBIF
1725:EPPO
1686:BOLD
1452:spp.
1047:ISBN
1029:2022
1018:PMID
930:and
855:and
804:and
324:anus
73:news
1847:798
1712:EoL
1699:CoL
1673:AFD
1660:ADW
1274:VHS
1269:UDN
1075:doi
1010:doi
859:of
772:in
326:).
56:by
1866::
1844::
1831::
1818::
1805::
1792::
1779::
1766::
1753::
1740::
1727::
1714::
1701::
1691:39
1688::
1675::
1662::
1647::
1632::
1016:,
1006:32
1004:,
1000:,
962:^
943:^
917:^
894:.
780:.
333:,
235:.
1224:)
1220:(
1123:e
1116:t
1109:v
1077::
1055:.
1012::
808:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
