1128:
1027:. Thus it took 450 years for the message sent by TMA-2 to reach its "superior", which then sent a message giving permission to destroy humanity, which took another 450 years to return to the Sol system in the year 3001. Due to the efforts of Frank Poole and the Europa team on Earth, the ascended Dave Bowman and AI HAL (now fused as one being "Halman" in the Monolith's computational matrix) were able to introduce a subtle computer virus into TMA-2 which destroyed it before it could render the human race extinct.
1181:
41:
1046:
Monoliths' point. Unlike the TMA-2 Monolith, whose judgment of humanity was based on its social progress by the year 2001, the
Firstborn considered the more peaceful and responsible humanity of the year 3001 worthy of survival, or at least not a threat to the Europans. Their assessment seems to prove true, as subsequently Frank Poole and the other humans land on Europa and attempt to start peaceful relations with the primitive native Europs.
954:
725:
575:
358:
220:
1067:
Monoliths' interference, they evolved as filter-feeders on the frozen seas under the moon's ice, using their twig-arms to strain for plankton. They were hunted by predators, one notable species of which is described as "like a flying carpet, but as big as a football field", dredging the ocean floor. In response, the Europs gradually evolved to build basic shelters for themselves on the ocean floor - comparable to Earth cephalopods
549:, the author changes the description of the Europan monolith to be 20 kilometers long, so it is unclear whether TMA-2 changed size or it is actually a different monolith. In any case, HAL and Bowman infect that monolith with a computer virus after it is learned that its superiors are sending an order to destroy humanity. As a result of the virus, TMA-0, TMA-1, and TMA-2/The Great Wall disappear from the Solar System.
537:'s comments on its larger size.) TMA-2 acted as a Star Gate and transported Dave Bowman across the galaxy in 2001 and brought his consciousness back again in 2010, at which time it duplicated itself over a million times to transform Jupiter into a star. Afterwards, TMA-2 became the home for the digitized minds of Bowman and HAL and supposedly moved to Europa to watch over the evolution of life there. In
1079:. This is much less energy efficient than the Terran biosphere's oxygen-based respiration, resulting in the Europs being very slow: it's remarked that "even a sloth could outrun a Europ". This limit on energy efficiency also results in Europs being much smaller than humans. Overall, without the protection of the Monoliths, the Europs could have easily been wiped out by humanity with little effort.
503:) in the novel or Jupiter in the motion picture. (The subsequent novels follow the continuity of the film, placing all of the activity around Jupiter.) Its powerful magnetic field disappears immediately. In the novel, some scientists speculate that its magnetic field came from large electric currents, circulating in a system of
319:
they encountered a living world that had features in favour of the evolution of intelligent life, they left behind the
Monoliths as remote observers that were also capable of taking a variety of actions according to their creators' wishes. One such planet, encountered when it was still quite young, was
343:
into computers, and thus they became thinking machines. In the end, they surpassed even this achievement, and were able to transfer entirely from physical to noncorporeal formsâthe "Lords of the Galaxy"âimmortal and capable of travelling at great speeds. The
Firstborn had abandoned physical form, but
314:
While these early explorers discovered that life was quite common, they observed that intelligent life was often stunted in its development, or else died out prematurely. Hence, they set about fostering it. Though not at all morphologically similar to humans, the
Firstborn were nonetheless creatures
1115:
pyramid, and due to construction constraints they recommended a flat slab shape. Kubrick approved, but was disappointed with the glassy appearance of the prop on set, leading art director
Anthony Masters to suggest making the monolith black. The rejected acrylic monolith can be seen in St Katherine
1045:
reveals that the
Firstborn had been monitoring humanity's final confrontation with the Monoliths in the Sol system, but chose not to intervene, likely considering it a test of mankind's abilities - either they would find a way to stop the Monoliths and thus prove their worth, or fail and prove the
1018:
TMA-2 also apparently decided, in the early 21st century, that humanity was a failed species and that it was possibly necessary to destroy them. Apparently the TMA-2 Monolith was allowed to destroy primitive species at its own discretion, but needed the authorisation of a "superior" to destroy an
710:
novel, it is realized that back in the early 22nd century, TMA-2 broadcast a status report message to a point 450 light years away and is just now receiving instructions in return. Although unseen, this is assumed to be another monolith which is in charge of the monoliths in the Solar System. In
671:
novel implies that this
Monolith is TMA-2 from the previous novel, but the characters never refer to it as TMA-2 or "Big Brother." It is described as being the same size as TMA-2 and is the home to the digitized minds of Bowman and HAL just as TMA-2 was at the end of the last novel. However, the
475:
whose sides extend in the precise ratio of 1 : 4 : 9 (1 : 2 : 3). Its measurements are given in the novel as 1.25 ft Ă 5 ft Ă 11 ft (38 cm Ă 152 cm Ă 335 cm); actually a ratio of 1:4:8.8. The monolith is sitting on a platform of
1066:
Physically, Europs are described as looking like "a small, leafless bush, with no obvious sense organs or means of communication". They walk on half a dozen slender trunks, which divide into hundreds of twigs, which divide again - making them very dexterous, and potential tool-users. Prior to the
1014:
The TMA-2 Monolith had judged that it would be desirable to nurture the primitive
Europans by preventing the eventual freezing of their moon, and to keep humanity separated from them. TMA-2 thus converted Jupiter into a new star (dubbed "Lucifer", meaning "light-bringer") to warm Europa into more
318:
However, the evolutionary development projects they began would by their nature require very long time-spans to complete, far longer than the lives of their creators. Therefore, the aliens created increasingly complex automated machines to oversee and carry out their projects over the eons. When
205:
appears at the beginning of the story, four million years before the present era. It is discovered by a group of australopithecines and triggers a shift in evolution, starting with the ability to use tools and weaponry. It is later revealed that thousands of other
Monoliths exist elsewhere in the
1071:
in the form of protection. The
Monolith's warming of the moon spurred the Europs to become amphibious, migrating on land where they construct basic ice-igloos, as an advance over their underwater hovels. The Europs still need to return to water to feed, but now have total protection from aquatic
1054:
When TMA-2 transformed Jupiter into the new star "Lucifer", it warmed Europa to nearly the average temperature of Earth, melting the ice sheets which once covered the moon - and giving an evolutionary boost to indigenous life-forms which had existed in the oceans hidden beneath. This is directly
785:
In the movies, all the Monoliths are black, extremely flat, non-reflective rectangular solids. In the first novel, the monolith on the African savannah was transparent and "it was not easy to see except when the morning sun glinted on its edges", but became less transparent when active and was
1082:
One area of pre-sapient activity observed among the Europs by 3001 is that they are fascinated by metal artefacts from crashed human spaceships and probes - as they have no counterpart in their raw state under the oceans. Whenever the Europs find abandoned human machinery (or the crashed ship
1091:" phenomenon on Earth in the twentieth century, and cites it as a spark of curiosity that shows an advance from pure animal instinct. At the end of the final novel, when Frank Poole approaches the Europs for first contact, he carries a large, shiny copper wire as a peace offering to them.
543:, it is implied that TMA-2 is the monolith found resting on its side on Europa because it has the same size (2 kilometers long) and contains the digitized minds of Dave Bowman and HAL; however, no character refers to it as TMA-2 or Big Brother, instead christening it "The Great Wall". In
1015:
habitable conditions â at the cost of exterminating the Jovians, ocean-like creatures who swam through the upper atmosphere of Jupiter. The Jovians were judged too primitive, as due to their environment they had no hope of ever developing to become an advanced civilization.
837:
beyond the theoretical limits of material strength. However, they are not completely indestructible: The Great Wall Monolith (perhaps the same as TMA-2) was knocked on its side and suffered from damage caused by a giant meteorite of solid diamond that collided with Europa in
1030:
The Firstborn did not appear to have abandoned all interest in the evolutionary experiments overseen by the ancient Monoliths. The Monoliths' communications are said to be limited by the speed of light, but Dave Bowman is sent on an interstellar journey at the end of
697:
spacecraft. He nicknames it "Minilith" for its small size compared to other observed Monoliths. At the end of the book it is explained that Halman used the Minilith to replicate Heywood Floyd's consciousness to help him uncover the Monolith's operations.
684:
the monolith on its side is described as having a purpose to protect the evolving Europans. (Arthur C. Clarke admitted to changing some concepts each time he wrote another sequel novel so it is not possible to fully reconcile TMA-2 and The Great Wall.)
929:, the consciousness of Dave Bowman, HAL-9000, and Dr. Floyd become incorporated as computer programs in TMA-2 as their new home. TMA-2 then observes the development of the Europans and guards them from any interplanetary (i.e. human) interference.
824:
in space with no apparent damage. The two Monoliths recovered and examined by humans are virtually indestructible and impenetrable, resisting all attempts to analyze their composition or internal structure right up to the end of the series.
800:
The Monoliths come in several different sizes: TMA-0 and TMA-1 are both about 11 feet long, TMA-2 is two kilometers long, and the "minilith" is smaller than TMA-1. The Great Wall Monolith is described as being two kilometers long in the
1058:
Due to the branching storylines of each book, the third novel ends with a flash-forward 20,000 years into the future, with the Europs developing a basic civilization without outside contact from humanity. The fourth and final novel,
680:, Bowman and HAL describe how it was knocked on its side and possibly damaged by the impact of Mount Zeus, a vast diamond shard from Jupiter's core that struck Europa's surface some time following Jupiter's transformation. But in
335:
was also visited, but passed over in favour of more fruitful locations like Earth. The Firstborn left behind three Monoliths to observe and enact their plan to encourage hominids to pursue technology and space travel.
1206:, directed by Christopher Nolan, two robots named TARS and CASE accompanies four NASA astronauts on their journey in the search of a new home for humanity. The robots have striking resemblance to the monoliths.
533:). This object was dubbed "TMA-2", a term that the book calls "doubly inappropriate": it had no magnetic field, and was millions of miles from Tycho. (TMA-2 was often referred to as "Big Brother" due to
1256:, Signet. "How obviousâhow necessaryâwas that mathematical ratio of its sides, the quadratic sequence 1:4:9! And how naive to have imagined that the series ended at this point, in only three dimensions!"
1039:
and Clarke have similarly stated that Bowman was transformed by non-corporeal aliens, not the Monoliths). They also subsequently transform HAL in 2010, to give Bowman a companion. The epilogue to
635:
Other than the Monoliths bearing TMA labels, there are many other Monoliths that are seen in the series. In two instances, millions of Monoliths are generated for a limited time. In the first, in
311:
species to possess a significant capability of interstellar travel. Members of this species explored the universe in the search of knowledge, especially knowledge about other intelligent species.
1142:
A black bronze monolith of roughly the same size as the original (about 5m tall) was erected in 1973 on the campus of the University of Hawaii at MÄnoa and has been standing ever since.
194:
and their human descendants. The characters' responses to their discoveries drive the plot of the series and influence its fictional history, particularly by encouraging humanity to
1055:
compared to how the original TMA-0 gave pre-human apes an evolutionary nudge on the path towards sapience. The near-sapient life-forms on Europa are dubbed "Europs" by humans.
1019:
advanced spaceflight-capable civilisation such as humanity. This "superior" was a Monolith located in a distant star system, but even the Monoliths were limited by the
1119:
Interestingly, the aspect ratio of the monolith (9:4) is the same as the rectangular holes in a standard Hollerith Twelve-Row Computer Punched Card (0.126:0.056).
307:
millions or perhaps billions of years before the present time. In the novels, Clarke refers to them as the "Firstborn", since they were quite possibly the first
557:
In the year 2513, the first Monolith to be encountered by humankind's prehistoric evolutionary predecessors (the ones featured in the first novel) was found in
507:
for millions of years as an energy-storage mechanism. All of that electric power was expended in the one signal aimed at what would be discovered to be TMA-2.
491:
TMA-1 was dug up during the lunar night but, after sunrise and its exposure to direct sunlight, TMA-1 emits a single powerful burst of energy, interpreted as
422:
when referring to "TMA-0" and "TMA-2", since neither of these is found on the Moon (let alone in Tycho Crater) and neither one of them emits any significant
857:
While it is unclear what the composition of the Monoliths is, they clearly have mass, which is about the only observation that can be made. In the novel
789:
In the novels and in the films, the dimensions of the monoliths are in the precise ratio of 1 : 4 : 9 (the squares of the first three positive
667:
due to its horizontal orientation. It is believed to be watching over the Europans in a manner similar to what TMA-0 did on Earth in the first book. The
868:
measure the mass of TMA-2 and find that it has a density slightly higher than that of air. The masses of TMA-0 and TMA-1 are never revealed by Clarke.
296:. The existence of this species is only hypothesized by the rest of humanity, but it is obvious because the Monolith was immediately identified as an
676:
novel changes the description of the Great Wall to be 20 kilometers long, so it is unclear whether this monolith is the same as TMA-2 or not. In
1148:
1132:
1087:) they strip all the metal from them, and pile it in heaps, frequently rearranging the pieces. Frank Poole speculatively compares this to the "
813:, the Star Child, created from the astronaut Dave Bowman, cryptically notes that the Monolith is actually one size â "as large as necessary".
1215:, players can use monoliths to increase the intelligence of creatures on other planets, allowing them to progress into the Space stage.
432:. (The characters in some of the novels do refer to this anomalous nomenclature quizzically.) In the novel, the Russian crewmen of the
816:
The Monoliths are extremely long-lived and reliable machines, able to survive for millions of years buried in the ground or resisting
1063:, altered this to end with the revived Frank Poole making first contact with the Europs and attempting to begin peaceful relations.
975:
746:
596:
379:
241:
1660:
1644:
179:
786:
described as a crystal. Also, the final monolith is described as a transparent crystal that becomes less transparent when active.
1453:
471:
buried about 15 meters below the surface. In the novel, when the Monolith is excavated and examined, it is found to be a black
1652:
1194:
1185:
46:
793:). These dimensions are the main source of debate about the simple external design of the Monoliths. It is suggested in the
1378:
1347:
1733:
1668:
1293:
641:, millions of Monoliths are generated to transform Jupiter into a star, subsequently named Lucifer. In the second, in
1324:
1277:
1001:
833:, an impression he gets from touching it; this hypothesis is later accepted as probable because the Monoliths resist
772:
622:
405:
267:
1075:
Because life in Europa's oceans evolved around thermal vents that received no sunlight, the Europs' biochemistry is
983:
754:
604:
387:
249:
280:
The species that built the Monoliths is never described in detail, but some knowledge of its existence is given to
182:
whom Clarke dubbed the Firstborn and who he suggests are the earliest highly intelligent species to evolve in the
1597:
1517:
979:
750:
600:
383:
245:
1728:
1676:
1536:
1035:, and Bowman is apparently transformed into the Star Child, not by the Monoliths, but by the Firstborn (both
286:
152:
651:
from their primary star in an attempt to destroy the humans. Other specific monoliths are described below.
534:
468:
281:
1068:
1446:
178:
whose sides extend in the precise ratio of 1 : 4 : 9 (1 : 2 : 3) built by an unseen
1484:
1108:
1024:
1111:" that the first story was based on. A London firm was approached to provide a 12-foot (3.7 m)
1431:
1193:
In June 2020, a 4.5 meters (15 ft) tall wooden replica was found in the main courtyard of the
964:
922:
918:
disks that attempt to block the Sun from Earth and Lucifer from its colonies in the Jovian system.
735:
585:
368:
230:
1579:
1560:
1211:
1041:
968:
846:
739:
643:
589:
545:
372:
344:
their creations, the Monoliths, remained, and continued to carry out their original assignments.
234:
186:. In the series of novels (and the films based on these), three Monoliths are discovered in the
148:
1723:
1439:
1298:
1361:
1314:
921:
The Monoliths are clearly described in the novels as controlled by an internal computer, like
1685:
1509:
1491:
1267:
1076:
195:
72:
1422:
1416:
1402:
1396:
284:
after he is transported by the star-gate to the "cosmic zoo", as detailed in the 1968 novel
1173:
1157:
850:, all three Monoliths known to humankind are deactivated by being infected with a powerful
8:
1552:
1202:
940:
away in the 22nd century. However, only TMA-1 ever exhibited any strong magnetic fields.
840:
834:
664:
539:
304:
1127:
933:
899:
1382:
1544:
1320:
1273:
876:
637:
529:
485:
428:
339:
As described in Clarke's novel, the Firstborn discovered later how to transfer their
292:
191:
902:
to create thousands or millions of identical Monoliths in just a matter of days. In
875:, TMA-2 opens up a stargate that takes Dave Bowman on a trip across the universe at
1462:
1225:
1116:
Dock, London, where it was hung in 1977 to commemorate the Queen's silver jubilee.
907:
826:
817:
161:
97:
1316:
Space Odyssey: Stanley Kubrick, Arthur C. Clarke, and the Making of a Masterpiece
1164:
1036:
648:
297:
140:
110:
92:
647:, millions of monoliths are generated to block both the Earth and human-settled
1696:
1180:
1020:
895:
879:
speeds, and with as much acceleration as the creators of the stargate wish. In
851:
504:
496:
460:
456:
423:
136:
1717:
1620:
1467:
1233:
915:
888:
558:
340:
328:
166:
30:
1417:
1397:
830:
187:
1160:, players can find several monoliths scattered around the kerbolar system.
40:
1690:
1104:
937:
1163:
You can find similar looking monoliths on the moon and Mars in the game
1138:
Replicas have been displayed in some places as a tribute to the movie:
1112:
1088:
862:
492:
433:
144:
58:
821:
481:
464:
183:
1461:
953:
724:
574:
357:
219:
1702:
1626:
936:. TMA-2 sends a radio transmission towards a star system about 450
790:
693:
A small Monolith appears before Heywood Floyd in 2061 on board the
477:
476:
the same material above undisturbed rock. Clarke suggests that the
419:
308:
202:
797:
novel that this number series does not stop at three dimensions.
516:
324:
125:
910:
is carried out, converting the planet into a miniature star. In
443:" (from the Russian word for "enigma", "mystery", or "riddle").
18:
Fictional artefacts from Arthur C. Clarke's Space Odyssey novels
1294:"Weird, Unseen Images from the Making of 2001: A Space Odyssey"
932:
Both TMA-1 and TMA-2 produce occasional, powerful, directional
659:
A large Monolith is found resting on its side on Europa in the
520:
515:
An identical object (except in size) was found later, orbiting
500:
472:
315:
of "flesh and blood", and like humans, were originally mortal.
175:
906:, the many units act to increase the density of Jupiter until
1362:"ANSI Standard Rectangular Holes in Twelve-row Punched Cards"
809:
novel. Monoliths may be able to assume any size, because in
467:. Astronauts find that this magnetic anomaly is caused by an
320:
561:, buried in ancient rock, and retroactively dubbed "TMA-0".
1236: â Modern structure of unknown origin in southern Utah
1230: â Artwork installed in Seattle on New Year's Day 2001
914:, millions of copies of TMA-2 assemble themselves into two
527:
novel, although this was changed to Jupiter in the sequel,
332:
1072:
predators while they sleep in their land-based shelters.
1348:"See The Original Monolith From 2001: A Space Odyssey"
418:
The term "Tycho Magnetic Anomaly" is something of a
1269:
Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey: New Essays
1151:
conference in 2001, a replica monolith was erected.
1107:
pyramid. This was taken from the 1951 short story "
711:other words, TMA-2 was reporting to its Superior.
1246:
894:TMA-2 replicates itself by a form of symmetrical
663:novel. It is nicknamed the Great Wall after the
1715:
303:The species that built the Monoliths developed
714:
480:or ratio extends past the three known spatial
1447:
1379:"Mysterious monolith spotted on MÄnoa campus"
982:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
753:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
603:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
552:
510:
455:(also known as TMA-1) refers to the strong
446:
386:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
347:
248:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1454:
1440:
1099:The first design for the Monolith for the
1002:Learn how and when to remove this message
773:Learn how and when to remove this message
623:Learn how and when to remove this message
406:Learn how and when to remove this message
268:Learn how and when to remove this message
1179:
1172:In 2016, a replica appeared at the NASA
1126:
196:progress with technological development
1716:
1425:from the original on 24 December 2021.
1405:from the original on 24 December 2021.
1312:
1265:
1435:
980:adding citations to reliable sources
947:
805:novel but 20 kilometers long in the
751:adding citations to reliable sources
718:
701:
601:adding citations to reliable sources
568:
384:adding citations to reliable sources
351:
246:adding citations to reliable sources
213:
13:
1686:Poole versus HAL 9000 (chess game)
1398:"Singularity University Instagram"
564:
14:
1745:
654:
1266:Kolker, Robert (23 March 2006).
952:
829:proposes they have some sort of
723:
573:
356:
218:
39:
34:series of prose fiction element
1518:2010: The Year We Make Contact
1409:
1389:
1371:
1354:
1340:
1306:
1286:
1259:
1:
1240:
459:found somewhere in the lunar
153:extraterrestrial intelligence
426:, as described in the novel
298:artefact of non-human origin
7:
1272:. Oxford University Press.
1219:
1122:
1077:based on sulfur respiration
1025:interstellar communications
715:Appearance and capabilities
688:
59:Stanley Kubrick Productions
45:A replica monolith prop at
10:
1750:
1734:History of science fiction
1197:(ENS) University in Paris.
943:
463:by an American scientific
331:. The decaying ecology of
209:
1637:
1607:
1589:
1571:
1528:
1501:
1476:
1094:
1049:
131:
121:
116:
106:
85:
64:
54:
38:
28:
23:
1313:Benson, Michael (2018).
1195:Ăcole normale supĂ©rieure
553:Tycho Magnetic Anomaly-0
511:Tycho Magnetic Anomaly-2
453:Tycho Magnetic Anomaly-1
447:Tycho Magnetic Anomaly-1
348:Tycho Magnetic Anomalies
180:extraterrestrial species
47:Ăcole Normale SupĂ©rieure
1580:The Lost Worlds of 2001
1561:3001: The Final Odyssey
1069:using shells as "tools"
1042:3001: The Final Odyssey
847:3001: The Final Odyssey
644:3001: The Final Odyssey
546:3001: The Final Odyssey
149:artificial intelligence
117:In-universe information
1418:"Roy Natian Instagram"
1381:. 2020. Archived from
1319:. Simon and Schuster.
1189:
1135:
486:much higher dimensions
174:are machines in black
1679:2001: A Space Odyssey
1670:2001: A Space Odyssey
1662:2001: A Space Odyssey
1655:2001: A Space Odyssey
1647:2001: A Space Odyssey
1598:2001: A Space Odyssey
1537:2001: A Space Odyssey
1510:2001: A Space Odyssey
1492:Encounter in the Dawn
1254:2001: A Space Odyssey
1183:
1130:
1033:2001: A Space Odyssey
861:, the crewmen of the
844:. In the final book,
327:and its watery moon,
323:. They also observed
290:and its 1982 sequel,
287:2001: A Space Odyssey
135:Deals with themes of
73:2001: A Space Odyssey
1729:Fictional technology
1184:Monolith replica at
1174:Ames Research Center
1158:Kerbal Space Program
1131:Monolith replica at
976:improve this section
923:Von Neumann machines
747:improve this section
597:improve this section
380:improve this section
242:improve this section
1645:Interpretations of
1553:2061: Odyssey Three
1350:. 28 December 2016.
934:radio transmissions
841:2061: Odyssey Three
835:destructive testing
665:Great Wall of China
540:2061: Odyssey Three
439:refer to TMA-2 as "
305:interstellar travel
1664:in popular culture
1190:
1136:
900:exponential growth
192:australopithecines
1711:
1710:
1545:2010: Odyssey Two
1252:Clarke A (1968).
1200:In the 2014 film
1147:During the Dutch
1012:
1011:
1004:
877:faster-than-light
827:Dr. Heywood Floyd
818:meteorite impacts
811:2010: Odyssey Two
783:
782:
775:
702:Superior Monolith
638:2010: Odyssey Two
633:
632:
625:
530:2010: Odyssey Two
429:2010: Odyssey Two
416:
415:
408:
293:2010: Odyssey Two
278:
277:
270:
158:
157:
1741:
1653:Technologies in
1463:Arthur C. Clarke
1456:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1385:on 24 July 2024.
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1227:Seattle Monolith
1149:Hackers at Large
1007:
1000:
996:
993:
987:
956:
948:
908:stellar ignition
778:
771:
767:
764:
758:
727:
719:
628:
621:
617:
614:
608:
577:
569:
411:
404:
400:
397:
391:
360:
352:
273:
266:
262:
259:
253:
222:
214:
162:Arthur C. Clarke
98:Arthur C. Clarke
65:First appearance
43:
21:
20:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1633:
1603:
1585:
1567:
1524:
1497:
1472:
1460:
1430:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1367:. 16 June 1971.
1364:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1311:
1307:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1222:
1165:Space Engineers
1125:
1097:
1052:
1008:
997:
991:
988:
973:
957:
946:
779:
768:
762:
759:
744:
728:
717:
704:
691:
657:
629:
618:
612:
609:
594:
578:
567:
565:Other Monoliths
555:
513:
505:superconductors
449:
412:
401:
395:
392:
377:
361:
350:
274:
263:
257:
254:
239:
223:
212:
141:human evolution
111:Science fiction
102:
93:Stanley Kubrick
81:
50:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1747:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1697:A Time Odyssey
1693:
1688:
1683:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1429:
1428:
1408:
1388:
1370:
1353:
1339:
1325:
1305:
1302:. 9 July 2014.
1285:
1278:
1258:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1124:
1121:
1096:
1093:
1051:
1048:
1021:speed of light
1010:
1009:
960:
958:
951:
945:
942:
896:binary fission
852:computer virus
781:
780:
731:
729:
722:
716:
713:
703:
700:
690:
687:
656:
655:The Great Wall
653:
631:
630:
581:
579:
572:
566:
563:
554:
551:
519:(on a moon of
512:
509:
469:alien Monolith
457:magnetic field
448:
445:
424:magnetic field
414:
413:
364:
362:
355:
349:
346:
276:
275:
226:
224:
217:
211:
208:
156:
155:
137:existentialism
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
101:
100:
95:
89:
87:
83:
82:
80:
79:
76:
68:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
49:in Paris, 2020
44:
36:
35:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1746:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Space Odyssey
1722:
1721:
1719:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1677:Alex North's
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:Discovery One
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:Short stories
1475:
1470:
1469:
1468:Space Odyssey
1464:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1328:
1326:9781501163951
1322:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1279:9780199724369
1275:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1234:Utah monolith
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1006:
1003:
995:
992:February 2022
985:
981:
977:
971:
970:
966:
961:This section
959:
955:
950:
949:
941:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
919:
917:
916:megastructure
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
883:and again in
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
866:Alexei Leonov
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
848:
843:
842:
836:
832:
828:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
798:
796:
792:
787:
777:
774:
766:
763:November 2008
756:
752:
748:
742:
741:
737:
732:This section
730:
726:
721:
720:
712:
709:
699:
696:
686:
683:
679:
675:
670:
666:
662:
652:
650:
646:
645:
640:
639:
627:
624:
616:
613:February 2022
606:
602:
598:
592:
591:
587:
582:This section
580:
576:
571:
570:
562:
560:
559:Olduvai Gorge
550:
548:
547:
542:
541:
536:
532:
531:
526:
522:
518:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
444:
442:
438:
437:Alexei Leonov
435:
431:
430:
425:
421:
410:
407:
399:
396:February 2022
389:
385:
381:
375:
374:
370:
365:This section
363:
359:
354:
353:
345:
342:
341:consciousness
337:
334:
330:
326:
322:
316:
312:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
294:
289:
288:
283:
272:
269:
261:
258:February 2022
251:
247:
243:
237:
236:
232:
227:This section
225:
221:
216:
215:
207:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:
167:Space Odyssey
163:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
115:
112:
109:
105:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
88:
84:
77:
75:
74:
70:
69:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
48:
42:
37:
33:
32:
31:Space Odyssey
27:
22:
16:
1695:
1678:
1669:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1619:
1614:
1596:
1578:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1516:
1508:
1485:The Sentinel
1466:
1411:
1391:
1383:the original
1373:
1356:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1315:
1308:
1297:
1288:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1226:
1210:
1203:Interstellar
1201:
1137:
1118:
1109:The Sentinel
1100:
1098:
1084:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1040:
1032:
1029:
1017:
1013:
998:
989:
974:Please help
962:
931:
926:
920:
911:
903:
893:
884:
880:
872:
870:
865:
858:
856:
845:
839:
831:force shield
815:
810:
806:
802:
799:
794:
788:
784:
769:
760:
745:Please help
733:
707:
705:
694:
692:
681:
677:
673:
668:
660:
658:
642:
636:
634:
619:
610:
595:Please help
583:
556:
544:
538:
535:David Bowman
528:
524:
514:
490:
461:Crater Tycho
452:
450:
440:
436:
427:
417:
402:
393:
378:Please help
366:
338:
317:
313:
302:
291:
285:
279:
264:
255:
240:Please help
228:
200:
188:Solar System
171:
165:
159:
71:
29:
15:
1691:Machine Man
1572:Non-fiction
1299:Vanity Fair
1105:tetrahedral
1103:film was a
938:light years
499:(a moon of
495:â aimed at
493:radio waves
282:Dave Bowman
1718:Categories
1672:soundtrack
1241:References
1133:HAL (2001)
1113:plexiglass
1089:Cargo cult
482:dimensions
201:The first
145:technology
86:Created by
1615:Monoliths
1332:31 August
1023:in their
963:does not
889:teleports
863:spaceship
822:radiation
734:does not
584:does not
465:satellite
451:The name
434:spaceship
367:does not
229:does not
184:Milky Way
172:Monoliths
55:Publisher
1703:9000 Hal
1627:HAL 9000
1608:Elements
1423:Archived
1403:Archived
1401:. 2015.
1220:See also
1123:Replicas
891:itself.
887:, TMA-2
791:integers
689:Minilith
649:Ganymede
478:sequence
420:misnomer
206:galaxy.
203:Monolith
170:series,
132:Function
24:Monolith
1638:Related
1188:in 2020
1037:Kubrick
984:removed
969:sources
944:Actions
755:removed
740:sources
706:In the
605:removed
590:sources
523:in the
517:Jupiter
497:Iapetus
441:Zagadka
388:removed
373:sources
325:Jupiter
309:sapient
250:removed
235:sources
210:Origins
176:cuboids
126:Machine
1590:Comics
1564:(1997)
1556:(1987)
1548:(1982)
1540:(1968)
1529:Novels
1521:(1984)
1513:(1968)
1471:series
1323:
1276:
1095:Design
1050:Europa
695:Galaxy
521:Saturn
501:Saturn
473:cuboid
329:Europa
151:, and
78:(1968)
1681:score
1502:Films
1365:(PDF)
1212:Spore
1085:Tsien
925:. In
682:3001,
484:into
321:Earth
107:Genre
1334:2018
1321:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1101:2001
1061:3001
967:any
965:cite
927:2061
912:3001
904:2010
898:and
885:3001
881:2010
873:2001
859:2010
820:and
807:3001
803:2061
795:2001
738:any
736:cite
708:3001
678:2061
674:3001
669:2061
661:2061
588:any
586:cite
525:2001
371:any
369:cite
333:Mars
233:any
231:cite
122:Type
1465:'s
1209:In
1186:ENS
1156:In
978:by
871:In
749:by
599:by
382:by
244:by
190:by
164:'s
160:In
1720::
1421:.
1296:.
854:.
488:.
300:.
198:.
147:,
143:,
139:,
1494:"
1490:"
1487:"
1483:"
1455:e
1448:t
1441:v
1336:.
1282:.
1176:.
1167:.
1005:)
999:(
994:)
990:(
986:.
972:.
776:)
770:(
765:)
761:(
757:.
743:.
626:)
620:(
615:)
611:(
607:.
593:.
409:)
403:(
398:)
394:(
390:.
376:.
271:)
265:(
260:)
256:(
252:.
238:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
