403:). Some authors have sought to define monophyly to include paraphyly as any two or more groups sharing a common ancestor. However, this broader definition encompasses both monophyletic and paraphyletic groups as defined above. Therefore, most scientists today restrict the term "monophyletic" to refer to groups consisting of all the descendants of one (hypothetical) common ancestor. However, when considering taxonomic groups such as genera and species, the most appropriate nature of their common ancestor is rather a population. Assuming that it would be one individual or mating pair is unrealistic for sexually reproducing species, which are by definition interbreeding populations.
63:
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descendants, does not really work to define a genus. The loose definition also fails to recognize the relations of all organisms. According to D. M. Stamos, a satisfactory cladistic definition of a species or genus is impossible because many species (and even genera) may form by "budding" from an existing species, leaving the parent species paraphyletic; or the species or genera may be the result of
406:
Monophyly (or holophyly) and associated terms are restricted to discussions of taxa, and are not necessarily accurate when used to describe what Hennig called tokogenetic relationships – now referred to as genealogies. Some argue that using a broader definition, such as a species and all its
249:
with two monophyletic groups. The several groups and subgroups are particularly situated as branches of the tree to indicate ordered lineal relationships between all the organisms shown. Further, any group may (or may not) be considered a
216:
relationships of biological features rather than genetic relationships – for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, or aquatic insects. As such, these characteristic features of a polyphyletic grouping are
238:
These definitions have taken some time to be accepted. When the cladistics school of thought became mainstream in the 1960s, several alternative definitions were in use. Indeed,
54:: it is missing a monophyletic subgroup – the blue group – that shares a common ancestor with itself (that being the vertical stem at the root of the green group). In this form,
143:(Aves and Mammalia), does not contain the most recent common ancestor of all its members; this group is not seen as a taxonomic unit and is not considered a taxon by modern
302:), meaning "genus, species", and refers to the fact that a monophyletic group includes organisms (e.g., genera, species) consisting of all the descendants of a
810:
Parhi J., Tripathy P.S., Priyadarshi, H., Mandal S.C., Pandey P.K. (2019). "Diagnosis of mitogenome for robust phylogeny: A case of
Cypriniformes fish group".
853:
784:
513:. Translated by Davis, D.; Zangerl, R. (Illinois Reissue ed.). Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. pp. 72–77.
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Aubert, D. 2015. A formal analysis of phylogenetic terminology: Towards a reconsideration of the current paradigm in systematics.
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132:, contains its most recent common ancestor, but does not contain all the descendants (namely Aves) of that ancestor. A
258:, depending upon the selection of its members in relation to their common ancestor(s); see second and third diagrams.
242:
sometimes used terms without defining them, leading to confusion in the early literature, a confusion which persists.
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659:"On the difference between mono-, holo-, and paraphyletic groups: a consistent distinction of process and pattern"
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331:), meaning "many, a lot of", and refers to the fact that a polyphyletic group includes organisms arising from
446:
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360:), meaning "beside, near", and refers to the situation in which one or several monophyletic subgroups are
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the grouping contains its own most recent common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral
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from all other descendants of a unique common ancestor. That is, a paraphyletic group is
228:), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. An equivalent term is
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The species problem : biological species, ontology, and the metaphysics of biology
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grouping meets 1. but not 2., thus consisting of the descendants of a common ancestor
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Property of a group of including all taxa descendant from a common ancestral species
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Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics (
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Ashlock, Peter D. (March 1971). "Monophyly and
Associated Terms".
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A cladogram of the vertebrates showing phylogenetic groups. A
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inherited from a common ancestor, but evolved independently.
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the descendants of that common ancestor, without exception
171:– that is, a grouping of taxa which meets these criteria:
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On the broadest scale, definitions fall into two groups.
179:), i.e. excludes non-descendants of that common ancestor
1015:
759:"Monophyletic, Polyphyletic, & Paraphyletc Taxa"
873:"Graphical explanation of basic phylogenetic terms"
789:. Lanham, Md. : Lexington Books. pp. 261–268.
890:"Concepts of monophyly, polyphyly & paraphyly"
729:
235:The word "mono-phyly" means "one-tribe" in Greek.
1373:
391:(1966:148) defined monophyly as groups based on
622:Colless, Donald H. (March 1972). "Monophyly".
395:(in contrast to paraphyletic groups, based on
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852:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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58:means "no sideways stems leaving the group".
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423:have been used in deducing key genes for
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932:. Paleontological Research Institution.
926:"Phylogenetic Trees and Classification"
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736:. New York: Columbia University Press.
727:
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290:), meaning "alone, only, unique", and
206:one or more monophyletic subgroups. A
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319:, builds on the ancient Greek prefix
96:the night-active primates, i.e., the
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887:
875:. University of California, Berkeley
560:Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français
399:, and polyphyletic groups, based on
485:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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907:"Monophyly, consensus, compromise"
595:
558:Bailly, Anatole (1 January 1981).
198:as shown in the second diagram. A
25:
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122:the group of "reptiles and birds"
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1194:Phylogenetic comparative methods
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676:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00984.x
598:"Greek-french dictionary online"
348:, uses the ancient Greek prefix
1199:Phylogenetic niche conservatism
803:
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483:A Dictionary of Ecology (5 ed.)
368:monophyletic, hence the prefix
46:: both blue and red groups are
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379:
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1:
930:Digital Atlas of Ancient Life
732:Principles of Animal Taxonomy
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447:Glossary of scientific naming
427:of diverse group of species.
190:Monophyly is contrasted with
261:
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1119:Phylogenetic reconciliation
1026:Evolutionary biology portal
982:Computational phylogenetics
871:Abbey, Darren (1994–2006).
430:
415:The concepts of monophyly,
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824:10.1016/j.gene.2019.143967
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245:The first diagram shows a
155:for the classification of
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1309:Phylogenetic nomenclature
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140:all warm-blooded amniotes
912:. University of Helsinki
888:Carr, Steven M. (2002).
728:Simpson, George (1961).
511:Phylogenetic Systematics
481:Allaby, Michael (2015).
338:By comparison, the term
1189:Molecular phylogenetics
1139:Distance-matrix methods
987:Molecular phylogenetics
905:Hyvönen, Jaako (2005).
509:Hennig, Willi (1999) .
274:, derives from the two
1209:Phylogenetics software
1123:Probabilistic methods
1072:Long branch attraction
182:the grouping contains
163:is the condition of a
148:
106:
59:
1002:Evolutionary taxonomy
892:. Memorial University
783:Stamos, D.N. (2003).
657:Envall, Mats (2008).
309:Conversely, the term
130:the group of reptiles
112:
65:
50:. The green group is
41:
1161:Three-taxon analysis
1067:Phylogenetic network
1204:Phylogenetic signal
562:. Paris: Hachette.
335:ancestral sources.
66:A cladogram of the
1132:Bayesian inference
1127:Maximum likelihood
692:Systematic Zoology
624:Systematic Zoology
149:
136:"group" (in red):
107:
60:
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1368:
1114:Maximum parsimony
1107:Inference methods
1055:Phylogenetic tree
743:978-0-231-02427-3
602:www.tabularium.be
596:Bailly, Anatole.
520:978-0-252-06814-0
409:hybrid speciation
306:common ancestor.
247:phylogenetic tree
167:grouping being a
128:taxon (in cyan):
44:phylogenetic tree
16:(Redirected from
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1265:Autapomorphy
1260:Synapomorphy
1240:Plesiomorphy
1228:Group traits
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1048:Cladogenesis
1043:Phylogenesis
929:
914:. Retrieved
894:. Retrieved
877:. Retrieved
848:cite journal
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766:. Retrieved
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605:. Retrieved
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383:
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72:monophyletic
71:
70:, showing a
56:monophyletic
55:
52:paraphyletic
51:
48:monophyletic
47:
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18:Monophyletic
1314:Crown group
1276:Group types
1007:Systematics
768:23 February
669:: 217–220.
538:Phytoneuron
442:Crown group
401:convergence
380:Definitions
256:systematics
240:taxonomists
84:taxon: the
74:taxon: the
32:Crown group
992:Cladistics
916:15 January
896:15 January
879:15 January
818:: 143967.
763:www.mun.ca
468:References
362:left apart
254:by modern
214:convergent
177:population
153:cladistics
87:prosimians
30:See also:
1329:Supertree
1293:Polyphyly
1288:Paraphyly
1283:Monophyly
1255:Apomorphy
1235:Primitive
1178:PhyloCode
1060:Cladogram
840:195828782
578:461974285
462:Polyphyly
457:Paraphyly
425:barcoding
421:polyphyly
417:paraphyly
341:paraphyly
312:polyphyly
268:monophyly
266:The term
262:Etymology
230:holophyly
204:excepting
196:polyphyly
192:paraphyly
165:taxonomic
161:monophyly
157:organisms
105:(in red).
1376:Category
1348:Category
1251:Derived
997:Taxonomy
832:31279710
431:See also
333:multiple
102:tarsiers
100:and the
68:primates
1360:Commons
1086:Lineage
712:2412223
644:2412266
607:7 March
541:2015-66
98:lorises
94:group:
77:simians
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543::1–54.
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419:, and
366:nearly
304:unique
299:phûlon
278:words
1324:Basal
1149:UPGMA
1081:Grade
1077:Clade
910:(PDF)
836:S2CID
708:JSTOR
640:JSTOR
437:Clade
344:, or
328:polús
322:πολύς
315:, or
293:φῦλον
287:mónos
281:μόνος
270:, or
252:taxon
169:clade
118:taxon
918:2010
898:2010
881:2010
854:link
828:PMID
812:Gene
791:ISBN
770:2018
738:ISBN
609:2018
574:OCLC
564:ISBN
515:ISBN
487:ISBN
372:pará
357:pará
351:παρά
194:and
1079:vs
820:doi
816:713
700:doi
671:doi
632:doi
219:not
184:all
1378::
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850:}}
846:{{
834:.
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720:^
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