137:
149:
221:
185:
34:
161:
423:
key weaknesses of the present regime were that the machinery for collective guarantees were too slow and ineffective, and there was no contingency for a general threat of war and no provision for Turkey to defend itself. Turkey was therefore prepared to enter into negotiations with a view to concluding, in the near future, agreements for regulation of the
Straits with essential security provisions for the inviolability of Turkey's territory, and also for continued development of commercial navigation between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
113:
427:
315:
and duration of stay. If they want to pass through the Strait, warships must provide advance notification to the
Turkish authorities, which, in turn, must inform the parties to the convention. In wartime, if Turkey is not involved in the conflict, warships of the nations at war may not pass through the Straits, except when returning to their base. When Turkey is at war, or feels threatened by a war, it may take any decision about the passage of warships as it sees fit. The United States is not a signatory to the Convention.
2702:
209:
526:. In the end, the British conceded some of their requests, but the Soviets succeeded in ensuring that the Black Sea countries, including the Soviet Union, were given exemptions from the military restrictions imposed on non-Black Sea nations. The agreement was ratified by all of the conference attendees with the exception of Germany, which had not been a signatory to the Treaty of Lausanne, and with reservations by Japan, and came into force on 9 November 1936; it was registered with the
331:
125:
2554:
2510:
249:
173:
2691:
557:
197:
657:
than nine foreign warships, with a total aggregate tonnage of 15,000 tons, may pass at any one time. Furthermore, no single ship heavier than 10,000 tonnes can pass. An aggregate tonnage of all non-Black Sea warships in the Black Sea must be no more than 45,000 tons, with no one nation exceeding 30,000 tons at any given time, and they are permitted to stay in the Black Sea for at most 21 days. Only Black Sea states may transit
759:. The result was that the Soviet Navy could send its aircraft-carrying cruisers through the Straits in compliance with the convention, but at the same time, the Convention denied access to NATO aircraft carriers, which exceeded the 15,000-ton limit. While the Soviet Union built its aircraft-carrying cruisers in the Black Sea, neither the Soviet Union nor Russia has ever based them in the Black Sea.
2617:
990:
Mediterranean to the Black Sea. However, Çavuşoğlu reiterated that pursuant to the terms of the agreement, Turkey cannot block
Russian warships based in the Black Sea from returning to their registered base. Around 27–28 February, Turkey refused permission for three out of four Russian warships to enter the Black Sea as their home base was not on the Black Sea.
939:. However, Turkey's longstanding refusal to sign UNCLOS has meant that Montreux remains in force without further amendments. Furthermore, even if Turkey ratified UNCLOS, the Montreux Convention would continue to govern passage in the Straits given its status as a "long-standing international convention" under Article 35(c) of UNCLOS.
849:, the Soviets exploited the restriction on the number of foreign warships by ensuring that one of theirs was always in the Straits, thus effectively blocking any state other than Turkey from sending warships through the Straits. Soviet pressure expanded into a full demand to revise the Montreux Convention, which led to the 1946
677:
Soviets' ability to send naval forces into the
Mediterranean Sea — satisfying British concerns about Soviet intrusion into what was considered a British sphere of influence — it also ensured that outside powers could not exploit the Straits to threaten the Soviet Union. This feature was to have significant repercussions during
942:
The safety of vessels passing through the
Bosporus has become more of a concern in recent years as the volume of traffic has increased greatly since the convention was signed: from 4,500 ships passing through in 1934 to 49,304 by 1998. As well as the obvious environmental concerns, the Straits bisect
844:
The
Soviets returned to the issue in 1945 and 1946, demanding a revision of the Montreux Convention at a conference excluding most of its signatories; their demands included a permanent Soviet military presence and joint control of the Straits. These demands were firmly rejected by Turkey, despite an
649:
Contracting
Parties recognise and affirm the principle of freedom of passage and navigation by sea in the Straits". Article 2 states, "In time of peace, merchant vessels shall enjoy complete freedom of passage and navigation in the Straits, by day and by night, under any flag with any kind of cargo".
509:
Turkey, the United
Kingdom and the Soviet Union each put forward their own set of proposals, each aimed chiefly at protecting the proponent's own interests. The British favoured the continuation of a relatively restrictive approach, the Turks sought a more liberal regime that reasserted their control
422:
and international moves towards rearmament meant that "the only guarantee intended to guard against the total insecurity of the
Straits has just disappeared in its turn". Indeed, Aras said that "the Powers most closely concerned are proclaiming the existence of a threat of general conflagration". The
984:
on 24 February 2022, the
Ukrainian government appealed to Turkey to exercise its authority under the Montreux Convention to limit the transit of Russian warships from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea. At least six Russian warships and a submarine had crossed the Turkish straits in February. After
676:
The terms of the convention were largely a reflection of the international situation in the mid-1930s. They largely served Turkish and Soviet interests by enabling Turkey to regain military control of the Straits and assuring Soviet dominance of the Black Sea. Although the Convention restricted the
918:
on the occasion of the ratification of the Montreux Treaty, recognised Greece's legal right to deploy troops on Lemnos and Samothrace with the following statement: "The provisions pertaining to the islands of Lemnos and Samothrace, which belong to our neighbour and friendly country Greece and were
652:
The International Straits Commission was abolished, thereby allowing the full resumption of Turkish military control over the Straits and the refortification of the Dardanelles. Turkey was authorised to close the Straits to all foreign warships during a war or when it was threatened by aggression.
314:
The Montreux Convention regulates maritime traffic through the Turkish Straits. It guarantees "complete freedom" of passage for all civilian vessels in times of peace. In peacetime, military vessels are limited in number, tonnage and weaponry, with specific provisions governing their mode of entry
1000:
from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, arguing that these vessels were ultimately destined for "maintenance" at facilities in the Baltic Sea. There was criticism of this since the submarines would then remain deployed in the Mediterranean for an extensive period of time. Since this was becoming
704:
Although the Montreux Convention is cited by the Turkish government as prohibiting aircraft carriers from transiting the Straits, the treaty actually contains no explicit prohibition on aircraft carriers. However, modern aircraft carriers are heavier than the 15,000-ton limit imposed on warships,
695:
and armed merchant ships comprised a grey area, though, and the transit of such Axis vessels through the straits led to friction between the Allies and Turkey. After a number of German auxiliary ships had been permitted to transit the Straits, repeated protests from Moscow and London prompted the
656:
A number of highly specific restrictions in Article 14 and 18 were imposed on what type of warships are allowed passage. Non-Black Sea powers wishing to send a vessel must notify Turkey 15 days prior to the requested passing, and Black Sea states must notify 8 days prior to passage. Also, no more
409:
In April 1935, the Turkish government dispatched a lengthy diplomatic note to the signatories of the Treaty of Lausanne proposing a conference to agree a new regime for the Straits and requested that the League of Nations authorise the reconstruction of the Dardanelles forts. In the note, Turkish
951:
pose a considerable risk to public safety. The Convention does not, however, make any provision for the regulation of shipping for the purposes of safety or environmental protection. In January 1994, the Turkish government adopted new "Maritime Traffic Regulations for the Turkish Straits and the
796:
with the Black Sea. That route would run nearly parallel to the Bosporus, but ships transiting it would arguably not be subject to the terms of the Montreux Convention. Currently, the Dardanelles is heavily congested with shipping and there are long waits to pass through the Bosporus. The Kanal
664:
Under Article 12, Black Sea states are also allowed to send submarines through the Straits with prior notice as long as the vessels have been constructed, purchased or sent for repair outside the Black Sea. The less restrictive rules applicable to Black Sea states were agreed as effectively a
648:
The Convention consists of 29 Articles, four annexes and one protocol. Articles 2–7 consider the passage of merchant ships. Articles 8–22 consider the passage of war vessels. The key principle — freedom of passage and navigation — is laid out in articles 1 and 2. Article 1 provides, "The High
989:
announced on 27 February that his government would legally recognise the Russian invasion as a "war", which provides grounds for implementing the convention with respect to military vessels. This blockage of naval vessels also applies to NATO powers who cannot now move their vessels from the
914:. Turkey recognised Greece's right to militarise them via a letter sent to the Greek Prime Minister on 6 May 1936 by the Turkish Ambassador in Athens, RuĹźen EĹźref. The Turkish government reiterated this position when the Turkish Minister for Foreign Affairs, RĂĽĹźtu Aras, in his address to the
665:
concession to the Soviet Union, the only Black Sea state other than Turkey with any significant number of capital ships or submarines. The passage of civil aircraft between the Mediterranean and the Black seas is permitted only along routes authorised by the Turkish government.
952:
Marmara Region" to introduce a new regulatory regime "to ensure the safety of navigation, life and property and to protect the environment in the region" but without violating the Montreux principle of free passage. The new regulations provoked controversy when Russia, Greece,
784:(Istanbul Canal) project could, according to Turkey, circumvent the Montreux Convention in the 21st century and allow greater Turkish autonomy with respect to the passage of military ships, which are limited in number, tonnage, and weaponry, from the Black Sea to the
882:
missiles through the Straits, prompting Soviet protests. The Turkish government rejected Soviet complaints, pointing out that guided missiles were not guns and that, since such weapons had not existed at the time of the convention, they were not restricted.
808:, announced that the Kanal would not be subject to the terms of the Montreux Convention. That announcement was received negatively by the Russian media and government, and many have disputed the Turkish government's interpretation of the convention.
873:
The United States has not signed the convention but has generally complied with it. The passage of US warships through the Straits has also raised controversy, as the convention forbids the transit of non-Black Sea nations' warships with guns of a
716:. Therefore, aircraft carriers were defined as ships that were "designed or adapted primarily for the purpose of carrying and operating aircraft at sea". The inclusion of aircraft on any other ship does not classify it as an aircraft carrier.
1435:
922:
As the relationship between Greece and Turkey deteriorated over the following decades, Turkey denied that the treaty affected the Greek islands and sought to bring back into force the relevant part of the Lausanne Treaty on the Straits.
2197:
1001:
more difficult to justify, one analysis in May 2022 suggested that the Russians may have found a work-around to the problem, potentially using the country's internal waterways to permit transit to vessels up to the size of the
828:
sought to reopen the Straits Question and proposed joint Turkish and Soviet control of the Straits, complaining that "a small state supported by Great Britain held a great state by the throat and gave it no outlet". After the
2302:
766:
had already established a more liberal passage through other straits. By allowing the Soviet aircraft-carrying cruisers to transit the Straits, Turkey could leave the more restrictive Montreux Convention in place.
2015:
Gone, Paul “Moscow Worried about Ankara’s Plans for Canal Bypassing Bosporus Straight”, jamestown.org/program/moscow-worried-about-ankaras-plans-for-canal-bypassing-bosporus-straits/ Retrieved December 27,
543:. It was thus the first in a series of steps by Britain and France to ensure that Turkey would either remain neutral or tilt towards the Western Allies in the event of any future conflict with the Axis.
2226:
1020:, a large anti-submarine destroyer) waited in the Mediterranean seeking to enter the Black Sea for nine months. In October 2022, they were refused permission and left the Mediterranean Sea through the
1994:
972:
on the grounds that they were not intended to prejudice "the rights of any ship using the Straits under international law". The regulations were revised in November 1998 to address Russian concerns.
762:
Turkey chose to accept the designation of the Soviet aircraft carrying cruisers as aircraft cruisers, as any revision of the convention could leave Turkey with less control over the Straits, and the
890:, the Montreux Convention is an obstacle to a US naval buildup in the Black Sea because of the stipulations regulating warship traffic by nations not sharing a Black Sea coastline. The US thinktank
2025:
Ali Kucukgocmen and Jonathan Spicer, “Factbox: Erdogan pushes 'crazy' Istanbul canal dream despite opposition” December 27, 2019, Retrieved December 27, 2020. reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN1YV15U
1371:
574:
1425:
1314:
1295:
2189:
2635:
2327:
894:
has suggested that those stipulations place Turkey's relationship to the US and its obligations as a NATO member in conflict with Russia and the regulations of the Montreux Convention.
1932:
414:
explained that the international situation had changed greatly since 1923. Europe had then been moving towards disarmament and an international guarantee to defend the Straits. The
2370:
510:
over the Straits, and the Soviets proposed a regime that would guarantee absolute freedom of passage. The British, supported by France, sought to exclude the Soviet fleet from the
935:(UNCLOS), which entered into force in November 1994, has prompted calls for the Montreux Convention to be revised and adapted to make it compatible with UNCLOS's regime governing
2823:
2292:
712:
of any tonnage through the straits, but Annex II specifically excludes aircraft carriers from the definition of capital ship. In 1936, it was common for battleships to carry
406:
and the Black Sea region. There were also fears of Bulgarian rearmament. Although Turkey was not legally permitted to refortify the Straits, it nonetheless did so secretly.
2126:
1965:
609:
As mentioned in its preamble, the Convention replaced the terms of the Lausanne Treaty of 1923 regarding the Straits. This had dictated the demilitarisation of the
318:
While it was designed for a particular geopolitical context, and remains unchanged since its adoption, the Montreux Convention has endured as a "solid example of a
661:
of any tonnage, escorted by no more than two destroyers. Any revision to articles 14 and 18 requires 3/4 majority of signatory countries and must include Turkey.
2218:
2494:
The Legal Regime of the Turkish Straits: Regulation of the Montreux Convention and its Importance on the International Relations after the Conflict of Ukraine
439:
2675:
535:
Britain's willingness to make concessions has been attributed to a desire to avoid Turkey being driven to ally itself with or to fall under the influence of
1986:
1922:“Erdogan's Dream, Istanbul's Nightmare“, en.qantara.de/content/the-istanbul-canal-project-erdogans-dream-istanbuls-nightmare Retrieved December 27, 2020.
1363:
685:
from sending naval forces through the Straits to attack the Soviet Union. The Axis powers, thereby, were severely limited in naval capability for their
2909:
1864:
1232:
2738:
1795:
1637:
1310:
1261:
948:
801:
1833:
1691:
1580:
1520:
1285:
1117:
841:
informed his German counterparts that the Soviet Union wished to take military control of the Straits and to establish its own military base there.
1604:
1005:-class boats between the Black Sea and the Baltic. The ability to use the internal waterways to facilitate such a transit has yet to be confirmed.
2345:
2833:
932:
2949:
2864:
2317:
2439:
1082:
2954:
2924:
2542:
1942:
919:
demilitarised in application of the 1923 Lausanne Treaty, were also abolished by the new Montreux Treaty, which gives us great pleasure".
2964:
2366:
2959:
2904:
2879:
2520:
668:
In time of war, Turkey not being belligerent, warships of belligerent Powers shall not pass, except to return to their base. (art. 19)
853:
and Turkey abandoning its policy of neutrality. In 1947, Turkey became the recipient of US military and economic assistance under the
936:
371:
had demilitarised the Dardanelles and opened the Straits to unrestricted civilian and military traffic under the supervision of the
2944:
2153:
1670:
1149:
2974:
2660:
1898:
2420:
1203:
2122:
1174:
2969:
2874:
2731:
502:, whose aggressively expansionist policies had prompted the conference, refused to attend, and the increasingly isolationist
1612:
20:
2919:
2899:
2869:
1957:
969:
763:
355:
The convention was one of a series of agreements in the 19th and 20th centuries that sought to address the long-running
2984:
902:
The Convention annulled the terms of the earlier Lausanne Treaty on the Straits, including the demilitarisation of the
2884:
2625:
2481:
2275:
2255:
2109:
2063:
2043:
1779:
1759:
1723:
1561:
1489:
1469:
1400:
1016:
915:
686:
596:
2773:
153:
2894:
2724:
2535:
1820:
Kiev and the Montreux Convention: The Aircraft Carrier That Became a Cruiser to Squeeze through the Turkish Straits
981:
727:
372:
2758:
985:
initial reluctance, attributed to the country's close ties with both Russia and Ukraine, Turkish Foreign Minister
2939:
1841:
1666:
528:
319:
2929:
797:
project's stated purposes are to speed up shipping and boost revenue by providing an alternate maritime route.
578:
2665:
2492:
1807:
Aircraft carriers whether belonging to riparian states or not, can in no way pass through the Turkish Straits.
383:
2763:
2392:
1010:
1224:
705:
which makes it impossible for non–Black Sea powers to transit modern aircraft carriers through the Straits.
2854:
2803:
2793:
1860:
2426:. Başkent University – Strategic Studies Implementation and Research Centre. July 20, 1936. Archived from
1633:
1253:
2934:
2768:
2566:
2528:
2297:
1845:
1791:
1684:
1573:
1517:
1106:
830:
720:
653:
Also, Turkey was authorised to refuse transit from merchant ships belonging to countries at war with it.
2550:
2514:
1616:
878:
larger than eight inches (200 mm). In the 1960s, the US sent warships carrying 420 mm calibre
252:
2914:
2558:
2341:
986:
642:
1027:
On 2 January 2024 Turkey refused passage through the strait to two minehunters donated by the British
2889:
2778:
2705:
753:
117:
46:
1342:
411:
2979:
2808:
402:. The Turks feared that Italy would seek to exploit access to the Straits to expand its power into
2457:
The Montreux Conference of 1936: a diplomatic study of Anglo-Soviet rivalry at the Turkish straits
2447:
431:
2859:
2798:
2788:
2640:
2596:
2586:
2219:"Militarization of Eastern Aegean Islands Contrary tp the Provisions of International Agreements"
1071:
788:. The canal project would involve building a 45 km (28 mi) artificial waterway through
567:
805:
2828:
2783:
2576:
850:
1430:
1607:[Annual Report On The Movement Of Ships Through The Turkish Straits 2014, 78th Year]
1329:
382:
By the late 1930s, the strategic situation in the Mediterranean had altered with the rise of
189:
141:
1605:"Rapport Annuel Sur Le Mouvement Des Navires A Travers Les Detroits Turcs 2014, 78ème année"
2601:
2581:
994:
419:
33:
8:
746:
129:
2149:
689:, relying principally on small vessels transported overland by rail and canal networks.
2818:
2813:
2655:
2606:
1889:
1662:
1141:
838:
368:
177:
426:
2477:
2460:
2271:
2251:
2105:
2059:
2039:
1775:
1755:
1719:
1557:
1485:
1465:
1396:
1364:"Montreux Convention, at 85, Needs Tending for US-NATO-Russia Security and Stability"
511:
376:
364:
308:
2427:
1195:
2670:
1937:
1311:"Turkey, the Montreux Convention, and Russian Navy Transits of the Turkish Straits"
734:
540:
415:
356:
300:
1359:
1170:
2747:
1524:
854:
292:
165:
2591:
1426:"Groundbreaking ceremony for bridge over Dardanelles to take place on March 18"
1032:
793:
785:
781:
622:
483:
213:
2464:
1663:"An Unconventional Canal: Will Turkey Rewrite the Rules for Black Sea Access?"
2848:
2695:
825:
696:
Turkish government to ban passage of "suspicious" Axis ships from June 1944.
503:
2190:"Turkish claims regarding the demilitarization of islands in the Aegean Sea"
1051:
Defined as warships displacing more than 100 tons but not above 10,000 tons.
846:
834:
817:
742:
738:
709:
678:
658:
536:
475:
390:
islands off the west coast of Turkey and had constructed fortifications on
225:
1772:
Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An 'Active' Neutrality
330:
2645:
2322:
887:
858:
713:
692:
682:
630:
495:
435:
348:
296:
281:
81:
1286:"Turkey, overseeing passage to Black Sea, calls Russian invasion 'war'"
1028:
1021:
911:
618:
581: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
487:
387:
256:
38:
299:, it went into effect on 9 November 1936, addressing the long running
2367:"Russia withdraws two war ships after Turkey denies Black Sea access"
498:, which began on 22 June 1936. Two major powers were notably absent:
447:
360:
304:
816:
The convention was repeatedly challenged by the Soviet Union during
556:
2716:
2421:"Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits Signed at Montreux"
1290:
965:
944:
891:
821:
638:
626:
523:
491:
451:
403:
339:
277:
77:
50:
2509:
2176:
Gazette of the Minutes of the Turkish National Assembly, volume 12
1987:"How Istanbul's man-made canal project could trigger an arms race"
2318:"Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus"
2293:"Turkey to Implement Pact Limiting Russian Warships to Black Sea"
1955:
961:
957:
875:
471:
459:
303:
over who should control the strategically vital link between the
2824:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits
2553:
953:
907:
903:
789:
634:
614:
610:
479:
463:
455:
391:
359:
of who should control the strategically vital link between the
288:
284:
273:
201:
1933:"Ä°stanbul Canal project to open debate on Montreux Convention"
845:
ongoing Soviet "strategy of tension". For several years after
2497:(Ph.D.). Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main.
1079:
United Kingdom Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office
879:
519:
515:
499:
467:
395:
2616:
708:
Under Article 11, Black Sea states are permitted to transit
1888:
Miller, David V. Jr.; Hine, Jonathan T. (31 January 1990).
947:, with over 14 million people living on its shores, and so
862:
1739:
Arms control: the new guide to negotiations and agreements
745:
cruise missiles, which also form the main armament of the
19:"Montreux Convention" redirects here. For other uses, see
2123:"NATO Seeks Further Buildup in Black Sea, Eastern Europe"
800:
In January 2018, the Turkish Prime Minister and a former
399:
266:(Montreux) Convention regarding the Regime of the Straits
2393:"Turkey blocks Royal Navy minehunters going to Ukraine"
27:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits
1958:"Turkey slams admirals' warning over Bosphorus treaty"
968:
raised objections. However, they were approved by the
514:, where it might threaten the vital shipping lanes to
2676:
Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support
2036:
Origins of Containment: A Psychological Explanation
446:The response to the note was generally favourable;
1794:. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
1008:Two Russian Federation ships (the missile cruiser
897:
1774:, pp. 169–171. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
1634:"From Rep. Of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs"
1258:Republic of TĂĽrkiye - Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1014:, the flagship of the Russian Pacific Fleet, and
418:of 1934–1935, the denunciation by Germany of the
2846:
1956:The New Arab Staff & Agencies (2021-04-04).
1313:. 148/3. US Naval Institute Proceedings: 1,429.
1107:"Convention regarding the Regime of the Straits"
1072:"Convention regarding the Regime of the Straits"
2834:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1114:United Nations, League of Nations Treaty Series
933:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
322:", since most of its terms are still followed.
2270:, pp. 155–156. Oxford University Press, 2001.
2223:Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2141:
2732:
2536:
2246:"Montreux Convention". Boleslaw Adam Boczek,
1883:
1881:
1754:, p. 125. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
1718:, p. 115. Manchester University Press, 1999.
1685:"Text of the Convention, p. 231 – article 29"
1464:, p. 123. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
1358:
2413:
2058:, p. 44. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
2038:, p. 203. Princeton University Press, 1989.
1897:. Newport, Rhode Island: Naval War College.
1792:"Implementation of the Montreux Convention"
1733:
1731:
1656:
1654:
1484:, p. 88. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992.
1254:"Implementation of the Montreux Convention"
780:If it comes to fruition, the long-proposed
438:strait, connecting Europe and Asia, is the
2739:
2725:
2543:
2529:
2102:The Regime of Straits in International Law
1887:
1878:
1456:
1454:
1452:
32:
2437:
2104:, p. 112. Oxford University Press, 1998.
1834:"The Tbilisi and the Montreux Convention"
1714:Robin Rolf Churchill, Alan Vaughan Lowe,
1708:
1548:
1546:
1302:
937:straits used for international navigation
621:, along with the demilitarisation of the
597:Learn how and when to remove this message
2147:
1728:
1651:
1385:
1142:"Montreux Convention | European history"
425:
329:
2474:The Legal Regime of the Turkish Straits
2454:
2440:"The timebomb in the heart of Istanbul"
2438:Berlinski, Claire (November 24, 2008).
2114:
2054:Christos L. Rozakis, Petros N. Stagos,
1750:Christos L. Rozakis, Petros N. Stagos,
1460:Christos L. Rozakis, Petros N. Stagos,
1449:
1391:Christos L. Rozakis, Petros N. Stagos,
1280:
1278:
993:Up until 2022, Russia had deployed its
386:, which controlled the Greek-inhabited
2847:
2315:
2268:The Security of the Caspian Sea Region
2250:, pp. 305–306. Scarecrow Press, 2005.
1891:Soviet Carriers in the Turkish Straits
1831:
1818:14 San Diego L. Rev. 681 (1976–1977).
1543:
1308:
975:
440:longest suspension bridge in the world
2950:Treaties of the French Third Republic
2910:Soviet Union–United Kingdom relations
2865:Diplomatic conferences in Switzerland
2720:
2524:
2490:
2373:from the original on 26 November 2022
2287:
2285:
2283:
2120:
1904:from the original on 14 November 2016
1858:
1832:Clarke, Douglas (November 14, 1988).
1613:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey
1354:
1352:
1309:Brooks, RADM Thomas A. (March 2022).
1196:"Straits Question | European history"
16:1936 agreement on the Turkish Straits
2746:
2471:
2129:from the original on 21 January 2021
1916:
1673:from the original on 8 January 2022.
1660:
1538:Chambers Dictionary of World History
1275:
1038:
737:" because the ships were armed with
699:
681:; the Montreux regime prevented the
579:adding citations to reliable sources
550:
21:Montreux Convention (disambiguation)
2955:Treaties of the Kingdom of Bulgaria
2925:Treaties entered into force in 1936
2661:German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship
1979:
1418:
1411:"Dardanelles or Çanakkale Bogazi."
1171:"Le Montreux Palace over the years"
970:International Maritime Organisation
833:was signed by the Soviet Union and
764:UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
506:declined even to send an observer.
13:
2965:Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
2636:Greco-Turkish Friendship Agreement
2330:from the original on 5 March 2022.
2280:
2156:from the original on 10 April 2021
1574:"Text of the Convention, page 215"
1482:Handbook on Ocean Politics and Law
1395:, p. 101. Martinus Nijhoff, 1987.
1349:
14:
2996:
2960:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
2880:History of the Republic of Turkey
2502:
2148:Friedman, George (21 July 2015).
949:maritime incidents in the Straits
775:
671:
2701:
2700:
2689:
2615:
2552:
2508:
2305:from the original on 2022-02-28.
2121:Jason, Ditz (16 February 2017).
2076:The Companion to British History
1298:from the original on 2022-02-27.
868:
770:
719:The Soviet Union designated its
555:
373:International Straits Commission
291:. Signed on 20 July 1936 at the
247:
219:
207:
195:
183:
171:
159:
147:
135:
123:
111:
2945:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
2577:Treaty of Alexandropol (Gyumri)
2476:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
2385:
2359:
2348:from the original on 2022-05-23
2334:
2309:
2260:
2248:International Law: A Dictionary
2240:
2229:from the original on 2020-11-12
2211:
2200:from the original on 2020-11-28
2182:
2168:
2094:
2081:
2068:
2048:
2028:
2019:
2009:
1997:from the original on 2021-01-19
1968:from the original on 2022-02-27
1949:
1925:
1867:from the original on 2021-02-11
1852:
1842:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1825:
1812:
1798:from the original on 2021-04-11
1784:
1764:
1744:
1697:from the original on 2022-03-23
1677:
1667:Swedish Defence Research Agency
1640:from the original on 2022-03-01
1626:
1615:. December 2015. Archived from
1597:
1586:from the original on 2022-03-23
1566:
1554:Etatism and Diplomacy in Turkey
1530:
1514:League of Nations Treaty Series
1507:
1494:
1474:
1438:from the original on 2017-03-18
1405:
1374:from the original on 2022-02-27
1362:; Güvenç, Serhat (2021-07-20).
1317:from the original on 2023-04-02
1264:from the original on 2023-10-12
1235:from the original on 2022-02-27
1206:from the original on 2022-02-27
1177:from the original on 2019-04-28
1152:from the original on 2022-02-27
1123:from the original on 2022-03-23
1088:from the original on 2022-04-22
926:
898:Militarisation of Greek islands
811:
566:needs additional citations for
529:League of Nations Treaty Series
320:rules-based international order
2975:Treaties of the United Kingdom
2706:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
2316:Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022).
2074:"Montreux Convention (1936)."
1500:"Montreux Convention (1936)".
1246:
1217:
1188:
1163:
1134:
1099:
1064:
1045:
1:
2905:Soviet Union–Turkey relations
2764:Russo-Ottoman Alliance (1799)
633:, and the Turkish islands of
325:
2970:Treaties of the Soviet Union
2875:History of the Mediterranean
2794:League of the Three Emperors
2666:ZĂĽrich and London Agreements
2455:De Luca, Anthony R. (1973).
2446:. Future plc. Archived from
2342:"H I Sutton – Covert Shores"
2298:U.S. News & World Report
2178:. 31 July 1936. p. 309.
1941:. 2010-10-08. Archived from
1556:, pp. 166–170. Brill, 1998.
1058:
1035:pursuant to the Convention.
865:along with Greece, in 1952.
268:, often known simply as the
7:
2769:Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
1661:Lund, Aron (5 April 2021).
982:Russian invasion of Ukraine
886:According to Jason Ditz of
10:
3001:
2920:Treaties concluded in 1936
2900:League of Nations treaties
2870:History of the Dardanelles
1861:"Montreux Convention 1936"
1225:"Montreux Convention 1936"
837:, Soviet Foreign Minister
735:aircraft-carrying cruisers
18:
2985:Water transport in Turkey
2779:London Straits Convention
2774:Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi
2754:
2684:
2624:
2613:
2565:
2414:General and cited sources
2089:The Columbia Encyclopedia
1502:The Columbia Encyclopedia
1413:The Columbia Encyclopedia
916:Turkish National Assembly
490:attended negotiations at
246:
241:
233:
102:
91:9 November 1936
87:
73:
58:
47:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
31:
2885:Interwar-period treaties
2809:Constantinople Agreement
2804:Anglo–Russian Convention
2759:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
2491:YĂĽcel, KurtuluĹź (2019).
1991:South China Morning Post
546:
2895:Law of the sea treaties
2799:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
2789:Treaty of London (1871)
2641:Treaty of Ankara (1926)
2597:Treaty of Ankara (1921)
2459:. Stanford University.
1536:"Montreux Convention".
831:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
274:international agreement
2940:Treaties of Yugoslavia
2829:Turkish straits crisis
2784:Treaty of Paris (1856)
2034:Deborah Welch Larson,
1863:. Globalsecurity.org.
1337:Cite journal requires
1229:www.globalsecurity.org
851:Turkish Straits crisis
443:
352:
62:20 July 1936
2930:Treaties of Australia
1611:(in French). Ankara:
532:on 11 December 1936.
432:1915 Çanakkale Bridge
429:
333:
2602:Armistice of Mudanya
2582:Cilicia Peace Treaty
2472:ĂśnlĂĽ, Nihan (2002).
2301:. 27 February 2022.
2150:"The Turkish Enigma"
824:. As early as 1939,
757:-class battlecruiser
714:observation aircraft
575:improve this article
420:Treaty of Versailles
2855:1936 in Switzerland
2651:Montreux Convention
2569:War of Independence
2515:Montreux Convention
2056:The Turkish Straits
1838:www.osaarchivum.org
1752:The Turkish Straits
1462:The Turkish Straits
1431:HĂĽrriyet Daily News
1393:The Turkish Straits
976:Russo-Ukrainian War
687:Black Sea campaigns
270:Montreux Convention
253:Montreux Convention
28:
2935:Treaties of Turkey
2819:Treaty of Lausanne
2814:Gallipoli campaign
2656:Treaty of Saadabad
2626:After Proclamation
2607:Treaty of Lausanne
2559:Treaties of Turkey
2078:, Routledge. 2001.
1822:; Froman, F. David
1716:The law of the sea
1523:2022-03-23 at the
1480:James C. F. Wang,
1200:www.britannica.com
1146:www.britannica.com
839:Vyacheslav Molotov
802:Transport Minister
444:
369:Treaty of Lausanne
353:
349:Dardanelles Strait
26:
2915:Straits of Turkey
2842:
2841:
2714:
2713:
2696:Turkey portal
2513:Works related to
2266:Gennady Chufrin,
1669:. pp. 3, 5.
1039:Explanatory notes
998:-class submarines
700:Aircraft carriers
693:Auxiliary vessels
607:
606:
599:
512:Mediterranean Sea
412:Tevfik RĂĽĹźtĂĽ Aras
410:Foreign Minister
377:League of Nations
365:Mediterranean Sea
262:
261:
2992:
2890:July 1936 events
2748:Straits Question
2741:
2734:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2671:Ankara Agreement
2619:
2587:Treaty of Moscow
2557:
2556:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2512:
2498:
2487:
2468:
2451:
2434:
2432:
2425:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2289:
2278:
2264:
2258:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2118:
2112:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2052:
2046:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1848:on June 1, 2012.
1844:. Archived from
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1770:Selim Deringil,
1768:
1762:
1748:
1742:
1737:Jozef Goldblat,
1735:
1726:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1550:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1478:
1472:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1173:. Fairmont.com.
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1076:
1068:
1052:
1049:
987:Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu
602:
595:
591:
588:
582:
559:
551:
541:Benito Mussolini
416:Abyssinia Crisis
357:Straits Question
346:
337:
301:Straits Question
251:
250:
224:
223:
222:
212:
211:
210:
200:
199:
198:
188:
187:
186:
176:
175:
174:
164:
163:
162:
152:
151:
150:
140:
139:
138:
128:
127:
126:
116:
115:
114:
98:
96:
69:
67:
36:
29:
25:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2980:Turkish Straits
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2750:
2745:
2715:
2710:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2628:of the Republic
2627:
2620:
2611:
2568:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2505:
2484:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2314:
2310:
2291:
2290:
2281:
2265:
2261:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2125:. Antiwar.com.
2119:
2115:
2100:Bing Bing Jia,
2099:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2053:
2049:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1853:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1729:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1659:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1525:Wayback Machine
1512:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1479:
1475:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1357:
1350:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1307:
1303:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1017:Admiral Tributs
978:
929:
900:
871:
855:Truman Doctrine
814:
806:Binali Yıldırım
792:to connect the
778:
773:
702:
674:
603:
592:
586:
583:
572:
560:
549:
367:. In 1923, the
351:
344:
342:
340:Bosporus Strait
335:
328:
293:Montreux Palace
248:
220:
218:
208:
206:
196:
194:
184:
182:
172:
170:
160:
158:
148:
146:
136:
134:
124:
122:
112:
110:
104:
94:
92:
65:
63:
54:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2860:1936 in Turkey
2857:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2592:Treaty of Kars
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2504:
2503:External links
2501:
2500:
2499:
2488:
2482:
2469:
2452:
2450:on 2015-12-11.
2435:
2433:on 2020-03-19.
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2384:
2358:
2333:
2308:
2279:
2259:
2239:
2210:
2181:
2167:
2140:
2113:
2093:
2080:
2067:
2047:
2027:
2018:
2008:
1993:. 2018-06-03.
1978:
1948:
1945:on 2011-04-30.
1924:
1915:
1877:
1851:
1824:
1811:
1783:
1763:
1743:
1741:, pp. 175–177.
1727:
1707:
1676:
1650:
1625:
1622:on 2021-01-05.
1596:
1565:
1552:Dilek Barlas,
1542:
1529:
1527:, pp. 214–241.
1506:
1493:
1473:
1448:
1434:. 2017-03-17.
1417:
1404:
1384:
1360:KiriĹźci, Kemal
1348:
1339:|journal=
1301:
1274:
1245:
1216:
1187:
1162:
1133:
1098:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:Ukrainian Navy
977:
974:
928:
925:
899:
896:
870:
867:
813:
810:
794:Sea of Marmara
786:Sea of Marmara
782:Kanal Istanbul
777:
776:Istanbul Canal
774:
772:
769:
750:-class cruiser
701:
698:
673:
672:Implementation
670:
623:Sea of Marmara
605:
604:
563:
561:
554:
548:
545:
484:United Kingdom
343:
334:
327:
324:
276:governing the
260:
259:
244:
243:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
229:
228:
216:
214:United Kingdom
204:
192:
180:
168:
156:
144:
132:
120:
106:
100:
99:
89:
85:
84:
75:
71:
70:
60:
56:
55:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2997:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2707:
2699:
2697:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2517:at Wikisource
2516:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2483:9789004481343
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2277:
2276:0-19-925020-0
2273:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2256:0-8108-5078-8
2253:
2249:
2243:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2177:
2171:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2110:0-19-826556-5
2107:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2064:90-247-3464-9
2061:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2044:0-691-02303-4
2041:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2012:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1938:Today's Zaman
1934:
1928:
1919:
1900:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1780:0-521-52329-X
1777:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1760:90-247-3464-9
1757:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1724:0-7190-4382-4
1721:
1717:
1711:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1600:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1562:90-04-10855-6
1559:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1490:0-313-26434-1
1487:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1470:90-247-3464-9
1467:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1401:90-247-3464-9
1398:
1394:
1388:
1373:
1369:
1368:Just Security
1365:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1331:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1004:
999:
997:
991:
988:
983:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
946:
940:
938:
934:
924:
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
895:
893:
889:
884:
881:
877:
869:United States
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
826:Joseph Stalin
823:
819:
809:
807:
803:
798:
795:
791:
787:
783:
771:Controversies
768:
765:
760:
758:
756:
751:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
730:
725:
723:
717:
715:
711:
710:capital ships
706:
697:
694:
690:
688:
684:
680:
669:
666:
662:
660:
659:capital ships
654:
650:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
601:
598:
590:
580:
576:
570:
569:
564:This section
562:
558:
553:
552:
544:
542:
538:
533:
531:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
507:
505:
504:United States
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
441:
437:
433:
428:
424:
421:
417:
413:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:Fascist Italy
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
350:
341:
332:
323:
321:
316:
312:
310:
309:Mediterranean
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
258:
254:
245:
240:
236:
232:
227:
217:
215:
205:
203:
193:
191:
181:
179:
169:
167:
157:
155:
145:
143:
133:
131:
121:
119:
109:
108:
107:
101:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
61:
57:
52:
48:
44:
42:
35:
30:
22:
2650:
2493:
2473:
2456:
2448:the original
2443:
2428:the original
2401:. Retrieved
2399:. 2024-01-02
2396:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2361:
2350:. Retrieved
2336:
2321:
2311:
2296:
2267:
2262:
2247:
2242:
2231:. Retrieved
2222:
2213:
2202:. Retrieved
2193:
2184:
2175:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2152:. Stratfor.
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2116:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2087:"Turkey 1."
2083:
2075:
2070:
2055:
2050:
2035:
2030:
2021:
2011:
2001:December 27,
1999:. Retrieved
1990:
1981:
1970:. Retrieved
1961:
1951:
1943:the original
1936:
1927:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1890:
1869:. Retrieved
1854:
1846:the original
1837:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1800:. Retrieved
1786:
1771:
1766:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1715:
1710:
1699:. Retrieved
1679:
1642:. Retrieved
1628:
1617:the original
1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1568:
1553:
1537:
1532:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1481:
1476:
1461:
1440:. Retrieved
1429:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1392:
1387:
1376:. Retrieved
1367:
1330:cite journal
1319:. Retrieved
1304:
1289:
1266:. Retrieved
1257:
1248:
1237:. Retrieved
1228:
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1199:
1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1165:
1154:. Retrieved
1145:
1136:
1125:. Retrieved
1113:
1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1078:
1066:
1047:
1026:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1002:
995:
992:
979:
943:the city of
941:
930:
927:1994 reforms
921:
901:
885:
872:
847:World War II
843:
835:Nazi Germany
818:World War II
815:
812:Soviet Union
799:
779:
761:
754:
747:
728:
721:
718:
707:
703:
691:
679:World War II
675:
667:
663:
655:
651:
647:
608:
593:
584:
573:Please help
568:verification
565:
537:Adolf Hitler
534:
527:
508:
476:Soviet Union
445:
408:
381:
354:
317:
313:
269:
265:
263:
226:Soviet Union
45:approaching
40:
2646:Balkan Pact
2377:26 November
2323:Nikkei Asia
2160:13 November
2133:13 November
1908:14 November
1859:John Pike.
906:islands of
888:Antiwar.com
861:and joined
859:containment
683:Axis powers
631:Dardanelles
613:islands of
496:Switzerland
436:Dardanelles
297:Switzerland
282:Dardanelles
105:signatories
82:Switzerland
2849:Categories
2567:During the
2465:1087028359
2403:2024-01-03
2397:Yahoo News
2352:2022-05-23
2233:2020-12-31
2204:2020-12-31
2194:www.mfa.gr
1972:2022-02-27
1871:2013-07-20
1802:2013-07-20
1701:2022-02-24
1644:2021-11-19
1590:2022-02-24
1442:2017-03-19
1378:2022-02-27
1321:2023-04-05
1268:2024-01-03
1239:2022-02-27
1210:2022-02-27
1181:2014-09-15
1156:2022-02-27
1127:2022-04-17
1092:2022-04-17
1029:Royal Navy
1022:Suez Canal
980:After the
912:Samothrace
733:ships as "
619:Samothrace
488:Yugoslavia
388:Dodecanese
326:Background
257:Wikisource
190:Yugoslavia
95:1936-11-09
66:1936-07-20
1059:Citations
729:Kuznetsov
587:June 2019
448:Australia
361:Black Sea
242:Full text
118:Australia
88:Effective
2444:The Week
2371:Archived
2346:Archived
2328:Archived
2303:Archived
2227:Archived
2198:Archived
2154:Archived
2127:Archived
1995:Archived
1966:Archived
1962:Al-Araby
1899:Archived
1865:Archived
1796:Archived
1692:Archived
1671:Archived
1638:Archived
1581:Archived
1521:Archived
1518:vol. 173
1436:Archived
1372:Archived
1315:Archived
1296:Archived
1291:MSN News
1262:Archived
1233:Archived
1204:Archived
1175:Archived
1150:Archived
1118:Archived
1083:Archived
966:Bulgaria
945:Istanbul
892:Stratfor
822:Cold War
820:and the
752:and the
639:Bozcaada
627:Bosporus
625:and the
524:Far East
522:and the
492:Montreux
452:Bulgaria
404:Anatolia
278:Bosporus
272:, is an
234:Language
130:Bulgaria
103:Original
78:Montreux
74:Location
51:Bosporus
43:(DDG-64)
2091:, 2004.
1540:, 2005.
1415:, 2004.
1031:to the
962:Ukraine
958:Romania
876:calibre
472:Romania
460:Germany
434:on the
375:of the
285:straits
178:Romania
93: (
64: (
49:on the
2480:
2463:
2274:
2254:
2108:
2062:
2042:
1778:
1758:
1722:
1560:
1504:, 2004
1488:
1468:
1399:
1011:Varyag
954:Cyprus
908:Lemnos
790:Thrace
731:-class
724:-class
643:TavĹźan
629:, the
615:Lemnos
482:, the
480:Turkey
474:, the
464:Greece
456:France
392:Rhodes
347:
345:
338:
336:
311:seas.
289:Turkey
237:French
202:Turkey
154:Greece
142:France
59:Signed
53:strait
41:Carney
2431:(PDF)
2424:(PDF)
2016:2020.
1902:(PDF)
1895:(PDF)
1695:(PDF)
1688:(PDF)
1620:(PDF)
1609:(PDF)
1584:(PDF)
1577:(PDF)
1121:(PDF)
1110:(PDF)
1086:(PDF)
1075:(PDF)
904:Greek
880:ASROC
755:Kirov
748:Slava
743:P-700
739:P-500
635:Ä°mroz
611:Greek
547:Terms
520:Egypt
516:India
500:Italy
468:Japan
396:Leros
305:Black
166:Japan
2478:ISBN
2461:OCLC
2379:2022
2272:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2162:2019
2135:2019
2106:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2040:ISBN
2003:2020
1910:2016
1776:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1343:help
1003:Kilo
996:Kilo
964:and
931:The
910:and
863:NATO
741:and
726:and
722:Kiev
641:and
617:and
486:and
430:The
398:and
363:and
307:and
280:and
264:The
39:USS
857:of
577:by
539:or
400:Kos
295:in
287:in
255:at
2851::
2442:.
2395:.
2369:.
2344:.
2326:.
2320:.
2295:.
2282:^
2225:.
2221:.
2196:.
2192:.
1989:.
1964:.
1960:.
1935:.
1880:^
1840:.
1836:.
1805:.
1730:^
1690:.
1665:.
1653:^
1636:.
1579:.
1545:^
1516:,
1451:^
1428:.
1370:.
1366:.
1351:^
1334::
1332:}}
1328:{{
1294:.
1288:.
1277:^
1260:.
1256:.
1231:.
1227:.
1202:.
1198:.
1148:.
1144:.
1116:.
1112:.
1081:.
1077:.
1024:.
960:,
956:,
804:,
645:.
637:,
518:,
494:,
478:,
470:,
466:,
462:,
458:,
454:,
450:,
394:,
379:.
80:,
2740:e
2733:t
2726:v
2544:e
2537:t
2530:v
2486:.
2467:.
2406:.
2381:.
2355:.
2236:.
2207:.
2164:.
2137:.
2005:.
1975:.
1912:.
1874:.
1704:.
1647:.
1593:.
1445:.
1381:.
1345:)
1341:(
1324:.
1271:.
1242:.
1213:.
1184:.
1159:.
1130:.
1095:.
600:)
594:(
589:)
585:(
571:.
442:.
97:)
68:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)