68:
20:
207:. Flemish brasses can be found in England, but they are not common, and they are readily distinguished from English workmanship. The Flemish examples have the figures engraved in the centre of a large plate, the background filled in with diapered or scroll work, and the inscription placed round the edge of the plate. The English examples have the figures cut out to the outline and inserted in corresponding cavities in the slab, the darker colour of the stone serving as a background. This is not an invariable distinction, however, as figure-brasses of Flemish origin are found both at
236:
428:
356:
597:
309:
three-dimensional effigies of the same period in stone and wood, several early 14th-century military brasses (including those of
Setvans, Trumpington and d'Aubernon mentioned above) depict their subjects with crossed legs, but there is no substance to the long-established myth that this pose identifies the deceased as a crusader.
190:
The majority of extant memorial brasses are now found in
England, where it is calculated that there may be about 4,000 still remaining in various churches. They are most abundant in the eastern counties of England, and this fact has been frequently adduced in support of the opinion that they were of
513:
In 1992 the
Monumental Brass Society began to publish a new fully illustrated "County Series" for England, edited by William Lack, Martin Stuchfield and Philip Whittemore, to cover brasses of all periods, and intended to supersede Stephenson. This has progressed county-by-county on an alphabetical
509:
and the
Appendix were reprinted by the Monumental Brass Society as a single volume. More recent lists for certain individual counties have also been published, including a volume on Warwickshire edited by S. A. Budd, published by the Monumental Brass Society in 1977, which was devised as the first
308:
has the decorations of the shield filled in with a species of enamel. Other examples of this occur, and the probability is that, in most cases, the lines of the engraving were filled with colouring matter, though brass would scarcely bear the heat requisite to fuse the ordinary enamels. Like
87:
designs, and they are often the only authoritative records of the intricate details of family history. Although the intrinsic value of the metal has unfortunately contributed to the wholesale spoliation of these interesting monuments, they are still found in remarkable profusion in
371:
It is only in the 16th century that the engraved representations become portraits. Previous to that period the features were invariably represented conventionally, though sometimes personal peculiarities were added. A large number of brasses in
England are
191:
Flemish manufacture but at the time sepulchral brasses were most often fashioned, these eastern counties were a centre of commercial activity and wealth, and there are numerous engraved memorials of civilians and prosperous merchants in the churches of
392:
in 1539, so that before the year was out the work of spoliation had begun, and the abbot's brass had been removed and re-engraved to
Margaret Bulstrode. These ancient brasses were often stolen and re-erected after being engraved on the reverse, as at
504:
is now seriously dated, and its cut-off date of 1710 means that it omits all more modern brasses. An "Appendix" to
Stephenson by M. S. Giuseppi and Ralph Griffin, containing numerous revisions, was published in 1938; and in 1964 Stephenson's
59:, let into the pavement, and thus forming no obstruction in the space required for the services of the church, they speedily came into general use, and continued to be a favourite style of sepulchral memorial for three centuries.
542:
was published in two volumes in 2003.) For those counties that have been published, the County Series volumes are now regarded as the definitive catalogue. Where appropriate, entries retain
Stephenson's "M.S." numbers.
211:
and in
England but the character of the engraving is constant, the Flemish work being more florid in design, the lines shallower, and the broad lines cut with a chisel-pointed tool instead of the lozenge-shaped
681:
79:
Besides their great value as historical monuments, monumental brasses are interesting as authentic contemporary evidence of the varieties of armour and costume, or the peculiarities of
312:
Brasses become more numerous through the 14th century, and present great variety in their details. A good example is that of
Nicholas Lord Burnell (d. 1382) in the
166:
are the most artistic and striking brasses in Germany. Among the 13th-century examples existing in German churches are the full-length memorials of Yso von Welpe,
493:
Numerous lists of medieval and post-medieval brasses have been published. The standard national list for examples in Britain up to 1710 remains Mill Stephenson's
497:, first published in 1926. It is still common practice in the specialist literature for individual brasses to be identified by place-name and an "M.S." number.
612:
510:
instalment in a "Revised List of Monumental Brasses in the British Isles" (updating Stephenson). However, no further volumes in this series came to fruition.
469:(Rev. Gresley and Canon Drummond). The tradition has continued into the 20th and even the 21st centuries. Recent examples have included a brass commemorating
232:, who died and was interred there in 1416, precisely resembles the brasses of England in the details which distinguish them from styles elsewhere in Europe.
247:
No surviving brasses in England can be dated earlier than the late 13th century. Early examples that do survive include a fragment from the brass to Bishop
411:
in Virginia, built by English colonists in the early 17th century, contains a unique example of an American brass. The inlay itself has been lost, but the
235:
474:
470:
972:
A Manual of Monumental Brasses: comprising an introduction to the study of these memorials and a list of those remaining in the British Isles
376:, the back of an ancient brass having been engraved for the more recent memorial. Thus a brass commemorative of Margaret Bulstrode (1540) at
617:
445:
There was a revival of interest in monumental brasses in the 19th century. Among many other examples, Victorian brasses can be seen at
317:
316:, Shropshire. In the 15th century the design and execution of monumental brasses had attained their highest excellence. The brass of
899:
The Monumental Brasses of England: a series of engravings upon wood, from every variety of these interesting and valuable memorials
301:
67:
831:
560:
321:
885:
Monumental Brasses and Slabs: an historical and descriptive notice of the incised monumental memorials of the middle ages
384:, on being removed from its position, was discovered to have been previously the memorial of Thomas Totyngton, abbot of
313:
1164:
1102:
1045:
945:
869:
850:
462:
72:
341:
337:
128:
1216:
1188:
1145:
1121:
1083:
1064:
1022:
966:
917:
812:
405:
by a German artisan in 1649, all sheet brass had to be imported from other countries on the European mainland.
256:
108:, and almost the only evidence of their existence is now supplied by the collection of drawings bequeathed by
104:. In France, however, those that survived the troubles of the 16th century were totally swept away during the
324:, is a striking example. One of the best specimens of plate armour is that of Sir Robert Stantoun (1458) in
360:
24:
481:, unveiled in 1985; and a medieval-style brass to Master Thomas de Aston (d. 1401) in St Edmund's Chapel,
415:
survives and shows the imprint of a coat of arms and a knight in armour, believed to be Virginia governor
1247:
297:
286:
109:
707:
984:
Harris, O. D. (2010). "Antiquarian attitudes: crossed legs, crusaders and the evolution of an idea".
148:
897:
332:, and one of the finest existing brasses of ecclesiastics is that of Thomas de la Mare, Abbot of
167:
151:, and his monumental brass carries the Moray arms and figures representing Religion and Justice.
19:
1252:
978:
956:
787:
389:
204:
602:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
781:
482:
458:
229:
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248:
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1034:
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271:
252:
240:
225:
163:
1212:
1184:
1160:
1141:
1134:
1117:
1098:
1079:
1060:
1041:
1018:
1005:
941:
913:
865:
846:
827:
808:
478:
450:
213:
144:
993:
685:
546:
Hugh Cameron published a list of monumental brasses in continental Europe in 1970.
408:
385:
325:
155:
113:
43:, which in the 13th century began to partially take the place of three-dimensional
1209:
Drawings of Monumental Brasses and Incised Slabs by the Waller Brothers, 1837–1844
893:
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522:
446:
416:
381:
105:
44:
36:
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427:
355:
329:
200:
40:
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661:"A debate with death: John Rudyng's brass in St Andrew's Church, Biggleswade"
608:
603:
555:
394:
217:
159:
140:
101:
516:
412:
275:
267:
80:
1175:, first published in 1890, and which ran through many subsequent editions)
532:
432:
345:
71:
Monumental brass of Simon de Felbrigge and his wife Margaret of Teschen,
938:
The Earliest English Brasses: patronage, style and workshops, 1270–1350
780:
621:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 434.
528:
466:
373:
364:
349:
23:
Brass group of 1378 commemorating Sir John Foxley and his two wives in
682:
Brass Monumental Brass of Death and John Rudying - Rubbings Collection
377:
320:(d. 1401), and his wife Margaret, which formerly covered the tomb in
136:
132:
124:
120:
84:
1207:
Waller, J. G.; Waller, L. A. B. (2001). Hutchinson, Robert (ed.).
1198:
Stephenson, Mill (1964) . Giuseppi, M. S.; Griffin, Ralph (eds.).
196:
192:
175:
119:
Only two or three examples, and these of late date, are known in
97:
89:
1232:
123:, among which are the memorials of Alexander Cockburn (1564) at
402:
305:
208:
179:
93:
52:
48:
660:
300:. The life-sized brass of Sir John d'Aubernon II (d. 1277) at
538:
398:
56:
805:
Early Incised Slabs and Brasses from the London Marblers
1171:(a revised and updated edition of Herbert W. Macklin's
910:
A List of Monumental Brasses on the Continent of Europe
239:
Memorial brass of Sir John D'Abernon II (the Elder) in
397:, because until the establishment of a manufactory at
931:(2nd ed.). London: Victoria and Albert Museum.
1133:
1076:A. W. N. Pugin and the Revival of Memorial Brasses
1033:
929:Catalogue of Rubbings of Brasses and Incised Slabs
465:(Rev. W. S. Sanders), and All Saints, Boyne Hill,
359:Memorial brass of the Swift family, 16th century,
1200:A List of Monumental Brasses in the British Isles
791:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
536:were published as a single volume in 1998; while
495:A List of Monumental Brasses in the British Isles
255:; and brasses to Margaret de Camoys (d. 1310) at
1239:
821:
500:On many points of detail, however, Stephenson's
92:, and they were at one time equally common in
1178:
1154:
912:. Newport Pagnell: Monumental Brass Society.
363:, South Yorkshire. They were later owners of
174:(1340). Many fine Flemish specimens exist in
1206:
1181:Palimpsests: the backs of monumental brasses
807:. London: Society of Antiquaries of London.
802:
665:Transactions of the Monumental Brass Society
1197:
822:Badham, Sally; Stuchfield, Martin (2009).
388:(1312). The abbey was only surrendered to
348:shows the figure of Death about to strike
958:The Monumental Brasses of Gloucestershire
658:
318:Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick
143:(1605) in the south aisle of the nave of
607:
590:
588:
586:
584:
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578:
576:
426:
354:
234:
66:
18:
926:
907:
892:
878:
859:
840:
803:Badham, Sally; Norris, Malcolm (1999).
778:
488:
1240:
1131:
1111:
1059:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
1040:(1989 ed.). London: Robert Hale.
983:
965:
935:
289:, Kent; and Sir Roger de Trumpington (
51:carved in stone or wood. Made of hard
1092:
1073:
1054:
1017:. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales.
1012:
954:
862:Monumental Brasses as Art and History
573:
561:Monumental brasses of Gloucestershire
1211:. London: Monumental Brass Society.
1183:. London: Monumental Brass Society.
940:. London: Monumental Brass Society.
431:Head of Sir Roger de Trumpington in
1202:. London: Monumental Brass Society.
845:. Newton Abbot: David and Charles.
131:(1569) in the collegiate church of
127:, east of Edinburgh; of the regent
13:
1095:Modern Memorial Brasses, 1880–2001
485:, Lincolnshire, unveiled in 2001.
336:from 1349 to 1396. An interesting
14:
1269:
1226:
1114:Monumental Brasses: the Memorials
1015:Welsh Monumental Brasses: a guide
975:. Oxford: J. H. and James Parker.
422:
302:St Mary's Church, Stoke d'Abernon
785:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
595:
338:monumental brass of John Rudying
154:The fine memorials of the royal
1116:. London: Phillips & Page.
796:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
259:, West Sussex; Joan de Cobham (
826:. Botley: Shire Publications.
714:
700:
691:
675:
652:
643:
634:
625:
73:St Margaret's Church, Felbrigg
1:
1159:. London: Allen & Unwin.
1155:Page-Phillips, John (1978) .
1136:Monumental Brasses: the Craft
860:Bertram, Jerome, ed. (1996).
841:Bertram, Jerome, ed. (1976).
566:
436:
361:All Saints' Church, Rotherham
290:
279:
260:
185:
147:. The Earl of Moray had been
1179:Page-Phillips, John (1980).
1157:Macklin's Monumental Brasses
62:
7:
1140:. London: Faber and Faber.
549:
298:Trumpington, Cambridgeshire
10:
1274:
1057:Victorian Memorial Brasses
936:Coales, John, ed. (1987).
772:
278:; Sir William de Setvans (
1097:. Donington: Shaun Tyas.
1031:
998:10.1017/s0003581510000053
471:Earl Mountbatten of Burma
322:St Mary's church, Warwick
25:St Michael's Church, Bray
1233:Monumental Brass Society
1132:Norris, Malcolm (1978).
1112:Norris, Malcolm (1977).
955:Davis, Cecil T. (1899).
927:Clayton, Muriel (1929).
782:"Memorial Brasses"
708:"The Knight's Tombstone"
659:Cartlidge, Neil (2015).
170:(1231), and of Bernard,
908:Cameron, H. K. (1970).
864:. Stroud: Alan Sutton.
779:Coleman, Caryl (1907).
747:Meara 2008, pp. 241–43.
738:Meara 2008, pp. 237–41.
618:Encyclopædia Britannica
473:(d. 1979) and his wife
463:St. Nicolas', Guildford
314:church of Acton Burnell
168:Prince-Bishop of Verden
16:Type of church memorial
710:. Historic Jamestowne.
688:, University of Oxford
520:in 1992, and reaching
514:basis, beginning with
442:
368:
352:Rudying with a spear.
244:
76:
35:is a type of engraved
28:
1093:Meara, David (2008).
1074:Meara, David (1991).
1055:Meara, David (1983).
1013:Lewis, J. M. (1974).
961:. London: Phillimore.
788:Catholic Encyclopedia
631:Love 1989, pp. 34–35.
457:, Birmingham (Bishop
430:
358:
238:
158:in the cathedrals of
70:
22:
489:Lists and catalogues
483:Spital-in-the-Street
230:Council of Constance
1078:. London: Mansell.
1032:Love, Dane (1989).
986:Antiquaries Journal
697:Page-Phillips 1980.
613:Brasses, Monumental
342:Church of St Andrew
249:Thomas de Cantilupe
222:bishop of Salisbury
172:bishop of Paderborn
39:once found through
37:sepulchral memorial
1248:Monumental brasses
1173:Monumental Brasses
1036:Scottish Kirkyards
824:Monumental Brasses
443:
435:, Cambridgeshire,
369:
340:dated 1481 in the
272:William Greenfield
253:Hereford Cathedral
245:
77:
29:
833:978-0-7478-0677-6
479:Westminster Abbey
451:Archbishop Benson
145:Glasgow Cathedral
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889:
880:Boutell, Charles
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756:Stephenson 1964.
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326:Castle Donington
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114:Bodleian Library
33:monumental brass
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902:. London: Bell.
888:. London: Bell.
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447:Truro Cathedral
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417:George Yeardley
382:Buckinghamshire
334:St Albans Abbey
293:
282:
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241:Stoke d'Abernon
224:, the envoy of
216:. The brass of
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156:house of Saxony
106:Reign of Terror
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671:(2): 94–100.
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276:York Minster
268:Cobham, Kent
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226:King Henry V
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149:assassinated
141:Minto family
118:
81:palaeography
78:
32:
30:
729:Meara 1991.
720:Meara 1983.
533:Westmorland
459:John Milner
440: 1326
433:Trumpington
419:(d. 1627).
374:palimpsests
367:, Sheffield
346:Biggleswade
294: 1326
283: 1323
264: 1310
27:, Berkshire
1242:Categories
1218:0952331586
1190:0950129844
1147:0571098916
1123:0950394211
1085:0720120705
1066:0710093128
1024:0720000548
992:: 401–40.
919:0950129801
814:0854312722
567:References
529:Cumberland
526:by 2012. (
467:Maidenhead
390:Henry VIII
365:Broom Hall
350:Archdeacon
186:In England
1006:206212438
977:(2 vols)
378:Hedgerley
137:Edinburgh
75:, Norfolk
63:In Europe
55:or sheet
45:monuments
1128:(2 vols)
969:(1861).
896:(1849).
882:(1847).
550:See also
328:church,
287:Chartham
243:, Surrey
164:Freiberg
133:St Giles
125:Ormiston
121:Scotland
100:and the
85:heraldic
49:effigies
773:Sources
606::
257:Trotton
228:to the
205:Lincoln
197:Norwich
193:Ipswich
176:Belgium
160:Meissen
112:to the
98:Germany
90:England
1215:
1187:
1163:
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1120:
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1044:
1021:
1004:
979:Vol. 1
944:
916:
868:
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830:
811:
600:
475:Edwina
403:Surrey
306:Surrey
209:Bruges
180:Bruges
129:Murray
94:France
53:latten
1258:Brass
1002:S2CID
539:Essex
399:Esher
296:) in
285:) at
266:) at
214:burin
57:brass
1213:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1118:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1019:ISBN
942:ISBN
914:ISBN
866:ISBN
847:ISBN
828:ISBN
809:ISBN
531:and
507:List
502:List
203:and
201:Lynn
162:and
83:and
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994:doi
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437:c.
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280:c.
261:c.
220:,
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