Mood disorder - Knowledge

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differences, studies have shown a dysregulation of stress-responsive neuroendocrine function causing an increase in the likelihood of developing these affective disorders. Overactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis could provide potential insight into how these sex differences arise. Neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is released from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, stimulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release into the blood stream. From here ACTH triggers the release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Cortisol, known as the main stress hormone, creates a negative feedback loop back to the hypothalamus to deactivate the stress response. When a constant stressor is present, the HPA axis remains overactivated and cortisol is constantly produced. This chronic stress is associated with sustained CRF release, resulting in the increased production of anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors and serving as a potential mechanism for differences in prevalence between men and women.

1016:, most notably the addition of more specific symptomology related to hypomanic and mixed manic states. Depressive disorders underwent the most changes, the addition of three new disorders: disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, persistent depressive disorder (previously dysthymia), and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (previously in appendix B, the section for disorders needing further research). Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is meant as a diagnosis for children and adolescents who would normally be diagnosed with bipolar disorder as a way to limit the bipolar diagnosis in this age cohort. Major depressive disorder (MDD) also underwent a notable change, in that the bereavement clause has been removed. Those previously exempt from a diagnosis of MDD due to bereavement are now candidates for the MDD diagnosis. 42: 479:), also known as "winter depression" or "winter blues", is a specifier. Some people have a seasonal pattern, with depressive episodes coming on in the autumn or winter, and resolving in spring. The diagnosis is made if at least two episodes have occurred in colder months with none at other times over a two-year period or longer. It is commonly hypothesised that people who live at higher latitudes tend to have less sunlight exposure in the winter and therefore experience higher rates of SAD, but the epidemiological support for this proposition is not strong (and latitude is not the only determinant of the amount of sunlight reaching the eyes in winter). It is said that this disorder can be treated by 1065:

determining treatment, there are many types of depression scales that are used. One of the depression scales is a self-report scale called Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Another scale is the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). HAMD is a clinical rating scale in which the patient is rated based on clinician observation. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a scale for depression symptoms that applies to the general population. This scale is typically used in research and not for self-reports. The PHQ-9 which stands for Patient-Health Questionnaire-9 questions, is a self-report as well. Finally, the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) evaluates bipolar disorder.

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increase an individual's risk for suicide in any way. Epidemiological studies carried out in Europe suggest that, at this moment, roughly 8.5 percent of the world's population have a depressive disorder. No age group seems to be exempt from depression, and studies have found that depression appears in infants as young as 6 months old who have been separated from their mothers. However, there may be differences between cultures in prevalence of MDD due to cultural influences that "challenge the definition and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders", as seen in a study by Parker et al. that researched MDD in Chinese individuals.

412:, and lasts as long as three months. It is quite common for women to experience a short-term feeling of tiredness and sadness in the first few weeks after giving birth; however, postpartum depression is different because it can cause significant hardship and impaired functioning at home, work, or school as well as, possibly, difficulty in relationships with family members, spouses, or friends, or even problems bonding with the newborn. In the treatment of postpartum major depressive disorders and other unipolar depressions in women who are breastfeeding, 3190: 2300: 950:). A low or depressed mood can increase an individual's ability to cope with situations in which the effort to pursue a major goal could result in danger, loss, or wasted effort. In such situations, low motivation may give an advantage by inhibiting certain actions. This theory helps to explain why negative life incidents precede depression in around 80 percent of cases, and why they so often strike people during their peak reproductive years. These characteristics would be difficult to understand if depression were a dysfunction. 3524: 1228: 1078:

that mood disorders accounted for the highest number of hospital readmissions among Medicaid patients and the uninsured, with 41,600 Medicaid patients and 12,200 uninsured patients being readmitted within 30 days of their index stay—a readmission rate of 19.8 per 100 admissions and 12.7 per 100 admissions, respectively. In 2012, mood and other behavioral health disorders were the most common diagnoses for Medicaid-covered and uninsured hospital stays in the United States (6.1% of Medicaid stays and 5.2% of uninsured stays).

1332: 724:. Controversy has previously surrounded whether those who abused alcohol and developed depression were self-medicating their pre-existing depression. Recent research has concluded that, while this may be true in some cases, alcohol misuse directly causes the development of depression in a significant number of heavy drinkers. Participants studied were also assessed during stressful events in their lives and measured on a 969:

approximately 76% of the time. When identical twins are raised apart from each other, they will both become depressed about 67% of the time. Because both twins become depressed at such a high rate, the implication is that there is a strong genetic influence. If it happened that when one twin becomes clinically depressed the other always develops depression, then clinical depression would likely be entirely genetic.

4815: 546:(DPD) is a controversial psychiatric diagnosis that denotes a personality disorder with depressive features. Originally included in the DSM-II, depressive personality disorder was removed from the DSM-III and DSM-III-R. Recently, it has been reconsidered for reinstatement as a diagnosis. Depressive personality disorder is currently described in Appendix B in the DSM-IV-TR as worthy of further study. 264:) is a common mental disorder. It involves a depressed mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long periods of time. Depression is different from regular mood changes and feelings about everyday life. It can affect all aspects of life. Depression can happen to anyone. People who have lived through abuse, severe losses, or other stressful events are more likely to develop depression. 564:), distinguished from major depressive disorder primarily by differences in duration. People with RBD have depressive episodes about once per month, with individual episodes lasting less than two weeks and typically less than 2–3 days. Diagnosis of RBD requires that the episodes occur over the span of at least one year and, in female patients, independently of the 800:, are believed to be responsible for the increased depression. Additionally, benzodiazepines can indirectly worsen mood by worsening sleep (i.e., benzodiazepine-induced sleep disorder). Like alcohol, benzodiazepines can put people to sleep but, while asleep, they disrupt sleep architecture: decreasing sleep time, delaying time to 785:

exacerbate preexisting depression, can cause depression in those with no history of it, and can lead to suicide attempts. Risk factors for suicide and suicide attempts while using benzodiazepines include high dose prescriptions (even in those not misusing the medications), benzodiazepine intoxication, and underlying depression.

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Much of what is known about the genetic influence of clinical depression is based upon research that has been done with identical twins. Identical twins have exactly the same genetic code. It has been found that when one identical twin becomes depressed the other will also develop clinical depression

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are the cause of mood disorders like bipolar disorder, then it has been hypothesized that N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), creatine monohydrate (CM), and melatonin could be potential treatment options. In

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According to a substantial number of epidemiology studies conducted, women are twice as likely to develop certain mood disorders, such as major depression. Although there is an equal number of men and women diagnosed with bipolar II disorder, women have a slightly higher frequency of the disorder.

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A depressed mood is a predictable response to certain types of life occurrences, such as loss of status, divorce, or death of a child or spouse. These are events that signal a loss of reproductive ability or potential, or that did so in humans' ancestral environment. A depressed mood can be seen as

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It is estimated that roughly 1% of the adult population has bipolar I, a further 1% has bipolar II or cyclothymia, and somewhere between 2% and 5% percent have "sub-threshold" forms of bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the possibility of getting bipolar disorder when one parent is diagnosed with it is

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for depressive disorders. In the DSM-5, Unspecified Depressive Disorder encompasses symptoms that are characteristic of depressive disorders and cause significant impairment in functioning, but do not meet the criteria for the diagnosis of any specified depressive disorders. In the DSM-IV, this was

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In a long-term follow-up study of patients dependent on benzodiazepines, it was found that 10 people (20%) had taken drug overdoses while on chronic benzodiazepine medication despite only two people ever having had any pre-existing depressive disorder. A year after a gradual withdrawal program, no

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develops, depression and impulsivity with high suicidal risk commonly persist. These symptoms are "often interpreted as an exacerbation or as a natural evolution of previous disorders and the chronic use of sedatives is overlooked". Benzodiazepines do not prevent the development of depression, can

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is a condition related to unipolar depression, where the same physical and cognitive problems are evident, but they are not as severe and tend to last longer (usually at least 2 years). The treatment of dysthymia is largely the same as for major depression, including antidepressant medications and

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In 2011, mood disorders were the most common reason for hospitalization among children aged 1–17 years in the United States, with approximately 112,000 stays. Mood disorders were top principal diagnosis for Medicaid super-utilizers in the United States in 2012. Further, a study of 18 states found

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Depressive disorder is frequent in primary care and general hospital practice but is often undetected. Unrecognized depressive disorder may slow recovery and worsen prognosis in physical illness, therefore it is important that all doctors be able to recognize the condition, treat the less severe

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into two sections: Depressive and related disorders and bipolar and related disorders. Bipolar disorders fall in between depressive disorders and schizophrenia spectrum and related disorders "in recognition of their place as a bridge between the two diagnostic classes in terms of symptomatology,

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depressant—worsening thinking, concentration and problem solving (i.e., benzodiazepine-induced neurocognitive disorder). However, unlike antidepressants, in which the activating effects usually improve with continued treatment, benzodiazepine-induced depression is unlikely to improve until after

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Family history, previous diagnosis of a mood disorder, trauma, stress or major life changes in the case of depression, physical illness or use of certain medications. Depression has been linked to major diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Parkinson's disease and heart disease, Brain structure and

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MD-NOS is described as "any mood disorder that does not meet the criteria for a specific disorder." MD-NOS is not used as a clinical description but as a statistical concept for filing purposes. The diagnosis of MD-NOS does not exist in the DSM-5, however the diagnoses of unspecified depressive

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Mood disorders, specifically stress-related mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, have been shown to have differing rates of diagnosis based on sex. In the United States, women are two times more likely than men to be diagnosed with a stress-related mood disorder. Underlying these sex

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can also cause depression. While benzodiazepine-induced depressive disorder may be exacerbated immediately after discontinuation of benzodiazepines, evidence suggests that mood significantly improves after the acute withdrawal period to levels better than during use. Depression resulting from

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and treatment from a health professional dramatically reduces the individual's risk for suicide. Studies have demonstrated that asking if a depressed friend or family member has thought of committing suicide is an effective way of identifying those at risk, and it does not "plant" the idea or

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more than controls. This mental fluidity could contribute to an increase in creativity. Moreover, mania creates increases in productivity and energy. Those in a manic state are more emotionally sensitive and show less inhibition about attitudes, which could create greater expression. Studies

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looked at the occupational status of a large group of typical patients and found that 'those with bipolar illness appear to be disproportionately concentrated in the most creative occupational category.' They also found that the likelihood of 'engaging in creative activities on the job' is

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Kim, Eun Young; Hwang, Samuel Suk-Hyun; Lee, Nam Young; Kim, Se Hyun; Lee, Hyun Jeong; Kim, Yong Sik; Ahn, Yong Min (June 2013). "Intelligence, temperament, and personality are related to over- or under-reporting of affective symptoms by patients with euthymic mood disorder".

965:, may have been adaptive in the past, by limiting physical activity at times when food was scarce. It is argued that humans have retained the instinct to experience low mood during the winter months, even if the availability of food is no longer determined by the weather. 1081:

A study conducted in 1988 to 1994 amongst young American adults involved a selection of demographic and health characteristics. A population-based sample of 8,602 men and women ages 17–39 years participated. Lifetime prevalence were estimated based on six mood measures:

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peers, unemployment, and their partner's substance use and criminal offending. High rates of suicide also occur in those who have alcohol-related problems. It is usually possible to differentiate between alcohol-related depression and depression that is not related to

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in 2013. The exact pathogenesis of the disorder is still unclear and is an active research topic. Treatment of PMDD relies largely on antidepressants that modulate serotonin levels in the brain via serotonin reuptake inhibitors as well as ovulation suppression using

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is a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms. Here, the person is mute and almost stuporous, and either is immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements. Catatonic symptoms can also occur in

408:) is listed as a course specifier in DSM-IV-TR; it refers to the intense, sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth. Postpartum depression, which affects 10–15% of women, typically sets in within three months of 665:), sometimes called "sub-threshold" bipolar, indicates that the patient has some symptoms in the bipolar spectrum (e.g., manic and depressive symptoms) but does not fully qualify for any of the three formal bipolar DSM-IV diagnoses mentioned above. 234:. After a single episode, Major Depressive Disorder (single episode) would be diagnosed. After more than one episode, the diagnosis becomes Major Depressive Disorder (Recurrent). Depression without periods of mania is sometimes referred to as 927:. An example of an instance of MD-NOS is being in minor depression frequently during various intervals, such as once every month or once in three days. There is a risk for MD-NOS not to get noticed, and for that reason not to get treated. 737:

intake by taking a careful history of the patient. Depression and other mental health problems associated with alcohol misuse may be due to distortion of brain chemistry, as they tend to improve on their own after a period of abstinence.

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Nierenberg, Andrew A, Kansky, Christine, Brennan, Brian P, Shelton, Richard C, Perlis, Roy, Iosifescu, Dan V (2012). "Mitochondrial modulators for bipolar disorder: A pathophysiologically informed paradigm for new drug development".

808:(the most restorative part of sleep for both energy and mood). Just as some antidepressants can cause or worsen anxiety in some patients due to being activating, benzodiazepines can cause or worsen depression due to being a 3195: 3193: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 833:"Mood disorder due to a general medical condition" is used to describe manic or depressive episodes which occur secondary to a medical condition. There are many medical conditions that can trigger mood episodes, including 3638:

Scainiab, Giselli, Rezinc, Gislaine, Carvalhod, Andre, Streckb, Emilio L, Berkef, Michael, Quevedo, João (2016). "Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: Evidence, pathophysiology and translational implications".

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Weston, Drew; Morrison, Kate (2001). "A multidimensional meta-analysis of treatments for depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder: An empirical examination of the status of empirically supported therapies".

4862: 4843: 150: 3531: 3529: 3527: 961:. It has been argued that this is an evolved mechanism that assists the individual in recovering by limiting their physical activity. The occurrence of low-level depression during the winter months, or 1337: 1335: 3297:

Williams Daniel T.; Hirsch Scott; Coffey Barbara (2007). "Mood and Anxiety Symptoms in An Adolescent with Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified and Moderate Mental Retardation".

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Morin, Charles M.; Bélanger, Lynda; Bastien, Célyne; Vallières, Annie (January 2005). "Long-term outcome after discontinuation of benzodiazepines for insomnia: a survival analysis of relapse".

424:(Zoloft) are in general considered to be the preferred medications. Women with personal or family histories of mood disorders are at particularly high risk of developing postpartum depression. 6432: 629:

with or without major depressive episodes. A depressive episode is not required for the diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder, but depressive episodes are usually part of the course of the illness.

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performed at Harvard looked into the amount of original thinking in solving creative tasks. Bipolar individuals, whose disorder was not severe, tended to show greater degrees of creativity.

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Weissman AM, Levy BT, Hartz AJ, Bentler S, Donohue M, Ellingrod VL, Wisner KL (2004). "Pooled analysis of antidepressant levels in lactating mothers, breast milk, and nursing infants".

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Carta, Mauro Giovanni; Altamura, Alberto Carlo; Hardoy, Maria Carolina; et al. (2003). "Is recurrent brief depression an expression of mood spectrum disorders in young people?".

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disorder. Substance-induced mood disorders can have features of a manic, hypomanic, mixed, or depressive episode. Most substances can induce a variety of mood disorders. For example,

3548: 772:. Those with anxiety, panic and sleep problems commonly have negative emotions and thoughts, depression, suicidal ideations, and often have comorbid depressive disorders. While the 4285: 3223: 2333:

Michelini, S.; Cassano, G. B.; Frare, F.; Perugi, G. (July 1996). "Long-term use of benzodiazepines: tolerance, dependence and clinical problems in anxiety and mood disorders".

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Baldwin, David S.; Anderson, Ian M.; Nutt, David J.; Bandelow, Borwin; Bond, A.; Davidson, Jonathan R. T.; den Boer, J. A.; Fineberg, Naomi A.; Knapp, Martin (November 2005).

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Schuckit MA, Tipp JE, Bucholz KK, et al. (October 1997). "The life-time rates of three major mood disorders and four major anxiety disorders in alcoholics and controls".

355:), or simply psychotic depression, is the term for a major depressive episode, in particular of melancholic nature, wherein the patient experiences psychotic symptoms such as 582:, or simply minor depression, which refers to a depression that does not meet full criteria for major depression but in which at least two symptoms are present for two weeks. 2184:

Schuckit MA, Tipp JE, Bergman M, Reich W, Hesselbrock VM, Smith TL (July 1997). "Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorders in 2,945 alcoholics".

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Rapaport MH, Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Yonkers KA, Thase ME, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Plewes JM, Tollefson GD, Rush AJ (2002). "A descriptive analysis of minor depression".

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Mood disorder not otherwise specified (MD-NOS) is a mood disorder that is impairing but does not fit in with any of the other officially specified diagnoses. In the

5385: 3467: 597:(BD) (also called "manic depression" or "manic-depressive disorder"), an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood ( 4436: 4340: 2544:

Gelpin, E.; Bonne, O.; Peri, T.; Brandes, D.; Shalev, A. Y. (September 1996). "Treatment of recent trauma survivors with benzodiazepines: a prospective study".

1418: 4413: 172:(BD) (formerly known as manic depression). There are several subtypes of depressive disorders or psychiatric syndromes featuring less severe symptoms such as 2958:

Poyares, Dalva; Guilleminault, Christian; Ohayon, Maurice M.; Tufik, Sergio (June 2004). "Chronic benzodiazepine usage and withdrawal in insomnia patients".

456: 145: 168:(MDD) (alternatively known as clinical depression, unipolar depression, or major depression); and moods which cycle between mania and depression, known as 4486: 2114:

Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP, et al. (November 2007). "A comparison of factors associated with substance-induced versus independent depressions".

2429:"Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology" 446:

affecting 3–8% of menstruating women. The disorder consists of a "cluster of affective, behavioral and somatic symptoms" that recur monthly during the

1060:. Lithium specifically has been proven to reduce suicide and all causes of mortality in people with mood disorders. If mitochondrial dysfunction or 299:), a sensation of heaviness in limbs known as leaden paralysis, and significant social impairment as a consequence of hypersensitivity to perceived 2722:

Lydiard RB, Laraia MT, Ballenger JC, Howell EF (May 1987). "Emergence of depressive symptoms in patients receiving alprazolam for panic disorder".

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an adaptive response, in the sense that it causes an individual to turn away from the earlier (and reproductively unsuccessful) modes of behavior.

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In some cases, more than one mood disorder can be present in an individual, like bipolar disorder and depressive disorder. If a mood disorder and

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Hales E and Yudofsky JA, eds, The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychiatry, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2003

3334:"Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders: A meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants" 671:

15–30%. Risk, when both parents have it, is 50–75%. Also, while with bipolar siblings the risk is 15–25%, with identical twins it is about 70%.

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Lydiard, R. B.; Brawman-Mintzer, O.; Ballenger, J. C. (August 1996). "Recent developments in the psychopharmacology of anxiety disorders".

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can be defined as a fairly depressed mood (dysthymia) that lasts for at least two years and is punctuated by periods of major depression.

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Memory and creativity are related to mania. Clinical studies have shown that those in a manic state will rhyme, find synonyms, and use

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are a strong predictor for the development of mood disorders. A number of authors have also suggested that mood disorders are an

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Allen, N.; Badcock, P. (2006). "Darwinian models of depression: A review of evolutionary accounts of mood and mood disorders".

2064:"Age of Onset and Temporal Sequencing of Lifetime DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorders Relative to Comorbid Mood and Anxiety Disorders" 77: 4744: 4725: 4706: 4637: 4618: 4595: 4574: 3259: 882: 680:

A mood disorder can be classified as substance-induced if its etiology can be traced to the direct physiologic effects of a

3972:"Combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy or monotherapy for major depression? A meta-analysis on the long-term effects" 2581:"Prevalence and trends of benzodiazepine use among Veterans Affairs patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, 2003–2010" 1999: 3736:"Disruptive effects of repeated stress on basolateral amygdala neurons and fear behavior across the estrous cycle in rats" 6351: 5869: 5017: 4547: 3687:"Sex-dependent effects of chronic variable stress on discrete corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 cell populations" 2808:

Longo, L. P.; Johnson, B. (April 2000). "Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines—side effects, abuse risk and alternatives".

1528: 5119: 5094: 4929: 821: 230:(MDD), commonly called major depression, unipolar depression, or clinical depression, wherein a person has one or more 4324: 3426: 6675: 6440: 5905: 5725: 5623: 4797: 4677: 4656: 4444: 4393: 920: 1783: 5997: 5234: 5205: 5146: 4405: 2264:

Wetterling T, Junghanns K (December 2000). "Psychopathology of alcoholics during withdrawal and early abstinence".

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withdrawal from benzodiazepines usually subsides after a few months but in some cases may persist for 6–12 months.

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Benzodiazepines are a class of medication commonly used to treat anxiety, panic attacks and insomnia, and are also

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have all shown to be potentially beneficial in depression. Major depressive disorder medications usually include

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Karyotaki, E.; Smit, Y.; Holdt Henningsen, K.; Huibers, M.J.H.; Robays, J.; de Beurs, D.; Cuijpers, P. (2016).

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Ramot, Assaf (March 2017). "Hypothalamic CRFR1 is essential for HPA axis regulation following chronic stress".

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Pieczenik, Steve R.; Neustadt, John (2007). "Mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular pathways of disease".

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Schacter, Daniel L.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Wegner, Daniel M. (2011). "Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders".

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or other chemical substance, or if the development of the mood disorder occurred contemporaneously with

568:. People with clinical depression can develop RBD, and vice versa and both illnesses have similar risks. 6450: 6076: 4991: 3996: 1113:

and others have explored the possible links between mood disorders – especially bipolar disorder – and

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There are different types of treatments available for mood disorders, such as therapy and medications.

556: 347: 1183: 605:), which was formerly known as "manic depression" (and in some cases rapid cycling, mixed states, and 6655: 6278: 6086: 6055: 5433: 5316: 4902: 4769: 4060:"Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis" 1044:

has shown to be more effective than one treatment alone. Bipolar disorder medications can consist of

976: 858: 578: 483:. SAD is also more prevalent in people who are younger and typically affects more females than males. 227: 165: 85: 3939: 3446: 2579:

Hawkins, Eric J.; Malte, Carol A.; Imel, Zac E.; Saxon, Andrew J.; Kivlahan, Daniel R. (July 2012).

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Gelder & Mayou, Geddes (2005). Psychiatry: Page 170. New York, NY; Oxford University Press Inc.

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Individuals with a major depressive episode or major depressive disorder are at increased risk for

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Fyer AJ, Liebowitz MR, Gorman JM, Campeas R, Levin A, Davies SO, Goetz D, Klein DF (March 1987).

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Force., American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task (2017).

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Pfeiffer, Paul N.; Ganoczy, Dara; Ilgen, Mark; Zivin, Kara; Valenstein, Marcia (January 2009).

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family history and genetics" (Ref. 1, p 123). Bipolar disorders underwent a few changes in the

870: 809: 685: 313: 1432: 303:. Difficulties in measuring this subtype have led to questions of its validity and prevalence. 6255: 6144: 5877: 5757: 5664: 5643: 4735:

Semple, David; Smyth, Roger; Burns, Jonathan; Darjee, Rajan; McIntosh, Andrew (2007) . "13".

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Berrios, GE (1985). "The Psychopathology of Affectivity: Conceptual and Historical Aspects".

1117:. It has been proposed that a "ruminating personality type may contribute to both and art." 834: 443: 400: 322: 4785: 4254: 2472: 6717: 6702: 6602: 6534: 6522: 6412: 5969: 5882: 5638: 5458: 5059: 5039: 4699:

Melancholia: A disorder of movement and mood: a phenomenological and neurobiological review

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Bauer, M., Pfenning, A. (2005). Epidemiology of Bipolar Disorders. Epilepsia, 46(s4), 8–13.

3747: 3079: 1155: 1110: 1057: 373: 291:) is characterized by mood reactivity (paradoxical anhedonia) and positivity, significant 176:

disorder (similar to MDD, but longer lasting and more persistent, though often milder) and

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Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-5

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Parry, Barbara L. "Premenstrual and Postpartum Mood Disorders." Volume 9.1. 1996. pp=11–16

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Ashton, Heather (May 2005). "The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence".

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The relationship between depression and creativity appears to be especially strong among

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is also considered a mood disorder and it is hypothesized that it might be caused by

940: 878: 866: 681: 508: 363:. These are most commonly mood-congruent (content coincident with depressive themes). 261: 192: 140: 133: 54: 4894: 4871: 4129: 3810: 3652: 3365: 2468: 2370: 2293: 2143: 1981: 1860: 1313: 156:

Mood disorders fall into seven groups, including; abnormally elevated mood, such as

6622: 6517: 6212: 5798: 5752: 5720: 5568: 5546: 5511: 5274: 5156: 5107: 5054: 5029: 5024: 4981: 4969: 4754: 4718:

Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry

4501: 4216: 4200: 4153: 4109: 4071: 3991: 3983: 3944: 3871: 3851: 3814: 3806: 3765: 3755: 3706: 3698: 3648: 3586: 3509: 3505: 3451: 3408: 3388: 3345: 3306: 3152: 3113: 3063: 3014: 2967: 2921: 2895: 2867: 2770: 2731: 2655: 2639: 2592: 2510: 2440: 2393: 2342: 2273: 2238: 2203: 2123: 2083: 2075: 2034: 1961: 1883: 1838: 1830: 1786:. Institute for Advanced Studies in Personology and Psychopathology. Archived from 1739: 1698: 1690: 1621: 1568: 1508: 1484: 1460: 1408: 1367: 1293: 1260: 1049: 972: 919:

Most cases of MD-NOS represent hybrids between mood and anxiety disorders, such as

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Lader M (1994). "Anxiety or depression during withdrawal of hypnotic treatments".

2104: 6617: 6612: 6584: 6568: 6417: 5974: 5932: 5803: 5790: 5737: 5732: 5715: 5595: 5390: 5362: 5163: 4986: 4925: 4882: 4286:"Characteristics of Hospital Stays for Nonelderly Medicaid Super-Utilizers, 2012" 2757:

Nathan RG, Robinson D, Cherek DR, Davison S, Sebastian S, Hack M (January 1985).

805: 769: 705: 693: 689: 565: 451: 129: 6024: 3590: 3392: 2023:"Tests of causal links between alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression" 1995: 1572: 238:

because the mood remains at the bottom "pole" and does not climb to the higher,

6697: 6489: 6389: 5959: 5900: 5824: 5633: 5600: 5583: 5573: 3971: 3948: 3760: 2925: 2397: 1887: 1802: 1658: 1496: 1413: 1053: 1045: 1037: 797: 788:

The long-term use of benzodiazepines may have a similar effect on the brain as

781: 746: 734: 720:

High rates of major depressive disorder occur in heavy drinkers and those with

626: 622: 202: 16:

Mental disorder affecting the mood of an individual, over a long period of time

4535: 4157: 3987: 3549:"What are the main causes of depression or depressive disorders (psychology)?" 3349: 3269: 3049:"Protracted benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome mimicking psychotic depression" 2127: 1834: 1297: 6737: 6712: 6670: 6665: 6592: 6507: 6497: 6378: 6260: 5993: 5944: 4513: 4212: 4165: 4113: 4028: 4005: 3455: 2979: 2933: 2879: 2821: 2708: 2651: 2604: 2557: 2522: 2452: 2444: 2405: 2354: 1965: 1536: 480: 413: 383: 379: 360: 329:

or loss, a worsening of symptoms in the morning hours, early-morning waking,

184: 4856: 4852: 3296: 2774: 1129:

In Liz Paterek's article "Bipolar Disorder and the Creative Mind" she wrote:

6722: 6558: 5847: 5628: 5180: 4367: 4336: 4297: 4230: 4173: 4121: 4085: 4013: 3956: 3898: 3863: 3828: 3779: 3720: 3660: 3598: 3463: 3400: 3357: 3318: 3310: 2987: 2941: 2887: 2829: 2669: 2612: 2460: 2285: 2135: 2097: 2048: 1973: 1895: 1852: 1765: 1763: 1753: 1679:"A Description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with Light Therapy" 1635: 1580: 1381: 1134: 906: 874: 842: 525: 447: 199: 4044: 3517: 3141:"Protracted Withdrawal From Benzodiazepines: The Post-Withdrawal Syndrome" 3125: 3075: 3026: 3018: 2782: 2743: 2735: 2565: 2530: 2413: 2362: 2346: 2250: 2215: 2207: 2170: 1712: 1549:

O'Hara, Michael W. "Postpartum Depression: Causes and consequences." 1995.

1372: 1355: 1305: 191:. Mood disorders may also be substance induced, or occur in response to a 139:

where the main underlying characteristic is a disturbance in the person's

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Kessler, R (1997). "The Effects of Stressful Life Events on Depression".

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or increased appetite ("comfort eating"), excessive sleep or somnolence (

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Choi, Seung W.; Schalet, Benjamin; Cook, Karon F.; Cella, David (2014).

1760: 1356:"Depressive Disorders in Europe: Prevalence figures from the ODIN study" 6573: 6563: 6383: 6149: 5842: 5747: 5448: 5173: 5168: 4964: 4628:

Collier, Judith; Longmore, Murray (2003). "4". In Scally, Peter (ed.).

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episodes, but no full manic episodes or full major depressive episodes.

633: 421: 417: 409: 109: 59: 4835: 4076: 4059: 3680: 3678: 3249: 2498: 1626: 1609: 6707: 6548: 6512: 6407: 6366: 6361: 6283: 6245: 6102: 6034: 5852: 5311: 5049: 4974: 4487:"The Sylvia Plath effect: Mental illness in eminent creative writers" 4354:

Lopez-Gonzalez L, Pickens GT, Washington R, Weiss AJ (October 2014).

4204: 2676: 2643: 1007:, released in May 2013, separates the mood disorder chapter from the 958: 862: 801: 793: 758: 697: 650: 649:

is a form of bipolar disorder, consisting of recurrent hypomanic and

638: 617: 606: 493: 318: 173: 161: 81: 4353: 3969: 3855: 3171: 3140: 2628:"Comorbid Anxiety as a Suicide Risk Factor Among Depressed Veterans" 2580: 321:) in most or all activities, a failure of reactivity to pleasurable 6400: 6346: 5837: 5507: 5474: 5400: 4261:(162). Rockville, MD.: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 3675: 3333: 846: 838: 777: 762: 356: 4362:(183). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 4356:"Characteristics of Medicaid and Uninsured Hospitalizations, 2012" 4331:(172). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 4292:(184). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 3251:

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5

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Parker, George (2014). "DSM-5 and Psychotic and Mood Disorders".

3576: 2847:. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 2603–2615. 1725: 709: 692:. Also, an individual may have a mood disorder coexisting with a 248: 164:; depressed mood, of which the best-known and most researched is 6164: 4583: 4564: 3199: 2313: 1808: 1664: 1648: 1514: 1502: 1490: 1466: 5555: 5370: 4847: 4814: 4098: 2957: 2383: 1395:

Parker, Gordon; Gladstone, Gemma; Chee, Kuan Tsee (June 2001).

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Diagnosticians recognize several subtypes or course specifiers:

49:

A depressive man standing by a country pond in the pouring rain

3381:

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

3222:. Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 2688: 1397:"Depression in the Planet's Largest Ethnic Group: The Chinese" 935:

Meta-analyses show that high scores on the personality domain

6250: 5992: 5333: 3905: 3637: 3477: 2911: 1218: 1216: 1120:

Jane Collingwood notes an Oregon State University study that:

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disorder and unspecified bipolar disorder are in the DSM-5.

728:

Likewise, they were also assessed on their affiliation with

712:

can cause manic, hypomanic, mixed, and depressive episodes.

454:. PMDD was added to the list of depressive disorders in the 5506: 3003:"Discontinuation of Alprazolam Treatment in Panic Patients" 2756: 2426: 2332: 1472: 1143: 621:

is distinguished by the presence or history of one or more

325:, a quality of depressed mood more pronounced than that of 3572: 3570: 3000: 2157:

Chignon JM, Cortes MJ, Martin P, Chabannes JP (1998). "".

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Hines AL, Barrett ML, Jiang HJ, Steiner CA (April 2014).

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Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

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European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

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significantly higher for bipolar than nonbipolar workers.

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Abell, S.; Ey, J. L. (4 June 2009). "Bipolar Disorder".

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Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine

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Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine

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major depressive disorder with severity (MDE-s) 7.7%,

957:

A depressed mood is common during illnesses, such as

457:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

146:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

4825: 4186: 2709:"Benzodiazepines: How They Work and How to Withdraw" 270:

cases, and identify those requiring specialist care.

187:

are both present in an individual, this is known as

4720:(9th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 4536:"Considering Creativity: The 'Sylvia Plath' effect" 2499:"Benzodiazepine withdrawal: outcome in 50 patients" 2263: 2228: 1924: 1394: 828: 532:

called Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified.

4942: 4606: 4437:"The Link Between Bipolar Disorder and Creativity" 4255:"Most Frequent Conditions in U.S. Hospitals, 2011" 4252: 4102:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 3299:Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2842: 2113: 4716:Sadock, Benjamin J.; Sadock, Virginia A. (2002). 4647:Nesse, Randolphe M.; Williams, George C. (1994). 4384:Nesse, Randolphe M.; Williams, George C. (1994). 4283: 2021:Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ (March 2009). 1353: 1178: 1176: 333:, excessive weight loss (not to be confused with 114:Antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics 6735: 5351: 4253:Pfuntner A, Wier LM, Stocks C (September 2013). 3613:"Mitochondrial dysfunction and bipolar disorder" 3372: 3332:Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Ormel J (2016). 4697:; Hadzi-Pavlovic, Dusan; Eyers, Kerrie (1996). 4627: 4284:Jiang HJ, Barrett ML, Sheng M (November 2014). 3183: 3181: 2694: 6124: 4672:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 4665: 4142: 3923: 3911: 3483: 1951: 1610:"Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder" 1173: 6180: 4910: 4646: 3927:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 3535: 2759:"Long-term benzodiazepine use and depression" 2492: 2490: 2386:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 4715: 3378: 3178: 2843:Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA, eds. (2008). 2807: 2061: 1726:Lam, Raymond W.; Levitan, Robert D. (2000). 1478: 1222: 780:effects of benzodiazepines may disappear as 4604: 4434: 3997:1871.1/adac41b1-0b2a-449f-a4df-b8e9baebddde 3282:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2177: 1607: 1234: 820:Just as with intoxication and chronic use, 6187: 6173: 5814:Other specified feeding or eating disorder 5081: 4917: 4903: 4605:Carlson, Neil R.; Heth, C. Donald (2007). 3420: 3418: 2487: 900: 817:patients had taken any further overdoses. 641:and depressive episodes or mixed episodes. 180:disorder (similar to but milder than BD). 40: 4753: 4701:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4632:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press. 4584:American Psychiatric Association (2013). 4565:American Psychiatric Association (2000). 4220: 4075: 3995: 3938: 3818: 3769: 3759: 3710: 3445: 3210: 3208: 3138: 3046: 2659: 2197: 2087: 2038: 1842: 1743: 1702: 1676: 1625: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1526: 1412: 1371: 1341: 1264: 1207: 741: 104:function in the case of bipolar disorder. 6077:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia 5673:Depersonalization-derealization disorder 4468:"Bipolar Disorder and the Creative Mind" 4057: 3684: 2953: 2951: 2907: 2905: 2062:Falk DE, Yi HY, Hilton ME (April 2008). 1240: 658:Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified 317:is characterized by a loss of pleasure ( 151:International Classification of Diseases 6309:Depression in childhood and adolescence 4630:Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties 4613:(4th ed.). Pearson Education Inc. 4484: 4465: 3495: 3424: 3415: 3214: 3103: 1996:"Methods for Diagnosing Mood Disorders" 1608:Rapkin, AJ; Lewis, EI (November 2013). 1354:Ayuso-Mateos J.L.; et al. (2001). 1327:Parker, Hadzi-Pavlovic & Eyers 1996 1283: 1040:; a combination of antidepressants and 765:, can cause both depression and mania. 221: 6736: 4533: 4374:from the original on 29 November 2014. 3884: 3792: 3473:from the original on 25 November 2011. 3247: 3205: 3112:(Suppl 1): 113–23, discussion 118–23. 2857: 2496: 1781: 1732:Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 1596: 1273:from the original on 15 December 2008. 78:disruptive mood dysregulation disorder 6168: 6123: 5991: 5926: 5778: 5505: 5350: 5260: 5080: 4941: 4898: 4550:from the original on 20 October 2008. 3841: 3733: 3215:Akiskal, Hagop S. (2 November 2004). 3200:American Psychiatric Association 2000 2948: 2902: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2314:American Psychiatric Association 2013 1809:American Psychiatric Association 2000 1665:American Psychiatric Association 2000 1649:American Psychiatric Association 2013 1515:American Psychiatric Association 2000 1503:American Psychiatric Association 2000 1491:American Psychiatric Association 2000 1467:American Psychiatric Association 2000 1246: 883:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 637:consisting of recurrent intermittent 128:, is any of a group of conditions of 5261: 3579:Experimental and Molecular Pathology 3254:. American Psychiatric Association. 2002:from the original on 3 December 2013 1933:from the original on 18 October 2013 1695:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790120076010 1086:major depressive episode (MDE) 8.6%, 675: 588: 442:) is a severe and disabling form of 205:proposed an overarching category of 6352:Depression (differential diagnoses) 5780:Physiological and physical behavior 4609:Psychology the science of behaviour 4378: 3619:from the original on 1 October 2017 3217:"Mood Disorders: Clinical Features" 1909:Schacter, Gilbert & Wegner 2011 1770:Schacter, Gilbert & Wegner 2011 13: 5726:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures 5120:Emotional and behavioral disorders 4792:(2nd ed.). Worth Publishers. 4506:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2001.tb01220.x 4416:from the original on 27 March 2010 4343:from the original on 4 March 2016. 4033:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2872:10.1097/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84 2546:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2515:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01529.x 2319: 2243:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02848.x 2040:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.543 1433:"Depressive disorder (depression)" 1249:"Melancholia: A Historical Review" 982: 715: 14: 6755: 6676:Transcranial magnetic stimulation 6441:Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale 6194: 5906:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 4807: 4265:from the original on 4 March 2016 3734:Blume, Shannon (23 August 2019). 3551:. Eris Consulting. Archived from 3229:from the original on 10 June 2015 3170:Professor Heather Ashton (2004). 2707:Professor Heather Ashton (2002). 1421:from the original on 3 July 2024. 921:mixed anxiety-depressive disorder 857:(e.g. electrolyte disturbances), 216: 5206:X-linked intellectual disability 4813: 4527: 4478: 4459: 4428: 4398: 3793:Weiser, Michael (26 July 2008). 2972:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2003.10.003 2597:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.003 2080:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.022 829:Due to another medical condition 209:. The term was then replaced by 5035:Intermittent explosive disorder 4960:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation 4347: 4316: 4277: 4246: 4237: 4180: 4136: 4092: 4051: 4020: 3963: 3917: 3878: 3835: 3811:10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.07.013 3786: 3727: 3653:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.040 3631: 3605: 3541: 3489: 3325: 3290: 3241: 3163: 3132: 3097: 3040: 2994: 2960:Journal of Psychiatric Research 2851: 2836: 2801: 2750: 2715: 2700: 2619: 2572: 2537: 2420: 2377: 2257: 2222: 2150: 2055: 2014: 1988: 1945: 1918: 1867: 1814: 1775: 1719: 1670: 1587: 1552: 1543: 1520: 1451: 1425: 1388: 1068: 845:and associated disorders (e.g. 543:Depressive personality disorder 522:Unspecified Depressive Disorder 435:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 143:. The classification is in the 90:premenstrual dysphoric disorder 5678:Dissociative identity disorder 4943:Adult personality and behavior 4146:Journal of Affective Disorders 3976:Journal of Affective Disorders 3510:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.191 3427:"Is Depression an Adaptation?" 3047:Modell JG (March–April 1997). 2914:Behaviour Research and Therapy 1876:American Journal of Psychiatry 1683:Archives of General Psychiatry 1401:American Journal of Psychiatry 1347: 1277: 1098:any bipolar disorder 1.6%, and 869:(e.g. thyroid abnormalities), 388:neuroleptic malignant syndrome 242:"pole" as in bipolar disorder. 1: 4737:Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry 3703:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112847 3157:10.3928/0048-5713-19950301-11 3068:10.1016/S0033-3182(97)71493-2 2860:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2433:Journal of Psychopharmacology 2278:10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00519-8 1360:British Journal of Psychiatry 1166: 6651:Dialectical behavior therapy 6646:Cognitive behavioral therapy 6466:Rating scales for depression 6082:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia 5619:Generalized anxiety disorder 5352:Neurological and symptomatic 4997:Sexual relationship disorder 4494:Journal of Creative Behavior 3118:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90142-2 2503:British Journal of Addiction 1042:cognitive behavioral therapy 1019: 991: 609:symptoms). Subtypes include: 7: 6461:Mood Disorder Questionnaire 6289:Seasonal affective disorder 5858:REM sleep behavior disorder 5327:Seasonal affective disorder 5125:Separation anxiety disorder 4739:. Oxford University Press. 3591:10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.09.008 3498:Annual Review of Psychology 3393:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.007 2695:Collier & Longmore 2003 2585:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2497:Ashton, C. H. (June 1987). 1573:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.6.1066 1149: 1105: 1030:cognitive behaviour therapy 963:seasonal affective disorder 770:commonly misused and abused 472:Seasonal affective disorder 94:seasonal affective disorder 10: 6760: 6451:General Behavior Inventory 6125:Symptoms and uncategorized 5226:developmental disabilities 4992:Sexual maturation disorder 4666:Nolen-Hoeksema, S (2013). 4435:Collingwood, Jane (2010). 3949:10.1037/0022-006X.69.6.875 3761:10.1038/s41598-019-48683-3 3685:Rosinger, Zachary (2020). 2926:10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.002 2398:10.1037/0022-006x.64.4.660 1927:"Bipolar Disorder (cont.)" 1888:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.637 1414:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.857 1095:MDE-s with dysthymia 3.4%, 904: 557:Recurrent brief depression 348:Psychotic major depression 6688: 6656:Electroconvulsive therapy 6633: 6582: 6533: 6488: 6479: 6431: 6337: 6317: 6279:Major depressive disorder 6269: 6211: 6202: 6130: 6119: 6095: 6087:Simple-type schizophrenia 6064: 6056:Schizophreniform disorder 6033: 6012: 6008: 5987: 5940: 5922: 5891: 5868: 5822: 5789: 5785: 5774: 5696: 5663: 5611: 5554: 5545: 5526: 5522: 5501: 5467: 5434:Mild cognitive impairment 5419:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 5399: 5361: 5357: 5346: 5317:Major depressive disorder 5270: 5256: 5222:Psychological development 5221: 5196: 5093: 5089: 5076: 5005: 4952: 4948: 4937: 4829: 4770:World Health Organization 4158:10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.065 3988:10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.036 3691:Physiology & Behavior 3536:Nesse & Williams 1994 3350:10.1017/S0033291716001653 2845:Psychiatry, third edition 2810:American Family Physician 2128:10.15288/jsad.2007.68.805 1925:Melissa Conrad Stöppler. 1835:10.1007/s00406-003-0418-5 1437:World Health Organization 1298:10.1017/S0033291700004980 1253:Journal of Mental Science 977:mitochondrial dysfunction 930: 859:gastrointestinal diseases 822:benzodiazepine withdrawal 813:stopping the medication. 579:Minor depressive disorder 232:major depressive episodes 228:Major depressive disorder 166:major depressive disorder 108: 99: 86:major depressive disorder 65: 53: 48: 39: 31: 26: 6471:Young Mania Rating Scale 6446:Child Mania Rating Scale 6325:Schizoaffective disorder 6304:Major depressive episode 6135:Impulse-control disorder 6051:Schizoaffective disorder 6046:Brief reactive psychosis 5743:Mass psychogenic illness 5706:Body dysmorphic disorder 5485:Post-concussion syndrome 5095:Emotional and behavioral 4193:Psychological Assessment 4114:10.1177/0004867412449303 3456:10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.14 3139:Ashton CH (March 1995). 2445:10.1177/0269881105059253 1966:10.1177/0009922808316663 1479:Sadock & Sadock 2002 1223:Sadock & Sadock 2002 1101:any mood disorder 11.5%. 996: 189:schizoaffective disorder 6598:Atypical antipsychotics 6357:Emotional dysregulation 6072:Childhood schizophrenia 5424:Frontotemporal dementia 5381:High-functioning autism 5198:Intellectual disability 2775:10.1176/ajp.142.1.144-b 1677:Rosenthal, N.E (1984). 1529:"Postpartum Depression" 1235:Carlson & Heth 2007 947:evolutionary psychiatry 941:evolutionary adaptation 901:Not otherwise specified 331:psychomotor retardation 301:interpersonal rejection 6661:Involuntary commitment 6423:Reduced affect display 6299:Melancholic depression 5589:Specific social phobia 5480:Organic brain syndrome 5322:Melancholic depression 5083:Childhood and learning 4360:HCUP Statistical Brief 4329:HCUP Statistical Brief 4290:HCUP Statistical Brief 4259:HCUP Statistical Brief 3799:Experimental Neurology 3338:Psychological Medicine 3311:10.1089/cap.2007.17503 2632:Depression and Anxiety 1784:"Personality subtypes" 1286:Psychological Medicine 1140: 1127: 1062:mitochondrial diseases 871:cardiovascular disease 835:neurological disorders 810:central nervous system 742:Benzodiazepine-induced 686:substance intoxication 337:), or excessive guilt. 314:Melancholic depression 6256:Mixed affective state 6145:Psychomotor agitation 5935:and substance-related 5878:Postpartum depression 5758:Somatization disorder 5644:Acute stress reaction 5409:AIDS dementia complex 4540:Monitor on Psychology 4466:Paterek, Liz (2006). 3641:Neurosci Biobehav Rev 3615:. 29 September 2017. 3434:Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 3019:10.1176/ajp.144.3.303 2736:10.1176/ajp.144.5.664 2347:10.1055/s-2007-979558 2208:10.1176/ajp.154.7.948 2027:Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1373:10.1192/bjp.179.4.308 1131: 1122: 1034:interpersonal therapy 524:is designated by the 444:premenstrual syndrome 401:Postpartum depression 6718:Kay Redfield Jamison 6703:Frederick K. Goodwin 6523:Valproate semisodium 6413:Psychotic depression 6140:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 5970:Substance dependence 5883:Postpartum psychosis 5429:Huntington's disease 5211:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 5060:Personality disorder 4822:at Wikimedia Commons 4485:Kaufman, JC (2001). 4058:Cipriani, A (2013). 2116:J Stud Alcohol Drugs 1929:. MedicineNet, Inc. 1266:10.1192/bjp.80.328.1 1156:Personality disorder 1111:Kay Redfield Jamison 374:Catatonic depression 222:Depressive disorders 6641:Clinical psychology 6456:Hypomania Checklist 6294:Atypical depression 6020:Delusional disorder 5965:Stimulant psychosis 5955:Physical dependence 5809:Rumination syndrome 5711:Conversion disorder 5688:Psychogenic amnesia 5538:with depressed mood 5536:Adjustment disorder 5439:Parkinson's disease 5414:Alzheimer's disease 5307:Atypical depression 5143:Social functioning 5018:Munchausen syndrome 5013:Factitious disorder 4669:Abnormal Psychology 4534:Bailey, DS (2003). 4027:Keck, Paul E. Jr.; 3912:Nolen-Hoeksema 2013 3844:Nature Neuroscience 3752:2019NatSR...912292B 3484:Nolen-Hoeksema 2013 2068:Drug Alcohol Depend 1954:Clinical Pediatrics 1782:Millon, T. (2006). 1772:, pp. 564–565. 1539:on 13 October 2008. 1517:, pp. 417–418. 1493:, pp. 419–420. 1469:, pp. 421–422. 925:atypical depression 891:autoimmune diseases 855:metabolic disorders 386:, or can be due to 359:or, less commonly, 284:Atypical depression 258:Depressive disorder 236:unipolar depression 124:, also known as an 6634:Non-pharmaceutical 6039:schizophrenia-like 5683:Dissociative fugue 5132:Movement disorders 4447:on 22 October 2011 4039:(Suppl 6): 74–82. 3740:Scientific Reports 3145:Psychiatric Annals 2683:Semple et al. 2007 2335:Pharmacopsychiatry 1790:on 23 October 2013 1247:Lewis, AJ (1934). 1186:. Cleveland Clinic 897:), and pregnancy. 895:multiple sclerosis 726:Feeling Bad Scale. 207:affective disorder 126:affective disorder 6731: 6730: 6684: 6683: 6608:Lithium carbonate 6554:Dextroamphetamine 6372:Suicidal ideation 6333: 6332: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6110: 5983: 5982: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5659: 5658: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5454:Vascular dementia 5376:Asperger syndrome 5342: 5341: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5186:Tourette syndrome 5072: 5071: 5068: 5067: 4892: 4891: 4818:Media related to 4755:Sartorius, Norman 4746:978-0-19-852783-1 4727:978-0-7817-3183-6 4708:978-0-521-47275-3 4651:. Vintage Books. 4639:978-0-19-852518-9 4620:978-0-205-64524-4 4597:978-0-89042-554-1 4576:978-0-89042-025-6 4388:. Vintage Books. 4077:10.1136/bmj.f3646 4029:McElroy, Susan L. 3344:(14): 2883–2906. 3261:978-0-89042-554-1 1627:10.2217/whe.13.62 1210:, pp. 91–93. 1026:Behaviour therapy 879:pulmonary disease 867:endocrine disease 804:, and decreasing 682:psychoactive drug 676:Substance-induced 589:Bipolar disorders 509:Double depression 193:medical condition 118: 117: 21:Medical condition 6751: 6623:Lithium toxicity 6585:mood stabilizers 6535:Sympathomimetics 6518:Sodium valproate 6486: 6485: 6213:Bipolar disorder 6209: 6208: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6166: 6165: 6121: 6120: 6010: 6009: 5989: 5988: 5924: 5923: 5799:Anorexia nervosa 5787: 5786: 5776: 5775: 5753:Psychogenic pain 5721:Globus pharyngis 5569:Childhood phobia 5552: 5551: 5524: 5523: 5503: 5502: 5359: 5358: 5348: 5347: 5258: 5257: 5157:Selective mutism 5108:Conduct disorder 5091: 5090: 5078: 5077: 5055:Trichotillomania 5030:Gender dysphoria 5025:Fear of intimacy 4982:Sexual anhedonia 4950: 4949: 4939: 4938: 4926:Mental disorders 4919: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4827: 4826: 4817: 4803: 4791: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4763: 4750: 4731: 4712: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4662: 4643: 4624: 4612: 4601: 4580: 4552: 4551: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4523:on 2 March 2012. 4522: 4516:. Archived from 4491: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4443:. Archived from 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4412:. 2 April 2009. 4402: 4396: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4304:on 11 April 2015 4300:. Archived from 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4224: 4205:10.1037/a0035768 4184: 4178: 4177: 4152:(2–3): 235–242. 4140: 4134: 4133: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4079: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4024: 4018: 4017: 3999: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3942: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3822: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3773: 3763: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3714: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3522: 3521: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3449: 3431: 3425:Nesse R (2000). 3422: 3413: 3412: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3281: 3273: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3197: 3188: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3084: 3078:. Archived from 3053: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2909: 2900: 2899: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2816:(7): 2121–2128. 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2785:. Archived from 2754: 2748: 2747: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2663: 2644:10.1002/da.20583 2623: 2617: 2616: 2591:(1–2): 154–161. 2576: 2570: 2569: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2475:on 30 April 2019 2471:. Archived from 2424: 2418: 2417: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2330: 2317: 2311: 2298: 2297: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2237:(10): 1289–304. 2226: 2220: 2219: 2201: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2111: 2102: 2101: 2091: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2042: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1922: 1916: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1846: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1758: 1757: 1747: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1706: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1629: 1605: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1567:(6): 1066–1078. 1556: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1535:. Archived from 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1416: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1375: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1211: 1205: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1184:"Mood Disorders" 1180: 1050:mood stabilizers 973:Bipolar disorder 601:) and low mood ( 595:Bipolar disorder 335:anorexia nervosa 170:bipolar disorder 70:Bipolar disorder 44: 24: 23: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6680: 6629: 6618:Lithium sulfate 6613:Lithium citrate 6578: 6569:Methylphenidate 6538: 6529: 6490:Anticonvulsants 6475: 6427: 6418:Racing thoughts 6329: 6313: 6265: 6198: 6193: 6163: 6154: 6126: 6107: 6091: 6060: 6038: 6029: 6004: 5979: 5936: 5933:substance abuse 5910: 5887: 5864: 5818: 5804:Bulimia nervosa 5781: 5762: 5738:Hypochondriasis 5733:False pregnancy 5716:Ganser syndrome 5698:Somatic symptom 5692: 5655: 5607: 5596:Specific phobia 5541: 5518: 5489: 5463: 5395: 5391:Savant syndrome 5363:Autism spectrum 5353: 5338: 5266: 5244: 5223: 5217: 5192: 5085: 5064: 5040:Dermatillomania 5001: 4987:Sexual anorexia 4944: 4933: 4923: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4838: 4810: 4800: 4774: 4772: 4761: 4747: 4728: 4709: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4659: 4640: 4621: 4598: 4577: 4556: 4555: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4383: 4379: 4352: 4348: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4185: 4181: 4141: 4137: 4097: 4093: 4056: 4052: 4025: 4021: 3968: 3964: 3940:10.1.1.200.7241 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3883: 3879: 3856:10.1038/nn.4491 3840: 3836: 3791: 3787: 3732: 3728: 3683: 3676: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3575: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3555:on 10 June 2015 3547: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3525: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3447:10.1.1.318.2659 3429: 3423: 3416: 3377: 3373: 3330: 3326: 3295: 3291: 3275: 3274: 3262: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3168: 3164: 3137: 3133: 3106:J Psychosom Res 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3085:on 25 June 2008 3082: 3051: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3007:Am J Psychiatry 2999: 2995: 2956: 2949: 2910: 2903: 2856: 2852: 2841: 2837: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2763:Am J Psychiatry 2755: 2751: 2724:Am J Psychiatry 2720: 2716: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2624: 2620: 2577: 2573: 2542: 2538: 2495: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2425: 2421: 2382: 2378: 2331: 2320: 2312: 2301: 2262: 2258: 2227: 2223: 2199:10.1.1.461.7953 2186:Am J Psychiatry 2182: 2178: 2155: 2151: 2112: 2105: 2074:(1–3): 234–45. 2060: 2056: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1923: 1919: 1907: 1903: 1872: 1868: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1761: 1724: 1720: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1647: 1643: 1606: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1561:Am J Psychiatry 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1527:Ruta M Nonacs. 1525: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1442: 1440: 1439:. 31 March 2023 1431: 1430: 1426: 1393: 1389: 1352: 1348: 1340: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1282: 1278: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1214: 1206: 1199: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1174: 1169: 1152: 1108: 1092:dysthymia 6.2%, 1071: 1054:anticonvulsants 1038:antidepressants 1022: 1001: 994: 985: 983:Sex differences 933: 909: 903: 831: 747:Benzodiazepines 744: 718: 716:Alcohol-induced 706:methamphetamine 694:substance abuse 678: 591: 566:menstrual cycle 452:menstrual cycle 260:(also known as 224: 219: 35:mental disorder 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6757: 6747: 6746: 6744:Mood disorders 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6698:Emil Kraepelin 6694: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6600: 6595: 6593:Antipsychotics 6589: 6587: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6494: 6492: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6390:Sleep disorder 6386: 6381: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6354: 6349: 6343: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6192: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6169: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6006: 6005: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5960:Rebound effect 5957: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5901:Hypersexuality 5897: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5783: 5782: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5708: 5702: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5636: 5634:Panic disorder 5631: 5626: 5621: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5601:Claustrophobia 5593: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5584:Anthropophobia 5576: 5574:Social anxiety 5571: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5532: 5530: 5520: 5519: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5444:Pick's disease 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5367: 5365: 5355: 5354: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5202: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5105: 5099: 5097: 5087: 5086: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5009: 5007: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4946: 4945: 4935: 4934: 4930:Classification 4922: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4874: 4859: 4839: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4830:Classification 4824: 4823: 4820:Mood disorders 4809: 4808:External links 4806: 4805: 4804: 4798: 4781: 4751: 4745: 4732: 4726: 4713: 4707: 4695:Parker, Gordon 4691: 4678: 4663: 4657: 4644: 4638: 4625: 4619: 4602: 4596: 4581: 4575: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4526: 4477: 4458: 4427: 4397: 4377: 4346: 4315: 4276: 4245: 4236: 4199:(2): 513–527. 4179: 4135: 4091: 4050: 4019: 3962: 3933:(6): 875–899. 3916: 3914:, p. 203. 3904: 3893:(2): 182–190. 3877: 3850:(3): 385–388. 3834: 3785: 3726: 3674: 3630: 3604: 3566: 3540: 3523: 3488: 3486:, p. 188. 3476: 3414: 3387:(5): 815–826. 3371: 3324: 3305:(5): 721–726. 3289: 3260: 3240: 3204: 3189: 3177: 3162: 3151:(3): 174–179. 3131: 3096: 3056:Psychosomatics 3039: 2993: 2966:(3): 327–334. 2947: 2901: 2866:(3): 249–255. 2850: 2835: 2800: 2789:on 16 May 2008 2769:(1): 144–145. 2749: 2730:(5): 664–665. 2714: 2699: 2697:, p. 366. 2687: 2685:, p. 540. 2675: 2638:(8): 752–757. 2618: 2571: 2552:(9): 390–394. 2536: 2509:(6): 665–671. 2486: 2439:(6): 567–596. 2419: 2392:(4): 660–668. 2376: 2341:(4): 127–134. 2318: 2299: 2266:Eur Psychiatry 2256: 2221: 2176: 2149: 2103: 2054: 2013: 1987: 1960:(6): 693–694. 1944: 1917: 1901: 1866: 1813: 1811:, p. 778. 1801: 1774: 1759: 1738:(5): 469–480. 1718: 1669: 1667:, p. 425. 1657: 1641: 1614:Women's Health 1595: 1586: 1551: 1542: 1519: 1507: 1505:, p. 412. 1495: 1483: 1481:, p. 548. 1471: 1459: 1450: 1424: 1407:(6): 857–864. 1387: 1366:(4): 308–316. 1346: 1342:Sartorius 1993 1331: 1329:, p. 173. 1319: 1292:(4): 745–758. 1276: 1239: 1227: 1225:, p. 534. 1212: 1208:Sartorius 1993 1197: 1171: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1151: 1148: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1070: 1067: 1046:antipsychotics 1021: 1018: 1000: 995: 993: 990: 984: 981: 932: 929: 902: 899: 830: 827: 798:norepinephrine 743: 740: 717: 714: 677: 674: 673: 672: 668: 667: 666: 654: 642: 630: 627:mixed episodes 623:manic episodes 611: 610: 590: 587: 586: 585: 584: 583: 572: 571: 570: 569: 550: 549: 548: 547: 536: 535: 534: 533: 516: 515: 514: 513: 502: 501: 500: 499: 498:psychotherapy. 487: 486: 485: 484: 465: 464: 463: 462: 461:contraception. 428: 427: 426: 425: 394: 393: 392: 391: 367: 366: 365: 364: 361:hallucinations 341: 340: 339: 338: 307: 306: 305: 304: 277: 276: 272: 271: 266: 265: 244: 243: 223: 220: 218: 217:Classification 215: 203:Henry Maudsley 116: 115: 112: 106: 105: 101: 97: 96: 67: 63: 62: 57: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 33: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6756: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6713:Karl Leonhard 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6671:Psychotherapy 6669: 6667: 6666:Light therapy 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6536: 6532: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6508:Oxcarbazepine 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6498:Carbamazepine 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6379:Hallucination 6377: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318:Comorbidities 6316: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6261:Rapid cycling 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6196:Mood disorder 6190: 6185: 6183: 6178: 6176: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6122: 6118: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065:Schizophrenia 6063: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5994:Schizophrenia 5990: 5986: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5945:Drug overdose 5943: 5942: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5893:Sexual desire 5890: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5773: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5579:Social phobia 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5514:-related and 5513: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5220: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4801: 4799:9781429237192 4795: 4790: 4789: 4782: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4681: 4679:9780077499693 4675: 4671: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4658:0-8129-2224-7 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4446: 4442: 4441:Psych Central 4438: 4431: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4394:0-8129-2224-7 4391: 4387: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3913: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3571: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3419: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3244: 3225: 3218: 3211: 3209: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3173: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3043: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2846: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2710: 2703: 2696: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2491: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2192:(7): 948–57. 2191: 2187: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2165:(4): 347–54. 2164: 2161:(in French). 2160: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122:(6): 805–12. 2121: 2117: 2110: 2108: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882:(4): 637–43. 1881: 1877: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1829:(3): 149–53. 1828: 1824: 1817: 1810: 1805: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1620:(6): 537–56. 1619: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1555: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1523: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1499: 1492: 1487: 1480: 1475: 1468: 1463: 1454: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1328: 1323: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1280: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1259:(328): 1–42. 1258: 1254: 1250: 1243: 1236: 1231: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1185: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1006: 999: 989: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 964: 960: 955: 951: 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Retrieved 1141: 1135:alliteration 1132: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1109: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1069:Epidemiology 1023: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1002: 997: 986: 971: 967: 956: 952: 944: 934: 918: 910: 907:DSM-IV codes 875:heart attack 843:hearing loss 832: 819: 815: 787: 767: 745: 729: 725: 719: 679: 662: 656: 644: 632: 616: 577: 561: 555: 541: 528: 507: 492: 476: 470: 455: 448:luteal phase 439: 433: 405: 399: 372: 352: 346: 312: 288: 282: 253:Seeking help 235: 210: 206: 200:psychiatrist 197: 182: 155: 144: 125: 121: 119: 18: 6542:and similar 6503:Lamotrigine 6396:Hypersomnia 6236:Bipolar NOS 6231:Cyclothymia 5998:schizotypal 5833:Hypersomnia 5823:Nonorganic 5564:Agoraphobia 5295:Cyclothymia 5290:Bipolar NOS 5265:(affective) 5137:Stereotypic 5045:Kleptomania 4766:www.who.int 4559:Cited texts 4451:19 November 3982:: 144–152. 3647:: 694–713. 3538:, p. . 3504:: 191–214. 3202:, p. . 3032:10 December 2920:(1): 1–14. 2316:, p. . 2006:26 November 1911:, pp. 1844:2434/521599 1651:, pp. 1344:, p. . 1237:, p. . 937:neuroticism 851:hyperacusis 702:amphetamine 646:Cyclothymia 297:hypersomnia 293:weight gain 178:cyclothymic 74:cyclothymia 32:Other names 6574:Sertraline 6564:Fluoxetine 6384:Mood swing 6271:Depression 6226:Bipolar II 6150:Stereotypy 6013:Delusional 6002:delusional 5975:Withdrawal 5843:Parasomnia 5748:Nosophobia 5528:Adjustment 5516:somatoform 5449:Sundowning 5302:Depression 5285:Bipolar II 5174:Stuttering 5169:Cluttering 4965:Paraphilia 4788:Psychology 4685:5 December 4546:(10): 42. 4269:9 February 3697:: 112847. 3270:1042815534 1937:27 October 1794:1 November 1167:References 1161:Endorphins 1115:creativity 905:See also: 806:deep sleep 774:anxiolytic 755:clonazepam 751:alprazolam 749:, such as 722:alcoholism 698:stimulants 690:withdrawal 634:Bipolar II 603:depression 422:sertraline 418:paroxetine 262:depression 149:(DSM) and 134:behavioral 110:Medication 60:Psychiatry 6708:John Cade 6549:Bupropion 6513:Valproate 6481:Treatment 6433:Diagnosis 6408:Psychosis 6367:Dysphoria 6362:Anhedonia 6284:Dysthymia 6246:Hypomania 6241:Childhood 6221:Bipolar I 6103:Catatonia 6035:Psychosis 5870:Postnatal 5853:Nightmare 5459:Wandering 5312:Dysthymia 5280:Bipolar I 5235:Pervasive 5050:Pyromania 4975:Voyeurism 4970:Fetishism 4514:0022-0175 4213:1939-134X 4166:0165-0327 4006:0165-0327 3935:CiteSeerX 3669:207092957 3623:1 October 3442:CiteSeerX 3278:cite book 2980:0022-3956 2934:0005-7967 2880:0951-7367 2822:0002-838X 2652:1091-4269 2605:1879-0046 2558:0160-6689 2523:0952-0481 2453:0269-8811 2406:0022-006X 2355:0176-3679 2231:Addiction 2194:CiteSeerX 2159:Encephale 1533:eMedicine 1020:Treatment 1009:DSM-IV-TR 992:Diagnosis 959:influenza 945:see also 863:cirrhosis 839:dementias 802:REM sleep 794:serotonin 782:tolerance 759:lorazepam 651:dysthymic 639:hypomanic 618:Bipolar I 607:psychotic 494:Dysthymia 357:delusions 319:anhedonia 174:dysthymic 162:hypomania 82:dysthymia 55:Specialty 6738:Category 6401:Insomnia 6347:Delusion 6339:Symptoms 6204:Spectrum 5838:Insomnia 5508:Neurotic 5475:Delirium 5401:Dementia 5240:Specific 4757:(1993). 4548:Archived 4472:Serendip 4414:Archived 4372:Archived 4368:25535644 4341:Archived 4337:24901179 4298:25590126 4263:Archived 4231:24548149 4174:23270973 4130:22983555 4122:22711881 4086:23814104 4014:26826534 3957:11777114 3899:24986345 3864:28135239 3829:18706413 3780:31444385 3721:32081812 3661:27377693 3617:Archived 3599:17239370 3468:Archived 3464:10632228 3401:16647176 3366:23548727 3358:27523506 3319:17979592 3233:21 March 3224:Archived 3089:21 March 2988:15003439 2942:15531349 2888:16639148 2830:10779253 2793:21 March 2670:19544314 2613:22305658 2469:15685770 2461:16272179 2371:19145509 2294:24094651 2286:11175926 2144:17528609 2136:17960298 2098:18215474 2049:19255375 2000:Archived 1982:46493183 1974:19498214 1931:Archived 1896:11925303 1861:26860606 1853:12904979 1754:11109298 1636:24161307 1581:15169695 1443:11 March 1419:Archived 1382:11581110 1314:26603488 1271:Archived 1150:See also 1106:Research 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