Moon landing - Knowledge

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Weight was distributed in the payload sphere so it would rotate in its liquid blanket to place the seismometer into an upright and operational position no matter what the final resting orientation of the external landing sphere. After landing, plugs were to be opened allowing the freon to evaporate and the payload sphere to settle into upright contact with the landing sphere. The batteries were sized to allow up to three months of operation for the payload sphere. Various mission constraints limited the landing site to Oceanus Procellarum on the lunar equator, which the lander ideally would reach 66 hours after launch.

482: 5120: 52: 3119: 2150: 4942: 4930: 4265: 5060: 1992:. JPL envisioned three versions of the Ranger lunar probes: Block I prototypes, which would carry various radiation detectors in test flights to a very high Earth orbit that came nowhere near the Moon; Block II, which would try to accomplish the first Moon landing by hard landing a seismometer package; and Block III, which would crash onto the lunar surface without any braking rockets while taking very high resolution wide-area photographs of the Moon during their descent. 4168: 1356: 10950: 2778: 199: 3599:. Such circumlunar loop missions are simpler than lunar orbit missions because rockets for lunar orbit braking and Earth return are not required. However, a crewed circumlunar loop trip poses significant challenges beyond those found in a crewed low-Earth-orbit mission, offering valuable lessons in preparation for a crewed Moon landing. Foremost among these are mastering the demands of re-entering the Earth's atmosphere upon returning from the Moon. 798: 2066:"Everything that we do ought to really be tied-in to getting onto the Moon ahead of the Russians. ...We're ready to spend reasonable amounts of money, but we're talking about fantastic expenditures which wreck our budget and all these other domestic programs, and the only justification for it, in my opinion, to do it is because we hope to beat them and demonstrate that starting behind, as we did by a couple of years, by God, we passed them." 2767: 2158: 4889: 3154:") can send a crewed mission dangerously off course in the final minutes of a Moon landing when aiming for a relatively small landing zone that is smooth and safe. Mascons were also found over a longer period of time to greatly disturb the orbits of low-altitude satellites around the Moon, making their orbits unstable and forcing an inevitable crash on the lunar surface in the relatively short period of months to a few years. 11001: 9815: 5204:. Though it landed successfully, one of the lander's legs broke upon landing and it tilted up on the other side, 18°, due to landing on a slope, but the lander survived and payloads are functioning as expected. EagleCam was not ejected prior to landing. It was later ejected on 28 February but was partially a failure as it returned all types of data except post-IM-1 landing images that were the main aim of its mission. 1910:, exploded during launch; all subsequent Pioneer lunar flights had NASA as the lead management organization. The next two returned to Earth and burned up upon reentry into the atmosphere after achieved maximum altitudes of around 114,000 kilometres (71,000 mi) and 1,530 kilometres (950 mi) respectively, far short of the roughly 400,000 kilometres (250,000 mi) required to reach the vicinity of the Moon. 9148: 11025: 4089: 1364: 10977: 3115:

landing on three footpads using its radar-controlled, adjustable-thrust retrorocket. While Luna 9 and Surveyor 1 were both major national accomplishments, only Surveyor 1 had reached its landing site employing key technologies that would be needed for a crewed flight. Thus as of mid-1966, the United States had begun to pull ahead of the Soviet Union in the so-called Space Race to land a man on the Moon.

733: 11013: 5159:(SLIM) mission on 6 September 2023 at 23:42 UTC (7 September 08:42 Japan Standard Time). It landed on 19 January 2024 at 15:20 UTC, making Japan the fifth country to soft-land on the Moon. Solar panel orientation issues and possible landing damage complicated the spacecraft's operation. The mission also deployed two rovers which operated successfully and independently communicated with Earth. 10989: 4587: 3091: 4190:

For the program to succeed, its proponents would have to defeat criticism from politicians both on the left (more money for social programs) and on the right (more money for the military). By emphasizing the scientific payoff and playing on fears of Soviet space dominance, Kennedy and Johnson managed

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them to a crewed lunar landing, but not for anything less. Kennedy seized on Apollo as the ideal focus for efforts in space. He ensured continuing funding, shielding space spending from the 1963 tax cut, but diverting money from other NASA scientific projects. These diversions dismayed NASA's leader,

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Within four months of each other in early 1966 the Soviet Union and the United States had accomplished successful Moon landings with uncrewed spacecraft. To the general public both countries had demonstrated roughly equal technical capabilities by returning photographic images from the surface of the

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and landing systems required to make a true controlled touchdown. Five of Surveyor's seven missions made successful uncrewed Moon landings. Surveyor 3 was visited two years after its Moon landing by the crew of Apollo 12. They removed parts of it for examination back on Earth to determine the effects

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Other instruments gathering data before the mother ship crashed onto the Moon were a gamma ray spectrometer to measure overall lunar chemical composition and a radar altimeter. The radar altimeter was to give a signal ejecting the landing capsule and its solid-fueled braking rocket overboard from the

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No cameras were carried by the Ranger landers, and no pictures were to be captured from the lunar surface during the mission. Instead, the 3.1 metres (10 ft) Ranger Block II mother ship carried a 200-scan-line television camera to capture images during the free-fall descent to the lunar surface.

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over a period of many months while engineers perfected new methods to routinely track and communicate with spacecraft over such large distances. Such practice was deemed vital to be assured of capturing high-bandwidth television transmissions from the Moon during a one-shot fifteen-minute time window

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of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface. The lander-ascender-rover combination was separated with the orbiter and returner before landing on 1 June 2024 at 22:23 UTC. It landed on the Moon's surface on 1 June 2024. The ascender was launched back to lunar orbit on 3 June 2024 at

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Accordingly, beginning in mid-1966 both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. naturally progressed into missions featuring lunar orbit as a prerequisite to a crewed Moon landing. The primary goals of these initial uncrewed orbiters were extensive photographic mapping of the entire lunar surface for the selection of

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On Ranger 3, failure of the Atlas guidance system and a software error aboard the Agena upper stage combined to put the spacecraft on a course that would miss the Moon. Attempts to salvage lunar photography during a flyby of the Moon were thwarted by in-flight failure of the onboard flight computer.

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decided the risk of crew death was unacceptable given the combined poor performance to that point of Zond/Proton and so scrubbed the launch of a crewed Soviet lunar mission. Their decision proved to be a wise one, since this unnumbered Zond mission was destroyed in another uncrewed test when it was

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spacecraft program. The first three Zonds were robotic planetary probes; after that, the Zond name was transferred to a completely separate human spaceflight program. The initial focus of these later Zonds was extensive testing of required high-speed reentry techniques. This focus was not shared by

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In total, twenty-four U.S. astronauts have traveled to the Moon. Three have made the trip twice, and twelve have walked on its surface. Apollo 8 was a lunar-orbit-only mission, Apollo 10 included undocking and Descent Orbit Insertion (DOI), followed by LM staging to CSM redocking, while Apollo 13,

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launcher rocket that would have the capability of carrying out a human Moon landing. Khrushchev directed Korolev's design bureau to arrange further space firsts by modifying the existing Vostok technology, while a second team started building a completely new launcher and craft, the Proton booster

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then performed a full dress rehearsal of a crewed Moon landing in May 1969. This mission orbited within 14.4 kilometres (47,400 ft) of the lunar surface, performing necessary low-altitude mapping of trajectory-altering mascons using a factory prototype lunar module too heavy to land. With the

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Advances in other areas were necessary before crewed spacecraft could follow uncrewed ones to the surface of the Moon. Of particular importance was developing the expertise to perform flight operations in lunar orbit. Ranger, Surveyor and initial Luna Moon landing attempts all flew directly to the

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batteries to power a fifty-milliwatt radio transmitter, a temperature sensitive voltage controlled oscillator to measure lunar surface temperatures, and a seismometer designed with sensitivity high enough to detect the impact of a 2.3 kg (5 lb) meteorite on the opposite side of the Moon.

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of a returning spacecraft and reduce its speed for safe landing. These functions greatly complicate a moon landing mission and lead to many additional operational considerations. Any moon departure rocket must first be carried to the Moon's surface by a moon landing rocket, increasing the latter's

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Johnson had championed the US human spaceflight program ever since Sputnik, sponsoring legislation to create NASA while he was still a senator. When Kennedy asked him in 1961 to research the best achievement to counter the Soviets' lead, Johnson responded that the US had an even chance of beating

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was launched on 23 October 2014. It conducted a lunar flyby and operated for 19 days which was four times longer than expected. The Manfred Memorial Moon Mission remained attached to the upper stage of its launch vehicle (CZ-3C/E). The spacecraft along with its upper stage impacted the Moon on 4

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booster. The Soviets thus believed they could achieve a crewed Zond circumlunar flight years before a U.S. human lunar landing and so score a propaganda victory. However, significant development problems delayed the Zond program and the success of the U.S. Apollo lunar landing program led to the

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In contrast, crewed vehicles need additional fuel after a lunar landing to enable a return trip back to Earth for the crew. Leaving this massive amount of required Earth-return fuel in lunar orbit until it is used later in the mission is far more efficient than taking such fuel down to the lunar

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The first attempts to perform a Moon landing took place in 1962 during the Rangers 3, 4 and 5 missions flown by the United States. All three Block II missions basic vehicles were 3.1 m high and consisted of a lunar capsule covered with a balsa wood impact-limiter, 650 mm in diameter, a

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However, the Luna 9 hard landing of a ruggedized sphere using airbags at a 50-kilometre-per-hour (31 mph) ballistic impact speed had much more in common with the failed 1962 Ranger landing attempts and their planned 160-kilometre-per-hour (99 mph) impacts than with the Surveyor 1 soft

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Inhabited Earth-orbiting vehicles such as the Space Shuttle return to Earth from speeds of around 7,500 m/s (27,000 km/h). Due to the effects of gravity, a vehicle returning from the Moon hits Earth's atmosphere at a much higher speed of around 11,000 m/s (40,000 km/h). The

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orbiter was deliberately targeted to impact a permanently shadowed area of Shoemaker Crater near the lunar south pole. It was hoped that energy from the impact would vaporize suspected shadowed ice deposits in the crater and liberate a water vapor plume detectable from Earth. No such plume was

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point of water for 24 hours on the ground, to protect the Moon from being contaminated by Earth organisms. Ranger 3 later began orbiting the Sun, called heliocentric orbit. Heat sterilization was also blamed for subsequent in-flight failures of the spacecraft computer on Ranger 4 and the power

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with its payload of tortoises, insects, plants, and bacteria. Despite the failure suffered in its final moments, the Zond 6 mission was reported by Soviet media as being a success as well. Although hailed worldwide as remarkable achievements, both these Zond missions flew off-nominal reentry

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Upon approach of the target moon, a spacecraft will be drawn ever closer to its surface at increasing speeds due to gravity. In order to land intact it must decelerate to less than about 160 kilometres per hour (100 mph) and be ruggedized to withstand a "hard landing" impact, or it must

4222:. Khrushchev, sensing an attempt by Kennedy to steal Russian space technology, rejected the idea at first: if the USSR went to the Moon, it would go alone. Though Khrushchev was eventually warming up to the idea, the realization of a joint Moon landing was choked by Kennedy's assassination. 2113:

Block III probes replaced the Block II landing capsule and its retrorocket with a heavier, more capable television system to support landing site selection for upcoming Apollo crewed Moon landing missions. Six cameras were designed to take thousands of high-altitude photographs in the final

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before reentering Earth's atmosphere. The second passed by the Moon at a distance of more than 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi), twice as far as planned and too far away to trigger either of the on-board scientific instruments, yet still becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to reach a

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rocket. GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch, and GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later. The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012. The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on 17 December 2012.

853:" mission number only if a launch resulted in a spacecraft going beyond Earth orbit. The policy had the effect of hiding Soviet Moon mission failures from public view. If the attempt failed in Earth orbit before departing for the Moon, it was frequently (but not always) given a " 595:

of the target moon, and thus this is the total velocity which must be shed from the target moon's gravitational attraction for a soft landing to occur. For Earth's Moon, the escape velocity is 2.38 kilometres per second (1.48 mi/s). The change in velocity (referred to as a

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images, it has been determined that five of the six American flags are still standing and casting shadows at all of the sites, except Apollo 11. Astronaut Buzz Aldrin reported that the flag was blown over by the exhaust from the ascent engine during liftoff of Apollo 11.

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said in October 1963 the USSR was "not at present planning flight by cosmonauts to the Moon," while insisting that the Soviets had not dropped out of the race. Only after another year did the USSR fully commit itself to a Moon-landing attempt, which ultimately failed.

757:. This unexpected event was a source of pride to the Soviets and shock to the U.S., who could now potentially be surprise attacked by nuclear-tipped Soviet rockets in under 30 minutes. The craft was also barely visible to the naked eye as the steady beeping of the 5095:. The ascender was later launched back to lunar orbit, carrying samples collected by the lander, and completed the first-ever robotic rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit. The sample container was then transferred to the returner, which successfully landed on 4588: 4589: 4594: 622:

The Soviets succeeded in making the first crash landing on the Moon in 1959. Crash landings may occur because of malfunctions in a spacecraft, or they can be deliberately arranged for vehicles which do not have an onboard landing rocket. There have been

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tapes (which were made before the scan conversion for conventional TV) of the Apollo 11 Moon walk. Some news outlets have mistakenly reported the SSTV tapes found in Western Australia, but those tapes were only recordings of data from the Apollo 11

8013:"China's Chang'e-6 sample return mission (a first ever lunar far side sample-return) is scheduled to launch in May 2024, and expected to take 53 days from launch to return module touchdown. Targeting southern area of Apollo basin (~43º S, 154º W)" 7596: 3092: 4990:, visible and near-infrared Imaging spectrometer and advanced small analyzer for neutrals. As of July 2022, it has survived more than 1000 days on the lunar surface and is still driving with cumulative travel distance of over 1200 meters. 3094: 4285:; thus, none of these missions made landings. Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 were Earth-orbit-only missions. Apart from the inherent dangers of crewed Moon expeditions as seen with Apollo 13, one reason for their cessation according to astronaut 3648:

After the end of the Gemini program, the Soviet Union began flying their second-generation Zond crewed spacecraft in 1967 with the ultimate goal of looping a cosmonaut around the Moon and returning him or her immediately to Earth. The

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With Korolev's death and the failure of the first Soyuz flight in 1967, coordination of the Soviet Moon landing program quickly unraveled. The Soviets built a landing craft and selected cosmonauts for a mission that would have placed

3887:– looped around Moon with Earth's first near-lunar life forms, two tortoises and other live biological specimens, and the capsule and payload safely to Earth despite landing off-target outside the Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean 4591: 1379:, with fifteen consecutive U.S. uncrewed lunar missions from 1958 to 1964 failing their primary photographic missions. However, Rangers 4 and 6 successfully repeated the Soviet lunar impacts as part of their secondary missions. 2097:

Block II mother ship. The braking rocket was to slow and the landing sphere to a dead stop at 330 metres (1,080 ft) above the surface and separate, allowing the landing sphere to free fall once more and hit the surface.

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on 22 July 2019. It had three major modules: orbiter, lander and rover. Each of these modules had scientific instruments from scientific research institutes in India and the US. On 7 September 2019 contact was lost with the

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on a Falcon 9 from Cape Canaveral, Florida with the intention of achieving a soft landing. SpaceIL lost contact with the spacecraft during final descent on 11 April 2019, and it crashed as a result of a main engine failure.

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had begun. Far more capable than the Zond, the Apollo spacecraft had the necessary rocket power to slip into and out of lunar orbit and to make course adjustments required for a safe reentry during the return to Earth. The

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effectively used Vostok capsules with their ejection seats removed to achieve Soviet space firsts of multiple person crews in 1964 and spacewalks in early 1965. These capabilities were later demonstrated by the U.S. in ten

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low Earth orbit missions throughout 1965 and 1966, using a totally new second-generation spacecraft design that had little in common with the earlier Mercury. These Gemini missions went on to prove techniques for orbital

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can be at the limits of human endurance even during a nominal reentry. Slight variations in the vehicle flight path and reentry angle during a return from the Moon can easily result in fatal levels of deceleration force.

7998:"2/3 mission plans and procedures in order to deploy its CubeSat camera system. Despite the team's strong effort, the technical complications ultimately resulted in an inability to capture images of the Odysseus lander" 2089:

The camera was designed to transmit a picture every 10 seconds. Seconds before impact, at 5 and 0.6 kilometres (3.11 and 0.37 mi) above the lunar surface, the Ranger mother ships took pictures (which may be viewed

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At the same time, Kennedy had suggested various joint programs, including a possible Moon landing by Soviet and U.S. astronauts and the development of better weather-monitoring satellites, eventually resulting in the

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in 1991, historical records were released to allow the true accounting of Soviet lunar efforts. Unlike the U.S. tradition of assigning a particular mission name in advance of a launch, the Soviets assigned a public

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intends to conduct crewed lunar landings by 2029 or 2030; in preparation for this effort, the various Chinese space agencies and contractors are currently developing a human-rated super-heavy launch vehicle (the

3967:– looped around Moon, returned biological payload safely to Earth and landed on-target inside Soviet Union. Only Zond mission whose reentry G-forces would have been survivable by human crew had they been aboard. 3095: 773:

compared to that of the U.S. This perception was reinforced by a string of subsequent rapid-fire Soviet space achievements. In 1959, the R-7 rocket was used to launch the first escape from Earth's gravity into a

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The mission was the first Israeli, and the first privately funded, lunar landing attempt. Despite the failure, the mission represented the closest a private entity had come to a soft lunar landing at the time.

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was launched on 7 January 1998. The mission ended on 31 July 1999, when the orbiter was deliberately crashed into a crater near the lunar south pole after the presence of water ice was successfully detected.

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rocket was developed to carry them. More modest missions such as flying around the Moon, or a space lab in lunar orbit (both were proposed by Kennedy to von Braun), offered too much advantage to the Soviets;

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package in 1962 all failed. The Soviets first achieved the milestone of a hard lunar landing with a ruggedized camera in 1966, followed only months later by the first uncrewed soft lunar landing by the U.S.

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23:38 UTC, carrying samples collected by the lander, and later completed another robotic rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit. The sample container was then transferred to the returner, which landed on

4962:. Chang'e 4 was originally designed as the backup of Chang'e 3. It was later adjusted as a mission to the far side of the Moon after the success of Chang'e 3. After making a successful landing within 4117:

had popularized the idea of a crewed expedition to establish a lunar base. A human Moon landing posed several daunting technical challenges to the US and USSR. Besides guidance and weight management,

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As a result, the Soviets secretly planned to continue uncrewed Zond tests until their reliability to support human flight had been demonstrated. However, due to NASA's continuing problems with the

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embarked upon an uncrewed spacecraft development program whose modular design could be used to support both lunar and interplanetary exploration missions. The interplanetary versions were known as

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were made available to civilians of NASA for various projects (which would have the added benefit of demonstrating the payload, guidance accuracy and reliabilities of U.S. ICBMs to the Soviets).

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mono-propellant mid-course motor, a retrorocket with a thrust of 5,050 pounds-force (22.5 kN), and a gold- and chrome-plated hexagonal base 1.5 m in diameter. This lander (code-named

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decelerate to negligible speed at contact for a "soft landing" (the only option for humans). The first three attempts by the U.S. to perform a successful hard Moon landing with a ruggedized

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and the Zond, for a human cislunar flight in 1966. In 1964 the new Soviet leadership gave Korolev the backing for a Moon landing effort and brought all crewed projects under his direction.

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For our next mission – Chandrayaan-3 – which will be accomplished in collaboration with JAXA (Japanese Space Agency), we will invite other countries too to participate with their payloads.

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twenty-minute period before crashing on the lunar surface. Camera resolution was 1,132 scan lines, far higher than the 525 lines found in a typical U.S. 1964 home television. While

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and perform scientific operations on the lunar surface. In 1966 the Soviet Union accomplished the first soft landings and took the first pictures from the lunar surface during the

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to make recommendations on a scientific endeavor that would prove US world leadership. The proposals included non-space options such as massive irrigation projects to benefit the

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Moon. These pictures provided a key affirmative answer to the crucial question of whether or not lunar soil would support upcoming crewed landers with their much greater weight.

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to survive landing, unlike the parent vehicle, which was designed to deliberately crash onto the surface. The final three Ranger probes performed successful high altitude lunar

338:). The Soviet Union (Interkosmos), the United States (NASA), China (CNSA), India (ISRO), and Japan (JAXA) are the only five nations to have successfully achieved soft landings. 9298: 3915:– looped around Moon, successful reentry, but loss of cabin air pressure caused biological payload death, parachute system malfunction and severe vehicle damage upon landing 3093: 286: 10873: 2230:("Moonwalker") robotic lunar rovers were delivered to the Moon, where they successfully operated for 10 and 4 months respectively, covering 10.5 km (6.5 mi) ( 808:

The U.S. response to these Soviet achievements was to greatly accelerate previously existing military space and missile projects and to create a civilian space agency,

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became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon, at 02:56 UTC on 21 July 1969. An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event, the

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and began human's first close exploration of the far side of the Moon. Because the Moon blocks the communications between far side and Earth, a relay satellite,

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on the Moon's surface, but with the successive launch failures of the N1 booster in 1969, plans for a crewed landing suffered first delay and then cancellation.

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A program of automated return vehicles was begun, in the hope of being the first to return lunar rocks. This had several failures. It eventually succeeded with

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surface in a Moon landing and then hauling it all back into space yet again, working against lunar gravity both ways. Such considerations lead logically to a

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performed a controlled crash into the Moon, at about 2 km/s (7,200 km/h; 4,500 mph). The time of the crash was 3 September 2006, at 5:42 UTC.

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Scientists believe the six American flags planted by astronauts have been bleached white because of more than 40 years of exposure to solar radiation. Using

9472: 8220: 5298:("grunt" means "soil" in Russian) launched in November 2011, but stalled in low Earth orbit. There is widespread interest in performing a future landing on 4035:

went on alert and asked to fly the Zond spacecraft then in final countdown at Baikonur on the first human trip to the Moon. Ultimately, however, the Soviet

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duplicated this feat with a similar Moon landing on 24 December 1966. Both returned panoramic photographs that were the first views from the lunar surface.

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The political context of the 1960s helps to parse both the United States and Soviet Union's efforts to land spacecraft, and eventually humans, on the Moon.

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the U.S., who chose instead to bypass the stepping stone of a crewed circumlunar loop mission and never developed a separate spacecraft for this purpose.

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detector. The first of these reached an altitude of only around 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi), gathering data that established the presence of the

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Three U.S. missions in 1962 attempted to hard land small seismometer packages released by the main Ranger spacecraft. These surface packages were to use

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It is possible to aim a spacecraft from Earth so it will loop around the Moon and return to Earth without entering lunar orbit, following the so-called

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The Soviet Union performed the first hard Moon landing – "hard" meaning the spacecraft intentionally crashes into the Moon at high speeds – with the

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protected its 99-kilogram (218 lb) ejectable capsule which survived an impact speed of over 15 metres per second (54 km/h; 34 mph).

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in subsequent Block II and Block III lunar descents. Both Block I missions suffered failures of the new Agena upper stage and never left low Earth

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of the Moon. Rockets must be used to leave the Moon and return to space. Upon reaching Earth, atmospheric entry techniques are used to absorb the

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after successfully orbiting the Moon for a year and eight months, the main orbiter was instructed to impact on the lunar surface near the crater

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region, making India the fourth nation to successfully complete a soft landing on the Moon. Chandrayaan-3 saw a successful soft landing of its

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was launched on 7 September 2013. The mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the

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spacecraft body equipped to take images of the lunar surface with a television-like system, estimate the Moon's mass and topography of the

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in 1970. But this had little impact, because the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 lunar landings and rock returns had already taken place by then.

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Like Zond, Apollo flights were generally launched on a free return trajectory that would return them to Earth via a circumlunar loop if a

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booster for crewed use and flying not a circumlunar loop but instead a full ten orbits around the Moon before returning safely to Earth.

7522: 2033:. The goal was to place these Block I spacecraft in a very high Earth orbit with an apogee of 110,000 kilometres (68,000 mi) and a 10859: 10506: 9315: 7416: 4192: 3759:– Successfully reached high Earth orbit, but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test 3731:– Successfully reached high Earth orbit, but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test 2129:

mission was viewed as a national turning point and instrumental in allowing the key 1965 NASA budget appropriation to pass through the

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required size. The Moon departure rocket, larger moon landing rocket and any Earth atmosphere entry equipment such as heat shields and

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prepare a condolence speech for delivery in case Armstrong and Aldrin became marooned on the Moon's surface and could not be rescued.

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system for maneuvering and orbit insertion as well. None of the four spacecraft built in this series of probes survived launch on its

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must in turn be lifted by the original launch vehicle, greatly increasing its size by a significant and almost prohibitive degree.

4921:, which moved 114 meters before being immobilized due to system malfunction. But the rover was still operational until July 2016. 3360:– 870-by-160-kilometre (541 mi × 99 mi) × 42 deg orbit, 160 minute period, unstable orbit, radio calibration test? 2238:). These rover missions were in operation concurrently with the Zond and Luna series of Moon flyby, orbiter and landing missions. 352:

Following their initial hard landings on the Moon, sixteen Soviet, U.S., Chinese and Indian spacecraft have used braking rockets (

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An unexpected major discovery from initial lunar orbiters were vast volumes of dense materials beneath the surface of the Moon's

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crewed landing sites and, for the Soviets, the checkout of radio communications gear that would be used in future soft landings.

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Advances in US nuclear weapon technology had led to smaller, lighter warheads; the Soviets' were much heavier, and the powerful

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lunar lander's target landing destination was within Mare Serenitatis, a vast volcanic basin on the Moon's northern near side.

3553:– 6,111-by-2,706-kilometer (3,797 mi × 1,681 mi) × 86 deg orbit, 172 minute period, 180-day photography mission 1390:

photography missions during intentional crash impacts between 2.62 and 2.68 kilometres per second (9,400 and 9,600 km/h).

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to swing public opinion: by 1965, 58 percent of Americans favored Apollo, up from 33 percent two years earlier. After Johnson

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had intended to land a crewed mission on the Moon in 2024, and to begin sustained operations by 2028, supported by a planned

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Launched 27 September 2003, 23:14 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana. At the end of its mission, the

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suffered a failure of this camera system and returned no photographs despite an otherwise successful flight, the subsequent

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Achieving a crewed circumlunar loop flight prior to a crewed lunar landing became a primary goal of the Soviets with their

3578:– 6,023-by-195-kilometer (3,743 mi × 121 mi) × 85 deg orbit, 510 minute period, 183-day photography mission 5348:

rocket, along with responsibility for the rover. ISRO would be responsible for the lander. ISRO, following the success of

4004:

was the first spacecraft to carry life from Earth to the vicinity of the Moon and return, initiating the final lap of the

3291:– 2,938-by-1,871-kilometre (1,826 mi × 1,163 mi) × 10 deg orbit, 205 minute period, 89-day science mission 3266:– 2,931-by-1,898-kilometre (1,821 mi × 1,179 mi) × 27 deg orbit, 178 minute period, 38-day science mission 3241:– 2,738-by-2,088-kilometre (1,701 mi × 1,297 mi) × 72 deg orbit, 178 minute period, 60-day science mission 8562: 7932: 7204: 6624: 5857: 5745: 5156: 3528:– 1,860-by-52-kilometer (1,156 mi × 32 mi) × 21 deg orbit, 208 minute period, 246-day photography mission 3503:– 1,860-by-52-kilometer (1,156 mi × 32 mi) × 12 deg orbit, 208 minute period, 339-day photography mission 3040:– 30,000 photos returned, robot arm and alpha scatter science, engine restart, second landing 2.5 m away from first 405: 307: 166: 5814: 4806:

upper stage. On 9 October 2009, at 11:31 UTC, the Centaur upper stage impacted the lunar surface, releasing the kinetic

3657:

launch rocket, unlike the parallel Soviet human Moon landing effort also underway at the time based on third-generation

3478:– 1,160-by-189-kilometer (721 mi × 117 mi) × 12 deg orbit, 208 minute period, 80-day photography mission 9708: 9000: 7155: 5469: 5087:

rocket on 24 November. The lander-ascender combination was separated with the orbiter and returner before landing near

4718: 1962: 376:

has landed 4 times since 2013, achieving robotic soil sample return and the first landing on the far side of the Moon.

78: 6855: 4913:

on the Moon. This was China's first soft landing on another celestial body and world's first lunar soft landing since

4681:

was commanded to crash into the lunar surface and did so on 10 April 1993 at 18:03:25.7 UT (11 April 03:03:25.7 JST).

9653: 9083: 8877: 8852: 6689: 5422: 5405: 5068: 3157:

Controlling the location of impact for spent lunar orbiters can have scientific value. For example, in 1999 the NASA

373: 142: 7062: 5628: 11045: 10904: 10889: 9248: 9048: 5958: 5594: 5412:

it plans to construct with Russia, Venezuela, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates in the 2030s. In addition, the

3412:– 222-by-219-kilometre (138 mi × 136 mi) × 19 deg orbit, 130 minute period, 521-day science mission 2110:

subsystem on Ranger 5. Only Ranger 4 reached the Moon in an uncontrolled crash impact on the far side of the Moon.

1538:– first US craft to reach escape velocity, lunar flyby too far to shoot photos due to targeting error; solar orbit 8063: 7652: 5193:, marking the United States' first soft unmanned Moon landing in over 50 years. This mission also marks the first 5172: 436: 331: 10311: 10297: 5321: 4917:

on 22 August 1976. The mission was launched on 1 December 2013. After successful landing, the lander release the

4751:, executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009, 20:44 GMT, after a 16-month mission. 4729:

lunar orbiter and performed remote sensing experiments during its descent to the lunar surface. It impacted near

3387:– 140-by-140-kilometre (87 mi × 87 mi) × 41 deg orbit, 121 minute period, 388-day science mission 1874:

Three different designs of Pioneer lunar probes were flown on three different modified ICBMs. Those flown on the

812:. Military efforts were initiated to develop and produce mass quantities of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( 736:

The first image of another world from space, returned by Luna 3, showed the far side of the Moon in October 1959.

640: 242: 5294:

in 1989 before radio contact with that lander was suddenly lost. A similar Russian sample return mission called

4660: 4020:

reports of a potential Soviet crewed circumlunar flight in late 1968, NASA fatefully changed the flight plan of

2912:– midcourse engine malfunction, placing vehicle in unrecoverable tumble; crashed southeast of Copernicus Crater 2810:

was part of an effort to locate a safe site on the Moon for a human landing and test under lunar conditions the

721:. In the 1950s, tensions mounted between the two ideologically opposed superpowers of the United States and the 11050: 10463: 10456: 10433: 9743: 5519: 5144:

rover. The lander with the rover successfully landed near the lunar south pole at 18:04 IST on 23 August 2023.

5083:

to Earth. The 8.2t stack consisting of lander, ascender, orbiter and returner was launched to lunar orbit by a

4963: 3151: 2976:– radio contact lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown; perfect automated Moon landing possible but outcome unknown 648: 8365: 6390: 3859:– booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit; launch preparation tank explosion kills three in pad crew 11055: 10124: 9929: 8891: 8885: 7041: 4871: 3166:

was delivered by the Lunar Prospector to the crater named in his honor – the only human remains on the Moon.

1918: 245:

between 1969 and 1972, and numerous uncrewed landings. All crewed missions to the Moon were conducted by the

77: 76: 75: 39: 17: 7176: 7075: 5138:

on 14 July 2023. Chandrayaan-3 consists of an Indigenous Lander Module (LM), Propulsion module (PM) and the

74: 67: 66: 65: 64: 63: 10492: 9265: 9227: 7394: 6365: 5107:

In Russia's first attempt to reach the Moon since 1976, and since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the

4795: 4204: 3673:

malfunction failed to place them in lunar orbit. This option was implemented after an explosion aboard the

3623:

Initial crewed spaceflights in the early 1960s placed a single person in low Earth orbit during the Soviet

3590: 2102: 9005: 7826: 2133:

intact without a reduction in funds for the Apollo crewed Moon landing program. Subsequent successes with

778:, the first crash impact onto the surface of the Moon, and the first photography of the never-before-seen 11060: 10635: 10205: 10198: 10184: 10140: 9535: 8492: 7847: 6958: 6920: 6464: 6443: 6086: 6072: 6058: 6037: 6013: 5992: 5836: 5789: 5541: 5426: 5367: 4083: 4017: 765:

as it passed overhead every 96 minutes, which was widely viewed on both sides as effective propaganda to

725:

that had emerged as victors in the conflict, particularly after the development by both countries of the

73: 72: 71: 70: 69: 8468:: an independently organized collection of high-res photos for the Moon Landing and the Apollo Missions. 5111:

spacecraft failed during "pre-landing" maneuvers, and crashed into the lunar surface on 19 August 2023.

68: 10967: 10304: 9952: 9846: 9832: 9780: 8268: 7015: 6519: 1929:

which would be triggered by the light of the Moon and a lunar radiation environment experiment using a

829: 401:

at 6.04 pm IST (1234 GMT), marking the first uncrewed soft landing in the little-explored region.

357: 254: 188: 10147: 5688:"Chandrayaan 3 Landing Live: ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 Vikram lander makes successful soft-landing on Moon" 654:

To return to Earth, the escape velocity of the Moon must be overcome for the spacecraft to escape the

10115: 9307: 8967: 8961: 6315: 6290: 6265: 5913: 5449: 5413: 5390: 4273: 2125:

Breaking the six-year string of failures in U.S. attempts to photograph the Moon at close range, the

1981: 1954: 1934: 425: 6908: 5401:. The NASA lunar landing mission has since been postponed to launch no earlier than September 2026. 4656:. The tapes were found in 2008 and sold at auction in 2019 for the 50th anniversary of the landing. 4272:, Lunar Module pilot of the first lunar landing mission, poses for a photograph beside the deployed 10529: 10389: 9619: 7701: 4987: 4322: 3103: 845: 416:

Two organizations have attempted but failed to achieve soft landings: Israeli private space agency

62: 8465: 7107: 5408:

plans 3 additional Chang'e uncrewed missions between 2025 and 2028, in active preparation for the

861:" Earth-orbit mission number to hide its purpose. Launch explosions were not acknowledged at all. 615:

in 2005. As the moon with the thickest atmosphere, landings on Titan may be accomplished by using

61: 10852: 10483: 10357: 10097: 9787: 9764: 9674: 9025: 5233: 5139: 4971: 4906: 4645: 4024:

from an Earth-orbit lunar module test to a lunar orbit mission scheduled for late December 1968.

2174: 1907: 481: 395: 88: 60: 59: 58: 57: 56: 9010: 7496: 7471: 4818:). Six minutes later at 11:37 UTC, the LCROSS shepherding spacecraft also impacted the surface. 2006:

The Ranger 1 and 2 Block I missions were virtually identical. Spacecraft experiments included a

230:, including both crewed and robotic missions. The first human-made object to touch the Moon was 10396: 10027: 9801: 9757: 9701: 9420: 9186: 8485: 7161: 4803: 4522: 4282: 4195:, his continuing defense of the program allowed it to succeed in 1969, as Kennedy had planned. 3596: 3136: 3071:– 21,000 photos returned; robot arm and alpha scatter science; laser beams from Earth detected 2865: 2130: 698: 8350: 8338: 8146:"Future spacecraft landing on Jupiter's moon Europa may have to navigate jagged blades of ice" 5554: 4677:

Launched on 24 January 1990, 11:46 UTC. At the end of its mission, the Japanese lunar orbiter

2945:– 6,000 pictures returned; trench dug to 17.5 cm depth after 18 hr of robot arm use 10933: 10449: 10419: 10131: 10062: 9547: 9217: 9135: 8782: 8450: 7997: 5360: 5080: 4702: 4133: 3670: 2204: 2030: 1970: 1958: 560: 540: 319: 262: 55: 1930: 600:) is usually provided by a landing rocket, which must be carried into space by the original 80: 10762: 10748: 10566: 10515: 10069: 9667: 9255: 8126: 8036:"China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission" 8016: 7131: 7088: 6718: 5454: 5262: 5221: 5020: 4959: 4855: 4648: 4350: 4229: 4219: 4129:, von Braun promoted a plan for the US Army to establish a military lunar outpost by 1965. 4118: 4104: 3010: 1738:– first U.S. spacecraft to reach another celestial body; crash impact – no photos returned 779: 750: 609: 388: 270: 8453:

on Moon landings, missions, etc. (includes information on other space agencies' missions).

7799: 7360: 7307: 4027:

In early December 1968 the launch window to the Moon opened for the Soviet launch site in

619:

techniques that are generally lighter in weight than a rocket with equivalent capability.

30:

This article is about lunar landings in general. For the Cold War "Race to the Moon", see

8: 11029: 10545: 10382: 9726: 9660: 9222: 9193: 9175: 9162: 6781: 5270: 5194: 5092: 4771: 4730: 4607: 4514: 4432: 4391: 4052:

mission carried out the first human trip to the Moon on 24 December 1968, certifying the

4013: 2882: 2793: 2663: 2332: 2299: 2090: 1950: 802: 636: 486: 458: 154: 7972:"NASA, Intuitive Machines Share Images from the Moon, Provide Science Updates – Artemis" 7674: 7334: 6722: 5374:. The mission is planned by late 2028. Both nations are also active participants in the 4144:

looked for a project that would capture the public imagination. He asked Vice President

639:

were deliberately crashed on the Moon several times to provide impacts registering as a

11017: 11005: 10730: 10582: 10350: 10251: 9998: 9936: 9894: 9523: 9276: 9125: 8957: 8742: 8425: 7852: 7831: 7181: 6976: 6752: 5393:

formally announced that the mission will include the first female lunar astronaut. The

5371: 5190: 4678: 4555: 4337: 4233: 3335:– booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit – attempted radio calibration test? 2188: 2022: 1914: 1891: 1203: 973:– first spacecraft to reach escape velocity, lunar flyby, solar orbit; missed the Moon 858: 690: 647:

that had been left on the lunar surface. Such crashes were instrumental in mapping the

512:

missions. The missions spanned a 41-month period starting 20 July 1969, beginning with

454: 429: 5629:"Japan announces successful SLIM lunar landing, fifth country to reach moon's surface" 5567: 5099:

on 16 December 2020, completing China's first extraterrestrial sample return mission.

3122:

A timeline of the space race between 1957 and 1975, with missions from the US and USSR

10912: 10672: 10371: 10336: 10329: 9823: 9694: 9130: 8429: 8417: 8401: 8238: 7886: 7626: 7570: 7472:"1,000 days on the moon! China's Chang'e 4 lunar far side mission hits big milestone" 6833: 6756: 6744: 6736: 6685: 6415: 6240: 6131: 5861: 5662: 5602: 5595:"India Moon Landing: In Latest Moon Race, India Lands First in Southern Polar Region" 5489: 5250: 5241:

on 25 June 2024, completing China's far side extraterrestrial sample return mission.

4722: 4210: 4114: 4044: 3632: 2527: 2018: 1922: 854: 821: 706: 616: 8995: 8290:"Text of Remarks at Signing of Trump Space Policy Directive 1 and List of Attendees" 7774: 6103: 5865: 5228:

from the lunar near side four years earlier. It also carried a Chinese rover called

4009:

trajectories resulting in deceleration forces that would have been fatal to humans.

1961:, record the distribution and velocity of micrometeorites, study radiation, measure 591:

The speed of a crash landing on its surface is typically between 70 and 100% of the

10981: 10808: 10472: 10274: 10090: 10083: 10043: 9885: 9839: 9814: 9444: 9147: 8409: 8122: 7446:"China launches Chang'e-4 spacecraft for pioneering lunar far side landing mission" 6937: 6726: 6340: 5337: 5306:

to drill down and explore the possible liquid water ocean beneath its icy surface.

4975: 4859: 4689: 4641: 4634: 4611: 4567: 3658: 3642: 3624: 3163: 3158: 3085: 2807: 1883: 770: 529: 384: 369: 322:, have reached the Moon with uncrewed missions. Three private/commercial missions, 118: 10191: 8263:

Hoshino, Takeshi; Ohtake, Makiko; Karouji, Yuzuru; Shiraishi, Hiroaki (May 2019).

3677:

mission in 1970, which is the only crewed circumlunar loop mission flown to date.

3162:

observed. However, a small vial of ashes from the body of pioneer lunar scientist

3118: 504:

have landed on the Moon. This was accomplished with two pilot-astronauts flying a

10815: 10552: 10405: 10168: 9170: 8809: 8296: 8196:"Episode 82: Jaxa and International Collaboration with Professor Fujimoto Masaki" 8012: 7138: 7095: 5944: 5394: 5375: 5217: 4811: 4141: 3628: 3558: 3533: 3508: 3483: 3460: 3452: 2195:

and safely return a sample of lunar soil back to Earth. It represented the first

2072: 1985: 1974: 1899: 1372: 825: 592: 7286:"Chinese rocket, not Falcon 9, linked to upper stage on lunar impact trajectory" 6769: 6485: 5937: 5224:. This is China's second lunar sample return mission, the first was achieved by 5119: 5047:

lander at an altitude of 2.1 km (1.3 mi) after a rough braking phase.

10575: 10499: 10364: 10281: 10258: 9639: 9483: 9384: 9324: 8413: 7911: 6731: 6706: 6535: 6531: 5459: 5238: 5096: 4807: 4733:

crater at the south pole of the lunar surface at 14 November 2008, 20:31 IST.

4627: 4619: 4599: 4444: 4358: 4225: 4184: 4145: 3637: 3074: 2861: 2001: 1989: 1387: 1376: 850: 659: 601: 513: 470: 246: 203: 130: 9020: 7933:

SpaceX gearing up to launch Intuitive Machines private moon lander in February

7702:"China's Chang'e 5 aces lunar orbit docking needed to bring moon samples home" 6628: 6513: 6215: 6187: 6159: 5746:

SpaceX gearing up to launch Intuitive Machines private moon lander in February

5088: 3007:– 19,000 photos returned, first use of alpha scatter soil composition monitor 2149: 1966: 1367:

One of the last photos of the Moon transmitted by Ranger 8 right before impact

11039: 10953: 10919: 10801: 10695: 10628: 10237: 10177: 10014: 9991: 9959: 9945: 9922: 9607: 9595: 9120: 9099: 8737: 8630: 7890: 7630: 6740: 6599: 6574: 6527: 5666: 5606: 5593:

Kumar, Hari; Travelli, Alex; Mashal, Mujib; Chang, Kenneth (23 August 2023).

5418: 5398: 5353: 5349: 5303: 5291: 5135: 5079:

landed and collected the first lunar soil samples in over 40 years, and then

5039: 4736: 4726: 4563: 4264: 4246: 4177: 3714: 3654: 3373: 3314:– high Earth orbit crewed landing communications gear radio calibration test 3128: 2346: 2046: 2041: 1091: 741: 726: 380: 604:

as part of the overall spacecraft. An exception is the soft moon landing on

539:

All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the

10993: 10787: 10603: 10343: 10221: 10036: 9876: 9750: 9583: 9571: 9495: 9432: 9372: 9199: 9110: 9015: 8866: 8860: 8640: 8635: 8545: 8540: 8508: 8421: 8393: 7421: 6748: 5719: 5382: 5333: 5279: 5258: 5225: 5213: 5084: 5076: 5064: 5059: 4955: 4934: 4918: 4910: 4903: 4752: 4748: 4526: 4473: 4440: 4281:

originally scheduled as a landing, ended up as a lunar fly-by, by means of

4180:, who perceived the need for NASA's support from the scientific community. 4156: 4137: 4109: 3650: 3616: 3608: 2564: 2417: 2200: 2196: 2170: 2014: 1903: 1618: 1593: 758: 722: 682: 655: 605: 568: 564: 552: 505: 266: 258: 106: 10161: 9040: 8221:

After Reaching Mars, India's Date With Venus In 2023 Confirmed, Says ISRO.

6549: 4167: 2040:

From that vantage point, scientists could make direct measurements of the

10896: 10880: 10822: 10794: 10780: 10755: 10646: 10596: 10267: 10005: 9984: 9771: 9456: 9408: 9396: 9348: 9336: 9105: 8947: 8841: 8817: 8477: 8095:"Chang'e-6 lands on far side of the moon to collect unique lunar samples" 7002: 6509: 5464: 5386: 5364: 5345: 5329: 5295: 4986:, the second lunar rover from China, was equipped with panoramic camera, 4667: 4603: 4485: 4481: 4399: 4362: 4269: 4237: 4149: 4097: 3464: 3147: 2915: 2781: 2026: 1946: 1939: 1887: 1875: 1568: 1543: 1383: 1355: 817: 775: 766: 644: 584: 525: 517: 408:, making Japan the fifth nation to successfully complete a soft landing. 353: 299: 6856:"3 original NASA moon landing videos sell for $ 1.82 million at auction" 6819: 3131:

use a minimum amount of fuel for uncrewed spacecraft on a one-way trip.

10709: 10288: 10214: 10154: 10108: 10050: 9869: 9559: 9507: 8835: 8823: 8792: 8787: 8777: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 7879:"Japan's Slim spacecraft lands on moon but struggles to generate power" 6803: 5715:"Japan's Slim spacecraft lands on moon but struggles to generate power" 5201: 4892: 4276:

during an Apollo 11 Extravehicular Activity (EVA) on the lunar surface.

4032: 4005: 3662: 3051: 3020: 2987: 2956: 2925: 2892: 2853: 2789: 2777: 2771: 2657: 2558: 2235: 2231: 2173:, performed the first successful soft Moon landing on 3 February 1966. 1926: 754: 702: 694: 686: 676: 576: 294:, next to the first view of the lunar surface photographed by the probe 223: 198: 31: 7935:

Space.com. By Mike Wall. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.

5748:

Space.com. By Mike Wall. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.

4794:

data collecting shepherding spacecraft was launched together with the

10716: 10702: 10688: 10665: 10614: 10244: 9968: 9908: 9862: 9794: 9623: 9611: 9599: 9587: 9575: 9563: 9551: 9539: 9527: 9515: 9460: 9448: 9436: 9424: 9412: 9400: 9388: 9376: 9364: 9360: 9352: 9340: 9328: 8916: 8829: 8732: 8727: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8099: 8040: 7312: 7132:

GRAIL Twins crash into the Moon to complete highly successful Mission

5433: 5198: 5007: 4815: 4615: 4539: 4498: 4457: 4416: 4403: 4375: 4332: 4286: 4066: 4057: 3674: 3202: 3100: 2846: 2785: 2269: 2212: 2208: 1895: 1518: 1493: 1468: 1443: 1424: 1416: 797: 745: 714: 664: 533: 521: 501: 493: 421: 323: 238: 35: 7728:"China recovers Chang'e-5 moon samples after complex 23-day mission" 7259:"NASA Completes LADEE Mission with Planned Impact on Moon's Surface" 7257:

Brown, Dwayne; Hoover, Rachel; Washington, Dewayne (18 April 2014).

5324:

is a robotic space mission concept by ISRO and Japan's space agency

5019:

SpaceIL was originally conceived in 2011 as a venture to pursue the

2766: 769:

countries demonstrating the technological superiority of the Soviet

249:, with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972. After 10723: 10681: 10658: 10536: 9901: 9646: 9511: 9499: 9487: 8555: 7526: 5344:

in 2025. JAXA is likely to provide launch service using the future

5283: 5178: 4941: 4878: 4839: 4122: 4093: 4053: 4049: 4028: 4021: 2842: 2265: 2227: 2157: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2119: 2115: 2011: 1879: 1843: 1818: 1793: 1768: 1743: 1718: 1693: 1668: 1643: 891: 839: 632: 442: 346: 327: 7653:"ISRO lose contact with Chandrayaan-2 lander during final descent" 5216:

on 3 May 2024, which conducted the first lunar sample return from

4929: 4581: 2749:– returned 0.17 kg (0.37 lb) of Moon soil back to Earth 2625:– returned 0.05 kg (0.11 lb) of Moon soil back to Earth 2524:– returned 0.10 kg (0.22 lb) of Moon soil back to Earth 9915: 8951: 8930: 8924: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8130: 8020: 5437: 5299: 5286:

came within 190 km (120 mi) of performing a landing on

5244: 5108: 5002: 4914: 4799: 4706: 4253: 4126: 4062: 4061:

failure of the robotic Soviet sample return Moon landing attempt

4031:, giving the USSR their final chance to beat the US to the Moon. 3653:

spacecraft was launched with the simpler and already operational

3604: 3418: 3392: 3365: 3340: 3271: 3246: 3221: 2729: 2693:– Moon landing achieved, but malfunction prevented sample return 2673: 2636: 2605: 2574: 2537: 2504: 2394: 2309: 2220: 2216: 2184: 2178: 2106: 2081: 2049:

after launch; both burned up upon reentry after only a few days.

2034: 2007: 1350: 833: 710: 597: 417: 365: 250: 191:. Except for the Apollo program, all soft landings were uncrewed. 8471: 7912:"Japan: Moon lander Slim comes back to life and resumes mission" 7231:"NASA's LRO Spacecraft Captures Images of LADEE's Impact Crater" 3631:

programs. A two-flight extension of the Vostok program known as

3086:

Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations

2660:

rover traveled 37.0 km (23.0 mi) across lunar surface

9095: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8645: 8460: 7308:"A rogue 3-ton piece rocket debris just collided with the moon" 5655:"India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in world first" 5275: 5186: 4982: 4967: 4966:, the Chang'e 4 lander deployed the 140-kilogram (310 lb) 4946: 4791: 4775: 4763: 4088: 4001: 3972: 3944: 3892: 3864: 3812: 3421:

became the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon on 3 April 1966.

2561:

rover traveled 10.5 km (6.5 mi) across lunar surface

2276: 2166: 1363: 1324: 1299: 1274: 1249: 1136: 1024: 999: 953: 791: 787: 783: 572: 556: 450: 361: 342: 291: 231: 8265:"Current status of a Japanese lunar polar exploration mission" 7597:"India moon mission set to launch a week after it was aborted" 5706: 5162: 5147: 3584: 2021:, two triple coincidence telescopes, a cosmic-ray integrating 732: 10589: 10412: 10230: 9853: 8262: 7619:"'Chandrayaan 2 will carry NASA's laser instruments to Moon'" 5177:

successfully landed on the Moon after taking off on a SpaceX

4888: 4865: 4858:, which, later, was determined to be near the eastern rim of 2811: 2804: 2058: 1980:

Following the unsuccessful Atlas-Able Pioneer probes, NASA's

1359:

Artist's portrayal of a Ranger spacecraft right before impact

813: 628: 441:

successfully landed on the Moon after taking off on a SpaceX

241:

was the first crewed mission to land on the Moon. There were

8064:"China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon" 6391:"Ranger Block II Design (Rangers 3, 4 and 5) - NASA Science" 5363:, which would possibly be the first to return soil from the 4978:

a few months prior to the landing to enable communications.

4183:

The Moon landing required development of the large Saturn V

3169: 2144: 345:

spacecraft in 1959, a feat the U.S. duplicated in 1962 with

202:

Still frame from a video transmission, taken moments before

10621: 9977: 9717: 9091: 8905: 8899: 8550: 8239:"Japan, India to team up in race to discover water on moon" 8164:"India's next Moon shot will be bigger, in pact with Japan" 7235: 7111: 6523: 5568:"Chinese spacecraft makes first landing on moon's far side" 5357: 5341: 5325: 5287: 5182: 5152: 5131: 5035: 4125:

overheating was a major hurdle. After the Soviets launched

2192: 809: 509: 446: 315: 311: 303: 227: 178: 92: 10988: 8315:"Pence Tells NASA to Put Americans on the Moon in 5 Years" 7376:"China carries out first soft landing on moon in 37 years" 3424: 2761: 2215:

missions. This mission was later successfully repeated by

551:

To get to the Moon, a spacecraft must first leave Earth's

6909:"Apollo Moon Landing Flags Still Standing, Photos Reveal" 685:

had introduced many new and deadly innovations including

536:. Cernan was the last man to step off the lunar surface. 9306: 7947:"Odysseus achieves the first US Moon landing since 1972" 7848:"Japan Explains How It Made an Upside-Down Moon Landing" 7151:"Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE)" 6698: 6366:"Ranger Block I Design (Rangers 1 and 2) - NASA Science" 5760:"Odysseus achieves the first US Moon landing since 1972" 5592: 5051:

was later confirmed to have crashed and been destroyed.

1945:

The final Pioneer lunar probe design consisted of four "

334:(soft landing) have also reached the lunar surface (see 9686: 7754:"Russia's Luna 25 spacecraft has crashed into the Moon" 5436:

has announced plans to launch a lunar polar orbiter as

5067:

returner carrying lunar sample was transported back to

8366:"China sets out preliminary crewed lunar landing plan" 7417:"Chang'e 4: China probe lands on far side of the moon" 6882:"The American Flags On The Moon Have All Turned White" 5803: 4838:). They were launched on 10 September 2011 on board a 4668:

Late 20th century–21st century uncrewed crash landings

10965: 7256: 7177:"With Planned Crash, NASA Lunar Mission Comes to End" 4107:

administration. In a series of mid-1950s articles in

1921:

to fly two extremely small cone-shaped probes on the

1878:

booster modified with an Able upper stage carried an

1294:– lunar flyby at 160,000 kilometres (99,000 mi) 7205:"NASA's Moon-Orbiting Robot Crashes Down as Planned" 7108:"First of NASA's GRAIL Spacecraft Enters Moon Orbit" 7005:, BBC News, 1 March 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2010. 4830:

mission consisted of two small spacecraft: GRAIL A (

4721:(ISRO) performed a controlled hard landing with its 2879:– 11,000 pictures returned, first U.S. Moon landing 1898:

in space, a diaphragm/microphone assembly to detect

290:

Stamp with a drawing of the first soft landed probe

6707:"First Moon landing was nearly a US–Soviet mission" 5858:"Homepage of V.V Pustynski for students of YFT0060" 5560: 5512:"Apollo Anniversary: Moon Landing "Inspired World"" 3939:– booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit 3807:– booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit 3783:– booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit 3645:crucial to a crewed lunar landing mission profile. 2792:lander. In the background is the Apollo 12 lander, 2720:– booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit 2495:– booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit 2385:– booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit 2360:– booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit 1244:– booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit 1198:– booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit 1177:– booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit 1065:– booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit 8312: 7675:"Chinese spacecraft sets off on Moon sample quest" 5001:On 22 February 2019, Israeli private space agency 4637:forecast that a man would reach the Moon by 1978. 4164:, however, would capture the world's imagination. 4103:Plans for human Moon exploration began during the 4072: 4043:By this time flights of the third generation U.S. 1156:– lunar flyby at 8,000 kilometres (5,000 mi) 7827:"Japan Becomes Fifth Country to Land on the Moon" 7222: 7076:"Moon-bound twin GRAIL spacecraft launch success" 6617: 5181:liftoff on 15 February 2024 in a mission between 2122:mission to Mare Cognitum was a complete success. 1371:The U.S. was not able to reach the Moon with the 445:liftoff on 15 February 2024 in a mission between 404:On 19 January 2024, JAXA successfully landed its 87:Clickable map of the locations of all successful 11037: 7846:Chang, Kenneth; Ueno, Hisako (25 January 2024). 7541:"First privately funded moon lander crash-lands" 6961:, NSSDC, NASA. Accessed on line 18 October 2010. 6923:, NSSDC, NASA. Accessed on line 18 October 2010. 6682:This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age 4879:21st century uncrewed soft landings and attempts 4289:is the cost it imposes in government subsidies. 2815:of long-term exposure to the lunar environment. 840:Early Soviet uncrewed lunar missions (1958–1965) 709:which killed thousands in attacks on London and 635:rocket as well as the spent ascent stage of the 379:On 23 August 2023, ISRO successfully landed its 8086: 8004: 7335:"Abandoned rocket 'hits the Moon' - scientists" 6874: 6438: 6436: 6032: 6030: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5197:to land on the Moon and the first landing with 4582:Other aspects of the successful Apollo landings 4084:Apollo program § Political pressure builds 2153:Model of Luna 16 Moon soil sample return lander 2017:, electrostatic analyzers, medium-energy-range 54: 8114: 6972:"Chandrayaan-I Impact Probe lands on the Moon" 6964: 6465:"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 2 Details" 6444:"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 1 Details" 6087:"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 9 Details" 6073:"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 8 Details" 6059:"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 7 Details" 6038:"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 5 Details" 6014:"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 6 Details" 5993:"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 4 Details" 5790:"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 3 Details" 5245:Landings on moons of other Solar System bodies 1953:extending from a one-meter diameter spherical 1351:Early U.S. uncrewed lunar missions (1958–1965) 9702: 9292: 9056: 8493: 8313:Smith-Schoenwalder, Cecelia (26 March 2019). 8230: 7392: 7361:"China lands Jade Rabbit robot rover on Moon" 7038:"NASA's LCROSS Mission Changes Impact Crater" 5126:lander of Chandrayaan-3 near lunar south pole 5038:, the Indian National Space agency, launched 4993: 4937:lander on the surface of far side of the Moon 4232:'s chief designer, had started promoting his 2329:– second lunar soft landing, numerous photos 2161:Model of Soviet Lunokhod automatic Moon rover 2075:on the planned Moon landing, 21 November 1962 261:in 2013. All soft landings took place on the 27:Arrival of a spacecraft on the Moon's surface 8363: 8303:, 11 December 2017, accessed 21 August 2018. 8283: 8010: 7386: 7250: 6457: 6433: 6079: 6065: 6051: 6027: 6006: 5976: 5850: 5777: 4755:was launched on 24 October 2007, 10:05 UTC. 4739:was launched on 22 October 2008, 00:52 UTC. 2296:– first lunar soft landing, numerous photos 1969:in space and use a sophisticated integrated 717:, which killed hundreds of thousands in the 50: 9070: 8357: 7571:"India announces new date for space launch" 7196: 7168: 7008: 5837:"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Lun 2 Details" 5309: 5148:Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (Japan) 4958:became the first spacecraft to land on the 3585:Soviet circumlunar loop flights (1967–1970) 3139:mission profile for a crewed Moon landing. 555:; currently, the only practical means is a 9709: 9695: 9299: 9285: 9063: 9049: 8507: 8500: 8486: 7228: 7143: 5829: 4866:Manfred Memorial Moon Mission (Luxembourg) 4684: 2105:of the spacecraft by keeping it above the 477:List of people who have walked on the Moon 8256: 7845: 7040:. NASA. 29 September 2009. Archived from 6730: 6534:, and Special Assistant to the President 5171:On 22 February 2024, Intuitive Machine's 4626:President Richard Nixon had speechwriter 3666:eventual termination of the Zond effort. 3170:Soviet lunar orbit satellites (1966–1974) 2145:Soviet uncrewed soft landings (1966–1976) 2080:This payload sphere contained six silver- 1977:ICBM outfitted with an Able upper stage. 719:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 435:On 22 February 2024, Intuitive Machine's 34:. For the first crewed Moon landing, see 8214: 8120: 7409: 6515:Listening In: JFK on Getting to the Moon 5118: 5114: 5058: 5030: 4940: 4928: 4887: 4712: 4654:Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package 4585: 4263: 4166: 4087: 3117: 3089: 2776: 2765: 2156: 2148: 1882:image scanning television system with a 1362: 1354: 796: 753:to orbit the Earth and so initiated the 731: 546: 480: 424:spacecraft (2019), and Japanese company 335: 285: 197: 8402:"How to test a Moon landing from Earth" 8306: 8236: 6904: 6902: 6834:"Apollo TV Tapes: The Search Continues" 6704: 6679: 5888:"The start of the Space Race (article)" 5652: 5278:performed a successful moon landing on 3425:U.S. lunar orbit satellites (1966–1967) 2762:U.S. uncrewed soft landings (1966–1968) 2037:of 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi). 670: 14: 11038: 9261:List of artificial objects on the Moon 8351:"NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions" 8190: 8188: 7876: 7872: 7870: 7751: 7523:"First privately funded lunar landing" 7373: 7305: 6911:. Space.com. Retrieved 10 October 2014 6316:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details" 6291:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details" 6266:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details" 5911: 5712: 5626: 4810:of detonating approximately 2 tons of 4292: 4040:finally launched several weeks later. 3661:requiring development of the advanced 1344:– lunar impact during landing attempt 524:, and ending on 14 December 1972 with 411: 368:missions. The U.S. followed with five 281: 9690: 9280: 9044: 8481: 8466:Project Apollo Archive Flickr Gallery 8399: 8237:Shimbun, The Yomiuri (30 July 2019). 8143: 8092: 8061: 8033: 7944: 7824: 7725: 7699: 7667: 7469: 7443: 7395:"China's Yutu rover dies on the moon" 7283: 7229:Neal-Jones, Nancy (28 October 2014). 7174: 6547: 6210: 6208: 6182: 6180: 6154: 6152: 6126: 6124: 6098: 6096: 5757: 5282:in 2005. Similarly, the Soviet probe 4315:Duration on lunar surface (DD:HH:MM) 1863:– returned 5814 photos, crash impact 1838:– returned 7137 photos, crash impact 1813:– returned 4308 photos, crash impact 9308:People who have traveled to the Moon 8339:White House endorses Artemis program 7650: 7202: 6899: 6345:NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 5727:from the original on 19 January 2024 5490:"Manned Space Chronology: Apollo_11" 5410:International Lunar Research Station 5207: 5054: 4974:, was launched to the Earth–Moon L2 4924: 4883: 4742: 4725:(MIP). The MIP was ejected from the 4610:on the Moon, 20 July 1969, creating 4065:in July 1969, the stage was set for 3127:surface without a lunar orbit. Such 740:On 4 October 1957, the Soviet Union 689:-style surprise attacks used in the 276: 8988: 8185: 8156: 7945:David, Emillia (22 February 2024). 7867: 6132:"Able 2 (Pioneer 1) - NASA Science" 6104:"Able 1 (Pioneer 0) - NASA Science" 5912:Hurley, Steve (19 September 2022). 5758:David, Emillia (22 February 2024). 5627:Sheetz, Michael (19 January 2024). 5157:Smart Lander for Investigating Moon 5102: 4782:was launched on 14 September 2007. 3607:on astronauts during the resulting 2101:This was probably because of prior 1967:low frequency electromagnetic waves 1869: 1638:– first stage explosion; destroyed 1438:– first stage explosion; destroyed 559:. Unlike airborne vehicles such as 485:The view through the window of the 24: 8387: 7825:Chang, Kenneth (19 January 2024). 7726:Jones, Andrew (16 December 2020). 7374:Denyer, Simon (14 December 2013). 7306:Howell, Elizabeth (3 March 2022). 7156:National Space Science Data Center 7078:. EarthSky.org. 10 September 2011. 7065:, "NASA crashes rocket into moon". 6980:. 15 November 2008. Archived from 6934:"Eureka! Ice Found At Lunar Poles" 6784:. comingsoon.net. 8 September 2007 6705:Launius, Roger D. (10 July 2019). 6205: 6177: 6149: 6121: 6093: 5959:"Lunar Missions 1958 through 1965" 5880: 5470:First on the Moon (disambiguation) 5381:On 11 December 2017, US President 4950:rover deployed by Chang'e 4 lander 4902:On 14 December 2013 at 13:12 UTC, 4798:(LRO) on 18 June 2009 on board an 4719:Indian Space Research Organisation 4259: 4198: 1995: 1788:– spacecraft camera; crash impact 1131:– booster malfunction at T+ 105 s 994:– booster malfunction at T+ 153 s 948:– booster malfunction at T+ 254 s 927:– booster malfunction at T+ 104 s 816:) that would bridge the so-called 464: 210:for a live broadcast at that time. 25: 11072: 10927:Lilith (hypothetical second moon) 9084:Apollo command and service module 8444: 8034:Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024). 7700:Jones, Andrew (6 December 2020). 7444:Jones, Andrew (7 December 2018). 7003:"Chinese probe crashes into moon" 5653:Dhillon, Amrit (23 August 2023). 5406:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program 5075:On 6 December 2020 at 21:42 UTC, 4758: 1044:– first photos of lunar far side 906:– booster malfunction at T+ 93 s 11023: 11011: 10999: 10987: 10975: 10949: 10948: 10890:Moon landing conspiracy theories 9813: 9146: 8400:Mehta, Jatan (8 February 2024). 8343: 8332: 8137: 8055: 8027: 7990: 7964: 7938: 7926: 7904: 7651:Gray, Tyler (6 September 2019). 7470:Jones, Andrew (5 October 2021). 7284:Foust, Jeff (13 February 2022). 7175:Chang, Kenneth (18 April 2014). 4785: 4696: 4672: 4633:In 1951, science fiction writer 1913:NASA then collaborated with the 1890:to study the Moon's surface, an 1763:– spacecraft power; solar orbit 1713:– booster guidance; solar orbit 1613:– second stage anomaly; reentry 1086:– booster malfunction at T+ 1 s 10312:Selenographic coordinate system 8144:Grush, Loren (8 October 2018). 8074:from the original on 8 May 2024 8011:Andrew Jones (25 April 2023). 7877:Sample, Ian (19 January 2024). 7839: 7818: 7792: 7767: 7752:Berger, Eric (19 August 2023). 7745: 7719: 7693: 7644: 7611: 7589: 7563: 7547:. 11 April 2019. Archived from 7533: 7515: 7489: 7463: 7437: 7393:Stephen Clark (4 August 2016). 7367: 7353: 7327: 7299: 7277: 7125: 7100: 7082: 7068: 7056: 7030: 6996: 6952: 6926: 6914: 6848: 6826: 6812: 6796: 6774: 6763: 6684:. Modern Library. p. 432. 6673: 6643: 6592: 6567: 6541: 6503: 6478: 6408: 6383: 6358: 6333: 6308: 6283: 6258: 6233: 5950: 5931: 5905: 5751: 5739: 5713:Sample, Ian (19 January 2024). 5555:NASA Apollo 11 40th anniversary 5322:Lunar Polar Exploration Mission 4954:On 3 January 2019 at 2:26 UTC, 4846: 4821: 4298: 4073:Human Moon landings (1969–1972) 2234:) and 37 km (23 mi) ( 1688:– upper stage anomaly; reentry 1663:– upper stage anomaly; reentry 1513:– first stage misfire, reentry 1488:– third stage misfire; reentry 801:A 1963 conceptual model of the 372:soft landings. China's ongoing 298:Six government space agencies, 10839:Artificial objects on the Moon 8123:"落月时刻 2024-06-02 06:23:15.861" 7603:. 22 July 2019. Archived from 7203:Dunn, Marcia (18 April 2014). 6241:"Pioneer P-1, P-3, P-30, P-31" 5680: 5646: 5620: 5586: 5548: 5534: 5504: 5482: 5257:to include other moons in the 5130:India's national space agency 4774:at 18:25 UTC on 10 June 2009. 4077: 3216:– stranded in low Earth orbit 2470:– stranded in low Earth orbit 2444:– stranded in low Earth orbit 1223:– stranded in low Earth orbit 1110:– stranded in low Earth orbit 832:or MAD. These newly developed 649:internal structure of the Moon 269:made the first landing on the 13: 1: 9930:Total penumbral lunar eclipse 8457:Moon missions (United States) 8364:Andrew Jones (17 July 2023). 8093:Jones, Andrew (1 June 2024). 6416:"Ranger 6, 7, 8, 9 (Block 3)" 5475: 4872:Manfred Memorial Moon Mission 3989:non-human biological payload 3961:non-human biological payload 3933:non-human biological payload 3909:non-human biological payload 3881:non-human biological payload 3853:non-human biological payload 3150:. Such mass concentrations (" 803:Apollo Lunar Excursion Module 40:Moon landing (disambiguation) 10905:Moon is made of green cheese 10199:Permanently shadowed craters 9266:List of missions to the Moon 9228:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander 8319:U.S. News & World Report 8062:Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). 6936:. NASA. 2012. Archived from 6836:. space.com. 3 November 2006 6680:Burrows, William E. (1999). 6538:/ Nov 1962, minutes 2:58–ff. 6530:, NASA Deputy Administrator 5914:"4 October 1957 – Sputnik 1" 4796:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3591:Soviet crewed lunar programs 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2169:spacecraft, launched by the 1588:– payload shroud; destroyed 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 7: 8129:) (in Chinese) – via 6782:"In the Shadow of the Moon" 5443: 4551: 4548: 4510: 4507: 4469: 4466: 4428: 4425: 4387: 4384: 4346: 4343: 3982: 3954: 3926: 3902: 3874: 3846: 3822: 3794: 3770: 3746: 3718: 3568: 3543: 3518: 3493: 3468: 3402: 3377: 3350: 3325: 3304: 3281: 3256: 3231: 3206: 2739: 2710: 2683: 2646: 2615: 2584: 2547: 2514: 2485: 2460: 2434: 2404: 2375: 2350: 2319: 2286: 2141:further buoyed U.S. hopes. 1853: 1828: 1803: 1778: 1753: 1728: 1703: 1678: 1653: 1628: 1603: 1578: 1563:– pad explosion; destroyed 1553: 1528: 1503: 1478: 1453: 1428: 1334: 1309: 1284: 1259: 1234: 1213: 1188: 1167: 1146: 1121: 1100: 1076: 1055: 1034: 1009: 984: 963: 938: 917: 896: 208:largest television audience 187:Dates are landing dates in 10: 11077: 10832:Craters named after people 10305:Transient lunar phenomenon 9953:Solar eclipses on the Moon 9654:Command and Service Module 8414:10.1038/d41586-024-00352-w 6732:10.1038/d41586-019-02088-4 6548:Nicks, O. W. (June 1985). 6216:"Pioneer 4 - NASA Science" 6188:"Pioneer 3 - NASA Science" 6160:"Pioneer 2 - NASA Science" 5313: 5195:privately owned spacecraft 5005:launched their spacecraft 4747:The Chinese lunar orbiter 4202: 4081: 3682: 3588: 3431: 2820: 2243: 2203:, and was the third lunar 1999: 1463:– software error; reentry 1395: 866: 830:mutual assured destruction 828:with the Soviets known as 674: 474: 468: 459:privately owned spacecraft 189:Coordinated Universal Time 29: 10943: 10772: 10740: 10645: 10562: 10482: 10321: 10024: 9822: 9811: 9733: 9724: 9634: 9471: 9314: 9236: 9210: 9155: 9144: 9076: 8981: 8940: 8915: 8876: 8851: 8808: 8801: 8720: 8623: 8582: 8575: 8533: 8523: 8516: 8121:Seger Yu (1 June 2024). 7503:(in Chinese). 7 July 2022 7497:"嫦娥四号完成第44月昼工作进入第44月夜休眠" 6805:In Event of Moon Disaster 6600:"Ranger 4 - NASA Science" 6575:"Ranger 3 - NASA Science" 5943:28 September 2009 at the 5450:List of Apollo astronauts 5414:China Manned Space Agency 5391:Vice President Mike Pence 5352:also has plans to launch 5253:has broadened the phrase 5249:21st century progress in 4317: 4311: 4308: 4305: 1982:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1935:Van Allen radiation belts 265:until January 2019, when 49: 9716: 7545:Science & Innovation 7363:. BBC. 14 December 2013. 7137:11 February 2015 at the 7094:11 February 2015 at the 5370:, in a landing close to 5310:Proposed future missions 4193:became president in 1963 4140:'s flight, US President 1919:Ballistic Missile Agency 846:fall of the Soviet Union 567:, a rocket can continue 11046:Exploration of the Moon 10853:Moon in science fiction 10358:Giant-impact hypothesis 10206:South Pole–Aitken basin 9675:Exploration of the Moon 9071:Crewed lunar spacecraft 7775:"Chandrayaan-3 Details" 5811:"Escape from the Moon!" 5423:crewed lunar spacecraft 4988:lunar penetrating radar 4685:Lunar Prospector (U.S.) 4640:On 16 August 2006, the 4568:Harrison "Jack" Schmitt 4327:Total EVA Time (HH:MM) 2207:overall, following the 1908:United States Air Force 820:and enable a policy of 10874:futuristic exploration 10397:Late Heavy Bombardment 7655:. NASA Spaceflight.com 7625:. PTI. 26 March 2019. 7160:. NASA. Archived from 6820:"Sir Arthur C. Clarke" 6770:The Mission of Luna 16 6625:"Astronautix Luna E-6" 5127: 5072: 4951: 4938: 4899: 4644:reported that NASA is 4623: 4283:free return trajectory 4277: 4172: 4134:early Soviet successes 4100: 3643:rendezvous and docking 3597:free return trajectory 3137:lunar orbit rendezvous 3123: 3107: 2800: 2774: 2199:return mission by the 2162: 2154: 2131:United States Congress 2068: 2031:scintillation counters 1988:; lunar versions were 1368: 1360: 805: 737: 699:attack on Pearl Harbor 625:many such Moon crashes 497: 295: 253:in 1976 there were no 226:on the surface of the 211: 83: 38:. For other uses, see 11051:History of television 10934:Splitting of the Moon 10846:Memorials on the Moon 10450:Lunar sample displays 10132:Peak of eternal light 9218:Lunar Orbital Station 7016:"KAGUYA Lunar Impact" 5964:. Nasa History Series 5361:sample return mission 5234:infrared spectroscopy 5163:Intuitive Machines-1 5122: 5115:Chandrayaan-3 (India) 5062: 5031:Chandrayaan-2 (India) 4944: 4932: 4891: 4713:Chandrayaan-1 (India) 4618:was the first of six 4598: 4400:Charles "Pete" Conrad 4267: 4170: 4091: 3121: 3098: 2788:, stands next to the 2780: 2769: 2594:– lunar crash impact 2414:– lunar crash impact 2226:In 1970 and 1973 two 2205:sample return mission 2160: 2152: 2064: 1366: 1358: 1019:– first lunar impact 800: 735: 547:Scientific background 484: 469:Further information: 289: 263:near side of the Moon 201: 82: 11056:Missions to the Moon 9668:Lunar Roving Vehicle 9256:List of lunar probes 6341:"Mariner Spacecraft" 5455:Lunar Escape Systems 5385:signed Space Policy 5222:far side of the Moon 5081:returned the samples 5021:Google Lunar X Prize 4960:far side of the Moon 4856:far side of the Moon 4649:Slow-scan television 4646:missing the original 4230:Soviet space program 4220:Apollo-Soyuz mission 4171:Apollo landing sites 4119:atmospheric re-entry 3011:Mare Tranquillitatis 2948:Oceanus Procellarum 1925:ICBM, carrying only 780:far side of the Moon 751:artificial satellite 697:, as well as in the 671:Political background 336:#Commercial landings 330:(hard landing), and 271:far side of the Moon 222:is the arrival of a 10434:Lunar laser ranging 9249:conspiracy theories 9223:Boeing Lunar Lander 9163:Apollo Lunar Module 8472:Apollo in Real Time 8301:Space Policy Online 8295:12 May 2018 at the 7601:The Washington Post 7529:. 14 February 2019. 7380:The Washington Post 6723:2019Natur.571..167L 6661:on 15 December 2007 6655:National Geographic 6490:www.astronautix.com 6420:Gunter's Space Page 6320:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 6295:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 6270:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 6245:Gunter's Space Page 5938:JPL Pioneer Mission 5868:on 18 December 2012 5516:National Geographic 5427:crewed lunar lander 5093:Oceanus Procellarum 4608:Apollo Lunar Module 4515:Descartes Highlands 4363:Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin 4312:Lunar landing site 4309:Lunar liftoff date 4306:Lunar landing date 4293:Human Moon landings 2883:Oceanus Procellarum 2333:Oceanus Procellarum 2300:Oceanus Procellarum 631:third stage of the 608:carried out by the 412:Commercial landings 282:Government landings 243:six crewed landings 155:Chandrayaan program 11061:1959 introductions 10583:Lunisolar calendar 10252:Lunar basalt 70017 9999:Tidal acceleration 9854:Perigee and apogee 9744:Internal structure 9316:Walked on the Moon 9106:Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1) 8168:The Times of India 7978:. 28 February 2024 7853:The New York Times 7832:The New York Times 7681:. 23 November 2020 7182:The New York Times 7164:on 13 August 2008. 7044:on 28 October 2009 6984:on 22 October 2012 6977:The Times of India 6940:on 9 December 2006 6651:"Moon Exploration" 5918:Explaining Science 5692:The Times of India 5599:The New York Times 5372:Statio Shiv Shakti 5328:that would send a 5191:Intuitive Machines 5128: 5073: 4952: 4939: 4900: 4624: 4351:Sea of Tranquility 4278: 4274:United States flag 4173: 4101: 3875:15 September 1968 3771:28 September 1967 3378:28 September 1971 3124: 3108: 2903:20 September 1966 2801: 2775: 2628:Mare Fecunditatis 2597:Mare Fecunditatis 2515:12 September 1970 2435:23 September 1969 2163: 2155: 2103:heat sterilization 2023:ionization chamber 2019:particle detectors 1931:Geiger-Müller tube 1915:United States Army 1892:ionization chamber 1604:25 September 1960 1554:24 September 1959 1369: 1361: 1010:12 September 1959 897:23 September 1958 806: 738: 691:invasion of Poland 500:A total of twelve 498: 455:Intuitive Machines 430:Hakuto-R Mission 1 296: 257:on the Moon until 212: 179:Intuitive Machines 84: 10963: 10962: 10913:Natural satellite 10372:Lunar magma ocean 10148:Volcanic features 9684: 9683: 9274: 9273: 9111:LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3) 9038: 9037: 9034: 9033: 8977: 8976: 8716: 8715: 8571: 8570: 8353:. 9 January 2024. 7914:. 29 January 2024 7397:. Spaceflight Now 6717:(7764): 167–168. 5862:Tartu Observatory 5368:south polar basin 5251:space exploration 5208:Chang'e 6 (China) 5055:Chang'e 5 (China) 4964:Von Kármán crater 4925:Chang'e 4 (China) 4884:Chang'e 3 (China) 4808:energy equivalent 4743:Chang'e 1 (China) 4723:Moon Impact Probe 4596: 4579: 4578: 4552:14 December 1972 4549:11 December 1972 4388:21 November 1969 4385:19 November 1969 4211:Nikita Khrushchev 4115:Wernher von Braun 4045:Apollo spacecraft 4016:, and because of 3999: 3998: 3986:Circumlunar Loop 3958:Circumlunar Loop 3930:Circumlunar Loop 3906:Circumlunar Loop 3903:10 November 1968 3878:Circumlunar Loop 3850:Circumlunar Loop 3826:High Earth Orbit 3798:High Earth Orbit 3795:22 November 1967 3774:High Earth Orbit 3750:High Earth Orbit 3722:High Earth Orbit 3582: 3581: 3416: 3415: 3177:U.S.S.R. mission 3096: 3083: 3082: 2998:8 September 1967 2759: 2758: 2616:14 February 1972 2585:2 September 1971 2548:10 November 1970 2528:Mare Fecunditatis 2351:19 February 1969 2320:21 December 1966 1867: 1866: 1829:17 February 1965 1679:18 November 1961 1629:15 December 1960 1579:29 November 1959 1348: 1347: 782:. These were the 707:ballistic missile 617:atmospheric entry 374:"Chang'e" program 277:Uncrewed landings 196: 195: 16:(Redirected from 11068: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11016: 11015: 11014: 11004: 11003: 11002: 10992: 10991: 10980: 10979: 10978: 10971: 10956: 10952: 10951: 10936: 10929: 10922: 10915: 10908: 10899: 10892: 10883: 10876: 10869: 10862: 10855: 10848: 10841: 10834: 10825: 10818: 10811: 10804: 10797: 10790: 10783: 10765: 10758: 10756:Meridian passage 10751: 10733: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10705: 10698: 10691: 10684: 10675: 10668: 10661: 10638: 10631: 10624: 10617: 10606: 10599: 10592: 10585: 10578: 10555: 10548: 10539: 10532: 10525: 10518: 10509: 10502: 10495: 10475: 10473:Lunar seismology 10466: 10459: 10452: 10443: 10436: 10429: 10422: 10415: 10408: 10406:Lunar meteorites 10399: 10392: 10385: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10353: 10346: 10339: 10332: 10314: 10307: 10300: 10291: 10284: 10277: 10275:Space weathering 10270: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10233: 10224: 10217: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10187: 10180: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10150: 10143: 10134: 10127: 10118: 10111: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10017: 10008: 10001: 9994: 9987: 9980: 9971: 9962: 9955: 9948: 9939: 9932: 9925: 9918: 9911: 9904: 9897: 9888: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9856: 9849: 9842: 9840:Orbital elements 9835: 9817: 9804: 9797: 9790: 9783: 9774: 9767: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9688: 9687: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9656: 9649: 9642: 9627: 9615: 9603: 9591: 9579: 9567: 9555: 9543: 9531: 9519: 9503: 9491: 9473:Flew to the Moon 9464: 9452: 9445:Harrison Schmitt 9440: 9428: 9416: 9404: 9392: 9380: 9368: 9356: 9344: 9332: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9278: 9277: 9150: 9065: 9058: 9051: 9042: 9041: 8986: 8985: 8806: 8805: 8580: 8579: 8521: 8520: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8479: 8478: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8347: 8341: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8310: 8304: 8299:, Marcia Smith, 8287: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8267:. Archived from 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8234: 8228: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8202:. 4 January 2019 8192: 8183: 8182: 8177: 8175: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7874: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7806:. 23 August 2023 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7607:on 22 July 2019. 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7551:on 11 April 2019 7537: 7531: 7530: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7425:. 3 January 2019 7413: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7265:. Release 14–113 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7147: 7141: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7104: 7098: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6886:Business Insider 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6778: 6772: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6734: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6657:. Archived from 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6631:on 15 March 2016 6627:. Archived from 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6604:science.nasa.gov 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6579:science.nasa.gov 6571: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6554:history.nasa.gov 6545: 6539: 6516: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6440: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6395:science.nasa.gov 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6370:science.nasa.gov 6362: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6220:science.nasa.gov 6212: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6192:science.nasa.gov 6184: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6164:science.nasa.gov 6156: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6136:science.nasa.gov 6128: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6108:science.nasa.gov 6100: 6091: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6034: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5989: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5963: 5954: 5948: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5864:. Archived from 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5813:. Archived from 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5786: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5694:. 23 August 2023 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5574:. 3 January 2019 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5518:. Archived from 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5486: 5103:Luna 25 (Russia) 4997:(Israel/SpaceIL) 4976:Lagrangian point 4898:on lunar surface 4860:Sundman V crater 4834:), and GRAIL B ( 4690:Lunar Prospector 4642:Associated Press 4635:Arthur C. Clarke 4612:Tranquility Base 4597: 4429:6 February 1971 4426:5 February 1971 4297: 4296: 3994: 3983:20 October 1970 3966: 3938: 3927:20 January 1969 3914: 3886: 3858: 3834: 3806: 3782: 3758: 3730: 3683:U.S.S.R mission 3680: 3679: 3659:Soyuz spacecraft 3577: 3552: 3527: 3519:5 February 1967 3502: 3494:6 November 1966 3477: 3429: 3428: 3411: 3386: 3359: 3334: 3326:7 February 1968 3313: 3290: 3282:22 October 1966 3265: 3240: 3215: 3174: 3173: 3164:Eugene Shoemaker 3159:Lunar Prospector 3099:Lunar ascent by 3097: 3079:041.01S 348.59E 3070: 3059:Atlas – Centaur 3046:000.46N 358.63E 3039: 3031:7 November 1967 3028:Atlas – Centaur 3015:001.41N 023.18E 3006: 2995:Atlas – Centaur 2975: 2964:Atlas – Centaur 2951:002.94S 336.66E 2944: 2933:Atlas – Centaur 2920:004.00S 011.00W 2911: 2900:Atlas – Centaur 2887:002.45S 043.22W 2878: 2818: 2817: 2808:Surveyor program 2755:012.25N 062.20E 2748: 2719: 2711:16 October 1975 2699:012.00N 062.00E 2692: 2684:28 October 1974 2668:025.85N 030.45E 2664:LeMonnier Crater 2655: 2631:003.57N 056.50E 2624: 2600:003.57N 056.50E 2593: 2569:038.28N 325.00E 2556: 2532:000.68S 056.30E 2523: 2494: 2486:6 February 1970 2469: 2461:22 October 1969 2443: 2413: 2384: 2359: 2328: 2317:Semyorka – 8K78 2295: 2287:31 January 1966 2284:Semyorka – 8K78 2241: 2240: 2076: 1870:Pioneer missions 1862: 1837: 1812: 1787: 1779:30 January 1964 1762: 1754:18 October 1962 1737: 1712: 1704:26 January 1962 1687: 1662: 1637: 1612: 1587: 1562: 1537: 1512: 1504:6 December 1958 1487: 1479:8 November 1958 1462: 1454:11 October 1958 1437: 1393: 1392: 1343: 1335:3 December 1965 1332:Semyorka – 8K78 1318: 1307:Semyorka – 8K78 1293: 1282:Semyorka – 8K78 1268: 1257:Semyorka – 8K78 1243: 1232:Semyorka – 8K78 1222: 1211:Semyorka – 8K78 1197: 1186:Semyorka – 8K78 1176: 1165:Semyorka – 8K78 1155: 1144:Semyorka – 8K78 1130: 1122:3 February 1963 1119:Semyorka – 8K78 1109: 1098:Semyorka – 8K78 1085: 1074:Semyorka – 8K72 1064: 1053:Semyorka – 8K72 1043: 1032:Semyorka – 8K72 1018: 1007:Semyorka – 8K72 993: 982:Semyorka – 8K72 972: 961:Semyorka – 8K72 947: 939:4 December 1958 936:Semyorka – 8K72 926: 918:12 October 1958 915:Semyorka – 8K72 905: 864: 863: 771:political system 530:Harrison Schmitt 385:lunar south pole 326:(hard landing), 182: 176: 170: 164: 158: 152: 146: 140: 134: 128: 122: 119:Surveyor program 116: 110: 104: 53: 47: 46: 21: 11076: 11075: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11065: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11024: 11022: 11012: 11010: 11000: 10998: 10986: 10976: 10974: 10966: 10964: 10959: 10947: 10939: 10932: 10925: 10918: 10911: 10902: 10895: 10888: 10879: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10851: 10844: 10837: 10830: 10821: 10816:Man in the Moon 10814: 10807: 10800: 10793: 10786: 10779: 10768: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10741:Daily phenomena 10736: 10729: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10701: 10694: 10689:Super and micro 10687: 10680: 10671: 10664: 10657: 10650: 10641: 10634: 10627: 10620: 10613: 10602: 10595: 10588: 10581: 10574: 10564: 10558: 10553:Lunar resources 10551: 10544: 10535: 10528: 10521: 10514: 10505: 10498: 10491: 10478: 10471: 10462: 10455: 10448: 10439: 10432: 10427: 10418: 10411: 10404: 10395: 10388: 10381: 10370: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10342: 10335: 10328: 10317: 10310: 10303: 10296: 10287: 10280: 10273: 10266: 10257: 10250: 10243: 10236: 10229: 10220: 10213: 10204: 10197: 10190: 10183: 10176: 10167: 10160: 10153: 10146: 10139: 10130: 10123: 10114: 10107: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10077: 10068: 10061: 10056: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10026: 10020: 10013: 10004: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9976: 9967: 9958: 9951: 9944: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9893: 9884: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9852: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9818: 9809: 9800: 9793: 9786: 9779: 9770: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9729: 9720: 9715: 9685: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9630: 9618: 9606: 9594: 9582: 9570: 9558: 9546: 9536:Michael Collins 9534: 9524:Thomas Stafford 9522: 9506: 9494: 9482: 9475:without landing 9474: 9467: 9455: 9443: 9431: 9419: 9407: 9395: 9383: 9371: 9359: 9347: 9335: 9323: 9310: 9305: 9275: 9270: 9232: 9206: 9151: 9142: 9072: 9069: 9039: 9030: 8973: 8936: 8911: 8872: 8847: 8797: 8712: 8619: 8567: 8529: 8512: 8506: 8447: 8434: 8432: 8396:, "Moon Fever" 8390: 8388:Further reading 8385: 8384: 8374: 8372: 8362: 8358: 8349: 8348: 8344: 8337: 8333: 8323: 8321: 8311: 8307: 8297:Wayback Machine 8288: 8284: 8274: 8272: 8271:on 25 July 2019 8261: 8257: 8247: 8245: 8235: 8231: 8223:U. Tejonmayam, 8219: 8215: 8205: 8203: 8194: 8193: 8186: 8173: 8171: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8142: 8138: 8119: 8115: 8105: 8103: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8060: 8056: 8046: 8044: 8032: 8028: 8009: 8005: 7996: 7995: 7991: 7981: 7979: 7970: 7969: 7965: 7955: 7953: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7895: 7893: 7875: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7844: 7840: 7823: 7819: 7809: 7807: 7800:"Chandrayaan-3" 7798: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7779:www.isro.gov.in 7773: 7772: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7750: 7746: 7736: 7734: 7724: 7720: 7710: 7708: 7698: 7694: 7684: 7682: 7673: 7672: 7668: 7658: 7656: 7649: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7539: 7538: 7534: 7521: 7520: 7516: 7506: 7504: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7468: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7442: 7438: 7428: 7426: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7400: 7398: 7391: 7387: 7372: 7368: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7342: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7318: 7316: 7304: 7300: 7290: 7288: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7227: 7223: 7213: 7211: 7201: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7173: 7169: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7139:Wayback Machine 7130: 7126: 7116: 7114: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7096:Wayback Machine 7087: 7083: 7074: 7073: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7047: 7045: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7014: 7013: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6987: 6985: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6865: 6863: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6768: 6764: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6678: 6674: 6664: 6662: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6608: 6606: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6583: 6581: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6558: 6556: 6546: 6542: 6522:, meeting with 6514: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6434: 6424: 6422: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6372: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6349: 6347: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6249: 6247: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6196: 6194: 6186: 6185: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6158: 6157: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6130: 6129: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6102: 6101: 6094: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6007: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5945:Wayback Machine 5936: 5932: 5922: 5920: 5910: 5906: 5896: 5894: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5817:on 26 July 2011 5809: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5778: 5768: 5766: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5671: 5669: 5651: 5647: 5637: 5635: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5522:on 21 July 2004 5510: 5509: 5505: 5495: 5493: 5492:. spaceline.org 5488: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5446: 5395:Artemis program 5376:Artemis program 5318: 5316:Future missions 5312: 5271:Cassini–Huygens 5247: 5210: 5169: 5150: 5117: 5105: 5057: 5033: 4999: 4927: 4886: 4881: 4868: 4849: 4824: 4788: 4761: 4745: 4715: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4670: 4622:lunar landings. 4606:land the first 4586: 4584: 4441:Alan B. Shepard 4392:Ocean of Storms 4295: 4262: 4260:Apollo missions 4207: 4205:Soviet Moonshot 4201: 4199:Soviet strategy 4142:John F. Kennedy 4096:and the Soviet 4086: 4080: 4075: 3992: 3964: 3936: 3913:Partial success 3912: 3884: 3856: 3833:Partial success 3832: 3804: 3780: 3757:Partial success 3756: 3729:Partial success 3728: 3701:Mission result 3593: 3587: 3575: 3559:Lunar Orbiter 5 3550: 3534:Lunar Orbiter 4 3525: 3509:Lunar Orbiter 3 3500: 3484:Lunar Orbiter 2 3475: 3469:10 August 1966 3453:Lunar Orbiter 1 3447:Mission result 3427: 3409: 3384: 3357: 3332: 3311: 3308:Prototype test 3288: 3263: 3257:24 August 1966 3238: 3213: 3192:Mission result 3172: 3090: 3088: 3068: 3062:7 January 1968 3037: 3004: 2973: 2942: 2909: 2876: 2784:, commander of 2764: 2746: 2717: 2690: 2653: 2647:8 January 1973 2622: 2591: 2554: 2521: 2492: 2467: 2441: 2411: 2382: 2357: 2337:18°52'N 62°3'W 2326: 2304:7.13°N 64.37°W 2293: 2191:to land on the 2147: 2078: 2073:John F. Kennedy 2070: 2029:detectors, and 2004: 1998: 1996:Ranger missions 1963:magnetic fields 1955:spin-stabilized 1900:micrometeorites 1872: 1860: 1835: 1810: 1785: 1760: 1736:Partial success 1735: 1710: 1685: 1682:Prototype test 1660: 1657:Prototype test 1654:23 August 1961 1635: 1610: 1585: 1560: 1536:Partial success 1535: 1510: 1485: 1460: 1435: 1429:17 August 1958 1402:Launch vehicle 1377:Ranger programs 1353: 1341: 1319:– lunar impact 1316: 1310:4 October 1965 1291: 1269:– lunar impact 1266: 1241: 1220: 1195: 1174: 1153: 1128: 1107: 1101:4 January 1963 1083: 1062: 1041: 1035:4 October 1959 1016: 991: 971:Partial success 970: 964:2 January 1959 945: 924: 903: 873:Launch vehicle 842: 679: 673: 593:escape velocity 549: 508:on each of six 479: 473: 467: 465:Crewed landings 414: 284: 279: 192: 186: 185: 174: 173: 162: 161: 150: 149: 143:Chang'e program 138: 137: 126: 125: 114: 113: 102: 101: 81: 51: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11074: 11064: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11033: 11032: 11020: 11008: 10996: 10984: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10957: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10930: 10923: 10916: 10909: 10900: 10893: 10886: 10885: 10884: 10877: 10870: 10863: 10849: 10842: 10835: 10828: 10827: 10826: 10819: 10805: 10798: 10791: 10784: 10776: 10774: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10766: 10759: 10752: 10744: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10734: 10727: 10720: 10713: 10706: 10699: 10692: 10685: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10662: 10654: 10652: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10639: 10636:Lunar distance 10632: 10625: 10618: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10586: 10579: 10576:Lunar calendar 10571: 10569: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10556: 10549: 10542: 10541: 10540: 10526: 10519: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10503: 10500:Apollo program 10488: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10460: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10437: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10416: 10409: 10402: 10401: 10400: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10375: 10368: 10347: 10340: 10333: 10325: 10323: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10315: 10308: 10301: 10294: 10293: 10292: 10285: 10282:Micrometeorite 10271: 10264: 10263: 10262: 10259:Changesite-(Y) 10255: 10241: 10238:Wrinkle ridges 10234: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10202: 10195: 10188: 10174: 10173: 10172: 10165: 10158: 10144: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10105: 10104: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10087: 10075: 10074: 10073: 10066: 10054: 10047: 10040: 10032: 10030: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10018: 10011: 10010: 10009: 10002: 9995: 9988: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9956: 9949: 9942: 9941: 9940: 9933: 9912: 9905: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9866: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9836: 9833:Lunar distance 9828: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9807: 9806: 9805: 9791: 9784: 9781:Magnetic field 9777: 9776: 9775: 9761: 9754: 9747: 9739: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9714: 9713: 9706: 9699: 9691: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9643: 9640:Apollo program 9635: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9616: 9604: 9592: 9580: 9568: 9556: 9544: 9532: 9520: 9504: 9492: 9484:William Anders 9479: 9477: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9465: 9453: 9441: 9429: 9417: 9405: 9393: 9385:Edgar Mitchell 9381: 9369: 9357: 9345: 9333: 9325:Neil Armstrong 9320: 9318: 9312: 9311: 9304: 9303: 9296: 9289: 9281: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9252: 9251: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9214: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9190: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9121:Lunar Gateway‎ 9115: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9086: 9080: 9078: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9045: 9036: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8983: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8965: 8955: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8928: 8921: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8909: 8903: 8896: 8895: 8889: 8882: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8870: 8864: 8857: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8839: 8833: 8827: 8821: 8814: 8812: 8803: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8586: 8584: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8559: 8558: 8548: 8543: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8505: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8454: 8446: 8445:External links 8443: 8442: 8441: 8397: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8356: 8342: 8331: 8305: 8282: 8255: 8243:The Japan News 8229: 8227:. 18 May 2019. 8213: 8184: 8155: 8136: 8113: 8085: 8054: 8026: 8019:) – via 8003: 7989: 7976:blogs.nasa.gov 7963: 7937: 7925: 7903: 7866: 7838: 7817: 7791: 7766: 7744: 7718: 7692: 7666: 7643: 7610: 7588: 7577:. 18 July 2019 7562: 7532: 7514: 7488: 7462: 7436: 7408: 7385: 7366: 7352: 7341:. 4 March 2022 7326: 7298: 7276: 7249: 7221: 7195: 7167: 7158:Master Catalog 7142: 7124: 7099: 7089:Spaceflight101 7081: 7067: 7055: 7029: 7007: 6995: 6963: 6951: 6925: 6913: 6898: 6873: 6862:. 22 July 2019 6847: 6825: 6811: 6795: 6773: 6762: 6697: 6690: 6672: 6642: 6616: 6591: 6566: 6540: 6536:Jerome Wiesner 6532:Robert Seamans 6526:Administrator 6502: 6486:"Ranger 3-4-5" 6477: 6456: 6432: 6407: 6382: 6357: 6332: 6307: 6282: 6257: 6232: 6204: 6176: 6148: 6120: 6092: 6078: 6064: 6050: 6026: 6005: 5975: 5949: 5930: 5904: 5879: 5849: 5828: 5802: 5776: 5750: 5738: 5705: 5679: 5645: 5619: 5585: 5559: 5547: 5533: 5503: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5460:Robert Goddard 5457: 5452: 5445: 5442: 5340:region of the 5314:Main article: 5311: 5308: 5246: 5243: 5239:Inner Mongolia 5209: 5206: 5168: 5161: 5149: 5146: 5116: 5113: 5104: 5101: 5097:Inner Mongolia 5056: 5053: 5032: 5029: 4998: 4992: 4926: 4923: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4867: 4864: 4848: 4845: 4823: 4820: 4802:rocket with a 4787: 4784: 4760: 4759:SELENE (Japan) 4757: 4744: 4741: 4714: 4711: 4705:lunar orbiter 4698: 4695: 4686: 4683: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4628:William Safire 4620:Apollo program 4600:Neil Armstrong 4583: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4561: 4558: 4556:Taurus–Littrow 4553: 4550: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4520: 4517: 4512: 4511:24 April 1972 4509: 4508:21 April 1972 4506: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4479: 4476: 4471: 4470:2 August 1971 4468: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4445:Edgar Mitchell 4438: 4435: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4359:Neil Armstrong 4356: 4353: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4294: 4291: 4261: 4258: 4236:craft and the 4226:Sergey Korolev 4209:Soviet leader 4203:Main article: 4200: 4197: 4185:launch vehicle 4146:Lyndon Johnson 4082:Main article: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 3997: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3955:8 August 1969 3953: 3950: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3847:23 April 1968 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3719:10 March 1967 3717: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3671:service module 3589:Main article: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3573: 3572:Lunar orbiter 3570: 3569:1 August 1967 3567: 3566:Atlas – Agena 3564: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3548: 3547:Lunar orbiter 3545: 3542: 3541:Atlas – Agena 3539: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3523: 3522:Lunar orbiter 3520: 3517: 3516:Atlas – Agena 3514: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3498: 3497:Lunar orbiter 3495: 3492: 3491:Atlas – Agena 3489: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3473: 3472:Lunar orbiter 3470: 3467: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3406:Lunar orbiter 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3382: 3381:Lunar orbiter 3379: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3354:Lunar orbiter 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3329:Lunar orbiter 3327: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3286: 3285:Lunar orbiter 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3261: 3260:Lunar orbiter 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3236: 3235:Lunar orbiter 3233: 3232:31 March 1966 3230: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3211: 3210:Lunar orbiter 3208: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3171: 3168: 3129:direct ascents 3087: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2936:20 April 1967 2934: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2859: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2743:Sample return 2741: 2740:9 August 1976 2738: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2715: 2714:Sample return 2712: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2687:Sample return 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2619:Sample return 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2588:Sample return 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2525: 2519: 2518:Sample return 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2490: 2489:Sample return 2487: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2465: 2464:Sample return 2462: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2439: 2438:Sample return 2436: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2408:Sample return 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2380: 2379:Sample return 2377: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2187:was the first 2146: 2143: 2063: 2012:rubidium-vapor 2002:Ranger program 1997: 1994: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1854:21 March 1965 1852: 1851:Atlas – Agena 1849: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1826:Atlas – Agena 1824: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1801:Atlas – Agena 1799: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1776:Atlas – Agena 1774: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1751:Atlas – Agena 1749: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1729:23 April 1962 1727: 1726:Atlas – Agena 1724: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1701:Atlas – Agena 1699: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1676:Atlas – Agena 1674: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1651:Atlas – Agena 1649: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1388:reconnaissance 1352: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1235:10 April 1965 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1214:12 March 1965 1212: 1209: 1207: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1189:20 April 1964 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1168:21 March 1964 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1077:16 April 1960 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1056:15 April 1960 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 996: 995: 989: 986: 983: 980: 978: 975: 974: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 950: 949: 943: 940: 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 922: 919: 916: 913: 911: 908: 907: 901: 898: 895: 889: 887: 884: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 841: 838: 675:Main article: 672: 669: 660:kinetic energy 602:launch vehicle 548: 545: 541:command module 514:Neil Armstrong 492:shortly after 471:Apollo program 466: 463: 413: 410: 383:module in the 283: 280: 278: 275: 247:Apollo program 204:Neil Armstrong 194: 193: 184: 183: 171: 159: 147: 135: 131:Apollo program 123: 111: 98: 97: 95:to date (top) 85: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11073: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11031: 11021: 11019: 11009: 11007: 10997: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10983: 10973: 10972: 10969: 10955: 10946: 10945: 10942: 10935: 10931: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10920:Double planet 10917: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10887: 10882: 10878: 10875: 10871: 10868: 10864: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10850: 10847: 10843: 10840: 10836: 10833: 10829: 10824: 10820: 10817: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10806: 10803: 10802:Moon illusion 10799: 10796: 10792: 10789: 10785: 10782: 10781:Lunar deities 10778: 10777: 10775: 10771: 10764: 10760: 10757: 10753: 10750: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10739: 10732: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10679: 10674: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10663: 10660: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10648: 10644: 10637: 10633: 10630: 10629:Lunar station 10626: 10623: 10619: 10616: 10612: 10605: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10580: 10577: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10563:Time-telling 10561: 10554: 10550: 10547: 10543: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10517: 10513: 10508: 10504: 10501: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10481: 10474: 10470: 10465: 10461: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10447: 10442: 10438: 10435: 10431: 10430: 10426: 10421: 10417: 10414: 10410: 10407: 10403: 10398: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10373: 10369: 10366: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10348: 10345: 10341: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10320: 10313: 10309: 10306: 10302: 10299: 10295: 10290: 10286: 10283: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10272: 10269: 10265: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10223: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10212: 10207: 10203: 10200: 10196: 10193: 10189: 10186: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10175: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10156: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10145: 10142: 10138: 10133: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10122: 10117: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10106: 10099: 10095: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10081: 10080: 10076: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10048: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10023: 10016: 10015:Lunar station 10012: 10007: 10003: 10000: 9996: 9993: 9992:Tidal locking 9989: 9986: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9975: 9970: 9966: 9961: 9960:Eclipse cycle 9957: 9954: 9950: 9947: 9946:Solar eclipse 9943: 9938: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9923:Lunar eclipse 9920: 9919: 9917: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9892: 9887: 9883: 9878: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9860: 9855: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9837: 9834: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9821: 9816: 9803: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9773: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9765:Gravity field 9762: 9759: 9755: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9732: 9728: 9723: 9719: 9712: 9707: 9705: 9700: 9698: 9693: 9692: 9689: 9676: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9636: 9633: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9608:Ken Mattingly 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9470: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9302: 9297: 9295: 9290: 9288: 9283: 9282: 9279: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9209: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9195: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9171:Lunniy Korabl 9169: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9149: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9066: 9061: 9059: 9054: 9052: 9047: 9046: 9043: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8980: 8969: 8966: 8963: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8907: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8886:Blue Ghost M1 8884: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8834: 8831: 8828: 8825: 8822: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8807: 8804: 8800: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8738:Chandrayaan-2 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8719: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8631:Chandrayaan-3 8629: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8578: 8574: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8526: 8522: 8519: 8515: 8510: 8509:Lunar landing 8503: 8498: 8496: 8491: 8489: 8484: 8483: 8480: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8371: 8370:spacenews.com 8367: 8360: 8352: 8346: 8340: 8335: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8286: 8270: 8266: 8259: 8244: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8222: 8217: 8201: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8181: 8170:. 7 July 2019 8169: 8165: 8159: 8151: 8147: 8140: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8117: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8089: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8058: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8007: 7999: 7993: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7952: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7913: 7907: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7873: 7871: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7842: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7821: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7755: 7748: 7733: 7729: 7722: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7654: 7647: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7477: 7473: 7466: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7412: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7356: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7315: 7314: 7309: 7302: 7287: 7280: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7225: 7210: 7206: 7199: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7157: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7128: 7113: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7085: 7077: 7071: 7064: 7059: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7017: 7011: 7004: 6999: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6967: 6960: 6955: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6922: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6835: 6829: 6821: 6815: 6807: 6806: 6799: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6691:0-375-75485-7 6687: 6683: 6676: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6605: 6601: 6595: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6555: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6506: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6466: 6460: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6088: 6082: 6074: 6068: 6060: 6054: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6015: 6009: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5934: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5838: 5832: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5544:. NASA–NSSDC. 5543: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5491: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5419:Long March 10 5415: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5399:Lunar Gateway 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5354:Chandrayaan 4 5351: 5350:Chandrayaan 3 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5167:lander (U.S.) 5166: 5160: 5158: 5155:launched the 5154: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5136:Chandrayaan-3 5133: 5125: 5121: 5112: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5040:Chandrayaan-2 5037: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4897: 4895: 4890: 4876: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4786:LCROSS (U.S.) 4783: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4737:Chandrayaan-1 4734: 4732: 4728: 4727:Chandrayaan-1 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4697:SMART-1 (ESA) 4694: 4691: 4682: 4680: 4673:Hiten (Japan) 4665: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4631: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4564:Eugene Cernan 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4467:30 July 1971 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347:21 July 1969 4344:20 July 1969 4341: 4340: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4303:Lunar lander 4302: 4300:Mission name 4299: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4257: 4255: 4250: 4248: 4247:Alexei Leonov 4242: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4188: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4178:James E. Webb 4169: 4165: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4136:, especially 4135: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3823:2 March 1968 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3747:8 April 1967 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3695:Mission goal 3681: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3592: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3549: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3444:Mission goal 3432:U.S. mission 3430: 3422: 3420: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3353: 3351:7 April 1968 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3212: 3209: 3207:1 March 1966 3204: 3201: 3199: 3197:Cosmos – 111 3196: 3195: 3189:Mission goal 3175: 3167: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3102: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2967:14 July 1967 2966: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2839:Landing zone 2819: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2798: 2797: 2794:Lunar Module 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2768: 2754: 2752:Mare Crisium 2751: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2696:Mare Crisium 2695: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2405:13 July 1969 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2376:14 June 1969 2372: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2262:Landing zone 2242: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189:robotic probe 2186: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2159: 2151: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2047:parking orbit 2043: 2042:magnetosphere 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2010:telescope, a 2009: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1806: 1804:28 July 1964 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1531: 1529:3 March 1959 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1365: 1357: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1262: 1256: 1253: 1251: 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586: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 544: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 495: 491: 488: 483: 478: 472: 462: 461:on the Moon. 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 439: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 409: 407: 402: 400: 398: 393: 391: 386: 382: 381:Chandrayaan-3 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 358:soft landings 355: 350: 348: 344: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 293: 288: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 255:soft landings 252: 248: 244: 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 220:lunar landing 217: 209: 205: 200: 190: 180: 172: 168: 160: 156: 148: 144: 136: 132: 124: 120: 112: 108: 100: 99: 96: 94: 90: 89:soft landings 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Moon landings 11030:Solar System 10788:Lunar effect 10604:Nodal period 10530:Colonization 10522: 10344:Lunar theory 10037:Selenography 9877:Nodal period 9661:Lunar Module 9620:Ronald Evans 9584:Stuart Roosa 9572:Jack Swigert 9496:Frank Borman 9433:Charles Duke 9373:Alan Shepard 9244:Moon landing 9243: 9200:Starship HLS 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Retrieved 5484: 5431: 5403: 5383:Donald Trump 5380: 5319: 5269: 5263: 5259:Solar System 5255:moon landing 5254: 5248: 5229: 5218:Apollo Basin 5211: 5173: 5170: 5164: 5151: 5140: 5129: 5123: 5106: 5085:Long March 5 5074: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4981: 4980: 4968:Yutu-2 rover 4953: 4945: 4901: 4893: 4875:March 2022. 4869: 4850: 4847:LADEE (U.S.) 4835: 4831: 4825: 4822:GRAIL (U.S.) 4789: 4779: 4767: 4762: 4746: 4735: 4716: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4658: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4544: 4527:Charles Duke 4503: 4474:Hadley Rille 4462: 4421: 4380: 4338: 4279: 4251: 4243: 4224: 4216: 4208: 4189: 4182: 4174: 4161: 4154: 4138:Yuri Gagarin 4131: 4108: 4102: 4042: 4026: 4014:lunar module 4011: 4000: 3668: 3647: 3622: 3614: 3609:deceleration 3601: 3594: 3417: 3403:29 May 1974 3305:17 May 1967 3156: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3125: 3113: 3109: 3104:ascent stage 3075:Tycho Crater 3043:Sinus Medii 2979:Sinus Medii 2870:30 May 1966 2830:Launch date 2802: 2795: 2650:Lunar rover 2565:Mare Imbrium 2551:Lunar rover 2418:Mare Crisium 2354:Lunar rover 2253:Launch date 2225: 2201:Soviet Union 2197:lunar sample 2183: 2171:Soviet Union 2164: 2124: 2112: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2079: 2069: 2065: 2054: 2051: 2039: 2015:magnetometer 2005: 1979: 1951:solar panels 1944: 1912: 1904:magnetometer 1873: 1632:Lunar orbit 1619:Pioneer P-31 1607:Lunar orbit 1594:Pioneer P-30 1582:Lunar orbit 1557:Lunar orbit 1482:Lunar orbit 1457:Lunar orbit 1432:Lunar orbit 1405:Launch date 1384:retrorockets 1381: 1370: 1285:8 June 1965 876:Launch date 843: 807: 794:spacecraft. 762: 759:radio beacon 744: 739: 723:Soviet Union 683:World War II 680: 656:gravity well 653: 645:seismometers 637:Lunar Module 621: 610: 590: 581: 575:outside the 569:accelerating 553:gravity well 550: 538: 506:Lunar Module 499: 489: 487:Lunar Module 437: 434: 415: 403: 396: 389: 378: 354:retrorockets 351: 340: 297: 236: 219: 216:Moon landing 215: 213: 107:Luna program 86: 44: 11018:Outer space 11006:Spaceflight 10897:Moon Treaty 10881:Hollow Moon 10823:Moon rabbit 10795:Earth phase 10597:Lunar month 10484:Exploration 10428:Experiments 10330:Observation 10192:Ray systems 10057:Hemispheres 10025:Surface and 10006:Tidal range 9985:Tidal force 9788:Sodium tail 9772:Hill sphere 9548:Dick Gordon 9457:Gene Cernan 9409:James Irwin 9397:David Scott 9349:Pete Conrad 9337:Buzz Aldrin 9021:OrbitBeyond 8958:Hakuto-R M2 8948:Beresheet 2 8818:Artemis III 8743:Hakuto-R M1 8451:NASA's page 8435:18 February 8324:20 February 8225:India Times 8200:AstrotalkUK 7982:29 February 7956:23 February 7918:23 February 7859:21 February 7804:www.bbc.com 7685:28 November 7063:TheStar.com 7048:21 November 6988:14 November 6944:29 December 6609:30 November 6584:30 November 6559:30 November 6510:JFK Library 6495:30 November 6470:17 February 6449:17 February 6425:29 November 6400:29 November 6375:29 November 6350:29 November 6325:29 November 6300:29 November 6275:29 November 6250:29 November 6225:27 November 6197:27 November 6169:27 November 6141:27 November 6113:27 November 6043:17 February 6019:17 February 5998:17 February 5968:9 September 5923:27 November 5897:27 November 5872:17 February 5860:. Estonia: 5842:17 February 5821:17 February 5795:17 February 5769:23 February 5465:Soyuz 7K-L1 5440:, in 2027. 5387:Directive 1 5336:to explore 5330:lunar rover 5296:Fobos-Grunt 5274:mission to 5232:to conduct 5212:China sent 5202:propellants 5089:Mons Rümker 4907:soft-landed 4604:Buzz Aldrin 4486:James Irwin 4482:David Scott 4270:Buzz Aldrin 4150:Third World 4078:US strategy 3544:4 May 1967 3296:Cosmos-159 2916:Sinus Medii 2782:Pete Conrad 2453:Cosmos-305 2427:Cosmos-300 2219:(1972) and 2027:cosmic dust 2008:Lyman-alpha 1947:paddlewheel 1940:solar orbit 1894:to measure 1888:milliradian 1626:Atlas-Able 1601:Atlas-Able 1576:Atlas-Able 1569:Pioneer P-3 1551:Atlas-Able 1544:Pioneer P-1 1260:9 May 1965 826:nuclear war 818:missile gap 776:solar orbit 767:Third World 585:seismometer 526:Gene Cernan 518:Buzz Aldrin 420:with their 406:SLIM lander 300:Interkosmos 232:Luna 2 11040:Categories 10867:Apollo era 10809:Pareidolia 10567:navigation 10289:Sputtering 10169:Lava tubes 10091:South pole 10084:North pole 10044:Terminator 9886:Precession 9802:Earthshine 9758:Atmosphere 9751:Topography 9736:properties 9560:Fred Haise 9508:Jim Lovell 9421:John Young 9088:Cancelled 9026:McCandless 8788:Surveyor 2 8778:OMOTENASHI 8688:Surveyor 1 8047:10 January 7896:20 January 7711:7 December 7242:28 October 6840:8 February 6788:7 February 6528:James Webb 5731:19 January 5638:19 January 5526:6 February 5496:6 February 5476:References 5365:water rich 5338:south pole 4919:Yutu rover 4731:Shackleton 4545:Challenger 4523:John Young 4321:Number of 4268:Astronaut 4132:After the 4113:magazine, 4105:Eisenhower 4033:Cosmonauts 4006:Space Race 3737:Cosmos-154 3707:Cosmos-146 3686:Mass (kg) 3435:Mass (kg) 3348:Molniya-M 3323:Molniya-M 3302:Molniya-M 3279:Molniya-M 3254:Molniya-M 3229:Molniya-M 3180:Mass (kg) 3052:Surveyor 7 3021:Surveyor 6 2988:Surveyor 5 2957:Surveyor 4 2926:Surveyor 3 2893:Surveyor 2 2854:Surveyor 1 2824:Mass (kg) 2790:Surveyor 3 2772:Surveyor 1 2770:Launch of 2658:Lunokhod-2 2559:Lunokhod-1 2247:Mass (kg) 2236:Lunokhod 2 2232:Lunokhod 1 2000:See also: 1971:propulsion 1927:photocells 1884:resolution 1476:Thor-Able 1451:Thor-Able 1399:Mass (kg) 1092:Sputnik-25 870:Mass (kg) 844:After the 822:deterrence 755:Space Race 713:; and the 703:V-2 rocket 687:blitzkrieg 677:Space Race 665:parachutes 577:atmosphere 502:astronauts 496:'s landing 475:See also: 356:) to make 224:spacecraft 32:Space Race 10982:Astronomy 10615:Fortnight 10507:Explorers 10464:Apollo 17 10457:Apollo 11 10420:Volcanism 10390:Timescale 10337:Libration 10125:Mountains 10063:Near side 9969:Supermoon 9909:Full moon 9863:Libration 9795:Moonlight 9624:Apollo 17 9612:Apollo 16 9600:Apollo 15 9596:Al Worden 9588:Apollo 14 9576:Apollo 13 9564:Apollo 13 9552:Apollo 12 9540:Apollo 11 9528:Apollo 10 9516:Apollo 13 9461:Apollo 17 9449:Apollo 17 9437:Apollo 16 9425:Apollo 16 9413:Apollo 15 9401:Apollo 15 9389:Apollo 14 9377:Apollo 14 9365:Apollo 12 9361:Alan Bean 9353:Apollo 12 9341:Apollo 11 9329:Apollo 11 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