1026:
832:
687:
395:
992:
46:
22:
1007:
980:. After a 33-year absence, Morocco rejoined on 30 January 2017, despite 9 member states voting against, but 39 supporting. Morocco was re-admitted with the understanding that Western Sahara will remain an AU member. The membership of relatively wealthy Morocco was welcomed by many members, as the AU has been criticized for being overly dependent on non-African donor funding.
694:
The fortifications were progressively built by
Moroccan forces starting in 1980, with help from South African, South Korean, and Israeli advisors, and formally ending on 16 April 1987. The wall was built in six stages, and the area behind the wall was expanded from a small area near Morocco in the
1371:
Until now, no mention has been made in the media or international politics of the fact that
Morocco has had a 'security wall' for more than twenty years, consisting of meters high sand mountains, bunkers, barbed wire barriers and minefields. The structure is 2,500 kilometers long (longer than the
544:
throughout. The barrier minebelt that runs along the structure is thought to be the longest continuous minefield in the world. Military bases, artillery posts and airfields dot the
Moroccan-controlled side of the wall at regular intervals, and
1337:
1318:
1308:
1393:
1696:
Produced by the United
Nations, showing the deployment of the MINURSO mission as of January 2014. Map No. 3691 Rev. 72 United Nations, January 2014 (Colour), Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Cartographic
598:
are also positioned throughout the berm. The radars are estimated to have a range of between 60 and 80 km (37 and 50 mi) into the
Polisario-controlled territory, and are generally utilized to locate
965:, the annexation of Western Sahara by Morocco has attracted somewhat more attention. Algeria supports the Polisario Front "in its long-running desert war to oppose Moroccan control of the disputed area". The
657:
Significant lines of fortifications also lie deep within the
Moroccan-controlled area. Their exact number and location have been ignored and not well understood until 2004 by international commentators.
851:. The Polisario Front and the MINURSO rescued several dozen lost in the desert, who had run out of water. Others died of thirst. By October, the Polisario had received 22 immigrants in
1295:
Rev. 53 United
Nations, October 2006 (Colour), Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Cartographic Section. Depicts the deployment of the MINURSO mission, as well as the wall location.
1524:
1335:
81:
1316:
1305:
1668:
933:
Effectively, after the completion of the wall, Morocco has controlled the bulk of
Western Sahara territory that lies to the north and west of it, calling these the kingdom's "
1385:
315:
925:
explosion. The incident happened when
Leibeit and dozens of young Sahrawis crossed the line into a minefield while aiming to throw stones to the other side of the wall.
489:
325:
242:
945:", which comprises all areas to the east of the barrier. Units from the United Nations mission MINURSO separate the two sides, and enforce cease-fire regulations.
619:
In all, six lines of berms have been constructed. The main ("external") line of fortifications extends for about 2,500 km (1,600 mi). It runs east from
320:
1116:
1741:
564:/hill throughout the territory. Spaced out over every 5 km (3.1 mi) are big, small and medium bases, with approximately 35â40 troops at each
381:
1495:
1593:
176:
1568:
1471:
1372:
Great Wall of China) and aims to keep
Polisario guerrillas out of Morocco and the part of Western Sahara occupied by that country since 1976.
493:
1546:
1415:
1210:
1521:
1441:
1715:
1693:
1288:
237:
182:
1467:
1664:
1348:, over 200 km (125 miles) north of the main external berm along the southern border. (Google Maps, as of 30 November 2006)
1181:
1140:
891:
Since 2008, a demonstration called "The Thousand Column" is held annually in the desert against the barrier by international
374:
1358:
628:
1264:
1766:
1643:
1315:
for a section of the wall in Moroccan territory. The northernmost fort that is clearly distinguishable can be seen here
1756:
921:
During the 2009 demonstration, a teenage Sahrawi refugee named Ibrahim Hussein Leibeit lost half of his right leg in a
330:
161:
104:
1615:
1088:
651:
1736:
938:
470:
367:
355:
1108:
1160:
1236:
296:
966:
895:
activists and Sahrawi refugees. In the 2008 demonstration, more than 2,000 people (most of them Sahrawis and
232:
1761:
1746:
954:
306:
166:
156:
94:
1751:
1492:
75:
991:
654:
as it approaches Morocco. A section extends about 200 km (120 mi) into southeastern Morocco.
1590:
1565:
918:
accorded by the UN and the parts in 1991, and the end of the Moroccan occupation of the territory.
485:
ended its colonial occupation in 1975, from the Moroccan-controlled western part of the territory.
1334:
For example, a sand berm with fortifications much like on the main external line can be seen here
1543:
274:
227:
222:
37:
1419:
1194:
908:
783:
424:
350:
217:
695:
north to most of the western and central part of the country gradually. The walls built were:
1285:
1031:
267:
977:
524:
The fortifications lie in uninhabited or very sparsely inhabited territory. They consist of
496:(UNHCR), in some places the wall extends several kilometers into internationally recognized
1600:
1577:
719:
583:
831:
8:
1627:
436:
1006:
942:
934:
912:
848:
844:
686:
587:
466:
458:
454:
212:
140:
135:
130:
70:
1202:
1084:
900:
723:
474:
340:
284:
1137:
690:
System of the Moroccan Walls in Western Sahara with chronology of their construction
1502:
1074:
565:
556:
Physically, the berm is a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high wall (with a backing
394:
262:
1705:
1647:
1641:"Self Determination Struggle in the Western Sahara Continues to Challenge the UN"
1619:
1597:
1572:
1550:
1528:
1499:
1366:
1341:
1322:
1312:
1292:
1268:
1144:
623:
on the coast in the extreme south of Western Sahara near the Mauritanian town of
612:
608:
568:
and groups of 10 soldiers spaced out over the distance as well. About 4 km (
549:
masts and other electronic surveillance equipment scan the areas in front of it.
478:
462:
415:
335:
120:
89:
65:
647:
in Moroccan-held territory, before turning east and again closely following the
1731:
1553:
1273:
1261:
1039:
600:
529:
446:
207:
99:
60:
1493:
Una cadena humana de mĂĄs de 2.000 personas pide el derribo del muro del SĂĄhara
835:
Sahrawi women hold a protest in Western Sahara on the eastern side of the wall
398:
Protesters carrying Polisario flags in front of the Western Sahara berm (2011)
45:
1725:
1640:
1206:
1095:
However, with the completion of the Moroccan separation wall in the 1980s,...
1071:
World of Walls: The Structure, Roles and Effectiveness of Separation Barriers
1049:
1044:
970:
840:
775:
727:
636:
603:
onto detected Polisario forces. Information from the radar is processed by a
441:'sand wall'), is an approximately 2,700 km-long (1,700 mi)
125:
1700:
1612:
892:
787:
779:
1109:"Build a wall across the Sahara? That's crazy â but someone still did it"
1079:
279:
703:
915:
880:
847:
detained in northern Morocco to the eastern side of the wall, into the
819:
809:
624:
620:
604:
497:
345:
1710:
1445:
1361:[Moroccan security wall has been undisputed for two decades].
1156:
1232:
896:
860:
711:
666:
541:
21:
1386:"Morocco PM says Western Sahara wall at centre of dispute completed"
16:
Separation barrier dividing the disputed territory of Western Sahara
922:
904:
868:
856:
852:
791:
715:
670:
662:
552:
The following is one observer's description of the berm from 2001:
202:
1531:
872:
765:
747:
648:
631:
for about 200 km (120 mi), before turning north beyond
450:
171:
1418:(in Spanish). Diario de CĂłrdoba. 17 October 2005. Archived from
1345:
1069:
Saddiki, Said (October 2017), "5. The Wall of Western Sahara",
998:
962:
864:
805:
801:
761:
751:
737:
702:(August 1980 â June 1982) surrounding the "useful triangle" of
644:
632:
557:
473:) on the east. The main function of the barriers is to exclude
973:(AU) and United Nations have proposed negotiated solutions.
958:
911:
demanding the demolition of the wall, the celebration of the
876:
707:
640:
595:
591:
561:
546:
537:
482:
481:, who have sought Western Saharan independence since before
1694:
Map of Western Sahara, with the location of the wall marked
533:
525:
490:
United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara
442:
1566:
Screenings in The Devilâs Garden: The Sahara Film Festival
1522:
Demonstration in Western Sahara against Moroccan Army Wall
1359:"Marokkaanse veiligheidsmuur al twee decennia onomstreden"
1506:
1365:(in Dutch). The Hague. 2 February 2004. Archived from
661:
All major settlements in Western Sahara, the capital
536:
about 3 m (10 ft) in height, with bunkers,
1021:
886:
730:
renegade mercenaries (c. 500 km (310 mi)).
643:, again crossing Mauritanian territory and reaching
429:
953:Western attention to the wall, and to the Moroccan
1665:"Morocco rejoins the African Union after 33 years"
1256:
1254:
948:
843:accelerated the expulsion (begun in late 2004) of
1706:Landmine Monitor, LM Report 2006, Western Sahara
1630:Federal Research Division (retrieved 1 May 2006).
594:, etc). A series of overlapping fixed and mobile
1723:
635:. It then runs generally northeastward, leaving
560:), which rides along a topographical high point/
1718:â Created by the United Nations MINURSO mission
1251:
1195:"Country Profiles â Morocco and Western Sahara"
1328:
494:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
375:
879:, etc.), except a group of 48 who were from
582: mi) behind each major post there is a
1613:"Security Problems with Neighboring States"
760:(December 1984 â January 1985) surrounding
736:(December 1983 â January 1984) surrounding
1742:Buildings and structures in Western Sahara
1383:
826:
818:(NovemberâDecember 2020) from 6th wall to
382:
368:
1711:Landmine Monitor, LM Report 2006, Algeria
1701:Landmine Monitor, LM Report 2006, Morocco
1298:
1279:
1078:
1073:, Open Book Publishers, pp. 97â120,
976:The AU's stance on Western Sahara led to
957:in general, has been minimal, apart from
1654:, September 2003 (retrieved 1 May 2006).
1470:(in Spanish). El PaĂs. 19 October 2005.
830:
685:
393:
20:
1325:. (Google Maps, as of 30 November 2006)
1106:
1068:
1055:
822:frontier (c. 14 km (8.7 mi)).
1724:
1468:"De Bangladesh al desierto del SĂĄhara"
1384:Eljechtimi, Ahmed (17 November 2020).
1157:"Western Sahara Atlas Map â June 2006"
1119:from the original on 24 September 2018
794:experts (c. 670 km (420 mi))
1652:Foreign Policy in Focus Policy Report
1306:this satellite montage at Google Maps
1186:
673:lie far into the Moroccan-held side.
519:
1624:Country Studies/Area Handbook Series
1351:
1239:from the original on 18 October 2017
978:Morocco's exit from the organization
863:. They were from African countries (
746:(April 1984 â May 1984) surrounding
1213:from the original on 29 August 2012
1192:
1107:Maclean, Ruth (22 September 2018).
457:the Moroccan-controlled areas (the
419:
13:
1639:Williams, Ian and Zunes, Stephen,
1442:"El Polisario busca desaparecidos"
1396:from the original on 20 April 2022
800:(FebruaryâApril 1987) surrounding
162:Political status of Western Sahara
84:Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab
14:
1778:
1687:
1671:from the original on 24 June 2017
1474:from the original on 12 July 2023
1163:from the original on 28 July 2011
941:controls the mostly uninhabited "
887:The Thousand Column demonstration
774:(MayâSeptember 1985) surrounding
607:-based commander, who contacts a
514:Western Sahara separation barrier
1024:
1005:
990:
939:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
471:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
449:and the southwestern portion of
44:
1667:. Al Jazeera. 31 January 2017.
1657:
1633:
1606:
1584:
1559:
1537:
1515:
1486:
1460:
1434:
1408:
1377:
949:External reactions and opinions
812:(c. 550 km (340 mi)).
768:(c. 380 km (240 mi)).
754:(c. 320 km (200 mi)).
740:(c. 300 km (190 mi)).
681:
445:running south to north through
1225:
1175:
1149:
1131:
1100:
1062:
82:Movement for the Liberation of
1:
1603:, Issue 427, 10 November 2009
1591:The Berlin Wall of the Desert
967:Organization of African Unity
25:The berm visible from the air
955:annexation of Western Sahara
508:The wall is also called the
404:Moroccan Western Sahara Wall
167:Foreign relations of Morocco
157:Annexation of Western Sahara
95:Sahrawi National Union Party
7:
1286:United Nations Map No. 3691
1017:
839:In the summer of 2005, the
627:, closely parallelling the
488:According to maps from the
430:
76:Moroccan Army of Liberation
10:
1783:
1767:Politics of Western Sahara
1344:, reaching the coast near
1262:Milestones of the conflict
983:
676:
1757:Borders of Western Sahara
1527:23 September 2015 at the
1272:, page 2. Website of the
937:". The Polisario-founded
928:
786:, again with the help of
718:, built with the help of
586:, which includes backing
1618:21 November 2010 at the
1581:, Issue 422, 20 May 2009
1267:21 February 2007 at the
503:
1737:Western Sahara conflict
1544:Ibrahim Hussein Leibeit
1143:27 October 2007 at the
827:2005 expulsion incident
722:military engineers and
461:) on the west from the
38:Western Sahara conflict
32:Part of a series on the
1646:9 January 2007 at the
1596:3 January 2013 at the
1571:3 January 2013 at the
1363:CIDI Israel Newsletter
1291:23 August 2017 at the
1199:Journal of Mine Action
836:
691:
617:
399:
351:Manhasset negotiations
183:Royal Advisory Council
26:
1549:17 March 2014 at the
1498:17 March 2014 at the
1138:Deployment of MINURSO
1032:Western Sahara portal
907:, and others) made a
834:
689:
554:
397:
326:UN referendum mission
223:Independence Intifada
24:
1601:New Internationalist
1578:New Internationalist
1416:"Patada al desierto"
1369:on 9 February 2005.
1340:12 July 2023 at the
1321:12 July 2023 at the
1311:12 July 2023 at the
1080:10.11647/obp.0121.06
1056:References and notes
1012:Wall south of Mahbes
431:al-jidÄr ar-ramliyya
331:ICJ Advisory Opinion
238:2020âpresent clashes
233:Arab Spring protests
177:Politics of the SADR
1762:Politics of Morocco
1747:Separation barriers
1628:Library of Congress
584:rapid reaction post
510:Western Sahara berm
465:-controlled areas (
321:UN visiting mission
275:Sahrawi nationality
185:for Saharan Affairs
105:Partition agreement
1752:Borders of Morocco
935:Southern Provinces
913:self-determination
845:illegal immigrants
837:
692:
629:Mauritanian border
520:Physical structure
459:Southern Provinces
412:Moroccan sand wall
410:, also called the
400:
213:Western Sahara War
136:Tiris al-Gharbiyya
131:Southern Provinces
71:Greater Mauritania
27:
1509:), 22 March 2008
1448:. 18 October 2005
492:(MINURSO) or the
440:
428:
392:
391:
356:Autonomy Proposal
341:Houston Agreement
285:Moroccan settlers
1774:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1661:
1655:
1637:
1631:
1610:
1604:
1588:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1541:
1535:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1355:
1349:
1332:
1326:
1302:
1296:
1283:
1277:
1276:MINURSO mission.
1258:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1153:
1147:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1082:
1066:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1009:
994:
581:
580:
576:
573:
566:observation post
477:fighters of the
435:
433:
423:
421:
384:
377:
370:
48:
29:
28:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1722:
1721:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:Wayback Machine
1638:
1634:
1620:Wayback Machine
1611:
1607:
1598:Wayback Machine
1589:
1585:
1573:Wayback Machine
1564:
1560:
1551:Wayback Machine
1542:
1538:
1529:Wayback Machine
1520:
1516:
1510:
1500:Wayback Machine
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1422:on 21 July 2011
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1382:
1378:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:Wayback Machine
1333:
1329:
1323:Wayback Machine
1313:Wayback Machine
1303:
1299:
1293:Wayback Machine
1284:
1280:
1269:Wayback Machine
1259:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1193:McCoull, Chad.
1191:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1145:Wayback Machine
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1001:
995:
986:
951:
931:
889:
829:
684:
679:
578:
574:
571:
569:
522:
506:
479:Polisario Front
388:
336:Settlement Plan
301:
249:
187:
184:
121:Saguia el-Hamra
90:Polisario Front
86:
83:
66:Greater Morocco
17:
12:
11:
5:
1780:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
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1713:
1708:
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1698:
1689:
1688:External links
1686:
1683:
1682:
1656:
1632:
1605:
1583:
1558:
1554:Focus Features
1536:
1534:, 9 April 2009
1514:
1485:
1459:
1444:(in Spanish).
1433:
1407:
1376:
1350:
1327:
1304:See also e.g.
1297:
1278:
1274:United Nations
1250:
1233:"ARSO Website"
1224:
1185:
1174:
1148:
1130:
1099:
1089:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1040:Defensive wall
1036:
1035:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1004:
1002:
996:
989:
985:
982:
950:
947:
930:
927:
888:
885:
828:
825:
824:
823:
813:
795:
769:
755:
741:
731:
683:
680:
678:
675:
613:artillery unit
601:artillery fire
521:
518:
505:
502:
447:Western Sahara
390:
389:
387:
386:
379:
372:
364:
361:
360:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
316:UN resolutions
310:
309:
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270:
259:
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220:
218:First Intifada
215:
210:
208:Zemla Intifada
205:
199:
196:
195:
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189:
188:
181:
179:
174:
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164:
159:
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138:
133:
128:
123:
115:
114:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
100:Madrid Accords
97:
92:
87:
80:
78:
73:
68:
63:
61:Spanish Sahara
55:
54:
50:
49:
41:
40:
34:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1779:
1768:
1765:
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1599:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1556:, 28 May 2009
1555:
1552:
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1504:
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1103:
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1673:. Retrieved
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1511:(in Spanish)
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1476:. Retrieved
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1450:. Retrieved
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:the original
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1389:
1379:
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1367:the original
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1241:. Retrieved
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1215:. Retrieved
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1167:14 September
1165:. Retrieved
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1123:25 September
1121:. Retrieved
1113:the Guardian
1112:
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1217:27 November
909:human chain
899:, but also
820:Mauritanian
500:territory.
498:Mauritanian
280:Green March
1726:Categories
1478:28 October
916:referendum
881:Bangladesh
859:and 97 in
810:Bir Ganduz
724:Portuguese
710:, and the
665:, and the
625:Nouadhibou
621:Guerguerat
346:Baker Plan
228:Gdeim Izik
126:RĂo de Oro
53:Background
1207:2154-1485
943:Free Zone
901:Algerians
897:Spaniards
861:Bir Lehlu
849:Free Zone
714:mines at
712:phosphate
667:phosphate
542:landmines
532:walls or
475:guerrilla
467:Free Zone
463:Polisario
455:separates
425:romanized
141:Free Zone
1669:Archived
1644:Archived
1616:Archived
1594:Archived
1569:Archived
1547:Archived
1525:Archived
1503:El Mundo
1496:Archived
1472:Archived
1400:20 April
1394:Archived
1338:Archived
1319:Archived
1309:Archived
1289:Archived
1265:Archived
1243:13 April
1237:Archived
1211:Archived
1161:Archived
1141:Archived
1117:Archived
1018:See also
923:landmine
905:Italians
869:Cameroon
857:Tifariti
855:, 46 in
853:Mehaires
816:7th wall
798:6th wall
772:5th wall
758:4th wall
744:3rd wall
734:2nd wall
716:Bou Craa
704:El AaiĂșn
700:1st wall
671:Bou Craa
669:mine at
663:Laayoune
649:Algerian
512:and the
263:Refugees
243:Timeline
203:Ifni War
149:Politics
1716:Profile
1697:Section
1675:23 June
1532:Demotix
1446:El PaĂs
1390:Reuters
1182:MINURSO
984:Gallery
873:Nigeria
792:Israeli
766:Farciya
748:Jdiriya
677:History
611:-based
605:forward
577:⁄
451:Morocco
439:
427::
406:or the
194:Clashes
172:Makhzen
113:Regions
1452:28 May
1426:28 May
1346:Imlili
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1087:
999:Mahbes
963:Africa
929:Effect
865:Gambia
808:, and
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802:Auserd
784:Dakhla
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762:Mahbes
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538:fences
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254:Issues
1732:Walls
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877:Ghana
708:Smara
641:Smara
592:tanks
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547:radar
534:berms
530:stone
504:Names
483:Spain
453:. It
268:camps
1677:2017
1480:2010
1454:2010
1428:2010
1402:2022
1245:2008
1219:2010
1203:ISSN
1169:2010
1125:2018
1085:ISBN
790:and
764:and
750:and
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