Moroccan nationality law

429:, Morocco entered into an agreement with the kings of Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Norway, and president of the United States to establish spheres of influence and a protectorate over Morocco. The treaty marked the first definition of nationality in Morocco, defining protection as it had been defined in the 1863 agreement with Morocco and France. Under those terms, protected status belonged to an individual and was not inheritable, but could be extended to a wife and minor children. Those who were protected by foreign governments included native persons employed by foreign governments and native persons employed by foreign merchants to assist with their business affairs. Under Article 15 of the Treaty of Madrid, Moroccans could naturalize abroad, but if a subject who had naturalized returned to Morocco, they were required to renounce foreign nationality. An exception might be granted to retain foreign nationality, at the discretion of the Moroccan government. Though not written in the agreement, in practice, persons who were not protected were subjects of the sultan and were expected to be Muslim and reside in Morocco. 539:

acquire French nationality on the basis of the naturalization of their father or husband upon request, but children were allowed to decline French nationality upon reaching majority. If a woman or children had lost their French nationality by virtue of marriage with a foreigner, it could be reacquired by application upon dissolution of the marriage. In 1921, France adopted a nationality decree which provided that Moroccans were persons who were not subjects or citizens of the "protecting powers" and had double jus soli, in other words were born to a parent who was also born in Morocco. A second decree issued the same day provided that persons born in Tunisia or Morocco, who were born to a foreign parent who was also born there were considered to be French nationals. The

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transmit his nationality to his wife. As the 2007 decree did not retroactively grant nationality by descent from a mother, thus persons who might be eligible to acquire Moroccan nationality through double jus soli can only acquire nationality maternally if they were born after 2007. As for Sahrawis, identity documents issued by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic are not recognized by Morocco, thus, their acquisition of Moroccan nationality relies upon double jus soli provisions in the nationality decree. In 2017, an amendment to the nationality code, Article 10, which would allow the foreign spouse of a Moroccan wife to acquire nationality, was proposed and debated by

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five years. Adoption under Muslim law does not create a familial relationship, therefore a child cannot acquire nationality from a Moroccan parent by virtue of being adopted. If the adopted child was a foundling, with unknown parentage, the legal guardian can apply for a child to acquire nationality, or the child can acquire nationality on their own behalf based upon birth in the territory within two years prior to reaching majority. Besides foreigners meeting the criteria, other persons who may be naturalized include:

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Libya to Italy, and an agreement for Spain to support a French occupation in Morocco in exchange for some of the northern territory of the country. Though Germany did not participate in territorial exchange, it sanctioned the Franco-Spanish protectorates by supporting their policing of the ports and collection of customs duties. In 1907, after the murder of a French citizen in Marrakesh, the French press eulogized him as a martyr and served as a reason for French forces to occupy the city of

28: 4970: 574:, and Civil Liberties Code were adopted in 1958. The decree was founded on the idea of unity of the family, thus a wife and children had the same nationality as their husband or father. Nationality was acquired through paternal descent, which meant that for Muslims children to gain nationality, they had to be born within a marriage, under provisions of the Family Code. For non-Muslims, an illegitimate child could acquire nationality through its father if the 4935: 4956: 591:, Morocco, and Spain. The Spanish position was that the area was a province of Spain and that the population would have to request independence. The claims of Mauritanian and Moroccan officials were that they had historical and cultural ties with the region that had been severed by colonization. A visiting mission was dispatched in 1975, which confirmed the desire for independence. The 510:

subjects of the sultan or nationals of France or Spain. France passed a law on 25 March 1915 that allowed subjects or protected persons who were natives of Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia and who had established domicile in a French territory to acquire full citizenship, including the naturalization of their wives and minor children, by having received the cross of the

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Wives and children of fully emancipated natives were able to acquire full emancipation and from 1949, with the passage of Law of 21, received a certificate of their status. Those with limited emancipation had limited access to Spanish legislative protection and those who were not emancipated were subject to the colonial administration and Moroccan custom. When

627:. Law n°62-06, which was modified by two decrees (Dahir n°1-58-250 and Dahir n°01-07) came in to force on 3 March 2007. The major change to the law was to allow children to acquire the nationality of their Moroccan mothers, if her husband was a foreigner. However, children may repudiate nationality gained maternally upon reaching the age of majority. 514:, having obtained a university degree, having rendered service to the nation, having attained the rank of an officer or received a medal from the French army, who had married a Frenchwoman and established a one year residency; or who had resided for more than ten years in a colony other than their country of origin. At the end of 595:(ICJ) heard from all parties and on 16 October 1975 ruled that though Spanish Sahara had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, the ties were insufficient to prove the sovereignty of either country over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. On that basis, they advised that the inhabitants had the right to 569:

On 2 March 1956, Morocco gained independence with Mohammed V affirmed as monarch. Spain relinquished only parts of its protectorate, with Tarfaya remaining separate until 1958 and Ifni until 1969. Prior to adopting a constitution (1962) for the newly independent nation, the Nationality Decree (Dahir

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in 1884 and moved forward with colonization, after making agreements with local chieftains. France agreed to support British claims to Egypt and in 1904 ceded its territory there to gain British relinquishment of their claims to Morocco. That agreement was followed by the cession of French claims in

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began a series of campaigns to conquer the region, eventually ending Almohad control in 1269. Under their rule, the sultan provided security and judicial administration in exchange for loyalty and alliances, granting concessions to expand their economic control. Internal conflicts within the Marinid

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While the 2007 amendment allowed foundlings of unknown parentage to acquire nationality, it made no provisions for children born in Morocco to stateless parents. It also provides no path for a Moroccan woman to facilitate a nationality change for her husband in the same manner as a Moroccan man can

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was captured by Portuguese forces, who led a military campaign to conquer northern Morocco. They founded a series of trading forts along the Atlantic coast of West Africa. Introduction of Europeans created cultural clashes, as allegiance to a sultan was not territorial, but rather to the legitimacy

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that Morocco had no legal administering authority for Western Sahara, Morocco has continued to occupy the territory. In 2005, under pressure from women's rights groups, the sultan announced changes would be made to the Family Code and the Nationality Code, and the country became a signatory of the

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For one year, after promulgation of the 1958 decree, foreign persons who originated from Arabic countries with Muslim majority could choose Moroccan nationality, having resided in Morocco for fifteen years, having been employed in the Moroccan government for ten years, or if they were married to a

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A decree issued in 1920, provided terms for naturalization in Morocco. Under its provisions, foreigners, but not Moroccan subjects, residing in Morocco could naturalize as French after attaining age twenty-one after three years residence in the French controlled territory. Wives and children could

485:. The terms of the treaty put France in control of the country's finances, security, and foreign relations; and established shared legislative power, but left the sultan with only the authority to veto. The Spanish zones consisted of a northern area which included Ceuta and Melilla, as well as the 547:

Under regulations passed on 23 December 1944, the Spanish General Directorate of Morocco could grant full or limited emancipation to native inhabitants based on professional or academic certification. Fully emancipated inhabitants were subject to the Spanish Civil and Commercial, and Penal Codes.

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in 1545. Despite attempts from the Ottomans to gain recognition in Morocco, their religious, and thus political, authority was brought into question, because they lacked descent from Muhammad. As a result, treaties were negotiated between Morocco and the Ottoman Empire, establishing the limits of

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and understand the customs and traditions of Morocco. General provisions are that applicants have good character and conduct; are in good physical and mental health; are able to economically support themselves; and have no criminal record. Applicants must typically have resided in the country for

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was proved. A child could obtain nationality from its mother in the case that the father was unknown, regardless of where they were born. Foundlings were granted Moroccan nationality, under the assumption that they had been born to Moroccans in the territory. The law preserved the protectorate's

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in the second half of the fifteenth century. Though local chiefs were able to repel the expansion of the Portuguese to the interior of Morocco, the Wattasids were unable to control the encroachments into trade networks and the Portuguese attempt to spread Christianity. The collapse of the Muslim

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Under the terms of the Treaty of Fes, the distinction of national origin, rather than religion became the basis for belonging. As Morocco remained a sovereign territory, it was not a colony of France and the nationality system recognized different rules for residents based on whether they were

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and seized power. Al-Hafid was unable to restore the economy or stem the influence of foreigners, and during an insurgency in Fez in 1911, he was imprisoned by a group of his subjects and appealed to France for help. Signing over control of Moroccan troops to France caused Germany and Spain to

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under protection. French military power forced the Moroccans to yield, and call on France's rival, Britain, for protection. In 1856, Morocco signed a treaty with the British, granting them trade privileges and the right to extend their protection to Moroccan subjects. Similar arrangements were

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in Morocco for disloyalty to the state; committing crimes against the state or state security; ordinary crimes; refusal to complete military service; or for fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment in a naturalization petition. Persons who previously had nationality and wish to repatriate must

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in Morocco in 1056. They pursued political dominance through conquest and religious conversion to their movement. Their society was organized in a hierarchical system wherein the military caste was dominant. Under their system, military service was a privilege, and administrative posts in the

736:), and demands from foreign powers for protection to extend from individuals to entire communities. The influence on Ottoman subjects by European powers changed the perception of these minority groups in the empire, meaning that they were increasingly seen not as Ottoman subjects, but as 534:

residing within their zone of influence. The only recognition of Moroccan subjects in the treaty was Article 22, which provided that Moroccans who were abroad and who normally resided in the Spanish zone were to be offered protection by the Spanish consular and diplomatic services.

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Children born in Morocco to a father who was born in the territory and is from a country with a predominantly Arab-Muslim culture, or children born to foreign parents both of whom were born in Morocco and have permanent residency must register under a non-discretionary program;

672:. In exchange for paying taxes, the sultan allowed these subjects freedom of religion and guaranteed their lives, property, and rights with an understanding that they were legally entitled to less status than Muslim subjects. The pact was agreed to by the leaders of the 543:

adopted a decree on Moroccan nationality in 1923. After protests by Britain and Italy, the law was modified to allow a child born in the protectorate to a foreign subject who was also born in the protectorate to decline French nationality upon reaching majority.

501:, and Spanish Sahara. Spain viewed its territories differently, considering Ceuta and Melilla, as well as Ifni, which it had acquired in 1860, and Spanish Sahara, which it had acquired in 1884, to be Spanish territory and the remainder the Moroccan protectorate. 579:

provisions that those born in the territory to a father born in Morocco or to Moroccan mother and a stateless father could derive nationality. However, a child born abroad to a Moroccan mother and stateless father could not acquire Moroccan nationality.

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Moroccan nationals can renounce their nationality with the approval of the authorities. Moroccans of origin may lose their nationality for working on behalf of another country without the permission of Moroccan authorities. Naturalized persons may be

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kingdoms in Spain in 1492 with the taking of Granada led to waves of Spanish Muslim refugees resettling in North Africa, who engaged in raiding and focused on expanding their influence in the region. The Spaniards established settlements in 1497 at

114:, i.e. by birth in Morocco or abroad to parents with Moroccan nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization. 407:

became sultan. Known for his diplomacy, he established friendly relations with Spain, England, and France, and developed a cooperative policy with the Ottomans to work together against the threats of European incursion. When the French invaded

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created a political and religious movement which was successful in stopping the Christian penetration by 1510. By 1541, the Portuguese had been driven out of the region and abandoned their protected areas; however, with the creation of the

110:. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the state under international law, whereas citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual within the nation. Moroccan nationality is typically obtained under the 583:

Moroccan woman and had lived in Morocco for a year. After independence, foreigners could naturalize after a five-year residency, or a two-year residency in the case of a woman who married a Moroccan husband. Beginning in 1963, the

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Children born in Morocco, to foreign parents both of whom were born in Morocco, who did not previously acquire nationality and who are regular residents of Morocco, may opt for Moroccan nationality within two years of reaching

2798: 3391: 403:, who aimed to expand the Moroccan borders, attempting to wrest territory from the Ottomans, Spanish, and English. After his death in 1727, a succession crisis and internal conflicts, disrupted the country until 1757, when 560:

worked with pro-independence parties and was deposed and exiled by France in 1953. Public outcry, growing instability, and independence movements elsewhere in Africa and Asia, prompted the French to reinstate him in 1955.

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As the Wattasid dynasty began its decline, decentralization and anarchy allowed the tribes in the plains to become autonomous, the north to be dominated by Portugal and Spain, and the south to be consolidated by the

296:. In other words, the rulers of Morocco from this time forward could not rely on religious allegiance alone, but to gain political legitimacy must have descent from Muhammad, granting them the supreme right to rule. 3025: 2667: 225:, who typically organized under dynasties united by decentralized confederations. Migrants from Rome, in the second century BCE, formed alliances with the Berbers to gain control of the region they named 618:, a liberation movement for Western Sahara. In 1979, Mauritania renounced its claims to the area and the Moroccan sultan extended Moroccan nationality to Sahrawis. Despite a 2002 determination of the 624: 389:

Ottoman territorial control in northwestern Africa. Though from 1600, the reign of the Saadians was marked by succession crises, division, and reunification, they remained in power until 1669.

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When the Umayyad dynasty collapsed in the middle of the eleventh century, the political organization fragmented, giving strength to the idea of the need for a unitary Islamic state in the

2787: 2496: 98:(Family Code; the Civil Liberties Code; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of 2710: 257:

during the period of Umayyad rule and aligned themselves with the dynasty. These groups would rule in northern Morocco through the second half of the eleventh century. In 786,

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ended, a nationalist and independence movement developed. In 1946, Spain joined its territories in the protectorate and its colonies into a single administrative unit,

380:, Spain laid claim to the remaining Portuguese possessions, particularly Ceuta. Continued conflict with European powers and expansion of the Saadians, led the northern 4200: 4018: 253:, establishing political authority over and Islamic conversion of the Berbers. During the tenth century alliance of Berber tribes with kinship ties, established the 181:

Persons who have performed exceptional service to or have an exceptional interest in the nation may naturalize without meeting typical requirements by royal decree.

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According to the Family Code, Moroccan Muslim woman are prohibited from marrying non-Muslims, but Moroccan men may marry Christian, Jewish, or Muslim women.

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The Almohads were defeated in Andalusia in 1212 by Christian Spaniards and during fifty years of war struggled to retain control of Morocco. In 1244, the

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of the ruler as a descendant and representative of Muhammad. The inability of the Marinds to stop the European invasion, brought about the rise of the

2818: 527: 3654: 106:, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as 3960: 4704: 3217: 2513: 162:

Naturalization can be granted to persons who have resided in the territory for a sufficient period of time to confirm they speak Arabic or

233:, which controlled what is now Algeria and Tunisia between 429 and 533 AD, leaving the Berbers in control of present-day Morocco. In 683, 4700: 2557: 556:, installing a Governor General at Ifni, who operated under the authority of the high commissioner in Morocco. Beginning in 1947, Sultan 526:, confirmed the sovereignty of the sultan, and recognized the protectorate. The Spanish had no direct treaty with the sultan, but their 4005: 3564: 692:

with France, the Ottoman empire granted France control of certain Ottoman Christians, Austria control of some Ottoman Roman Catholics,

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Borders of the European Union Strategies of Crossing and Resistance = Frontières de l'Union européenne: franchissements et résistances

2700: 945: 676:, who managed the adherents and their internal organization under the religious law of their community. By the eighteenth century the 660:

The system was modeled on the Ottoman protégé system. Ottoman subjecthood was strongly tied to religion and non-Muslims, if they were

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attempted to resolve the issue of Spanish Sahara, focusing on decolonization and the territorial dispute over the area between

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Theorizing the Spanish-Moroccan Border Reconfiguration: Framing a Process of Geopolitical, Functional and Symbolic Rebordering

2729:"The Idea of the Caliphate between Moroccans and Ottomans: Political and Symbolic Stakes in the 16th and 17th Century-Maghrib" 4708: 3457: 3448: 3296: 3270: 3179: 3154: 3129: 3054: 3019: 2865: 2689: 2539: 2460: 2261: 2218: 399:, a different branch of Hasanid line than the Idrisids, became ruler of all of Morocco in 1669. He was succeeded in 1672 by 3257:"Multicultural Policy as a Resisting Strategy of a Border Society: The Uses of Ethnicity in the Spanish Enclave of Melilla" 441:

on the Algerian border. That same year the eight other Europeans were killed near Casablanca, leading to the occupation of

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dynasty weakened their authority allowing Spanish and Portuguese traders to capture coastal areas. For example, in 1415,

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Children born anywhere to a Moroccan national; however, nationality to a child born abroad to a Moroccan mother can be

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Deverdun, G. (2009). "Ḥasanī". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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in 1830, Morocco was compelled to preserve the regional Muslim traditions and was invited to take the inhabitants of

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Dahir n° 1-58-250 du 21 safar 1378 (6 septembre 1958) portant la Code de la nationalité marocaine (revisée 2007)

2930: 3829: 3809: 3709: 3557: 3537: 2339:[National Linkage and Nationality of the Inhabitants of the Territories Decolonized in Spanish Africa] 724:. Over time, abuses of the system led to a virtual monopoly of foreign trade by protégés, clandestine sales of 592: 474: 3407: 4696: 4260: 4145: 4010: 3824: 3669: 3213: 3068: 2794: 2531: 2337:"Vinculación nacional y nacionalidad de los habitantes de los territorios descolonizados del África española" 2312: 2272: 4566: 5001: 4917: 4270: 4230: 3995: 3629: 2820:

A Collection of Nationality Laws of Various Countries as Contained in Constitutions, Statutes and Treaties

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followed by other European powers, allowing much of the Moroccan economy to be controlled by foreigners.

4787: 4742: 4661: 4656: 4636: 4581: 4571: 4536: 4265: 4185: 4120: 3917: 3804: 3754: 3624: 2504:. Vol. 1: Multilateral, 1776–1917. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. pp. 71–79. 135: 2444: 4737: 4714: 4651: 4631: 4591: 4475: 4450: 4445: 4275: 4250: 4155: 4090: 4080: 4070: 4060: 4000: 3985: 3980: 3955: 3937: 3869: 3799: 3769: 3659: 3314: 3146: 3121: 2626: 2399: 2210: 704:. Terms of these treaties, allowed foreign powers to recruit Ottoman subjects to serve their needs as 4606: 4490: 4465: 4420: 4415: 4365: 4290: 4240: 4215: 4210: 4180: 4135: 4125: 4085: 4055: 4045: 4035: 3950: 3927: 3902: 3839: 3759: 3684: 3649: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3550: 163: 1933: 1931: 4991: 4938: 4691: 4561: 4551: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4480: 4390: 4370: 4355: 4205: 4175: 4130: 4115: 4075: 4065: 4040: 3970: 3965: 3912: 3907: 3897: 3849: 3844: 3834: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3744: 3739: 3729: 3699: 3689: 3679: 3674: 3664: 3644: 3604: 3594: 2947: 4996: 4666: 4646: 4611: 4601: 4596: 4586: 4556: 4500: 4495: 4455: 4435: 4430: 4395: 4375: 4360: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4220: 4195: 4170: 4160: 4140: 4050: 3975: 3864: 3854: 3789: 3724: 3714: 3704: 3694: 3639: 3599: 3323: 3083: 2857: 2824: 2645: 2625:. Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: 2352: 2245: 1928: 709: 457: 426: 91: 3198: 2832: 2828: 606:

on 6 November 1975 and annex Spanish Sahara. Spain agreed to transfer the territory, henceforth

4904: 4686: 4676: 4641: 4541: 4485: 4470: 4405: 4400: 4385: 4280: 4255: 4225: 4150: 4110: 3942: 3814: 3749: 3734: 3719: 3256: 2890: 673: 469:. With little remaining international resistance, France secured the sultan's signature on the 3237: 3165: 2618: 371:. In an attempt to unite the inhabitants of Morocco against the European threats, the Saadian 4747: 4505: 4460: 4425: 4410: 4380: 4235: 4165: 3922: 3115: 3046: 2651: 2471: 2233: 2204: 632: 557: 404: 71: 35: 2971: 4868: 4841: 4732: 4295: 2336: 2253: 2237: 453: 392: 226: 205: 8: 4858: 4777: 4320: 3379: 2473:

North Africa, Islam, and the Mediterranean World: From the Almoravids to the Algerian War

717: 693: 553: 531: 122:

Nationality can be acquired in Morocco at birth or later in life through naturalization.

2273:"Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine" 4757: 3493: 3477: 3343: 2983: 2967: 2902: 2759: 2705: 2598: 2582: 2477: 2416: 697: 596: 258: 4899: 4851: 3497: 3485: 3469: 3383: 3351: 3335: 3292: 3266: 3243: 3185: 3175: 3150: 3125: 3095: 3087: 3050: 3015: 2987: 2975: 2959: 2910: 2894: 2861: 2836: 2767: 2751: 2685: 2681: 2630: 2602: 2590: 2574: 2535: 2505: 2498:

Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776-1949

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Guilho, Pierre; "La nationalité marocaine", éd. Laporte, Librairie de Médicis, 1961.

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Minor children are automatically naturalized when their parents acquire nationality;

57:

marocaine tel que modifié et complété par la Loi No. 62-06 promulguée par le dahir

4782: 3461: 3327: 2951: 2743: 2677: 2673: 2566: 2452: 2356: 2249: 729: 681: 381: 331: 321: 266: 192: 340: 4863: 3573: 3209: 2955: 2734: 2308: 737: 615: 610:, to Morocco and Mauritania effective on 28 February 1976. At the same time, the 511: 368: 282: 254: 238: 234: 139: 2793:(Report). Belfast, Northern Ireland: Centre for International Borders Research, 4961: 4894: 4794: 3519:

Benjelloun, Ali; "Le Code de la nationalité marocaine", June 1959, p. 241.

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Exercising its rights under the agreement, Spain established a protectorate in

385: 230: 3489: 3355: 3189: 3099: 2979: 2914: 2877:"Self—Determination or Territorial Integrity: The United Nations in Confusion" 2594: 2570: 2565:(4). London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law: 596–605. 2428: 2378: 4985: 4924: 4873: 4805: 4347: 3473: 3387: 3339: 3265:. Prague, Czech Republic: Centre français de recherche en sciences sociales. 3247: 3091: 3064: 3036: 3002: 2963: 2898: 2881: 2840: 2771: 2755: 2578: 2509: 2451:. The Muslim World: A Historical Survey. Vol. III. Leiden, Netherlands: 2412: 2370: 705: 490: 481:, a semi-independent Berber area in the south, and the international zone of 470: 446: 377: 111: 465:

protest, but Germany dropped its objection when France ceded to the Germans

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Moroccan law provides that those who acquire nationality at birth include:

1973: 625:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

27: 4878: 4836: 3331: 3280: 2298:"Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA)" 603: 515: 107: 103: 3347: 3308: 3117:

Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism

2906: 2876: 2817:

Flournoy, Richard W. Jr.; Hudson, Manley O. (1929). "Algeria, Morocco".

2701:"Foreign Spouses of Moroccan Women Can Soon Obtain Moroccan Citizenship" 2420: 2394: 530:

specified that each country was responsible for their own nationals and

4975: 3481: 3442: 3069:"Nationality and Statelessness Among Persons of Western Saharan Origin" 3040: 2844: 2763: 2728: 946:"L'amazighe, nouvelle condition pour recevoir la nationalité marocaine" 696:

status to British and Dutch traders, as well as specific rights to the

588: 466: 442: 46: 3140: 2586: 2551: 2525: 1997: 1985: 1838: 178:

The wife of a Moroccan national after a five-year residency period; or

55:

Dahir No.1-58-250 du 6 septembre 1958 portant Code de la nationalité

575: 314: 310: 293: 270: 4969: 3465: 3372:"Standardizing the Nationality of Europeans in the Colonial Maghreb" 3285:"Nationality and Citizenship in a Changing European and World Order" 3260: 2747: 2647:

Sweetening the Pot: A History of Tea and Sugar in Morocco, 1850-1960

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The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

688:, protected persons) developed. Under agreements such as the 1673 3167:

The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada

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Argudo Périz, José Luis; Pérez Milla, José Javier (March 1991).

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Bevans, Charles I. (1968). "Right of Protection in Morocco".

2275:[Towards the End of the Conflict in Western Sahara]. 1946: 1695: 1311: 438: 326: 262: 246: 2742:(82). Paris: Éditions G. P. Maisonneuve et Larose: 103–112. 2279:(in French). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Le Monde diplomatique. 2144: 1826: 1475: 1473: 1347: 1287: 720:

from prosecution and privileges of trade, including lowered

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for the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association: 277–298.

2079: 1497: 1161: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 758: 313:

and seized control of the region. Moving their capital to

305:

government were part of the military system. In 1146, the

2110: 2108: 2106: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1526: 1524: 1470: 1448: 1446: 1407: 1173: 1053: 1041: 1019: 1017: 486: 3014:(3rd ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: African Minds. 1626: 1395: 1383: 1335: 1248: 1236: 1209: 867: 865: 273:

in the northern part of Morocco. He was a member of the

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

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2939:

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Bennison, Amira K. (2001). Clancy-Smith, Julia (ed.).

2103: 2091: 2067: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1963: 1961: 1906: 1904: 1850: 1737: 1715: 1713: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1572: 1521: 1509: 1485: 1443: 1431: 1359: 1263: 1224: 1014: 968: 966: 927: 925: 923: 921: 877: 852: 850: 789: 787: 785: 770: 668:

could become subjects by agreeing to pay a tax to the

2619:"5. The Western Kingdoms: VI. Vandal Africa, 429-533" 2156: 1584: 1323: 1299: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 862: 420: 4951: 3291:. Turku, Finland: Turku Law School. pp. 30–60. 2209:(1987 reprint ed.). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: 2168: 2132: 2120: 2055: 1862: 1778: 1662: 1650: 1611: 1596: 1548: 1536: 1458: 1065: 1029: 1002: 901: 799: 664:(People of the Book), meaning Jewish, Christian, or 602:

Moroccan response to the ruling was to initiate the

3443:"Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco" 2552:"How the Natives of Algeria Became French Citizens" 2445:"North West Africa from the 15th to 19th Centuries" 2180: 2038: 2009: 1958: 1901: 1725: 1710: 1674: 1419: 1275: 1077: 990: 978: 963: 918: 889: 847: 782: 564: 3441: 3307: 3076:Journal of Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Law 2727: 2550: 1089: 835: 823: 811: 281:and in 789 became ruler Idris I, establishing the 1916: 1814: 317:, they embarked on an intellectual renaissance. 4983: 3254: 1317: 3163: 2785: 1832: 1808: 1377: 493:and a southern area including territory around 2816: 2206:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period 1952: 1883: 1704: 359:Islamic states and outside contact (1500-1880) 153:born in the country whose parents are unknown. 3558: 3376:Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe 3242:. Paris, France: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. 2856:(3rd ed.). Haywards Heath, West Sussex: 221:The indigenous people of the region were the 117: 4705:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 216: 3259:. In Bauer, Paul; Darley, Mathilde (eds.). 3239:Western Sahara and the Frontiers of Morocco 3042:Citizenship in Africa: The Law of Belonging 2786:Ferrer-Gallardo, Xavier (15 January 2007). 2558:International and Comparative Law Quarterly 309:conquered the region after laying siege to 3565: 3551: 3309:"The Protégé System in the Ottoman Empire" 2931:"What Ottoman Nationality Was and Was Not" 2725: 2698: 1479: 1413: 1179: 1023: 229:. They were ousted from the region by the 26: 2726:El Moudden, Abderrahmane (October 1995). 2360: 2202: 1401: 1389: 1353: 1341: 1293: 1257: 1242: 1218: 1203: 1191: 1167: 1155: 1143: 3369: 2851: 2665: 2643: 2548: 2523: 2469: 2405:Royal Institute of International Affairs 2295: 1895: 1871: 1578: 1464: 1269: 1230: 883: 805: 541:Permanent Court of International Justice 522:confirmed French control of Morocco and 505:Franco-Spanish protectorates (1912–1956) 3235: 3113: 2644:Cornwell, Graham Hough (22 June 2018). 2616: 2442: 2270: 2032: 1748: 1719: 1632: 1530: 1515: 1503: 1491: 1452: 1437: 1365: 1329: 1305: 1124: 943: 4984: 3415:Social Institutions & Gender Index 3305: 3196: 3138: 2928: 2874: 2699:El Masaiti, Amira (19 December 2017). 2494: 2227: 2162: 2150: 2114: 2097: 2085: 2073: 2061: 2049: 2020: 1856: 1796: 1784: 1772: 1760: 1689: 1668: 1656: 1644: 1620: 1605: 1590: 1566: 1554: 1542: 1425: 1281: 1112: 972: 912: 856: 776: 204:Morocco has allowed nationals to hold 185: 3546: 3458:American Society of International Law 3456:(2, supplement). New York, New York: 3449:American Journal of International Law 3394:from the original on 20 November 2021 3279: 3063: 3035: 3001: 2713:from the original on 25 February 2021 2672:(2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: 2174: 2138: 2126: 1967: 1910: 1731: 1083: 1071: 1059: 1047: 1035: 1008: 996: 984: 931: 895: 871: 841: 829: 817: 793: 764: 3572: 3428:from the original on 8 November 2021 3406: 3223:from the original on 8 November 2021 3199:"Report on Citizenship Law: Morocco" 2804:from the original on 20 January 2021 2403:. Vol. 10, no. 5. London: 2254:10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001 2186: 157: 2345:Acciones e Investigaciones Sociales 2004:Argudo Périz & Pérez Milla 1991 1992:Argudo Périz & Pérez Milla 1991 1980:Argudo Périz & Pérez Milla 1991 1845:Argudo Périz & Pérez Milla 1991 199: 13: 3513: 3109:from the original on 21 June 2021. 3082:(1). Haywards Heath, West Sussex: 3031:from the original on 26 June 2021. 2875:Gunter, Michael M. (Winter 1979). 2854:Fransman's British Nationality Law 2524:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2014). 2392: 2271:Aguirre, Mariano (November 1997). 1922: 1820: 635:, but had not become law by 2019. 421:European protectorates (1880–1912) 14: 5018: 3526: 3255:Rodriguez-Martin, Eduard (2007). 3197:Perrin, Delphine (October 2011). 2322:from the original on 25 July 2021 2296:Albarazi, Zahra (November 2017). 4968: 4954: 4934: 4933: 3655:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3172:University of Pennsylvania Press 2682:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2780 2549:Bousquet, G. H. (October 1953). 2283:from the original on 6 June 2021 612:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 565:Post-independence (1956–present) 196:formally request reinstatement. 4800:Birth aboard aircraft and ships 3164:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2014). 2195: 1939:Treaty Between France and Spain 944:Badrane, Mohamed (2023-01-26). 937: 716:, and extend to these protégés 654: 645: 473:in 1912, which established the 4637:Federated States of Micronesia 4001:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 3370:Vermeren, Hugo (19 May 2021). 3289:Law Under Exogenous Influences 3170:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 2929:Hanley, Will (November 2016). 2362:10.26754/ojs_ais/ais.199113699 593:International Court of Justice 1: 3214:European University Institute 3139:Miller, Susan Gilson (2013). 3120:. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: 2623:The Cambridge Ancient History 2532:University of Edinburgh Press 2449:The Last Great Muslim Empires 2447:. In Bagley, F. R. C. (ed.). 2395:"The Spanish Zone of Morocco" 2313:European University Institute 747: 528:treaty on Morocco with France 384:to seek an alliance with the 102:. The legal means to acquire 4918:British Overseas Territories 2972:10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05 2956:10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05 2351:(151–204). Zaragoza, Spain: 2203:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1993). 752: 620:United Nations Legal Counsel 456:'s leadership, his brother, 59:No. 1-07-80 du 23 mars 2007 7: 4788:Renunciation of citizenship 3142:A History of Modern Morocco 2946:(2). Bloomington, Indiana: 345:Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera 138:once the child reaches the 125: 21:Moroccan Nationality Decree 10: 5023: 3315:Journal of Islamic Studies 3306:Sonyel, Salahi R. (1991). 3287:. In Suksi, Markku (ed.). 3147:Cambridge University Press 3122:Cambridge University Press 2795:Queen's University Belfast 2669:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 2627:Cambridge University Press 2211:Cambridge University Press 1953:Flournoy & Hudson 1929 1884:Flournoy & Hudson 1929 1705:Flournoy & Hudson 1929 489:territory occupied by the 285:, which ruled until 974. 211: 118:Acquisition of nationality 4913: 4887: 4829: 4770: 4723: 4624: 4514: 4341: 4334: 4103: 4028: 3885: 3878: 3587: 3580: 3417:(Report). Paris, France: 3008:Citizenship Law in Africa 2852:Fransman, Laurie (2011). 2650:(PhD). Washington, D.C.: 2571:10.1017/S0020589300100028 452:Frustrated by the Sultan 217:Background (200 BCE-1500) 77: 67: 41: 34: 25: 20: 3635:Central African Republic 3236:Rézette, Robert (1975). 2948:Indiana University Press 2889:(3). Washington, D. C.: 2443:Barbour, Nevill (1969). 638: 88:Moroccan nationality law 5007:Human rights in Morocco 4733:Commonwealth of Nations 3324:Oxford University Press 3114:Masters, Bruce (2004). 2858:Bloomsbury Professional 2825:Oxford University Press 2617:Collins, Roger (2000). 2530:. Edinburgh, Scotland: 2353:Universidad de Zaragoza 2277:Transnational Institute 2246:Oxford University Press 2244:. Oxford, Oxfordshire: 2228:Aguiar, Marian (2010). 300:chieftains founded the 92:Constitution of Morocco 4547:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3145:. New York, New York: 2891:American Peace Society 2823:. New York, New York: 2797:. Report CIBR/WP06-1. 2242:Encyclopedia of Africa 2234:Gates Jr., Henry Louis 767:, pp. 32–34, 135. 733: 685: 674:confessional community 467:territory in the Congo 4930:Partially recognized. 3795:São Tomé and Príncipe 3460:: 81–99. April 1913. 3084:Bloomsbury Publishing 3047:Bloomsbury Publishing 2652:Georgetown University 2238:Appiah, Kwame Anthony 2153:, pp. 11–12, 20. 1318:Rodriguez-Martin 2007 405:Mohammed ben Abdallah 72:Government of Morocco 36:Parliament of Morocco 4869:Second-class citizen 4842:Multiple citizenship 4311:United Arab Emirates 3945:(Kingdom of Denmark) 2629:. pp. 124–126. 2407:. pp. 209–218. 1833:Ferrer-Gallardo 2007 1809:Ferrer-Gallardo 2007 1127:, pp. 124, 126. 1062:, pp. 107, 110. 1050:, pp. 105, 110. 950:Aujourd'hui le Maroc 614:was declared by the 269:and made his way to 227:Mauretania Tingitana 90:is regulated by the 5002:Politics of Morocco 4859:Permanent residency 4778:Loss of citizenship 4753:Caribbean Community 4006:Trinidad and Tobago 3991:St. Kitts and Nevis 3893:Antigua and Barbuda 3380:Sorbonne University 2478:Frank Cass & Co 2455:. pp. 97–152. 2393:B., N. (May 1954). 2088:, pp. 204–205. 1982:, pp. 176–177. 1886:, pp. 270–271. 1506:, pp. 108–109. 1356:, pp. 208–210. 1296:, pp. 207–208. 718:diplomatic immunity 694:most favored nation 554:Spanish West Africa 475:French protectorate 294:caliphial authority 186:Loss of nationality 81:Current legislation 3933:Dominican Republic 3332:10.1093/jis/2.1.56 2709:. Rabat, Morocco. 2706:Morocco World News 2519:on 27 August 2021. 2480:. pp. 11–28. 698:Republic of Venice 597:self-determination 277:of descendants of 259:Idris ibn Abdallah 206:dual nationalities 4949: 4948: 4923:Open border with 4766: 4765: 4620: 4619: 4099: 4098: 4019:US Virgin Islands 3946: 3670:Equatorial Guinea 3378:. Paris, France: 3298:978-951-29-0284-2 3272:978-80-86311-00-5 3181:978-0-8122-0935-8 3156:978-0-521-81070-8 3131:978-0-521-00582-1 3067:(February 2020). 3056:978-1-5099-2078-5 3021:978-1-928331-08-7 2867:978-1-84592-095-1 2691:978-90-04-16121-4 2541:978-0-7486-9648-2 2462:978-90-04-02104-4 2263:978-0-19-533770-9 2220:978-0-521-33184-5 1799:, pp. 78–79. 1775:, pp. 76–78. 1763:, pp. 75–76. 1647:, pp. 57–58. 1635:, pp. 61–62. 1569:, pp. 78–79. 1170:, pp. 50–51. 874:, pp. 51–52. 779:, pp. 7, 15. 706:commercial agents 520:League of Nations 427:Madrid Conference 351:, and in 1510 at 302:Almoravid dynasty 158:By naturalization 85: 84: 5014: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4937: 4936: 4783:Denaturalization 4672:Papua New Guinea 4657:Marshall Islands 4339: 4338: 3944: 3883: 3882: 3585: 3584: 3574:Nationality laws 3567: 3560: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3445: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3427: 3412: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3311: 3302: 3276: 3251: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3222: 3203: 3193: 3160: 3135: 3110: 3108: 3073: 3060: 3032: 3030: 3013: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2871: 2848: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2803: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2695: 2674:Brill Publishers 2662: 2660: 2658: 2640: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2554: 2545: 2520: 2518: 2512:. Archived from 2503: 2491: 2466: 2453:Brill Publishers 2439: 2437: 2435: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2364: 2342: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2321: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2267: 2224: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1860: 1859:, pp. 1, 4. 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1811:, pp. 4, 8. 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1708: 1702: 1693: 1687: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1609: 1603: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1378:O'Callaghan 2014 1375: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1351: 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reading 3511: 3502: 3500: 3466:10.2307/2212275 3431: 3429: 3425: 3410: 3397: 3395: 3360: 3358: 3299: 3273: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3210:Badia Fiesolana 3201: 3182: 3157: 3132: 3106: 3071: 3057: 3028: 3022: 3011: 2992: 2990: 2933: 2919: 2917: 2868: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2790: 2776: 2774: 2748:10.2307/1595583 2735:Studia Islamica 2716: 2714: 2692: 2656: 2654: 2637: 2607: 2605: 2542: 2516: 2501: 2488: 2463: 2433: 2431: 2400:The World Today 2383: 2381: 2340: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2309:Badia Fiesolana 2300: 2286: 2284: 2264: 2221: 2198: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2076:, pp. 8–9. 2072: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1936: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1747: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1711: 1703: 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641: 616:Polisario Front 567: 512:Legion of Honor 507: 423: 369:Saadi Sultanate 361: 283:Idrisid dynasty 255:Zenata kingdoms 239:Umayyad dynasty 235:Musa ibn Nusayr 219: 214: 202: 188: 160: 140:age of majority 128: 120: 68:Enacted by 63: 60: 51: 50: 12: 11: 5: 5020: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4997:Law of Morocco 4994: 4980: 4979: 4965: 4962:Morocco portal 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4931: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4795:Naturalization 4792: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4748:Nordic Council 4745: 4740: 4738:European Union 4735: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4701:American Samoa 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4612:United Kingdom 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 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3860:Western Sahara 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3650:Congo Republic 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3591: 3589: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3528: 3527:External links 3525: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3438: 3404: 3367: 3303: 3297: 3277: 3271: 3252: 3233: 3194: 3180: 3161: 3155: 3136: 3130: 3111: 3065:Manby, Bronwen 3061: 3055: 3037:Manby, Bronwen 3033: 3020: 3003:Manby, Bronwen 2999: 2926: 2872: 2866: 2849: 2814: 2783: 2723: 2696: 2690: 2663: 2641: 2635: 2614: 2546: 2540: 2521: 2492: 2486: 2467: 2461: 2440: 2390: 2347:(in Spanish). 2332: 2293: 2268: 2262: 2225: 2219: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2117:, p. 206. 2102: 2100:, p. 205. 2090: 2078: 2066: 2054: 2037: 2035:, p. 101. 2025: 2008: 2006:, p. 177. 1996: 1994:, p. 176. 1984: 1972: 1957: 1955:, p. 289. 1945: 1927: 1925:, p. 209. 1915: 1900: 1898:, p. 602. 1888: 1876: 1861: 1849: 1847:, p. 161. 1837: 1825: 1823:, p. 212. 1813: 1801: 1789: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1751:, p. 112. 1736: 1724: 1709: 1707:, p. 288. 1694: 1673: 1661: 1649: 1637: 1625: 1610: 1595: 1593:, p. 280. 1583: 1571: 1559: 1547: 1535: 1533:, p. 111. 1520: 1518:, p. 110. 1508: 1496: 1494:, p. 108. 1484: 1482:, p. 112. 1469: 1457: 1455:, p. 107. 1442: 1440:, p. 106. 1430: 1418: 1416:, p. 103. 1406: 1404:, p. 212. 1402:Abun-Nasr 1993 1394: 1392:, p. 211. 1390:Abun-Nasr 1993 1382: 1380:, p. 248. 1370: 1368:, p. 102. 1358: 1354:Abun-Nasr 1993 1346: 1344:, p. 208. 1342:Abun-Nasr 1993 1334: 1322: 1310: 1298: 1294:Abun-Nasr 1993 1286: 1274: 1262: 1260:, p. 113. 1258:Abun-Nasr 1993 1247: 1245:, p. 102. 1243:Abun-Nasr 1993 1235: 1223: 1221:, p. 103. 1219:Abun-Nasr 1993 1208: 1204:Abun-Nasr 1993 1196: 1192:Abun-Nasr 1993 1184: 1182:, p. 106. 1172: 1168:Abun-Nasr 1993 1160: 1156:Abun-Nasr 1993 1148: 1144:Abun-Nasr 1993 1129: 1117: 1088: 1076: 1074:, p. 114. 1064: 1052: 1040: 1038:, p. 112. 1028: 1013: 1011:, p. 108. 1001: 989: 977: 962: 936: 917: 900: 888: 876: 861: 846: 834: 822: 810: 798: 781: 769: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 743: 742: 726:letters patent 702:Russian Empire 678:protégé system 653: 643: 642: 640: 637: 608:Western Sahara 585:United Nations 566: 563: 506: 503: 434:Spanish Sahara 422: 419: 397:'Alawi dynasty 386:Ottoman Empire 360: 357: 275:Hasanid branch 249:, pushed into 231:Vandal Kingdom 218: 215: 213: 210: 208:, since 1958. 201: 198: 187: 184: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 159: 156: 155: 154: 147: 143: 127: 124: 119: 116: 83: 82: 75: 74: 69: 65: 64: 62: 61: 54: 44: 43: 42: 39: 38: 32: 31: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5019: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4977: 4971: 4966: 4963: 4952: 4942: 4941: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4925:Schengen Area 4922: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4874:Statelessness 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4806:Ius sanguinis 4803: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4758:African Union 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726:organizations 4724:International 4722: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4697:United States 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4441:Liechtenstein 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4348:Schengen Area 4344: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4011:United States 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3710:Guinea-Bissau 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3444: 3439: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3405: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3322:(1). Oxford: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3206:cadmus.eui.eu 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3112: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3010: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2932: 2927: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2882:World Affairs 2878: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2815: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2784: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2642: 2638: 2636:0-521-32591-9 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2499: 2493: 2489: 2487:0-7146-5170-2 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2333: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305:cadmus.eui.eu 2299: 2294: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2189:, p. 11. 2188: 2183: 2177:, p. 17. 2176: 2171: 2165:, p. 12. 2164: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2141:, p. 14. 2140: 2135: 2129:, p. 11. 2128: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2099: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2034: 2029: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2005: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1981: 1976: 1970:, p. 52. 1969: 1964: 1962: 1954: 1949: 1943:, p. 92. 1942: 1940: 1934: 1932: 1924: 1919: 1913:, p. 51. 1912: 1907: 1905: 1897: 1896:Bousquet 1953 1892: 1885: 1880: 1873: 1872:Vermeren 2021 1868: 1866: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1829: 1822: 1817: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1787:, p. 78. 1786: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1762: 1757: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1734:, p. 10. 1733: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1671:, p. 59. 1670: 1665: 1659:, p. 58. 1658: 1653: 1646: 1641: 1634: 1629: 1623:, p. 57. 1622: 1617: 1615: 1608:, p. 56. 1607: 1602: 1600: 1592: 1587: 1581:, p. 40. 1580: 1579:Cornwell 2018 1575: 1568: 1563: 1557:, p. 73. 1556: 1551: 1545:, p. 71. 1544: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1500: 1493: 1488: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1466: 1465:Deverdun 2009 1461: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1422: 1415: 1410: 1403: 1398: 1391: 1386: 1379: 1374: 1367: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1343: 1338: 1332:, p. 97. 1331: 1326: 1319: 1314: 1308:, p. 98. 1307: 1302: 1295: 1290: 1283: 1278: 1272:, p. 20. 1271: 1270:Bennison 2001 1266: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1244: 1239: 1233:, p. 95. 1232: 1231:Bosworth 2014 1227: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1206:, p. 84. 1205: 1200: 1194:, p. 82. 1193: 1188: 1181: 1176: 1169: 1164: 1158:, p. 75. 1157: 1152: 1146:, p. 76. 1145: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1126: 1121: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1086:, p. 78. 1085: 1080: 1073: 1068: 1061: 1056: 1049: 1044: 1037: 1032: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1010: 1005: 999:, p. 67. 998: 993: 987:, p. 57. 986: 981: 974: 969: 967: 951: 947: 940: 934:, p. 92. 933: 928: 926: 924: 922: 915:, p. 14. 914: 909: 907: 905: 898:, p. 51. 897: 892: 886:, p. 12. 885: 884:Albarazi 2017 880: 873: 868: 866: 859:, p. 13. 858: 853: 851: 844:, p. 55. 843: 838: 832:, p. 48. 831: 826: 820:, p. 34. 819: 814: 807: 806:Fransman 2011 802: 795: 790: 788: 786: 778: 773: 766: 761: 757: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 657: 648: 644: 636: 634: 628: 626: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 580: 577: 573: 570:n°1-58-250), 562: 559: 555: 551: 545: 542: 536: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 502: 500: 496: 492: 491:Jebala people 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 471:Treaty of Fes 468: 463: 459: 455: 450: 449:'s troops. 448: 447:Antoine Drude 444: 440: 435: 430: 428: 418: 415: 411: 406: 402: 401:Moulay Ismail 398: 394: 390: 387: 383: 379: 378:Iberian Union 374: 370: 367: 356: 354: 350: 347:, in 1509 at 346: 343:, in 1508 at 342: 341:Mers El Kébir 339:, in 1505 at 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 316: 312: 308: 303: 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 209: 207: 197: 194: 193:denaturalized 180: 177: 174: 170: 169: 168: 165: 152: 148: 144: 141: 137: 133: 132: 131: 123: 115: 113: 112:jus sanguinis 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 80: 76: 73: 70: 66: 58: 53: 52: 49: 48: 40: 37: 33: 29: 24: 19: 16: 4939: 4905:Soviet Union 4900:Ancient Rome 4895:Nazi Germany 4821:Repatriation 4811: 4804: 4771:By procedure 4306:Turkmenistan 4261:Saudi Arabia 3825:South Africa 3810:Sierra Leone 3764: 3615:Burkina Faso 3581:By continent 3533: 3501:. Retrieved 3453: 3447: 3430:. Retrieved 3414: 3396:. Retrieved 3375: 3359:. Retrieved 3319: 3313: 3288: 3281:Rosas, Allan 3261: 3238: 3225:. Retrieved 3205: 3166: 3141: 3116: 3079: 3075: 3041: 3007: 2991:. Retrieved 2943: 2937: 2918:. Retrieved 2886: 2880: 2853: 2843:– via 2819: 2806:. Retrieved 2775:. Retrieved 2739: 2733: 2715:. Retrieved 2704: 2668: 2655:. Retrieved 2646: 2622: 2606:. Retrieved 2562: 2556: 2526: 2514:the original 2497: 2472: 2448: 2432:. Retrieved 2398: 2382:. Retrieved 2348: 2344: 2324:. Retrieved 2304: 2285:. Retrieved 2276: 2241: 2205: 2196:Bibliography 2182: 2170: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2093: 2081: 2069: 2064:, p. 8. 2057: 2052:, p. 6. 2033:Rézette 1975 2028: 2023:, p. 5. 1999: 1987: 1975: 1948: 1938: 1918: 1891: 1879: 1852: 1840: 1835:, p. 4. 1828: 1816: 1804: 1792: 1780: 1768: 1756: 1749:Barbour 1969 1727: 1720:Aguirre 1997 1692:, p. 4. 1664: 1652: 1640: 1633:Masters 2004 1628: 1586: 1574: 1562: 1550: 1538: 1531:Barbour 1969 1516:Barbour 1969 1511: 1504:Barbour 1969 1499: 1492:Barbour 1969 1487: 1460: 1453:Barbour 1969 1438:Barbour 1969 1433: 1428:, p. 3. 1421: 1409: 1397: 1385: 1373: 1366:Barbour 1969 1361: 1349: 1337: 1330:Barbour 1969 1325: 1320:, p. 2. 1313: 1306:Barbour 1969 1301: 1289: 1284:, p. 2. 1277: 1265: 1238: 1226: 1199: 1187: 1175: 1163: 1151: 1125:Collins 2000 1120: 1079: 1067: 1055: 1043: 1031: 1004: 992: 980: 975:, p. 7. 954:. 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