405:, Kimura entered the botany program rather than cytology because the former, in the Faculty of Science rather than Agriculture, allowed him to avoid military duty. He joined Kihara's laboratory after the war, where he studied the introduction of foreign chromosomes into plants and learned the foundations of population genetics.
556:
for use in the quantitative study of neutral evolution". As new experimental techniques and genetic knowledge became available, Kimura expanded the scope of the neutral theory and created mathematical methods for testing it against the available evidence. Kimura produced a monograph on the neutral
548:
was expanding rapidly, and there was growing tension between advocates of the expanding reductionist field and scientists in organismal biology, the traditional domain of evolution. The neutral theory was immediately controversial, receiving support from many molecular biologists and attracting
592:
later in life. In an accidental fall at his home in
Shizuoka, Japan, Kimura struck his head and died on November 13, 1994, of a cerebral hemorrhage. He was married to Hiroko Kimura. They had one child, a son, Akio, and a granddaughter, Hanako.
1535:
416:. In 1953 he published his first population genetics paper (which would eventually be very influential), describing a "stepping stone" model for population structure that could treat more complex patterns of migration than
1495:
458:
His accomplishments at
Wisconsin included a general model for genetic drift, which could accommodate multiple alleles, selection, migration, and mutations, as well as some work based on
1928:
421:
371:. From an early age he was very interested in botany, though he also excelled at mathematics (teaching himself geometry and other maths during a lengthy convalescence due to
38:
451:; though few were able to understand it (both because of mathematical complexity and Kimura's English pronunciation) it received strong praise from Wright and later
478:
in a population. He received his PhD in 1956, before returning to Japan (where he would remain for the rest of his life, at the
National Institute of Genetics).
570:
Though difficult to test against alternative selection-centered hypotheses, the neutral theory has become part of modern approaches to molecular evolution.
1581:
1077:
1883:
652:
151:
552:
Kimura spent the rest of his life developing and defending the neutral theory. As James Crow put it, "much of Kimura's early work turned out to be
482:
1923:
1509:
1933:
656:
1948:
1938:
1294:
559:
463:
335:, himself a renowned population geneticist, considered Kimura to be one of the two greatest evolutionary geneticists, along with
439:
Kimura soon found Iowa State
College too restricting; he moved to the University of Wisconsin to work on stochastic models with
1913:
1943:
1308:
529:
300:
106:
1498:
582:
1888:
1441:
27:
443:
and to join a strong intellectual community of like-minded geneticists, including Newton Morton and most significantly,
1564:
1129:
1112:
Kimura, Motoo (1986). "Diffusion Models of
Population Genetics in the Age of Molecular Biology". In Gani, J. (ed.).
1898:
1878:
1903:
1893:
692:
663:
613:
481:
Kimura worked on a wide spectrum of theoretical population genetics problems, many of them in collaboration with
425:
340:
159:
475:
409:
211:
1918:
589:
1908:
1691:
697:
619:
517:
proteins differ by whole units of charge. An early statement of his approach was published in 1960, in his
471:
448:
379:, Kimura focused on plant morphology and cytology; he worked in the laboratory of M. Kumazawa studying the
1750:
1573:
532:, the idea that, at the molecular level, the large majority of genetic change is neutral with respect to
1300:
467:
1713:
994:
398:
878:
722:
625:
1953:
1513:
494:
96:
1794:
1557:
1542:
873:
486:
1847:
1654:
606:
135:
387:. With Kumazawa, he also discovered how to connect his interests in botany and mathematics:
1873:
1868:
1816:
1344:
1158:
942:
788:
737:
490:
474:
to population genetics, allowing the calculation of the probability of an allele to become
380:
193:
800:
224:
8:
1669:
1328:
702:
498:
320:
304:
198:
1264:
1162:
1147:"Stepwise mutation model and distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population"
946:
792:
741:
1789:
1777:
1478:
1446:
1094:
1030:
963:
930:
822:
Watterson, G. (1996). "Motoo Kimura's Use of
Diffusion Theory in Population Genetics".
761:
687:
514:
429:
308:
1248:
1189:
1146:
1075:(1997). "Motoo Kimura. 13 November 1924–13 November 1994: Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1993".
336:
1740:
1708:
1686:
1620:
1550:
1423:
1348:
1304:
1268:
1194:
1176:
1125:
1022:
1014:
968:
891:
861:
839:
804:
753:
545:
533:
413:
254:
1482:
1098:
1644:
1615:
1605:
1470:
1415:
1340:
1260:
1184:
1166:
1117:
1086:
1006:
958:
950:
883:
831:
796:
765:
745:
631:
506:
502:
368:
348:
328:
236:
1034:
521:. He also contributed an important review article on the ongoing controversy over
1837:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1735:
1703:
1659:
1121:
1010:
510:
293:
77:
1461:
Steen, T. Y. (1996). "Always an eccentric?: A brief biography of Motoo Kimura".
1664:
1610:
1151:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
528:
1968 marked a turning point in Kimura's career. In that year he introduced the
452:
402:
372:
364:
259:
58:
1862:
1832:
1806:
1718:
1632:
1600:
1577:
1403:
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1180:
1072:
1018:
926:
675:
637:
578:
553:
537:
444:
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352:
344:
332:
324:
241:
1730:
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1649:
1595:
1419:
1352:
1171:
1090:
887:
835:
669:
574:
522:
394:
323:
data, he also developed the neutral theory of molecular evolution in which
167:
1800:
1783:
1771:
1724:
1697:
1680:
1638:
1626:
1427:
1026:
972:
895:
843:
808:
757:
1811:
1198:
857:
646:
563:, and also worked to promote the theory through popular writings such as
509:. The stepwise mutation model is a "ladder model" that can be applied to
459:
312:
143:
497:" models of mutation, all of which would be used widely as the field of
1745:
1474:
954:
433:
447:. Near the end of his graduate study, Kimura gave a paper at the 1955
420:'s earlier "island model". After meeting visiting American geneticist
749:
541:
384:
296:
388:
1572:
1116:. Applied Probability. Vol. 1. Springer. pp. 150–165.
376:
316:
218:
37:
864:(1996). "Development of neutral and nearly neutral theories".
1225:
Kimura, M (1961). "Some calculations on the mutation load".
303:
in 1968. He became one of the most influential theoretical
856:
307:. He is remembered in genetics for his innovative use of
1929:
Foreign associates of the
National Academy of Sciences
588:
Kimura suffered from progressive weakening caused by
1510:"John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science"
1078:
Biographical
Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1375:
Seibutsu shinka wo kangaeru (My views on evolution)
401:in 1944. On the advice of the prominent geneticist
315:of fixation of beneficial, deleterious, or neutral
1329:"Mid-Century Controversies in Population Genetics"
1249:"The Nearly Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution"
319:. Combining theoretical population genetics with
1860:
1496:Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, 2nd Edition
642:1986 – Chevalier de l'Ordre Nationale de Merite
466:. He also built on the work of Wright with the
428:), Kimura arranged to enter graduate school at
285:
1512:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
549:opposition from many evolutionary biologists.
292:(November 13, 1924 – November 13, 1994) was a
279:
1558:
567:, a book that became a best-seller in Japan.
375:). After entering a selective high school in
779:Nei, M. (1995). "Motoo Kimura (1924–1994)".
225:Stochastic Processes in Population Genetics
1565:
1551:
1144:
815:
723:"Evolutionary rate at the molecular level"
36:
1489:
1454:
1296:The neutral theory of molecular evolution
1242:
1240:
1188:
1170:
962:
877:
821:
560:The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
397:, Kimura left high school early to enter
363:Kimura was born on November 13, 1924, in
1366:
1322:
1320:
1286:
1253:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
464:fundamental theorem of natural selection
1442:"Motoo Kimura; Japanese Geneticist, 70"
1434:
714:
620:National Academy of Sciences of the USA
581:, and the following year he was made a
501:grew alongside the number of available
1884:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
1861:
1396:
1372:
1345:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091612
1292:
1237:
1224:
1111:
988:
986:
984:
982:
720:
602:1959 – Genetics Society of Japan Prize
519:An Introduction to Population Genetics
1546:
1502:
1460:
1381:
1317:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
902:
850:
801:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040250
530:neutral theory of molecular evolution
301:neutral theory of molecular evolution
107:Neutral theory of molecular evolution
1924:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1402:
1326:
1246:
1114:The Craft of Probabilistic Modelling
1071:
992:
925:
1387:
1265:10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001403
1145:Kimura, M.; Ohta, T. (1978-06-01).
979:
778:
583:Foreign Member of the Royal Society
13:
1934:Recipients of the Order of Culture
1327:Crow, James F. (1 December 2008).
1048:
14:
1965:
432:in the summer 1953 to study with
1949:20th-century Japanese biologists
1939:Deaths from motor neuron disease
358:
1528:
1390:Molecular Evolutionary Genetics
1218:
1205:
781:Molecular Biology and Evolution
693:History of evolutionary thought
664:International Prize for Biology
426:Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission
299:best known for introducing the
160:International Prize for Biology
1408:Theoretical Population Biology
1377:(in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten.
1247:Ohta, Tomoko (November 1992).
1138:
1105:
993:Ohta, Tomoko (December 1996).
866:Theoretical Population Biology
824:Theoretical Population Biology
772:
410:National Institute of Genetics
339:, after the great trio of the
212:National Institute of Genetics
16:Japanese biologist (1924–1994)
1:
1914:Japanese molecular biologists
708:
618:1973 – Foreign member of the
590:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
573:In 1992, Kimura received the
1944:Scientists with disabilities
1406:(1996). "Memories of MotĂ´".
1392:. Columbia University Press.
1122:10.1007/978-1-4613-8631-5_10
1011:10.1146/annurev.genet.30.1.1
698:History of molecular biology
657:National Academy of Sciences
472:Kolmogorov backward equation
449:Cold Spring Harbor Symposium
248:Other academic advisors
7:
681:
408:In 1949, Kimura joined the
327:is the main force changing
286:
10:
1970:
1889:People from Okazaki, Aichi
1301:Cambridge University Press
931:"Motoo Kimura (1924–1994)"
1825:
1588:
1333:Annual Review of Genetics
999:Annual Review of Genetics
674:1993 – Foreign member of
596:
399:Kyoto Imperial University
280:
268:
247:
235:
217:
207:
186:
179:
128:
120:
112:
102:
92:
84:
66:
44:
35:
21:
626:Person of Cultural Merit
1899:Evolutionary biologists
1879:Kyoto University alumni
1388:Nei, Masatoshi (1987).
659:in evolutionary biology
97:University of Wisconsin
1904:Theoretical biologists
1894:Population geneticists
1795:Bruce William Stillman
1420:10.1006/tpbi.1996.0006
1373:Kimura, Motoo (1988).
1293:Kimura, Motoo (1983).
1215:, Baifūkan, Tokyo 1960
1213:Shūdan Idengaku gairon
1172:10.1073/pnas.75.6.2868
1091:10.1098/rsbm.1997.0014
888:10.1006/tpbi.1996.0007
836:10.1006/tpbi.1996.0010
721:Kimura, Motoo (1968).
468:Fokker–Planck equation
305:population geneticists
1848:Edwin Ernest Salpeter
1784:Brian Geoffrey Spratt
636:1982 – Member of the
607:Weldon Memorial Prize
565:My Views on Evolution
485:. He introduced the "
136:Weldon Memorial Prize
1919:Japanese geneticists
1801:Andrew James Thomson
1714:Michael Joseph Kelly
1450:. November 16, 1994.
540:a primary factor in
381:chromosome structure
194:Evolutionary biology
1909:Japanese scientists
1681:Michael George Hall
1670:Christopher Garrett
1516:on 29 December 2010
1463:Journal of Genetics
1163:1978PNAS...75.2868K
947:1995JMolE..40..709J
793:1995JMolE..40..709J
742:1968Natur.217..624K
703:Molecular evolution
653:John J. Carty Award
614:Japan Academy Prize
499:molecular evolution
470:by introducing the
321:molecular evolution
309:diffusion equations
199:Population genetics
152:John J. Carty Award
1790:David J. Stevenson
1639:Geoffrey Dearnaley
1475:10.1007/BF02931748
1447:The New York Times
955:10.1007/BF00160522
688:History of biology
430:Iowa State College
329:allele frequencies
1856:
1855:
1741:Michael Neuberger
1709:Franz Daniel Kahn
1687:Roger Heath-Brown
1621:Tim Clutton-Brock
1310:978-0-521-23109-1
736:(5129): 624–626.
546:molecular biology
534:natural selection
507:genetic sequences
414:Mishima, Shizuoka
311:to calculate the
272:
271:
255:Jay Laurence Lush
181:Scientific career
55:November 13, 1924
1961:
1645:Richard R. Ernst
1627:Richard Crowther
1616:Lennart Carleson
1606:Michael Burdekin
1567:
1560:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1174:
1157:(6): 2868–2872.
1142:
1136:
1135:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1069:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
990:
977:
976:
966:
923:
900:
899:
881:
854:
848:
847:
819:
813:
812:
776:
770:
769:
750:10.1038/217624a0
727:
718:
632:Order of Culture
557:theory in 1983,
487:infinite alleles
369:Aichi Prefecture
349:J. B. S. Haldane
341:modern synthesis
291:
289:
283:
282:
237:Doctoral advisor
231:
172:
164:
156:
148:
140:
73:
70:13 November 1994
54:
52:
40:
30:
19:
18:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1838:Jean-Marie Lehn
1821:
1807:Peter John Twin
1766:Edward Reynolds
1761:Ghillean Prance
1756:Colin Pillinger
1751:Colin Patterson
1736:Angus Macintyre
1704:Patricia Jacobs
1660:Edward Fraenkel
1584:
1571:
1541:
1536:archived record
1534:Royal Society:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1459:
1455:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1401:
1397:
1386:
1382:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1245:
1238:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1110:
1106:
1070:
1049:
1039:
1037:
991:
980:
924:
903:
879:10.1.1.332.2080
855:
851:
820:
816:
777:
773:
725:
719:
715:
711:
684:
599:
544:. The field of
511:electrophoresis
422:Duncan McDonald
361:
337:Gustave Malécot
277:
264:
229:
203:
175:
170:
162:
154:
146:
138:
93:Alma mater
80:
78:Shizuoka, Japan
75:
71:
62:
56:
50:
48:
31:
26:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1954:Neutral theory
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1665:Richard Friend
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:David Crighton
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1540:
1539:
1527:
1501:
1488:
1453:
1433:
1414:(2): 122–127.
1395:
1380:
1365:
1316:
1309:
1285:
1259:(1): 263–286.
1236:
1217:
1211:Kimura Motoo,
1204:
1137:
1130:
1104:
1047:
995:"Motoo Kimura"
978:
927:Crow, James F.
901:
872:(2): 128–142.
862:Gillespie J.H.
849:
830:(2): 154–188.
814:
787:(5): 719–722.
771:
712:
710:
707:
706:
705:
700:
695:
690:
683:
680:
679:
678:
672:
666:
660:
649:
643:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
603:
598:
595:
536:—making
513:studies where
491:infinite sites
483:Takeo Maruyama
453:J.B.S. Haldane
403:Hitoshi Kihara
373:food poisoning
360:
357:
270:
269:
266:
265:
263:
262:
260:Hitoshi Kihara
257:
251:
249:
245:
244:
239:
233:
232:
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214:
209:
205:
204:
202:
201:
196:
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183:
177:
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165:
157:
149:
141:
132:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
104:
103:Known for
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
76:
74:(aged 70)
68:
64:
63:
57:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1966:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Bruce Alberts
1831:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
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1757:
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1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:Kevin Kendall
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
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1682:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1633:Howard Dalton
1631:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:Alan Baddeley
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:Royal Society
1575:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
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208:Institutions
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168:Darwin Medal
72:(1994-11-13)
23:Motoo Kimura
1874:1994 deaths
1869:1924 births
1812:A.E. Walsby
1772:John Rhodes
1725:Trevor Lamb
1692:John Hughes
1655:Ian Fleming
1520:25 February
1358:28 February
1278:28 February
1085:: 255–265.
1073:Crow, J. F.
1040:27 February
647:Asahi Prize
554:pre-adapted
460:R.A. Fisher
313:probability
287:Kimura MotĹŤ
144:Asahi Prize
85:Nationality
1863:Categories
1817:John White
1746:Ian Newton
1233:: 179–190.
1005:(1): 1–5.
941:(1): 1–5.
709:References
515:homologous
434:J. L. Lush
51:1924-11-13
1778:Jim Smith
1469:: 19–01.
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542:evolution
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297:biologist
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682:See also
609:, Oxford
495:stepwise
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389:biometry
294:Japanese
121:Children
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1826:Foreign
1589:Fellows
1582:in 1993
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597:Honors
385:lilies
377:Nagoya
351:, and
230:(1956)
228:
219:Thesis
187:Fields
171:(1992)
163:(1988)
155:(1987)
147:(1986)
139:(1965)
129:Awards
113:Spouse
1479:S2CID
1095:S2CID
1031:S2CID
762:S2CID
726:(PDF)
476:fixed
281:木村 資生
1522:2011
1424:PMID
1360:2023
1349:PMID
1305:ISBN
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