323:, are estimated to have required up to 24,000 man-days of work; smaller ones required perhaps as little as 1,000. Contemporary accounts talk of some mottes being built in a matter of days, although these low figures have led to suggestions by historians that either these figures were an underestimate, or that they refer to the construction of a smaller design than that later seen on the sites concerned. Taking into account estimates of the likely available manpower during the period, historians estimate that the larger mottes might have taken between four and nine months to build. This contrasted favourably with stone keeps of the period, which typically took up to ten years to build. Very little skilled labour was required to build motte and bailey castles, which made them very attractive propositions if forced peasant labour was available, as was the case after the Norman invasion of England. Where the local workforce had to be paid – such as at
771:, with the occupation of southern and eastern Ireland by a number of Anglo-Norman barons. The rapid Norman success depended on key economic and military advantages; their cavalry enabled Norman successes in battles, and castles enabled them to control the newly conquered territories. The new lords rapidly built castles to protect their possessions; most of these were motte-and-bailey constructions, many of them strongly defended. Unlike Wales, the indigenous Irish lords do not appear to have constructed their own castles in any significant number during the period. Between 350 and 450 motte-and-bailey castles are believed to remain today, although the identification of these earthwork remains can be contentious.
362:, would be used alternatively to build in strength to the design. Layers of turf could also be added to stabilise the motte as it was built up, or a core of stones placed as the heart of the structure to provide strength. Similar issues applied to the defensive ditches, where designers found that the wider the ditch was dug, the deeper and steeper the sides of the scarp could be, making it more defensive. Although militarily a motte was, as Norman Pounds describes it, "almost indestructible", they required frequent maintenance. Soil wash was a problem, particularly with steeper mounds, and mottes could be clad with wood or stone slabs to protect them. Over time, some mottes suffered from
215:. The size of mottes varied considerably, with these mounds being 3 metres to 30 metres in height (10–100 feet), and from 30 to 90 metres (100 to 300 ft) in diameter. This minimum height of 3 metres (10 feet) for mottes is usually intended to exclude smaller mounds which often had non-military purposes. In England and Wales, only 7% of mottes were taller than 10 metres (33 feet) high; 24% were between 10 and 5 metres (33 and 16 ft), and 69% were less than 5 metres (16 feet) tall. A motte was protected by a ditch around it, which would typically have also been a source of the earth and soil for constructing the mound itself.
688:
397:
196:
377:, protected by a ditch. The choice of motte and bailey or ringwork was partially driven by terrain, as mottes were typically built on low ground, and on deeper clay and alluvial soils. Another factor may have been speed, as ringworks were faster to build than mottes. Some ringwork castles were later converted into motte-and-bailey designs, by filling in the centre of the ringwork to produce a flat-topped motte. The reasons for why this decision was taken are unclear; motte-and-bailey castles may have been felt to be more prestigious, or easier to defend; another theory is that like the
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459:
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on ringworks and that the earliest motte-and-baileys were converted ringworks. Finally, there may be a link between the local geography and the building of motte-and-bailey castles, which are usually built on low-lying areas, in many cases subject to regular flooding. Regardless of the reasons behind the initial popularity of the motte-and-bailey design, however, there is widespread agreement that the castles were first widely adopted in
Normandy and Angevin territory in the 10th and 11th centuries.
331:
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537:
121:
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31:
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centre of the castle's economic activity. The bailey was connected to the motte by a bridge, or, as often seen in
England, by steps cut into the motte. Typically the ditch of the motte and the bailey joined, forming a figure of eight around the castle. Wherever possible, nearby streams and rivers would be dammed or diverted, creating water-filled moats, artificial lakes and other forms of water defences.
231:, where the "first storey was on the surface of the ground, where were cellars and granaries, and great boxes, tuns, casks, and other domestic utensils. In the storey above were the dwelling and common living rooms of the residents in which were the larders, the rooms of the bakers and butlers, and the great chamber in which the lord and his wife slept ... In the upper storey of the house were
615:, the first motte and bailey castles began relatively early at the end of the 11th century. The rural motte-and-bailey castles followed the traditional design, but the urban castles often lacked the traditional baileys, using parts of the town to fulfil this role instead. Motte-and-bailey castles in Flanders were particularly numerous in the south along the
878:
as feudal society changed. In the
Netherlands, cheap brick started to be used in castles from the 13th century onwards in place of earthworks, and many mottes were levelled, to help develop the surrounding, low-lying fields; these "levelled mottes" are a particularly Dutch phenomenon. In Denmark, motte and baileys gave way in the 14th century to a
296:
434:, it is argued, began to build them to protect against the Viking raids, and the design spread to deal with the attacks along the Slav and Hungarian frontiers. Another argument is that, given the links between this style of castle and the Norman style, who were of Viking descent, it was in fact originally a Viking design, transported to
109:
573:. The second and third waves of castle building in the late-11th century were led by the major magnates and then the more junior knights on their new estates. Some regional patterns in castle building can be seen – relatively few castles were built in East Anglia compared to the west of England or the
877:
Across Europe, motte-and-bailey construction came to an end. At the end of the 12th century, the Welsh rulers began to build castles in stone, primarily in the principality of North Wales and usually along the higher peaks where mottes were unnecessary. In
Flanders, a decline came in the 13th century
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in 994. Several were built in
England and Wales after the conquest; by 1216 there were around 100 in the country. These massive keeps could be either erected on top of settled, well-established mottes or could have mottes built around them – so-called "buried" keeps. The ability of mottes, especially
699:
In neighbouring
Denmark, motte-and-bailey castles appeared somewhat later in the 12th and 13th centuries and in more limited numbers than elsewhere, due to the less feudal society. Except for a handful of mote and bailey castles in Norway, built in the first half of the 11th century and including the
556:
invaded from
Normandy in 1066, resulting in three phases of castle building in England, around 80% of which were in the motte-and-bailey pattern. The first of these was the establishment by the new king of royal castles in key strategic locations, including many towns. These urban castles could make
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could produce a motte without the need to create an artificial mound, but more commonly much of the motte would have to be constructed by hand. Four methods existed for building a mound and a tower: the mound could either be built first, and a tower placed on top of it; the tower could alternatively
94:
introduced the design into
England and Wales. Motte-and-bailey castles were adopted in Scotland, Ireland, and Denmark in the 12th and 13th centuries. By the end of the 13th century, the design was largely superseded by alternative forms of fortification, but the earthworks remain a prominent feature
960:
There has been some debate over the absence of indigenous Irish castle building. Irish castle specialist Tom McNeill has noted that it would appear very strange if the indigenous Irish lords had not adopted castle technology during their long struggle with the Anglo-Norman nobility, but there is no
449:
mode of society. The spread of motte-and-bailey castles was usually closely tied to the creation of local fiefdoms and feudal landowners, and areas without this method of governance rarely built these castles. Yet another theory suggests that the design emerged as a result of the pressures of space
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The Norman expansion into Wales slowed in the 12th century but remained an ongoing threat to the remaining native rulers. In response, the Welsh princes and lords began to build their own castles, frequently motte-and-bailey designs, usually in wood. There are indications that this may have begun
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from France during the first half of the 11th century, spreading further into
Bohemia and Austria in the subsequent years. This form of castle was closely associated with the colonisation of newly cultivated areas within the Empire, as new lords were granted lands by the emperor and built castles
318:
Regardless of the sequencing, artificial mottes had to be built by piling up earth; this work was undertaken by hand, using wooden shovels and hand-barrows, possibly with picks as well in the later periods. Larger mottes took disproportionately more effort to build than their smaller equivalents,
782:, however, and there may not have been as many genuine motte-and-bailey castles in southern Italy as was once thought on the basis of the documentary evidence alone. In addition, there is evidence of the Norman crusaders building a motte and bailey using sand and wood in Egypt in 1221 during the
429:
resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes and local territories became threatened by the
Magyars and the Norse. Against this background, various explanations have been put forward to explain the origins and spread of the motte-and-bailey design across western and
259:
and another ditch. The bailey was often kidney-shaped to fit against a circular motte but could be made in other shapes according to the terrain. The bailey would contain a wide number of buildings, including a hall, kitchens, a chapel, barracks, stores, stables, forges or workshops, and was the
218:
A keep and a protective wall would usually be built on top of the motte. Some walls would be large enough to have a wall-walk around them, and the outer walls of the motte and the wall-walk could be strengthened by filling in the gap between the wooden walls with earth and stones, allowing it to
182:
region in northern France. De Colmieu described how the nobles would build "a mound of earth as high as they can and dig a ditch about it as wide and deep as possible. The space on top of the mound is enclosed by a palisade of very strong hewn logs, strengthened at intervals by as many towers as
585:
designs. The Norman invaders spread up the valleys, using this form of castle to occupy their new territories. After the Norman conquest of England and Wales, the building of motte-and-bailey castles in Normandy accelerated as well, resulting in a broad swath of these castles across the Norman
183:
their means can provide. Inside the enclosure is a citadel, or keep, which commands the whole circuit of the defences. The entrance to the fortress is by means of a bridge, which, rising from the outer side of the moat and supported on posts as it ascends, reaches to the top of the mound". At
814:
Motte-and-bailey castles became a less popular design in the mid-medieval period. In France, they were not built after the start of the 12th century, and mottes ceased to be built in most of England after around 1170, although they continued to be erected in Wales and along the Marches. Many
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model, where the castle was built with a fortified bailey and a fortified mound, somewhat smaller than the typical motte. By the 12th century, the castles in Western Germany began to thin in number, due to changes in land ownership, and various mottes were abandoned. In Germany and Denmark,
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be built on the original ground surface and then buried within the mound; the tower could potentially be built on the original ground surface and then partially buried within the mound, the buried part forming a cellar beneath; or the tower could be built first, and the mound added later.
430:
northern Europe; there is often a tension among the academic community between explanations that stress military and social reasons for the rise of this design. One suggestion is that these castles were built particularly in order to protect against external attack – the
227:, or brattices, small balconies that projected from the upper floors of the building, allowing defenders to cover the base of the fortification wall. The early 12th-century chronicler Lambert of Ardres described the wooden keep on top of the motte at the castle of
815:
motte-and-bailey castles were occupied relatively briefly; in England, many had been abandoned or allowed to lapse into disrepair by the 12th century. In the Low Countries and Germany, a similar transition occurred in the 13th and 14th centuries.
474:
The earliest purely documentary evidence for motte-and-bailey castles in Normandy and Angers comes from between 1020 and 1040, but a combination of documentary and archaeological evidence pushes the date for the first motte and bailey castle, at
736:, which had resisted the rule of David and his predecessors, was a particular focus for this colonisation. The size of these Scottish castles, primarily wooden motte and bailey constructions, varied considerably, from larger designs such as the
950:
Ringworks require an inner scarp, or sloping face; this means that the interior space is always less than a flat-topped motte of equivalent height and width. In-filling ringworks certainly occurred later, and may have been the initial step as
416:
The motte-and-bailey castle is a particularly western and northern European phenomenon, most numerous in France and Britain, but also seen in Denmark, Germany, Southern Italy and occasionally beyond. European castles first emerged between the
442:. The motte-and-bailey castle was certainly effective against assault, although as historian André Debord suggests, the historical and archaeological record of the military operation of motte-and-bailey castles remains relatively limited.
187:, contemporaries described how the motte-and-bailey superstructure arose from the "tumulus of rising earth" with a keep rising "into thin air, strong within and without" with a "stalwart house...glittering with beauty in every part".
826:, in Angers. Although wood was a more powerful defensive material than was once thought, stone became increasingly popular for military and symbolic reasons. Some existing motte-and-bailey castles were converted to stone, with the
778:; although they had the technology to build more modern designs, in many cases wooden motte-and-bailey castles were built instead for reasons of speed. The Italians came to refer to a range of different castle types as
527:, or town. motte-and-bailey castle building substantially enhanced the prestige of local nobles, and it has been suggested that their early adoption was because they were a cheaper way of imitating the more prestigious
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207:
Mottes were made out of earth and flattened on top, and it can be very hard to determine whether a mound is artificial or natural without excavation. Some were also built over older artificial structures, such as
606:
Having become well established in Normandy, Germany and Britain, motte-and-bailey castles began to be adopted elsewhere, mainly in northern Europe, during the 12th and 13th centuries. Conflict through the
731:
encouraged Norman and French nobles to settle in Scotland, introducing a feudal mode of landholding and the use of castles as a way of controlling the contested lowlands. The quasi-independent polity of
639:
the local lords had a high degree of independence during the 12th and 13th centuries, owing to the wider conflict for power between neighbouring Flanders and Friesland. The Zeeland lords had also built
895:
In England, motte-and-bailey earthworks were put to various uses over later years; in some cases, mottes were turned into garden features in the 18th century, or reused as military defences during the
487:, who built a great number of them between 987 and 1060. Many of these earliest castles would have appeared quite crude and rustic by later standards, belying the power and prestige of their builders.
724:, were of equivalent quality to the equivalent Norman fortifications in the area, and it can prove difficult to distinguish the builders of some sites from the archaeological evidence alone.
557:
use of the existing town's walls and fortification, but typically required the demolition of local houses to make space for them. This could cause extensive damage: records suggest that in
533:
built on high ground, but this is usually regarded as unlikely. In many cases, bergfrieds were converted into motte and bailey designs by burying existing castle towers within the mounds.
223:. Smaller mottes could support only simple towers with room for a few soldiers, whilst larger mottes could be equipped with a much grander building. Many wooden keeps were designed with
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354:
soils could support a steeper motte, whilst sandier soils meant that a motte would need a more gentle incline. Where available, layers of different sorts of earth, such as clay,
899:. Today, almost no mottes of motte-and-bailey castles remain in regular use in Europe, with one of the few exceptions being that at Windsor Castle, converted for the storage of
70:. Relatively easy to build with unskilled labour, but still militarily formidable, these castles were built across northern Europe from the 10th century onwards, spreading from
818:
One factor was the introduction of stone into castle buildings. The earliest stone castles had emerged in the 10th century, with stone keeps being built on mottes along the
627:, raised "dwelling mounds" which lacked towers and were usually lower in height than a typical motte, were created instead. By the end of the medieval period, however, the
495:, is believed to have adopted the motte-and-bailey design from neighbouring Anjou. Duke William went on to prohibit the building of castles without his consent through the
283:. Some mottes could be square instead of round, such as at Cabal Tump (Herefordshire). Instead of single ditches, occasionally double-ditch defences were built, as seen at
680:
mottes were built from scratch. Around 323 known or probable motte and bailey castles of this design are believed to have been built within the borders of the modern
506:, which then spanned central Europe. They now typically took the form of an enclosure on a hilltop, or, on lower ground, a tall, free-standing tower (German
235:
rooms ... In this storey also the watchmen and the servants appointed to keep the house took their sleep". Wooden structures on mottes could be protected by
369:
Although motte-and-bailey castles are the best-known castle design, they were not always the most numerous in any given area. A popular alternative was the
2249:
Colardelle, Michel and Chantal Mazard. (1982) "Les mottes castrales et l'Ă©volution des pouvoirs dans le Alpes du Nord. Aux origines de la seigneurie," in
842:, or low protective wall, around the base. By the 14th century, a number of motte and bailey castles had been converted into powerful stone fortresses.
163:, came to refer to a turf bank, and by the 12th century was used to refer to the castle design itself. The word "bailey" comes from the Norman-French
581:
for constructing mottes. In Wales, the first wave of the Norman castles was again predominantly made of wood in a mixture of motte-and-bailey and
865:
Newer castle designs placed less emphasis on mottes. Square Norman keeps built in stone became popular following the first such construction in
2690:
143:); and at least one bailey (a fortified enclosure built next to the motte). The constructive elements themselves are ancient, but the term
2157:
2635:
577:, for example; this was probably due to the relatively settled and prosperous nature of the east of England and reflected a shortage of
2123:
2667:
Simpson, Grant G. and Bruce Webster. (2003) "Charter Evidence and the Distribution of Mottes in Scotland," in Liddiard (ed) (2003a).
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Jansen, Walter. (1981) "The international background of castle building in Central Europe," in Skyum-Nielsen and Lund (eds) (1981).
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in the Netherlands, or Vorburg and Hauptburg in Lower Rhineland, raising the height of the castle was done to create a drier site.
1020:
512:). The largest castles had well-defined inner and outer courts, but no mottes. The motte-and-bailey design began to spread into
3865:
764:
135:
A motte-and-bailey castle was made up of two structures: a motte (a type of mound – often artificial – topped with a wooden or
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The History of the Castle of York, from its Foundation to the Current Day with an Account of the Building of Clifford's Tower.
499:, with his legal definition of castles centring on the classic motte-and-bailey features of ditching, banking and palisading.
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887:, or "water castle", a stronghold and bailey construction surrounded by water, and widely built in the late medieval period.
635:, non-residential defensive towers, often on motte-like mounds, owned by the increasingly powerful nobles and landowners. On
623:, the relatively decentralised, egalitarian society initially discouraged the building of motte and bailey castles, although
479:, back to 979. The castles were built by the more powerful lords of Anjou in the late 10th and 11th centuries, in particular
727:
Motte-and-bailey castles in Scotland emerged as a consequence of the centralising of royal authority in the 12th century.
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4154:
2521:
De Meulemeester, Johnny. (1982) "Mottes Castrales du Comté de Flandres: État de la question d'apr les fouilles récent,"
2670:
Stiesdal, Hans. (1981) "Types of public and private fortifications in Denmark," in Skyum-Nielsen and Lund (eds) (1981).
1025:
911:. The landscape of northern Europe remains scattered with their earthworks, and many form popular tourist attractions.
870:
newly built mottes, to support the heavier stone structures, was limited, and many needed to be built on fresh ground.
838:
were built on many mottes, circular stone shells running around the top of the motte, sometimes protected by a further
263:
In practice, there was a wide number of variations to this common design. A castle could have more than one bailey: at
4690:
4274:
4059:
2481:
2430:
2201:
992:
775:
431:
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874:, relying on several lines of baileys and defensive walls, made increasingly little use of keeps or mottes at all.
760:
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A small number of motte-and-bailey castles were built outside of northern Europe. In the late-12th century, the
2412:
King, D. J. Cathcart. (1972) "The field archaeology of mottes in England and Wales: eine kurze ĂĽbersichte," in
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O'Conor, Kieran. (2002) "Motte Castles in Ireland, Permanent fortresses, Residences and Manorial Centres," in
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in Ireland, built in 1211 using imported labourers – the costs would rise quickly, in this case reaching £20.
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3245:
2755:
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484:
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908:
113:
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encouraged castle building in a number of regions from the late 12th century to the 14th century. In
3714:
2370:
687:
178:
One contemporary account of these structures comes from Jean de Colmieu around 1130, describing the
86:
it controlled, in the 11th century, when these castles were popularized in the area that became the
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1021:"Castle Pulverbatch motte and bailey castle with outer bailey, 100m NNW of Brook Cottage (1012860)"
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An alternative approach focuses on the links between this form of castle and what can be termed a
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Purton, pp.195-6; Collardelle and Mazard, pp.71, 78; Jansen, p.195; Kaufmann and Kaufmann, p.110.
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324:
128:
63:
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Héricher, Anne-Marie Flambard. (2002) "Fortifications de terre et résidences en Normandie," in
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in Shropshire in England was built in the 11th or 12th century and abandoned by 1202. This
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situated on a raised area of ground called a motte, accompanied by a walled courtyard, or
8:
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Mottes: a type of castle or simply an element of some castles? A century of motte studies
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Ekroll, Oystein. (1996) "Norwegian medieval castles: building on the edge of Europe," in
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because of the volumes of earth involved. The largest mottes in England, such as that of
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of the motte; the low walls enclosing the base of the motte are a 19th-century addition.
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284:
124:
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shows the motte just left of centre, with the bailey to the right (north-east) of it.
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was constructed, or alternatively, several baileys could flank the motte, as at
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Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England.
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Collardelle and Mazard, pp.71, 78; Jansen, p.195; Kaufmann and Kaufmann, p.110.
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Various methods were used to build mottes. Where a natural hill could be used,
280:
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in Aberdeenshire in Scotland, a large mid-12th-century motte-and-bailey castle
330:
287:. Local geography and the intent of the builder produced many unique designs.
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territories, around 741 motte-and-bailey castles in England and Wales alone.
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574:
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83:
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significant archaeological or historical evidence to show such construction.
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The Medieval Fortress: castles, forts and walled cities of the Middle Ages.
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Debord, André. (1982) "A propos de l'utilisation des mottes castrales," in
923:— generally constructed atop mounds, similarly to a motte-and-bailey castle
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3529:
3435:
3324:
2941:
2888:
2595:
The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history.
2232:
Châteaux Forts et Féodalité en Ile de France, du XIème au XIIIème siècle.
982:
681:
616:
529:
335:
236:
87:
43:
3132:
2609:
Pringle, Denys. "A castle in the sand: mottes in the Crusader east," in
2439:
Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: an illustrated history.
2268:
2149:
712:, with the first documentary evidence of a native Welsh castle being at
350:
The type of soil would make a difference to the design of the motte, as
224:
108:
4530:
4350:
4322:
4253:
4129:
4084:
4014:
3934:
3831:
3736:
3676:
3635:
3613:
3564:
3510:
3460:
3455:
3440:
3399:
3347:
3305:
3250:
3092:
3008:
835:
799:
363:
255:
overlooked by the high motte and surrounded by a wooden fence called a
209:
39:
4510:
3055:
984:
A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day
3939:
3870:
3697:
3692:
3625:
3266:
3179:
3109:
3067:
2893:
2863:
2824:
2790:
831:
819:
620:
541:
536:
508:
252:
120:
794:
38:
in the 16th century, showing the motte-and-bailey fortifications of
4423:
4418:
4343:
4184:
3902:
3877:
3860:
3790:
3731:
3659:
3652:
3495:
3383:
3257:
3077:
3072:
3048:
2976:
2956:
2936:
2903:
733:
612:
582:
435:
409:
370:
366:
or damage from flooding, requiring repairs and stabilisation work.
256:
147:
is a relatively modern one and is not medieval in origin. The word
71:
67:
759:
Motte-and-bailey castles were introduced to Ireland following the
373:
castle, involving a palisade being built on top of a raised earth
30:
4555:
4520:
4515:
3853:
3836:
3821:
3805:
3757:
3685:
3630:
3620:
3588:
3490:
3465:
3450:
3220:
3164:
3082:
2929:
2922:
2868:
2740:
2551:
Medieval Warfare: theory and practice of war in Europe, 300–1500.
2473:
Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500.
636:
212:
136:
91:
4560:
3914:
3480:
3418:
3362:
3340:
3317:
3310:
3186:
3169:
3001:
2833:
2815:
2785:
2209:
Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284.
883:
motte-and-bailey castles also provided the model for the later
861:
built atop the motte (top left), and the walled-in bailey below
704:, the design did not play a role further north in Scandinavia.
513:
453:
446:
355:
232:
228:
179:
171:, referring to a low yard. In medieval sources, the Latin term
2734:
789:
175:
was used to describe the bailey complex within these castles.
4601:
4545:
4289:
3814:
3645:
3485:
2806:
589:
422:
418:
359:
2490:
Discovering Fortifications: From the Tudors to the Cold War.
2078:
Creighton, pp.85-6; Lowry, p.23; Creighton and Higham, p.62.
3583:
3425:
3392:
3367:
3159:
3149:
3118:
3097:
2422:
The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History.
858:
827:
716:
in 1116. These timber castles, including Tomen y Rhodywdd,
701:
517:
463:
379:
351:
339:
140:
55:
35:
619:, a fiercely contested border. Further along the coast in
2353:"Twelfth Century Great Towers – The Case for the Defence"
648:
constructions–effectively mottes–which were later termed
239:
to prevent their being easily set alight during a siege.
160:
116:
in North Yorkshire, an archetypal motte-and-bailey design
2114:
Besteman, Jan. C. (1984) "Mottes in the Netherland," in
295:
2737:(2021) talk by Tom McNeill for the Castle Studies Group
907:
in northern England, where the round tower is used for
502:
By the 11th century, castles were built throughout the
334:
A cross-section showing the layers within the motte at
1708:
1706:
2289:
Creighton, Oliver Hamilton and Robert Higham. (2003)
425:
in the 9th and 10th centuries, after the fall of the
2611:
Château Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale.
2567:
Château Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale.
2523:
Château Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale.
2414:
Château Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale.
2342:
Château Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale.
2335:
Château Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale.
2308:
Château Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale.
2251:
Château Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale.
2116:
Château Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale.
2507:
Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World.
1961:
Pounds, pp.20-1; Kenyon, p.17; Meulemeester, p.104.
1703:
1015:
54:is a European fortification with a wooden or stone
2619:A History of the Early Medieval Siege, c.450-1200.
1129:
1127:
668:". During the 12th and 13th centuries a number of
2650:Skyum-Nielsen, Niels and Niels Lund (eds) (1981)
2636:Windsor Castle: the Official Illustrated History.
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1054:
1052:
987:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 34.
561:166 houses were destroyed in the construction of
4672:
1496:Lepage, p. 35; Collardelle and Mazard, pp. 72–3.
1478:Nicholson, p. 77; Kaufmann and Kaufmann, p. 109.
1215:Meulemeester, p.105; Cooper, p.18; Butler, p.13.
279:. Some baileys had two mottes, such as those at
3012:
1813:
1811:
1738:
1736:
1124:
290:
3574:
3520:
3338:
3184:
2656:Københavns, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press.
2322:Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
2124:Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 1139–53.
2101:The Early Norman Castles of the British isles.
1970:Nicholson, p.78; Kaufmann and Kaufmann, p.109.
1619:Liddiard (2005), p.17; Creighton (2005), p.48.
1526:Kaufmann and Kaufmann, p. 109; Nicolle, p. 33.
1504:
1502:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1202:
1200:
1163:
1049:
4229:
3959:
3788:
3764:
3381:
3372:
3329:
3053:
2849:
2840:
2756:
1606:
1604:
1469:Nicolle, p.33; Kaufmann and Kaufmann, p. 109.
1094:Kenyon, p.13 citing Armitage 1912: pp. 147–8.
763:that began between 1166 and 1171 under first
4348:
4329:
4320:
4311:
3900:
3875:
3851:
3812:
3803:
3755:
3741:
3712:
3683:
3674:
3650:
3611:
3416:
3397:
3315:
3264:
3255:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3130:
3116:
3107:
2990:
2967:
2295:Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications.
1808:
1733:
1429:
1427:
1309:
1307:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1142:Kenyon, p. 4, citing King (1972), pp. 101–2.
454:Initial development, 10th and 11th centuries
303:(HESTENGA CEASTRA) in East Sussex, from the
19:"Motte" redirects here. For other uses, see
2999:
2981:
2927:
2913:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2380:Kaufmann, J. E. and H. W. Kaufmann. (2004)
1844:Simpson and Webster, p.225; Tabraham, p.11.
1499:
1261:
1197:
857:as it was in the 14th century, showing the
790:Conversion and decline, 13th–14th centuries
2763:
2749:
1637:Liddiard (2005), p.19; Brown (1962), p.22.
1628:Liddiard (2005), p.18; Brown (1962), p.22.
1601:
980:
590:Further expansion, 12th and 13th centuries
391:
2716:Manchester: Manchester University Press.
2193:Clifford's Tower and the Castles of York.
1979:Liddiard (2005), p.53; King (1991), p.62.
1691:Liddiard (2005), p.23; King (1991), p.47.
1646:Brown (1962), p.22; Pounds (1994), p.208.
1424:
1304:
1218:
776:Normans invaded southern Italy and Sicily
46:topped by Clifford's Tower (centre right)
844:
834:usually the first parts to be upgraded.
793:
746:
686:
593:
535:
457:
395:
329:
294:
194:
119:
107:
34:A reconstruction of the English city of
29:
2696:Castles: Their Construction and History
2639:London: Royal Collection Publications.
2598:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2162:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1889:Carpenter, p.221; O'Conor, pp.173, 179.
751:The motte (left) and bailey (right) of
4673:
2653:Danish Medieval History: New Currents.
1487:Brown (1962), pp. 28–9; Debord, p. 95.
565:, and that 113 were destroyed for the
342:: "A" marks the 20th-century concrete
2744:
2592:Pounds, Norman John Greville. (1994)
2554:Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
2350:
644:mounds, but these gave way to larger
219:carry more weight; this was called a
2493:Risborough, UK: Shire Publications.
2476:Macclesfield, UK: Windgather Press.
1331:Brown (2004), p. 110; Cooper, p. 15.
4155:Weapons Storage and Security System
2578:Welsh Castles: a Guide by Counties.
2274:Creighton, Oliver Hamilton. (2005)
1787:Stiesdal, pp.210, 213; Kenyon, p.8.
1760:King (1991), p.39; Besteman, p.216.
151:is the French version of the Latin
13:
2770:
2710:Van Houts, Elisabeth M. C. (2000)
1026:National Heritage List for England
974:
755:in County Down in Northern Ireland
14:
4702:
2728:
408:in Brittany, shown with a wooden
404:scene depicting an attack on the
199:The motte and bailey defences of
4654:
4653:
2369:
2360:The Castle Studies Group Journal
2081:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2006:Hulme, p.213; King (1991), p.36.
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1412:Pounds, p. 17; Creighton, p. 47.
1103:Toy, p. 52; Brown (1962), p. 24.
981:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000).
927:List of motte-and-bailey castles
822:frontier and several, including
159:, generally used for a clump of
2622:Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press.
2581:Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press.
2459:Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press.
2453:Liddiard, Robert. (ed) (2003a)
2259:Cooper, Thomas Parsons. (1911)
2179:Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press.
2127:Stroud, UK: The History Press.
2093:
1952:Pounds, p.21; Châtelain, p.231.
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1724:
1715:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1209:
1188:
1179:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1115:
1106:
954:
944:
708:from 1111 onwards under Prince
98:
2633:Robinson, John Martin. (2010)
2176:Allen Brown's English Castles.
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1040:
1009:
849:A reconstruction of England's
1:
4050:British "hedgehog" road block
2419:King, D. J. Cathcart. (1991)
2319:Medieval Military Technology.
2060:Collardelle and Mazard, p.79.
2042:Besteman, p.214; Kenyon, p.8.
2024:Kaufmann and Kaufmann, p.111.
1700:Besteman, p.217; Kenyon, p.8.
1571:Kaufmann and Kaufmann, p.109.
1394:Cooper, p. 76; Butler, p. 17.
968:
103:
62:, surrounded by a protective
1442:Pringle, p. 187; Toy, p. 52.
291:Construction and maintenance
7:
4460:Cities with defensive walls
4045:Defensive fighting position
3960:
3765:
3575:
3521:
3382:
3373:
3339:
3330:
3185:
2548:Nicholson, Helen J. (2004)
2436:Lepage, Jean-Denis. (2002)
1853:Simpson and Webster, p.231.
1835:Simpson and Webster, p.225.
1655:Liddiard (2005), pp.18, 23.
914:
10:
4707:
2673:Tabraham, Chris J. (2005)
2442:Jefferson, US: McFarland.
2196:London: English Heritage.
761:Norman invasion of Ireland
386:
155:, and in France, the word
18:
4644:
4574:
4498:
4442:
4376:
4262:
4167:
4090:Hardened aircraft shelter
4065:Entry control point (ECP)
3977:
3888:
3604:
3597:
3029:
2778:
2575:Pettifer, Adrian. (2000)
2470:Liddiard, Robert. (2005)
2229:Châtelain, André. (1983)
2207:Carpenter, David. (2004)
2190:Butler, Lawrence. (1997)
2099:Armitage, Ella S. (1912)
497:Consuetudines et Justicie
242:
4691:Motte-and-bailey castles
4587:Continuity of government
2398:Medieval Fortifications.
2384:Cambridge, US: Da Capo.
2173:Brown, R. Allen. (2004)
2155:Brown, R. Allen. (1989)
2138:Brown, R. Allen. (1962)
1682:King (1991), pp.139-141.
937:
932:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
890:
740:to smaller castles like
672:mounds were turned into
602:motte in the Netherlands
190:
25:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
4409:Motte-and-bailey castle
4115:Missile launch facility
4110:Main line of resistance
2805:
2534:The Age of Charlemagne.
2531:Nicolle, David. (1984)
2395:Kenyon, John R. (2005)
2351:Hulme, Richard (2008),
2316:DeVries, Kelly. (2003)
1301:King (1991), pp. 50–51.
806:on top of the motte at
392:Emergence of the design
129:digital elevation model
52:motte-and-bailey castle
23:. For the fallacy, see
4485:Military installations
4349:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4230:
3901:
3876:
3852:
3842:Scarp and Counterscarp
3813:
3804:
3789:
3756:
3742:
3713:
3684:
3675:
3651:
3612:
3417:
3398:
3316:
3265:
3256:
3212:
3203:
3194:
3131:
3117:
3108:
3054:
3013:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2968:
2928:
2914:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2796:
2713:The Normans in Europe.
2616:Purton, Peter. (2009)
2263:London: Elliot Stock.
2121:Bradbury, Jim. (2009)
2118:XII. pp. 211–224.
1664:Liddiard (2005), p.25.
1292:Liddiard (2005), p.42.
1185:King (1991), pp. 53–4.
862:
811:
756:
696:
603:
549:
471:
413:
347:
307:
299:Building the motte of
204:
132:
117:
47:
42:(left foreground) and
21:Motte (disambiguation)
16:Medieval fortification
4254:Floating water castle
3985:Admiralty scaffolding
3278:Fortified buildings (
2504:McNeill, Tom. (2000)
2456:Anglo-Norman Castles.
2225:10.1017/9781846152429
1997:King (1991), pp.62-65
909:student accommodation
903:. Another example is
848:
797:
750:
690:
676:mottes, and some new
597:
539:
489:William the Conqueror
468:Saint-Sylvain-d'Anjou
462:Reconstructed wooden
461:
412:surmounting the motte
399:
333:
298:
198:
139:structure known as a
123:
111:
33:
4597:Subterranean warfare
3550:Viking ring fortress
2158:Castles From the Air
1880:Carpenter, pp.220-1.
1721:Meulemeester, p.102.
1712:Meulemeester, p.103.
1194:Brown (1962), p. 30.
1151:Brown (1962), p. 29.
78:in France, into the
4414:Quadrangular castle
4150:Weapon storage area
3506:Quadrangular castle
2676:Scotland's Castles.
2613:XVIII, pp. 187–190.
2510:London: Routledge.
2425:London: Routledge.
2416:V, pp. 107–111
2401:London: Continuum.
2103:London: J. Murray.
1988:Brown (1962), p.38.
1898:McNeill, pp.74, 84.
1817:King (1991), p.130.
1508:King (1991), p. 37.
1451:King (1991), p. 34.
1358:McNeill, pp. 39–40.
1283:King (1972), p.106.
1258:Brown (1962), p.26.
1249:Brown (1989), p.23.
1240:Brown (1962), p.24.
1160:King (1991), p. 55.
824:Château de Langeais
769:Henry II of England
700:royal residence in
571:castle in Cambridge
521:close to the local
95:in many countries.
4145:Underground hangar
3930:Fire control tower
3727:Gunpowder magazine
3155:Butter-churn tower
2679:London: Batsford.
2144:London: Batsford.
2033:King (1991), p.94.
1562:King (1991), p.35.
1535:DeVries, pp.203-4.
1058:King (1991), p.38.
872:Concentric castles
863:
851:Carisbrooke Castle
812:
757:
710:Cadwgan ap Bleddyn
697:
604:
550:
472:
427:Carolingian Empire
414:
348:
308:
205:
133:
125:Castle Pulverbatch
118:
48:
4668:
4667:
4592:Military urbanism
4526:Fortified gateway
4399:Concentric castle
4163:
4162:
4080:Fire support base
3920:Coastal artillery
3795:(Spanish America)
3389:
3231:Concentric castle
2722:978-0-7190-4751-0
2705:978-0-486-24898-1
2685:978-0-7134-8943-9
2662:978-87-88073-30-0
2645:978-1-902163-21-5
2628:978-1-84383-448-9
2604:978-0-521-45828-3
2587:978-0-85115-778-8
2569:XX, pp. 173–182.
2560:978-0-333-76330-8
2543:978-0-85045-042-2
2525:XI, pp. 101–115.
2516:978-0-415-22853-4
2499:978-0-7478-0651-6
2465:978-0-85115-904-1
2448:978-0-7864-1092-7
2407:978-0-8264-7886-3
2390:978-0-306-81358-0
2337:XVIII, pp. 65–73.
2328:978-0-921149-74-3
2301:978-0-7478-0546-5
2292:Medieval Castles.
2284:978-1-904768-67-8
2278:London: Equinox.
2241:978-2-902894-16-1
2217:978-0-14-014824-4
2211:London: Penguin.
2185:978-1-84383-069-6
2168:978-0-521-32932-3
2133:978-0-7509-3793-1
1805:Pettifer, p. xiv.
1673:Pettifer, p.xiii.
1460:Debord, pp. 93–4.
1421:Creighton, p. 47.
1403:Van Houts, p. 61.
1133:Besteman, p. 213.
1112:Kenyon, pp. 9–10.
1046:Besteman, p. 212.
738:Bass of Inverurie
693:Bass of Inverurie
652:. Sometimes both
567:castle in Norwich
516:and the northern
504:Holy Roman Empire
201:Launceston Castle
82:, as well as the
80:Holy Roman Empire
4698:
4657:
4656:
4650:
4541:National redoubt
4470:Fortified estate
4394:Circular rampart
4354:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4235:
3995:Anti-tank trench
3990:Air raid shelter
3965:
3925:Disappearing gun
3906:
3881:
3857:
3818:
3809:
3794:
3770:
3761:
3747:
3718:
3689:
3680:
3656:
3617:
3602:
3601:
3580:
3560:Bailey (or ward)
3526:
3431:Motte-and-bailey
3422:
3403:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3344:
3335:
3321:
3270:
3261:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3136:
3122:
3113:
3059:
3016:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2973:
2933:
2919:
2859:Circular rampart
2855:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2572:
2537:Oxford: Osprey.
2528:
2487:Lowry, Bernard.
2374:
2373:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2313:
2256:
2246:
2235:Nonette: Créer.
2141:English Castles.
2088:
2087:Robinson, p.142.
2085:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2051:Stiesdal, p.214.
2049:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2015:Bradbury, p.121.
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1826:Pettifer, p.xiv.
1824:
1818:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1778:Besteman, p.216.
1776:
1770:
1769:Nicholson, p.77.
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1751:Besteman, p.217.
1749:
1743:
1742:Besteman, p.215.
1740:
1731:
1730:Besteman, p.219.
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1517:DeVries, p. 202.
1515:
1509:
1506:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1176:DeVries, p. 209.
1174:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1017:Historic England
1013:
1007:
1006:
978:
962:
958:
952:
948:
921:Japanese castles
897:Second World War
765:Richard de Clare
493:Duke of Normandy
406:Château de Dinan
336:Clifford's Tower
265:Warkworth Castle
251:was an enclosed
145:motte-and-bailey
114:Topcliffe Castle
4706:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4686:Castles by type
4671:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4648:
4640:
4570:
4494:
4438:
4372:
4307:Imperial castle
4280:Coercion castle
4275:Coastal defence
4258:
4220:Promontory fort
4190:Hillside castle
4159:
4075:Fallout shelter
4040:Concertina wire
4020:Border security
3973:
3884:
3593:
3226:Coercion castle
3214:Cheval de frise
3196:Chemin de ronde
3044:Albarrana tower
3025:
2970:Schwedenschanze
2947:Promontory fort
2774:
2769:
2731:
2570:
2526:
2368:
2355:
2345:
2344:XX pp. 87–100.
2311:
2310:XI, pp. 91–99.
2254:
2253:XI, pp. 69–89.
2244:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:Pringle, p.190.
1942:
1938:
1934:Pringle, p.187.
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:O'Conor, p.173.
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:Tabraham, p.16.
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:DeVries, p.204.
1552:
1548:
1544:HĂ©richer, p.97.
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:DeVries, p.212.
1273:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:DeVries, p.211.
1205:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1014:
1010:
995:
979:
975:
971:
966:
965:
959:
955:
949:
945:
940:
917:
901:royal documents
893:
792:
718:Tomen y Faerdre
592:
569:and 27 for the
456:
402:Bayeux Tapestry
394:
389:
321:Thetford Castle
305:Bayeux Tapestry
301:Hastings Castle
293:
245:
237:skins and hides
193:
106:
101:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4704:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4626:
4624:Trench warfare
4621:
4619:Tunnel warfare
4616:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4475:Fortifications
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4287:
4285:Counter-castle
4282:
4277:
4272:
4270:Border barrier
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4205:Lowland castle
4202:
4197:
4195:Hilltop castle
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4070:Electric fence
4067:
4062:
4060:Dragon's teeth
4057:
4055:Czech hedgehog
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3969:Wire obstacles
3966:
3957:
3955:Polygonal fort
3952:
3947:
3945:Martello tower
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3910:Border outpost
3907:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3810:
3801:
3796:
3786:
3784:Polygonal fort
3781:
3776:
3771:
3762:
3753:
3748:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3395:
3390:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3322:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3276:
3274:Flanking tower
3271:
3262:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:Counter-castle
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3128:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3031:Post-classical
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3021:Vitrified fort
3018:
3006:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2974:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2925:
2920:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2879:Defensive wall
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2772:Fortifications
2768:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2729:External links
2727:
2726:
2725:
2708:
2688:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2648:
2631:
2614:
2607:
2590:
2573:
2563:
2546:
2529:
2519:
2502:
2485:
2468:
2451:
2434:
2417:
2410:
2393:
2378:
2375:
2348:
2338:
2331:
2314:
2304:
2287:
2272:
2257:
2247:
2227:
2205:
2188:
2171:
2153:
2136:
2119:
2112:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2069:Jansen, p.197.
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1907:McNeill, p.84.
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1871:McNeill, p.17.
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1610:Purton, p.196.
1600:
1591:
1582:
1580:Purton, p.195.
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1433:Pounds, p. 14.
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1385:Pounds, p. 21.
1378:
1376:Kenyon, p. 10.
1369:
1367:Kenyon, p. 11.
1360:
1351:
1349:Pounds, p. 20.
1342:
1333:
1324:
1322:Pounds, p. 19.
1315:
1313:Pounds, p. 18.
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1217:
1208:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1076:Pounds, p. 22.
1069:
1067:Lepage, p. 34.
1060:
1048:
1039:
1008:
993:
972:
970:
967:
964:
963:
953:
942:
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
929:
924:
916:
913:
892:
889:
791:
788:
666:refuge castles
591:
588:
563:Lincoln Castle
540:Reconstructed
455:
452:
421:river and the
393:
390:
388:
385:
292:
289:
277:Windsor Castle
244:
241:
192:
189:
105:
102:
100:
97:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4703:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4661:
4660:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4629:Urban warfare
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Civil defense
4580:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:Bastion forts
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4434:Z-plan castle
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:L-plan castle
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:Bridge castle
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Refuge castle
4356:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:Military base
4337:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4302:Hunting lodge
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4215:Moated castle
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4200:Island castle
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:By topography
4166:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:Submarine pen
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4095:Hesco bastion
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:Blast shelter
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:Place-of-arms
3777:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3412:Machicolation
3410:
3408:
3407:L-plan castle
3405:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Bridge castle
3138:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3103:Bent entrance
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Battery tower
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Advanced work
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2963:Refuge castle
2961:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2482:0-9545575-2-2
2479:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2431:0-415-00350-4
2428:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:1-85074-673-7
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1812:
1802:
1796:Ekroll, p.66.
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1340:Kenyon, p. 7.
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1231:Pounds, p.17.
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1043:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
994:90-6109-440-2
990:
986:
985:
977:
973:
957:
947:
943:
933:
930:
928:
925:
922:
919:
918:
912:
910:
906:
905:Durham Castle
902:
898:
888:
886:
881:
880:castrum-curia
875:
873:
868:
860:
856:
855:Isle of Wight
852:
847:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
809:
805:
801:
796:
787:
785:
784:Fifth Crusade
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
754:
753:Clough Castle
749:
745:
743:
739:
735:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
703:
694:
689:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:Low Countries
601:
596:
587:
584:
580:
579:unfree labour
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
547:
543:
538:
534:
532:
531:
526:
525:
519:
515:
511:
510:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:and his son,
482:
478:
469:
465:
460:
451:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
428:
424:
420:
411:
407:
403:
398:
384:
382:
381:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
344:underpinnings
341:
337:
332:
328:
326:
322:
316:
313:
306:
302:
297:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
258:
254:
250:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
216:
214:
211:
202:
197:
188:
186:
185:Durham Castle
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
130:
126:
122:
115:
110:
96:
93:
89:
85:
84:Low Countries
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
4652:
4607:Siege engine
4575:Other topics
4499:Related word
4465:Defense line
4429:Tower castle
4408:
4384:Bastion fort
4368:Urban castle
4296:Ganerbenburg
4294:
4249:Water castle
4225:Ridge castle
4210:Marsh castle
4025:Bomb shelter
4005:Belgian gate
3978:20th century
3889:19th century
3827:Retrenchment
3799:Punji sticks
3708:Entrenchment
3703:Device Forts
3670:Counterguard
3605:Early modern
3535:Tower castle
3471:Powder tower
3446:Outer bailey
3430:
3358:Inner bailey
3332:Gulyay-gorod
3300:Ganerbenburg
3298:
3294:Fujian tulou
3236:Corner tower
3175:Chamber gate
3145:Bridge tower
2993:Trou de loup
2711:
2695:
2674:
2651:
2634:
2617:
2610:
2593:
2576:
2566:
2549:
2532:
2522:
2505:
2488:
2471:
2454:
2437:
2420:
2413:
2396:
2381:
2363:
2359:
2341:
2334:
2317:
2307:
2290:
2275:
2260:
2250:
2230:
2208:
2191:
2174:
2156:
2139:
2122:
2115:
2100:
2094:Bibliography
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1925:Purton, 180.
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1726:
1717:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1211:
1190:
1181:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1024:
1011:
983:
976:
956:
946:
894:
884:
879:
876:
864:
817:
813:
779:
773:
758:
742:Balmaclellan
726:
722:Gaer PenrhĂ´s
706:
698:
677:
673:
669:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
632:
631:gave way to
628:
624:
605:
599:
552:In England,
551:
528:
522:
507:
501:
496:
473:
444:
415:
378:
368:
349:
317:
309:
273:outer bailey
262:
246:
220:
217:
206:
177:
172:
168:
164:
156:
152:
148:
144:
134:
99:Architecture
51:
49:
4506:Castle town
4363:Toll castle
4332:Lustschloss
4314:Kaiserpfalz
4244:Spur castle
4239:Rock castle
4180:Hill castle
4175:Cave castle
4135:Spider hole
4035:Bremer wall
4000:Barbed tape
3896:Barbed wire
3570:Witch tower
3540:Tower house
3530:Toll castle
3516:Shield wall
3436:Murder hole
3325:Guard tower
2942:Pincer gate
2889:Faussebraye
2691:Toy, Sidney
2571:(in French)
2527:(in French)
2346:(in French)
2312:(in French)
2255:(in French)
2245:(in French)
1085:Toy, p. 53.
836:Shell keeps
682:Netherlands
660:are called
633:hege wieren
617:Lower Rhine
530:Höhenburgen
485:Geoffrey II
285:Berkhamsted
88:Netherlands
44:York Castle
4675:Categories
4531:Gatekeeper
4351:Ordensburg
4323:Landesburg
4130:Sentry gun
4085:Flak tower
4015:Blast wall
3935:Gun turret
3832:Sally port
3737:Kotta mara
3677:Couvreface
3641:Breastwork
3636:Blockhouse
3614:Abwurfdach
3565:Watchtower
3555:Wall tower
3511:Shell keep
3461:Portcullis
3456:Peel tower
3441:Neck ditch
3400:Landesburg
3348:Half tower
3306:Gate tower
3251:Drawbridge
3093:Battlement
3009:Wagon fort
2852:Chengqiang
1121:Toy, p.52.
969:References
885:wasserburg
800:shell keep
798:The stone
546:LĂĽtjenburg
364:subsidence
210:Bronze Age
203:in England
169:basse-cour
104:Structures
4681:Feudalism
4634:Guerrilla
4377:By design
4125:Revetment
3940:Land mine
3871:Star fort
3698:Crownwork
3693:Covertway
3626:Barricade
3267:Embrasure
3180:Chartaque
3110:Bergfried
3068:Arrowslit
2894:Gatehouse
2864:City gate
2825:Castellum
2791:Acropolis
2693:. (1985)
2366:: 209–229
2109:458514584
832:gatehouse
820:Catalonia
810:in France
767:and then
662:vliedburg
621:Friesland
600:vliedburg
548:, Germany
542:Bergfried
509:Bergfried
491:, as the
253:courtyard
225:bretèches
173:castellum
40:Old Baile
4659:Category
4649:See also
4536:Loophole
4424:Ringwork
4419:Ringfort
4344:Obstacle
4185:Hillfort
4105:Loophole
3903:Barbette
3878:Tenaille
3861:Sea fort
3791:Presidio
3751:Magazine
3732:Hornwork
3665:Cavalier
3660:Casemate
3653:Caponier
3496:Ringwork
3384:Detinets
3353:Hoarding
3258:Enceinte
3133:Bretèche
3078:Bartizan
3073:Barbican
3049:Alcazaba
2977:Stockade
2957:Ringfort
2937:Palisade
2909:Landwehr
2904:Hillfort
1003:52849131
915:See also
867:Langeais
830:and the
734:Galloway
613:Flanders
583:ringwork
481:Fulk III
470:, France
436:Normandy
432:Angevins
410:palisade
371:ringwork
312:scarping
257:palisade
221:garillum
112:Plan of
72:Normandy
68:palisade
4566:Vedette
4556:Schloss
4521:Festung
4516:Dungeon
4511:Château
4455:Castles
4263:By role
4120:Pillbox
3950:Outpost
3866:Station
3854:Schanze
3837:Sandbag
3822:Redoubt
3806:Ravelin
3774:Palanka
3758:Orillon
3744:Lunette
3686:Coupure
3631:Bastion
3621:Arsenal
3589:Zwinger
3501:Roundel
3491:Ricetto
3466:Postern
3451:Outwork
3375:Kremlin
3246:Curtain
3221:Citadel
3205:Chemise
3165:Caltrop
3083:Bastion
3056:Alcázar
2952:Rampart
2930:Oppidum
2923:Nuraghe
2869:Crannog
2843:Castros
2779:Ancient
2269:4246355
2150:1392314
1032:28 July
853:on the
840:chemise
804:chemise
729:David I
637:Zeeland
575:Marches
559:Lincoln
554:William
387:History
375:rampart
281:Lincoln
271:and an
213:barrows
92:Normans
4561:Trench
4551:Picket
3962:Sangar
3915:Bunker
3847:Sconce
3767:Ostrog
3715:Flèche
3598:Modern
3577:Yagura
3545:Turret
3481:Reduit
3419:Merlon
3363:Kasbah
3341:Gusuku
3318:Glacis
3311:Gabion
3280:church
3187:Chashi
3170:Castle
3014:Laager
3002:Vallum
2959:(Rath)
2834:Castra
2816:Burgus
2786:Abatis
2720:
2703:
2683:
2660:
2643:
2626:
2602:
2585:
2558:
2541:
2514:
2497:
2480:
2463:
2446:
2429:
2405:
2388:
2326:
2299:
2282:
2267:
2239:
2215:
2200:
2183:
2166:
2148:
2131:
2107:
1001:
991:
808:Gisors
714:Cymmer
678:werven
674:werven
670:terpen
664:, or "
658:werven
654:terpen
650:bergen
646:werven
642:terpen
629:terpen
625:terpen
514:Alsace
447:feudal
380:terpen
356:gravel
325:Clones
249:bailey
243:Bailey
233:garret
229:Ardres
180:Calais
165:baille
90:. The
60:bailey
4602:Siege
4546:Palas
4490:Walls
4480:Forts
4443:Lists
4290:Fence
4232:Rocca
4100:Kabal
3815:Redan
3722:Gorge
3646:Canal
3523:Shiro
3486:Ribat
3476:Qalat
3288:Dzong
3284:house
2984:Sudis
2916:Limes
2874:Ditch
2807:Broch
2798:Agger
2356:(PDF)
951:well.
938:Notes
891:Today
780:motta
477:Vincy
440:Anjou
423:Rhine
419:Loire
360:chalk
269:inner
191:Motte
167:, or
157:motte
149:motte
137:stone
76:Anjou
64:ditch
4612:list
4030:Buoy
3584:Yett
3426:Moat
3393:Ksar
3368:Keep
3160:Caer
3150:Burh
3126:Boom
3119:Berm
3098:Bawn
3063:Amba
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