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health. In the early 2000s, several small studies concluded that individuals with significant dampness and mold exposure displayed cognitive and neurological deficits on par with mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury along with immunological changes. These studies were criticised for their methodologies, such as by not showing a possible mechanism of action for the harm, and not controlling for the possibility of malingering by mold-exposed individuals involved in litigation, although the associated critiques were also problematic. Researchers also contested whether the amount of spores that could be breathed in by humans would be sufficient to cause a toxic effect and that no association between spore counts and adverse health effects existed. However, when also considering spore fragments (that have more surface area to carry mycotoxins) as well as whole spores, the amount of exposure was estimated to be 1,000 to 1,000,000 times higher than previously thought. Moreover, inhalational exposure "provides a pathway to the central nervous system along the olfactory and trigeminal nerve axons in the nasal sensory epithelium that bypasses the bloodâbrain barrier."
538:
several reasons: 1) the types of health effects are not severe and are therefore not caught; 2) people whose homes have flooded find alternative housing to prevent exposure; 3) self-selection, the healthier people participated in mold clean-up and were less likely to get sick; 4) exposures were time-limited as result of remediation efforts and; 5) the lack of access to health care post-flooding may result in fewer illnesses being discovered and reported for their association with mold. There are also certain notable scientific limitations in studying the exposure effects of dampness and molds on individuals because there are currently no known biomarkers that can prove that a person was exclusively exposed to molds. Thus, it is currently impossible to prove correlation between mold exposure and symptoms.
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100 people exposed to a wide variety of chemicals. Rather than asking people how they felt, Kilburn measured physiological and mental function. He found highly significant abnormalities in the responses of mold-exposed individuals compared to controls on 12 of the 14 physiological functions quantified and 10 of the 13 psychological tests administered. These abnormalities included extreme problems with balance correlated with cerebellar abnormalities, decreased grip strength, impaired color vision, impaired visual fields, slowed reaction times, slowed performance on perceptual motor tasks, impaired memory, and decreased performance on problem-solving tasks as well as a variety of respiratory problems. Chemical-exposed individuals had similar abnormalities.
1116:
When mold cannot be prevented, the CDC recommends clean-up protocol including first taking emergency action to stop water intrusion. Second, they recommend determining the extent of water damage and mold contamination. And third, they recommend planning remediation activities such as establishing containment and protection for workers and occupants; eliminating water or moisture sources if possible; decontaminating or removing damaged materials and drying any wet materials; evaluating whether space has been successfully remediated; and reassembling the space to control sources of moisture.
1039:. A number of these produce mycotoxins (soluble, non-volatile toxins produced by a range of microfungi that demonstrate specific and potent toxic properties on human and animal cells) that can render foods unfit for consumption. When ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through skin, mycotoxins may cause or contribute to a range of effects from reduced appetite and general malaise to acute illness or death in rare cases. Mycotoxins may also contribute to cancer. Dietary exposure to the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1, commonly produced by growth of the fungus
1205:
706:, secondary metabolites produced by fungi under certain environmental conditions. These environmental conditions affect the production of mycotoxins at the transcription level. Temperature, water activity and pH, strongly influence mycotoxin biosynthesis by increasing the level of transcription within the fungal spore. It has also been found that low levels of fungicides can boost mycotoxin synthesis. Certain mycotoxins can be harmful or lethal to humans and animals when exposure is high enough.
239:
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of species found in a single pillow varied between four and sixteen. Compared to feather pillows, synthetic pillows typically display a slightly greater variety of fungal species and significantly higher levels of ÎČâ(1,3)âglucan, which can cause inflammatory responses. The authors concluded that these and related results suggest feather bedding might be a more appropriate choice for asthmatics than synthetics. Some newer bedding products incorporate silver
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substrate and source of food to amplify mold growth, relative humidity, and energy-efficient building designs, which can prevent proper circulation of outside air and create a unique ecology in the built environment. A common issue with mold hazards in the household can be the placement of furniture, resulting in a lack of ventilation of the nearby wall. The simplest method of avoiding mold in a home so affected is to move the furniture in question.
944:
119:
79:
38:
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homes, exposure included being inside without participating in clean up. Despite lower respiratory effects among all children, there was a significant difference in health outcomes between children with pre-existing conditions and children without. Children with pre-existing conditions were at greater risk that can likely be attributed to the greater disruption of care in the face of flooding and natural disaster.
211:
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necessarily require toxin exposure; rather, exposure to non-toxic mold stimuli or fungal skeletal elements is sufficient to activate immune responses and trigger inflammation. Nineteen innate-immune pattern-recognition receptors have been identified that recognize common components of fungal cell walls or fungal RNA/DNA, activating inflammatory responses. Studies exposing mice to controlled doses of
819:(AAAAI) maintained a similarly sceptical position as the ACOEM paper in denying that mold in indoor environments could cause severe effects. In 2008, the United States Government Accountability Office published a report on indoor mold, reviewing the literature to date and acknowledging the possibility of immune and toxic effects, while calling for further research. By 2009, the
881:. Furthermore, children living in water-damaged homes show systemic inflammation, immune activation, and probably poorer cognitive function, too. Tellingly, many of the affected biomarkers, hormones, and pathways in individuals affected by inhaled mycotoxins are consistent with studies of ingested mycotoxins, such as
1128:, the first English textbook on the malady. In it, he describes how dampness and mold could trigger an asthmatic attack, specifically, "damp houses and fenny countries". He also writes of an asthmatic "who fell into a violent fit by going into a Wine-Cellar", presumably due to the "fumes" in the air.
7958:
Brandt M, Brown C, Burkhart J, Burton N, Cox-Ganser J, Damon S, Falk H, Fridkin S, Garbe P, McGeehin M, Morgan J, Page E, Rao C, Redd S, Sinks T, Trout D, Wallingford K, Warnock D, Weissman D (June 2006). "Mold prevention strategies and possible health effects in the aftermath of hurricanes and major
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estimates the prevalence of significant dampness and mold in buildings to be at least 20%, while other estimates of US homes suggest a prevalence as high as 47%. Sleeping disorders are also associated with exposure to dampness and mold, consistent with the decrease in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone
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and their associated exotoxins. While it may be difficult to determine the relative contributions of the molds, bacteria, and dust particles to which people are exposed, studies clearly show that such combinations activate stronger, synergistic immune responses than predicted by adding the effects of
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noted a strong association between dampness and inflammatory responses, while also recognising that "synergistic interactions among microbial agents" might make it "difficult to detect and implicate specific exposures in the causation of damp building-associated adverse health effects." Gram-negative
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While there is a proven correlation between mold exposure and the development of upper and lower respiratory syndromes, there are still fewer incidences of negative health effects than one might expect. Barbeau and colleagues suggested that studies do not show a greater impact from mold exposure for
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Although mold is the primary focus post flooding for residents, the effects of dampness alone must also be considered. According to the
Institute of Medicine, there is a significant association between dampness in the home and wheeze, cough, and upper respiratory symptoms. A later analysis determined
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Ruminants are considered to have increased resistance to some mycotoxins, presumably due to the superior mycotoxin-degrading capabilities of their gut microbiota. The passage of mycotoxins through the food chain may also have important consequences on human health. For example, in China in
December
832:
Later in 2009, a carefully controlled, seminal study published by
Kilburn demonstrated that mold exposure was associated with extensive adverse effects on multiple physiological systems. He compared the responses of 105 mold-exposed individuals to those of 202 unexposed controls, as well as those of
1065:
Bacteria, fungi, allergens, and particle-bound semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) can all be found in bedding and pillows with possible consequences for human health given the high amount of exposure each day. Over 47 species of fungi have been identified in pillows, although the typical range
919:
While mold and related microbial agents can be found both inside and outside, specific factors can lead to significantly higher levels of these microbes, creating a potential health hazard. Several notable factors are water damage in buildings, the use of building materials which provide a suitable
836:
Like many researchers, Kilburn attributed the adverse effects of mold exposure primarily to the toxins some molds produce. Currently available data suggest mold's effects are more the result of chronic activation of the immune system, leading to chronic inflammation. Such immune activation does not
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Extreme exposure to very high levels of mycotoxins can lead to neurological problems and, in some cases, death; fortunately, such exposures rarely to never occur in normal exposure scenarios, even in residences with serious mold problems. Prolonged exposure, such as daily workplace exposure, can be
517:
Mold exposures have a variety of health effects depending on the person. Some people are more sensitive to mold than others. Exposure to mold can cause several health issues such as; throat irritation, nasal stuffiness, eye irritation, cough, and wheezing, as well as skin irritation in some cases.
336:
Mold spores and associated toxins can cause harm primarily via inhalation, ingestion, and contact. In higher quantities such as those found in water-damaged buildings, they can present especially hazardous health risks to humans after sufficient exposure, with three generally accepted mechanisms of
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Molds may excrete liquids or low-volatility gases, but the concentrations are so low that frequently they cannot be detected even with sensitive analytical sampling techniques. Sometimes, these by-products are detectable by odor, in which case they are referred to as "ergonomic odors", meaning the
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Prevention of mold exposure and its ensuing health issues begins with the prevention of mold growth in the first place by avoiding a mold-supporting environment. Extensive flooding and water damage can support extensive mold growth. Following hurricanes, homes with greater flood damage, especially
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It is thought that all molds may produce mycotoxins, and thus all molds may be potentially toxic if large enough quantities are ingested, or the human becomes exposed to extreme quantities of mold. Mycotoxins are not produced all the time, but only under specific growing conditions. Mycotoxins are
1115:
Recommended strategies to prevent mold include avoiding mold-contamination; utilization of environmental controls; the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), including skin and eye protection and respiratory protection; and environmental controls such as ventilation and suppression of dust.
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with indoor spore counts ranging from 6,142 â 735,123 spores m. Molds isolated following flooding were different from mold previously reported for non-water damaged homes in the area. Further research found that homes with greater than three feet of indoor flooding demonstrated significantly
846:
In 2012, a ten-year longitudinal study found that dampness and mold seemed to be an underlying cause of sick building syndrome. A 2018 review of 16 associated studies, including
Kilburn's, concluded that people exposed to molds and mycotoxins had "symptoms affecting multiple organs, including the
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and associated mycotoxins showed that pulmonary hemorrhage could occur, suggesting the link is plausible. The
American Academy of Pediatrics also found the link plausible, and subsequent analysis and case studies with humans have further noted the association. As well, a 1987 report by the United
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congestion, and other respiratory problems. Several studies and reviews have suggested that childhood exposure to dampness and mold might contribute to the development of asthma. For example, residents of homes with mold are at an elevated risk for both respiratory infections and bronchitis. When
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on improperly stored ground nuts in many areas of the developing world, is known to independently (and synergistically with
Hepatitis B virus) induce liver cancer. Mycotoxin-contaminated grain and other food products have a significant impact on human and animal health globally. According to the
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Among children and adolescents, the most common health effect post-flooding was lower respiratory tract symptoms, though there was a lack of association with measurements of total fungi. Another study found that these respiratory symptoms were positively associated with exposure to water damaged
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paid $ 40,000 to
Globaltox (later, Veritox), a company associated with two of the same authors of the ACOEM paper, to produce a "lay translation" of their study that would be "more assessable ... to judges". This lay paper claimed that the notion that human health could be adversely affected by
930:
It is useful to perform an assessment of the location and extent of the mold hazard in a structure. Various practices of remediation can be followed to mitigate mold issues in buildings, the most important of which is to reduce moisture levels. Removal of affected materials after the source of
791:
in a
Chicago house affecting a family including their maid; symptoms included diarrhea, headaches, fatigue, dermatitis, malaise, and severe leg pains, which resolved following remediation of the mold contamination. This study drew attention to how mycotoxins in indoor environments might impact
1165:
and the agriculture industry closely monitor mold and mycotoxin levels in grains and foodstuffs to keep the contamination of animal feed and human food supplies below specific levels. In 2005, Diamond Pet Foods, a US pet food manufacturer, experienced a significant rise in the number of corn
518:
Exposure to mold may also cause heightened sensitivity depending on the time and nature of exposure. People at higher risk for mold allergies are people with chronic lung illnesses and weak immune systems, which can often result in more severe reactions when exposed to mold.
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and occupy damp or moldy buildings are at an increased risk of health problems such as inflammatory responses to mold spores, metabolites such as mycotoxins, and other components. Other problems are respiratory and/or immune system responses including respiratory symptoms,
428:
mold) refers to molds that produce mycotoxins known to harm humans, not to all molds. Exposure to high levels of mycotoxins can lead to neurological problems and, in some cases, death. Prolonged exposure, e.g., daily workplace exposure, can be particularly harmful.
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came into common use. The newer building materials reduced the drying potential of the structures, making moisture problems more prevalent. This combination of increased moisture and suitable substrates contributed to increased mold growth inside buildings.
931:
moisture has been reduced and/or eliminated may be necessary, as some materials cannot be remediated. Thus, the concept of mold growth, assessment, and remediation is essential in preventing health issues arising due to the presence of dampness and mold.
1079:
Flooding in houses causes a unique opportunity for mold growth, which may be attributed to adverse health effects in people exposed to the mold, especially children and adolescents. In a study on the health effects of mold exposure after hurricanes
1027:. Grain crops in particular incur considerable losses both in field and storage due to pathogens, post-harvest spoilage, and insect damage. A number of common microfungi are important agents of post-harvest spoilage, notably members of the genera
514:. Signs that an infant may have mold-related respiratory problems include (but are not limited to) a persistent cough and wheeze. Increased exposure increases the probability of developing respiratory symptoms during their first year of life.
1070:
due to their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties; however, the long-term safety of this additional exposure to these nanoparticles is relatively unknown, and a conservative approach to the use of these products is recommended.
765:
States Army
Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases suggested that the effects of "trichothecene mycotoxins are more than 10 times greater via inhalation than via intravenous exposure." The presumed mechanism of action is that
7437:
Tanuma H, Hiramatsu M, Mukai H, Abe M, Kume H, Nishiyama S, Katsuoka K (2000). "Case report. A case of chromoblastomycosis is effectively treated with terbinafine. Characteristics of chromoblastomycosis in the
Kitasato region, Japan".
781:(SBS), but previously, controversy existed around whether studies had sufficiently demonstrated that indoor exposures to these common organisms posed a significant threat. In 1986, a study noted an airborne outbreak of toxicosis from
717:
Mycotoxins can be found on the mold spore and mold fragments, and therefore they can also be found on the substrate upon which the mold grows. Routes of entry for these insults can include ingestion, dermal exposure, and inhalation.
6127:
Karunasena E, Larrañaga MD, Simoni JS, Douglas DR, Straus DC (December 2010). "Building-associated neurological damage modeled in human cells: a mechanism of neurotoxic effects by exposure to mycotoxins in the indoor environment".
5937:
Angelidou A, Alysandratos KD, Asadi S, Zhang B, Francis K, Vasiadi M, Kalogeromitros D, Theoharides TC (November 2011). "Brief report: "allergic symptoms" in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. More than meets the eye?".
6030:
De Santis B, Raggi ME, Moretti G, Facchiano F, Mezzelani A, Villa L, Bonfanti A, Campioni A, Rossi S, Camposeo S, Soricelli S, Moracci G, Debegnach F, Gregori E, Ciceri F, Milanesi L, Marabotti A, Brera C (June 2017).
5305:
Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, Maes M (May 2016). "The Putative Role of Viruses, Bacteria, and Chronic Fungal Biotoxin Exposure in the Genesis of Intractable Fatigue Accompanied by Cognitive and Physical Disability".
5053:
2207:
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was found growing on the wet grain used for animal feed. Illness and death also occurred in humans when starving peasants ate large quantities of rotten food grains and cereals heavily overgrown with the
2650:"Comparison of interferon-gamma, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for priming leukocyte-mediated hyphal damage of opportunistic fungal pathogens"
4529:
Garrett MH, Rayment PR, Hooper MA, Abramson MJ, Hooper BM (April 1998). "Indoor airborne fungal spores, house dampness and associations with environmental factors and respiratory health in children".
2842:
Indian Health Service: Bemidji Area Office of Environmental Health and Engineering Environmental Health Services Section "Guideline on the Assessment and Remediation of Fungi in Indoor Environments"
2014:
Rath B, Donato J, Duggan A, Perrin K, Bronfin DR, Ratard R, VanDyke R, Magnus M (May 2007). "Adverse health outcomes after Hurricane Katrina among children and adolescents with chronic conditions".
843:
spores show activation of the innate immune system, along with neural, cognitive, and emotional dysfunction, even when mycotoxins were removed and mice were exposed only to spore skeletal elements.
4271:
Gray MR, Thrasher JD, Crago R, Madison RA, Arnold L, Campbell AW, Vojdani A (July 2003). "Mixed mold mycotoxicosis: immunological changes in humans following exposure in water-damaged buildings".
1185:, England, died in 2020 of "acute airway oedema with severe granulomatous tracheobronchitis due to environmental mould exposure" in his home. The finding led to a 2023 change in UK law, known as
3263:
8409:
3885:"Family of Six, Their Health and the Death of a 16 Month Old Male from Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Identification of Mycotoxins and Mold in the Home and Lungs, Liver and Brain of Deceased Infant"
1424:
1256:
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as a new disease in humans in close contact with moldy hay, including inhalation of the associated dust, which caused, among other symptoms, a "haemorrhagic exĂșdate". Following cases of
681:. Exposure can occur at home, at work or in other settings. It is predicted that about 5% of people have some airway symptoms due to allergic reactions to molds in their lifetimes.
7280:
6232:"Ex vivo cytokine release and pattern recognition receptor expression of subjects exposed to dampness: pilot study to assess the outcome of mould exposure to the innate immune system"
5841:"Dampness and moulds in workplace buildings: associations with incidence and remission of sick building syndrome (SBS) and biomarkers of inflammation in a 10 year follow-up study"
1049:
Prevention of mold exposure from food is generally to consume food that has no mold growths on it. Also, mold growth in the first place can be prevented by the same concept of
502:
Adverse respiratory health effects are associated with occupancy in buildings with moisture and mold damage. Infants in homes with mold have a much greater risk of developing
413:. A person's reaction to mold depends on their sensitivity and other health conditions, the amount of mold present, length of exposure, and the type of mold or mold products.
3813:
Dearborn DG, Smith PG, Dahms BB, Allan TM, Sorenson WG, Montana E, Etzel RA (September 2002). "Clinical profile of 30 infants with acute pulmonary hemorrhage in Cleveland".
521:
There has been sufficient evidence that damp indoor environments are correlated with upper respiratory tract symptoms such as coughing, and wheezing in people with asthma.
7902:
Prasath S, Palaniappan K (October 2019). "Is using nanosilver mattresses/pillows safe? A review of potential health implications of silver nanoparticles on human health".
7549:
6389:"Early life exposures to home dampness, pet ownership and farm animal contact and neuropsychological development in 4 year old children: a prospective birth cohort study"
796:
4314:
Vojdani A, Thrasher JD, Madison RA, Gray MR, Heuser G, Campbell AW (July 2003). "Antibodies to molds and satratoxin in individuals exposed in water-damaged buildings".
736:. In 1927, Ismailson, a Soviet scientist, noted a form of mycotoxicosis in employees in a binder twine factory. In the 1940s, "Stachybotryotoxicosis" was identified in
847:
lungs, musculoskeletal system, as well as the central and peripheral nervous systems" and also noted that such exposure has now been implicated in the pathogenesis of
4228:
Crago BR, Gray MR, Nelson LA, Davis M, Arnold L, Thrasher JD (August 2003). "Psychological, neuropsychological, and electrocortical effects of mixed mold exposure".
5042:
1053:
that prevents air exposure. Also, it is especially useful to clean the inside of the refrigerator and to ensure dishcloths, towels, sponges, and mops are clean.
4443:
Gordon WA, Cantor JB, Spielman L, Ashman TA, Johanning E (2006). "Cognitive impairment associated with toxigenic fungal exposure: a response to two critiques".
1057:
2011, high levels of carcinogen aflatoxin M1 in Mengniu brand milk were found to be associated with the consumption of mold-contaminated feed by dairy cattle.
5755:
Harding CF, Pytte CL, Page KG, Ryberg KJ, Normand E, Remigio GJ, DeStefano RA, Morris DB, Voronina J, Lopez A, Stalbow LA, Williams EP, Abreu N (July 2020).
927:
those with more than 3 feet (0.91 m) of indoor flooding, demonstrated far higher levels of mold growth compared with homes with little or no flooding.
1170:. This mold toxin eventually made it into the pet food supply, and dozens of dogs and cats died before the company was forced to recall affected products.
7166:
Wilson SC, Holder WH, Easterwood KV, et al. (2004). "Identification, remediation, and monitoring processes used in a mold-contaminated high school".
6745:"Dampness and mold in the home and depression: an examination of mold-related illness and perceived control of one's home as possible depression pathways"
3612:
816:
4486:
Nevalainen A, Pasanen AL, Niininen M, Reponen T, Kalliokoski P, Jantunen MJ (1991-01-01). "The indoor air quality in Finnish homes with mold problems".
3501:"Study of toxin production by isolates of Stachybotrys chartarum and Memnoniella echinata isolated during a study of pulmonary hemosiderosis in infants"
6289:
Mustonen K, Karvonen AM, Kirjavainen P, Roponen M, Schaub B, HyvÀrinen A, Frey U, Renz H, Pfefferle PI, Genuneit J, Vaarala O, Pekkanen J (June 2016).
5349:
Kilburn KH (2009-10-01). "Neurobehavioral and pulmonary impairment in 105 adults with indoor exposure to molds compared to 100 exposed to chemicals".
4905:
724:
is an example of a mycotoxin. It is a cancer-causing poison produced by certain fungi in or on foods and feeds, especially in field corn and peanuts.
7316:
Reddy K, Salleh B, Saad B, Abbas H, Abel C, Shier W (2010). "An overview of mycotoxin contamination in foods and its implications for human health".
129:
5804:
Harding CF, Liao D, Persaud R, Lin K, Page K, Pytte C (2015-10-01). "Environmental mold exposure, brain inflammation, and spatial memory deficits".
5025:
905:
The primary sources of mold exposure are from the indoor air in buildings with substantial mold growth and the ingestion of food with mold growths.
5205:"A review of the mechanism of injury and treatment approaches for illness resulting from exposure to water-damaged buildings, mold, and mycotoxins"
7239:
Kankolongo M, Hell K, Nawa I (June 2009). "Assessment for fungal, mycotoxin and insect spoilage in maize stored for human consumption in Zambia".
6340:"Cognitive function of 6-year old children exposed to mold-contaminated homes in early postnatal period. Prospective birth cohort study in Poland"
2948:
Reverberi M, Ricelli A, Zjalic S, Fabbri AA, Fanelli C (July 2010). "Natural functions of mycotoxins and control of their biosynthesis in fungi".
6792:
Bhattacharya A, Derecki NC, Lovenberg TW, Drevets WC (May 2016). "Role of neuro-immunological factors in the pathophysiology of mood disorders".
799:(ACOEM) claimed the link between mold and building-related symptoms was "weak and unproven". Further to this, the Center for Legal Policy at the
8208:
6635:
Wang J, Janson C, Lindberg E, Holm M, Gislason T, BenediktsdĂłttir B, Johannessen A, SchlĂŒnssen V, Jogi R, Franklin KA, NorbĂ€ck D (June 2020).
5981:
De Santis B, Brera C, Mezzelani A, Soricelli S, Ciceri F, Moretti G, Debegnach F, Bonaglia MC, Villa L, Molteni M, Raggi ME (February 2019).
2875:
7302:
5886:
Kilburn KH, Thrasher JD, Immers NB (2009-10-01). "Do terbutaline- and mold-associated impairments of the brain and lung relate to autism?".
1186:
1162:
619:. Most dermatophyte fungi take the form of mold, as opposed to a yeast, with an appearance (when cultured) that is similar to other molds.
575:
and not the primary pathology. Also, mold may produce mycotoxins, either before or after exposure to humans, potentially causing toxicity.
8182:
755:
593:). Immunocompromised individuals exposed to high levels of mold, or individuals with chronic exposure may become infected. Sinuses and
5070:
325:. While the most molds in the outdoor environment are not hazardous to humans, many found inside buildings are known to be and affect
4400:
McCaffrey RJ, Yantz CL (2005). ""Cognitive impairment associated with toxigenic fungal exposure": a critique and critical analysis".
3914:
Etzel RA (September 2006). "What the primary care pediatrician should know about syndromes associated with exposures to mycotoxins".
3848:
Etzel RA (September 2006). "What the primary care pediatrician should know about syndromes associated with exposures to mycotoxins".
893:(α-MSH) associated with this syndrome. Patients may also present with psychological symptoms given the neuroinflammatory markers and
4930:
5455:"Clinical Diagnosis of the Dampness and Mold Hypersensitivity Syndrome: Review of the Literature and Suggested Diagnostic Criteria"
1678:
1050:
2562:
SimÄiÄ S, Matos T, "Microbiological diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis." ZdravniĆĄki vestnik. 2010, Vol. 79, Issue 10, pp. 716â25.
8434:
3419:"Environmental risk factors associated with pediatric idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage and hemosiderosis in a Cleveland community"
857:
study of human neurological system cells showed damage caused by inflammatory and immune processes (along with disruption of the
800:
685:
345:
190:
7481:
7043:
Thrasher JD, Crawley S (2009-09-30). "The biocontaminants and complexity of damp indoor spaces: more than what meets the eyes".
4986:"Bruce J. Kelman, Globaltox, Inc., Plaintiff vs Sharon Kramer, and Does 1 through 20, inclusive, Defendants (Case No. GIN044539"
2365:"Respiratory and allergic health effects of dampness, mold, and dampness-related agents: a review of the epidemiologic evidence"
2076:"Respiratory and allergic health effects of dampness, mold, and dampness-related agents: a review of the epidemiologic evidence"
3676:"Stachybotrys chartarum, trichothecene mycotoxins, and damp building-related illness: new insights into a public health enigma"
162:
6696:"Inflammatory markers in depression: A meta-analysis of mean differences and variability in 5,166 patients and 5,083 controls"
8358:
8114:
7223:
7187:
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5731:
4744:
4077:
3302:
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2185:
1654:
6171:
Rosenblum Lichtenstein JH, Hsu YH, Gavin IM, Donaghey TC, Molina RM, Thompson KJ, Chi CL, Gillis BS, Brain JD (2015-05-26).
6338:
Jedrychowski W, Maugeri U, Perera F, Stigter L, Jankowski J, Butscher M, Mroz E, Flak E, Skarupa A, Sowa A (October 2011).
3954:
2412:
Krieger J, Jacobs DE, Ashley PJ, Baeder A, Chew GL, Dearborn D, Hynes HP, Miller JD, Morley R, Rabito F, Zeldin DC (2010).
1730:
Krieger J, Jacobs DE, Ashley PJ, Baeder A, Chew GL, Dearborn D, Hynes HP, Miller JD, Morley R, Rabito F, Zeldin DC (2010).
1190:
1131:
In the 1930s, mold was identified as the cause behind the mysterious deaths of farm animals in Russia and other countries.
5254:
Thrasher JD, Crawley S (2009). "The biocontaminants and complexity of damp indoor spaces: more than what meets the eyes".
4760:
Hardin BD, Kelman BJ, Saxon A (May 2003). "Adverse human health effects associated with molds in the indoor environment".
3717:"Pulmonary responses to Stachybotrys chartarum and its toxins: mouse strain affects clearance and macrophage cytotoxicity"
2275:
Iossifova YY, Reponen T, Ryan PH, Levin L, Bernstein DI, Lockey JE, Hershey GK, Villareal M, LeMasters G (February 2009).
169:
5139:
Indoor Mold: Better Coordination of Research on Health Effects and More Consistent Guidance Would Improve Federal Efforts
3635:"Acute inflammatory responses to Stachybotrys chartarum in the lungs of infant rats: time course and possible mechanisms"
3499:
Jarvis BB, Sorenson WG, Hintikka EL, Nikulin M, Zhou Y, Jiang J, Wang S, Hinkley S, Etzel RA, Dearborn D (October 1998).
51:
17:
7816:
Wright JB, Lam K, Hansen D, Burrell RE (August 1999). "Efficacy of topical silver against fungal burn wound pathogens".
1868:"Levels of household mold associated with respiratory symptoms in the first year of life in a cohort at risk for asthma"
8404:
4873:
8348:
7640:"Indoor environmental exposures and exacerbation of asthma: an update to the 2000 review by the Institute of Medicine"
5651:"Dectin-1 and inflammation-associated gene transcription and expression in mouse lungs by a toxic (1,3)-beta-D glucan"
4967:
2801:"The emerging life-threatening opportunistic fungal pathogen Kodamaea ohmeri: optimal treatment and literature review"
824:
bacteria, which create endotoxins known to produce inflammatory responses, might also be partly responsible, as might
262:. However, recent research has shown these adverse health effects are caused not exclusively by molds, but also other
8353:
4992:
4842:
4811:
4357:
Fox DD, Greiffenstein MF, Lees-Haley PR (2005). "Commentary on cognitive impairment with toxigenic fungal exposure".
3325:
2520:
MĂŒller FM, Seidler M (August 2010). "Characteristics of pathogenic fungi and antifungal therapy in cystic fibrosis".
868:
809:
534:
that 30% to 50% of asthma-related health outcomes are associated with not only mold, but also dampness in buildings.
225:
65:
758:(CDC) revisited the cases and argued that the link was not proven. Subsequent studies with mice and rats exposed to
589:
A serious health threat from mold exposure for immunocompromised individuals is systemic fungal infection (systemic
176:
148:
3458:
Etzel RA, Montaña E, Sorenson WG, Kullman GJ, Allan TM, Dearborn DG, Olson DR, Jarvis BB, Miller JD (August 1998).
3067:
Etzel RA, Montaña E, Sorenson WG, Kullman GJ, Allan TM, Dearborn DG, Olson DR, Jarvis BB, Miller JD (August 1998).
923:
More than half of adult workers in moldy/humid buildings suffer from nasal or sinus symptoms due to mold exposure.
8376:
1705:
302:
cases may result from exposure to mold. Substantial and statistically significant increases in the risks of both
6637:"Dampness and mold at home and at work and onset of insomnia symptoms, snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness"
2463:"Association of residential dampness and mold with respiratory tract infections and bronchitis: a meta-analysis"
1366:"Association of residential dampness and mold with respiratory tract infections and bronchitis: a meta-analysis"
5553:
Leino M, MÀkelÀ M, Reijula K, Haahtela T, Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Tuomi T, Hintikka EL, Alenius H (November 2003).
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He J, Zhou T (June 2010). "Patented techniques for detoxification of mycotoxins in feeds and food matrices".
4898:
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Mendell MJ, Mirer AG, Cheung K, Douwes J, Sigsgaard T, BĂžnlĂžkke J, Meyer HW, Hirvonen MR, Roponen M (2009),
8157:
678:
398:
6387:
Casas L, Torrent M, Zock JP, Doekes G, Forns J, Guxens M, TĂ€ubel M, Heinrich J, Sunyer J (November 2013).
5016:
420:, which, in sufficient quantity, can pose serious health risks to humans and animals. The colloquial term
8414:
303:
4185:
Baldo JV, Ahmad L, Ruff R (2002). "Neuropsychological performance of patients following mold exposure".
3282:
2316:"Mold and dampness exposure and allergic outcomes from birth to adolescence: data from the BAMSE cohort"
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showed inflammatory and innate immune responses upon exposure to specific molds and mycotoxins, such as
8429:
8424:
8131:
1941:
1641:
1449:
Empting LD (2009). "Neurologic and neuropsychiatric syndrome features of mold and mycotoxin exposure".
812:, the largest lobbying group in the U.S., also promoted this paper (and is still doing so as of 2020).
466:
8234:
2414:"Housing interventions and control of asthma-related indoor biologic agents: a review of the evidence"
1732:"Housing interventions and control of asthma-related indoor biologic agents: a review of the evidence"
951:
that were in a refrigerator. The nectarine with black mold is also affecting the nectarine underneath.
8419:
8399:
8394:
6501:
6462:
6388:
5840:
5100:
3884:
3460:"Acute pulmonary hemorrhage in infants associated with exposure to Stachybotrys atra and other fungi"
1218:
889:
820:
510:. Infants may develop respiratory symptoms due to exposure to a specific type of fungal mold, called
294:. Approximately 47% of houses in the United States have substantial levels of mold, with over 85% of
137:
6426:
Theoharides TC, Kavalioti M, Martinotti R (2019). "Factors adversely influencing neurodevelopment".
2895:
1501:
730:
from mold were thought to be the result of exposure to the mycotoxins of some mold species, such as
848:
769:
produces a compound, stachylysin, which is a hemolysin that disintegrates (lyses) red blood cells.
465:
Damp environments that allow mold to grow can also allow the proliferation of bacteria and release
7773:
Sotiriou GA, Pratsinis SE (July 2010). "Antibacterial activity of nanosilver ions and particles".
2852:
861:) in response to mycotoxins at exposure levels that would be expected in water-damaged buildings.
5506:"Effects after inhalation of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan and relation to mould exposure in the home"
3350:"Acute Pulmonary Hemorrhage/Hemosiderosis Among Infants âCleveland, January 1993âNovember 1994".
2999:
Bohnert M, Wackler B, Hoffmeister D (June 2010). "Spotlights on advances in mycotoxin research".
1829:
858:
622:
133:
57:
6996:"Microfungal contamination of damp buildings--examples of risk constructions and risk materials"
2924:
1975:"Children's respiratory health and mold levels in New Orleans after Katrina: a preliminary look"
183:
8367:
3715:
Lichtenstein JH, Molina RM, Donaghey TC, Amuzie CJ, Pestka JJ, Coull BA, Brain JD (July 2010).
2890:
2743:
2202:
1133:
873:
839:
778:
760:
750:
732:
394:
279:
7137:"Fungi diversity, their effects on building materials, occupants and control â a brief review"
5757:"Mold inhalation causes innate immune activation, neural, cognitive and emotional dysfunction"
3234:
3186:
1046:
World Health Organization, roughly 25% of the world's food may be contaminated by mycotoxins.
567:
individual, some mold spores may begin to grow on living tissue, attaching to cells along the
7112:
7095:
6173:"Environmental mold and mycotoxin exposures elicit specific cytokine and chemokine responses"
2314:
Thacher JD, Gruzieva O, Pershagen G, Melén E, Lorentzen JC, Kull I, Bergström A (June 2017).
2150:
2133:
677:(runny nose), watery eyes, coughing and asthma attacks. Another form of hypersensitivity is
633:
627:
244:
6502:"Review article: Role of satiety hormones in anorexia induction by Trichothecene mycotoxins"
144:
93:
7911:
7782:
7700:
7687:
Choi O, Yu CP, Esteban FernĂĄndez G, Hu Z (December 2010). "Interactions of nanosilver with
7512:
7248:
7052:
6950:
6648:
6593:
6581:
6302:
6243:
6184:
5895:
5852:
5358:
5263:
5078:
4691:
4634:
4623:"Fungal Fragments in Moldy Houses: A Field Study in Homes in New Orleans and Southern Ohio"
4495:
4159:
3512:
3338:
2474:
1866:
Gent JF, Ren P, Belanger K, Triche E, Bracken MB, Holford TR, Leaderer BP (December 2002).
1458:
1377:
1322:
1310:
1223:
1178:
1153:. As a result, homes, and buildings became more airtight. Also, cheaper materials such as
808:" and was referenced in legal cases in the United States to deny related legal claims. The
741:
295:
6461:
Lebrun B, Tardivel C, Félix B, Abysique A, Troadec JD, Gaigé S, Dallaporta M (July 2015).
1281:
605:
infections are also possible. Mycotoxins may or may not be produced by the invading mold.
8:
7501:"Human exposure to indoor air pollutants in sleep microenvironments: A literature review"
6084:"Case Study: Rapid Complete Recovery From An Autism Spectrum Disorder After Treatment of
5713:
4938:
4727:
Ammann HM (2016). "Inhalation Exposure and Toxic Effects of Mycotoxins". In Li DW (ed.).
4150:
Croft WA, Jarvis BB, Yatawara CS (1986). "Airborne outbreak of trichothecene toxicosis".
3579:
1228:
402:
8155:
7915:
7786:
7704:
7516:
7252:
7056:
6954:
6888:"Moisture parameters and fungal communities associated with gypsum drywall in buildings"
6652:
6597:
6306:
6247:
6188:
5899:
5856:
5362:
5267:
4931:"Jury Finds "Toxic Mold" Harmed Oregon Family, Builder's Arbitration Clause Not Binding"
4896:
4695:
4638:
4499:
4163:
3970:"Stachylysin may be a cause of hemorrhaging in humans exposed to Stachybotrys chartarum"
3516:
2478:
1781:"The Burden of Respiratory Disease from Formaldehyde, Damp and Mould in English Housing"
1682:
1462:
1381:
1326:
333:
through to severe multi-system inflammatory effects, neurological problems, and death.
8291:
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6914:
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6836:
6817:
6769:
6744:
6720:
6695:
6617:
6529:
6463:"Dysregulation of energy balance by trichothecene mycotoxins: Mechanisms and prospects"
6364:
6339:
6266:
6231:
6207:
6172:
6153:
6104:
6083:
6059:
6033:"Study on the Association among Mycotoxins and other Variables in Children with Autism"
6032:
6012:
5963:
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4253:
4210:
4127:
4102:
3795:
3741:
3716:
3580:"Update: Pulmonary Hemorrhage/Hemosiderosis Among Infants â Cleveland, Ohio, 1993â1996"
3386:"Update: Pulmonary Hemorrhage/Hemosiderosis Among Infants â Cleveland, Ohio, 1993â1996"
3294:
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364:
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6694:
Osimo EF, Pillinger T, Rodriguez IM, Khandaker GM, Pariante CM, Howes OD (July 2020).
5430:
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6004:
5955:
5911:
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5786:
5737:
5727:
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5631:
5578:
5574:
5535:
5486:
5435:
5374:
5323:
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5236:
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5120:
4777:
4773:
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4709:
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4603:
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4511:
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4374:
4331:
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4171:
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4083:
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4018:
3999:
3931:
3896:
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3830:
3787:
3746:
3697:
3656:
3561:
3558:
Overview of investigations into pulmonary hemorrhage among infants in Cleveland, Ohio
3538:
3524:
3481:
3440:
3367:
3363:
3298:
3143:
3094:
3047:
3016:
2973:
2908:
2904:
2822:
2773:
2768:
2747:
2716:
2711:
2690:
2671:
2630:
2581:
2537:
2502:
2443:
2394:
2345:
2296:
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2224:
2181:
2155:
2105:
2031:
1996:
1897:
1848:
1802:
1761:
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1615:
1588:
1521:
1474:
1405:
1338:
1334:
1081:
787:
670:
661:
is caused by the direct exposure to inhaled mold spores that can be dead or alive or
612:
568:
551:
507:
7939:
7624:
7581:
7467:
7339:
7218:(6. rev. ed.). Utrecht, The Netherlands: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
7136:
7080:
6821:
6621:
6533:
6016:
5967:
5923:
5864:
5825:
5682:
5590:
5335:
5291:
4574:"Quantification of airborne moulds in the homes of children with and without wheeze"
4558:
4472:
4429:
4386:
4343:
4257:
4214:
3985:
3799:
3028:
2785:
2549:
2043:
1779:
Clark SN, Lam HC, Goode EJ, Marczylo EL, Exley KS, Dimitroulopoulou S (2023-08-02).
1600:
1583:
1566:
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8278:
8075:
8015:
8007:
7919:
7874:
7864:
7825:
7790:
7747:
7708:
7659:
7651:
7638:
Kanchongkittiphon W, Mendell MJ, Gaffin JM, Wang G, Phipatanakul W (January 2015).
7604:
7561:
7525:
7520:
7500:
7447:
7409:
7401:
7362:
7327:
7292:
7256:
7175:
7107:
7060:
7015:
7007:
6980:
6958:
6939:"Pre-contamination of new gypsum wallboard with potentially harmful fungal species"
6909:
6899:
6858:
6848:
6801:
6764:
6756:
6715:
6707:
6666:
6656:
6601:
6513:
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5717:
5709:
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5425:
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5386:
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5226:
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5112:
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4503:
4452:
4409:
4366:
4327:
4323:
4300:
4284:
4280:
4237:
4194:
4167:
4122:
4114:
4038:
4030:
4019:"Initial characterization of the hemolysin stachylysin from Stachybotrys chartarum"
3989:
3981:
3923:
3857:
3822:
3777:
3736:
3728:
3687:
3646:
3528:
3520:
3471:
3430:
3397:
3359:
3290:
3133:
3125:
3084:
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2706:
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2620:
2612:
2529:
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2216:
2145:
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2023:
1986:
1915:
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1879:
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1792:
1751:
1743:
1578:
1513:
1466:
1395:
1385:
1330:
658:
638:
564:
7734:
Lok CN, Ho CM, Chen R, He QY, Yu WY, Sun H, Tam PK, Chiu JF, Che CM (April 2006).
7548:
Woodcock AA, Steel N, Moore CB, Howard SJ, Custovic A, Denning DW (January 2006).
6355:
6157:
5999:
5982:
5421:
4034:
3129:
2985:
684:
Hypersensitivity may also be a reaction toward an established fungal infection in
8104:
7712:
6661:
6636:
6256:
6197:
4867:"Letter of Acceptance from Globaltox to the Manhattan Institute for Project 6257"
4736:
3927:
3861:
2429:
1797:
1780:
1747:
825:
666:
594:
287:
8080:
8059:
7851:
Lara HH, Ayala-Nuñez NV, Ixtepan-Turrent L, Rodriguez-Padilla C (January 2010).
7736:"Proteomic analysis of the mode of antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles"
7390:"Global burden of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: a risk assessment"
7366:
6478:
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5839:
Zhang X, Sahlberg B, Wieslander G, Janson C, Gislason T, Norback D (July 2012).
4621:
Reponen T, Seo SC, Grimsley F, Lee T, Crawford C, Grinshpun SA (December 2007).
3950:
2251:
935:
odors are noticeable but do not indicate toxicologically significant exposures.
484:
Respiratory problems, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing, chest tightness
7923:
7850:
5116:
3476:
3459:
3089:
3068:
2805:
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi
2220:
1991:
1974:
1517:
1085:
744:
in infants in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1993â94, several related studies suggested a
406:
8329:
EPA Publication #402-K-02-003 "A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home"
8328:
8156:
FDA, Center for Veterinary Medicine Communications Staff (December 30, 2005).
7331:
6904:
6805:
6711:
6517:
6141:
5951:
5817:
5772:
5666:
5521:
5319:
5170:
4456:
4413:
4370:
4241:
4198:
3012:
2961:
2876:"Adverse human health effects associated with molds in the indoor environment"
571:
and causing further problems. Generally, when this occurs, the illness is an
8388:
7534:
7318:
7152:
7064:
6853:
6760:
6671:
6566:
5907:
5471:
5370:
5275:
4731:. Fungal Biology. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 495â523.
4515:
4087:
3900:
3565:
3402:
3385:
3371:
2277:"Mold exposure during infancy as a predictor of potential asthma development"
2228:
1806:
1470:
1150:
1149:
techniques changed in response to changing economic realities, including the
955:
Molds that are often found on meat and poultry include members of the genera
894:
882:
782:
572:
389:
263:
255:
6743:
Shenassa ED, Daskalakis C, Liebhaber A, Braubach M, Brown M (October 2007).
5697:
5650:
5626:
5605:
5554:
3732:
3692:
3675:
3651:
3634:
2276:
8300:
8089:
7980:
7931:
7888:
7837:
7802:
7759:
7720:
7673:
7616:
7573:
7459:
7423:
7374:
7297:
7197:
7121:
7072:
7029:
7011:
6972:
6923:
6872:
6813:
6778:
6729:
6680:
6613:
6525:
6486:
6447:
6412:
6373:
6324:
6291:"Moisture damage in home associates with systemic inflammation in children"
6275:
6216:
6149:
6113:
6068:
6008:
5959:
5915:
5872:
5808:. PsychoNeuroImmunology Research Society's 22nd Annual Scientific Meeting.
5790:
5741:
5674:
5635:
5582:
5539:
5490:
5439:
5378:
5327:
5283:
5240:
5189:
5124:
4985:
4960:
4866:
4835:
4804:
4781:
4713:
4664:
4464:
4421:
4378:
4335:
4292:
4249:
4206:
4136:
4052:
4003:
3935:
3869:
3834:
3826:
3791:
3782:
3765:
3750:
3701:
3660:
3147:
3020:
2977:
2912:
2826:
2777:
2720:
2675:
2634:
2585:
2541:
2506:
2487:
2447:
2398:
2349:
2300:
2236:
2159:
2109:
2058:
Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance
2035:
2000:
1901:
1852:
1765:
1592:
1525:
1478:
1409:
1390:
1342:
1210:
1146:
1102:
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1011:
975:
805:
714:
harmful or lethal to humans and animals only when exposure is high enough.
616:
608:
559:
434:
275:
238:
8029:
7869:
7595:
Siebers R, Parkes A, Crane J (July 2006). "Beta-(1,3)-glucan on pillows".
6837:"Neuroinflammation, Pain and Depression: An Overview of the Main Findings"
6049:
5221:
5138:
4607:
4550:
4067:
4017:
Vesper SJ, Magnuson ML, Dearborn DG, Yike I, Haugland RA (February 2001).
3951:
Acute Respiratory Tract Toxicity of the Trichothecene Mycotoxin, T-2 Toxin
3542:
3485:
3444:
3098:
2027:
1883:
8011:
6835:
Campos AC, Antunes GF, Matsumoto M, Pagano RL, Martinez RC (2020-07-31).
5559:, induces lung inflammation in mice by satratoxin-independent mechanisms"
4983:
4589:
4118:
3435:
3418:
2748:"Enemy of the (immunosuppressed) state: an update on the pathogenesis of
2616:
2132:
Barbeau DN, Grimsley LF, White LE, El-Dahr JM, Lichtveld M (2010-03-01).
1567:"Effects of Mycotoxins on Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Immune Processes"
1096:
1090:
1017:
993:
968:
963:
878:
458:
446:
440:
8282:
7972:
7655:
7405:
7096:"Mold exposure and health effects following hurricanes Katrina and Rita"
2969:
2380:
2134:"Mold exposure and health effects following hurricanes Katrina and Rita"
2091:
329:. Reaction to molds can vary between individuals, from relatively minor
8316:
7482:"Tainted Mengniu Milk Products Caused by Mildewed Feed, Regulator Says"
4897:
United States District Court for the District of Arizona (2004-06-22).
1825:"Meta-Mold exposure and respiratory health in damp indoor environments"
1005:
987:
957:
674:
602:
598:
547:
452:
417:
307:
283:
147:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
8340:
7794:
7751:
7260:
6963:
6938:
6315:
6290:
6170:
4704:
4679:
2533:
2331:
1124:
In 1698, the physician Sir John Floyer published the first edition of
8371:
8341:
Mold Pest Control Information â National Pesticide Information Center
5722:
3417:
Montaña E, Etzel RA, Allan T, Horgan TE, Dearborn DG (January 1997).
3210:
1167:
948:
745:
721:
703:
697:
410:
381:
358:
314:
259:
7735:
5983:"Role of mycotoxins in the pathobiology of autism: A first evidence"
3161:
310:
have been associated with dampness in homes and the resulting mold.
8158:"FDA Investigation of Diamond Pet Food Finds Some Product Exported"
7094:
Barbeau DN, Grimsley LF, White LE, El-Dahr JM, Lichtveld M (2010).
6791:
6742:
4094:
3069:"Acute pulmonary hemorrhage in infants associated with exposure to
2666:
2649:
2648:
Gaviria JM, van Burik JA, Dale DC, Root RK, Liles WC (April 1999).
1182:
1023:
981:
943:
877:(and an associated mycotoxin, Satratoxin G) and various strains of
853:
727:
291:
271:
267:
7637:
6288:
5141:(Report). U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2008. GAO-08-980.
5610:
in the lungs of infant rats: time course and possible mechanisms"
3674:
Pestka JJ, Yike I, Dearborn DG, Ward MD, Harkema JR (July 2008).
2799:
Shang ST, Lin JC, Ho SJ, Yang YS, Chang FY, Wang NC (June 2010).
1843:
1824:
1174:
1154:
863:
737:
590:
584:
351:
341:
330:
298:
found to have water damage predictive of mold. As many as 21% of
7853:"Mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles against HIV-1"
6693:
6337:
6230:
Punsmann S, Liebers V, Lotz A, BrĂŒning T, Raulf M (2013-12-10).
6126:
5980:
5099:
Bush RK, Portnoy JM, Saxon A, Terr AI, Wood RA (February 2006).
5052:. Court of Appeals, State of Arizona, Division One. 2009-08-31.
4485:
3714:
1500:
Bush RK, Portnoy JM, Saxon A, Terr AI, Wood RA (February 2006).
242:
Light micrograph of the hyphae and spores of the human pathogen
7499:
Boor BE, Spilak MP, Laverge J, Novoselac A, Xu Y (2017-11-15).
7281:"Mycotoxins and their biotransformation in the rumen: a review"
6549:
WHO guidelines for indoor air quality : dampness and mould
5936:
4805:"Globaltox Invoice to the Manhattan Institute for Project 6257"
646:
555:
503:
385:
377:
318:
299:
6425:
6029:
4571:
3556:
Dearborn DG, Yike I, Sorenson WG, Miller MJ, Etzel RA (1999).
2363:
Mendell MJ, Mirer AG, Cheung K, Tong M, Douwes J (June 2011).
2074:
Mendell MJ, Mirer AG, Cheung K, Tong M, Douwes J (June 2011).
1973:
Rabito FA, Iqbal S, Kiernan MP, Holt E, Chew GL (March 2008).
1564:
1543:"Indoor Environmental Quality: Dampness and Mold in Buildings"
1193:
to remedy reported damp and mould within certain time limits.
777:
The health hazards produced by mold have been associated with
313:
Molds and many related microbial agents are ubiquitous in the
8410:
Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source
6993:
6937:
Andersen B, Dosen I, Lewinska AM, Nielsen KF (January 2017).
5838:
3498:
2313:
1107:
higher levels of mold than those with little or no flooding.
999:
662:
6936:
6834:
6500:
Terciolo C, Maresca M, Pinton P, Oswald IP (November 2018).
5649:
Rand TG, Sun M, Gilyan A, Downey J, Miller JD (March 2010).
4528:
2947:
2855:. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. October 1, 2010
8322:
7093:
6994:
Gravesen S, Nielsen PA, Iversen R, Nielsen KF (June 1999).
6499:
6460:
4572:
Strachan DP, Flannigan B, McCabe EM, McGarry F (May 1990).
3457:
3326:"Stachybotryotoxicosis. A New Disease of Horses and Humans"
3066:
2131:
1942:"WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould"
1257:"WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould"
797:
American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
642:
611:
are the parasitic fungi that cause skin infections such as
322:
7498:
6229:
5552:
4442:
4356:
4313:
4103:"A spreading concern: inhalational health effects of mold"
4016:
3555:
1916:"Black mold exposure: Symptoms, treatment, and prevention"
1676:
795:
Despite these early studies, a 2003 position paper by the
7957:
7686:
6393:
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
4677:
2998:
2411:
2274:
2256:
WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould
1729:
1643:
WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould
1425:"Mold: What every homeowner fears but probably shouldn't"
7547:
6582:"Public health and economic impact of dampness and mold"
5043:"Brief of Amicus Curiae, National Apartment Association"
4984:
Superior Court of the State of California (2008-07-22).
4270:
3916:
Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care
3850:
Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care
2741:
2647:
2249:
1565:
Ratnaseelan AM, Tsilioni I, Theoharides TC (June 2018).
1311:"Public health and economic impact of dampness and mold"
546:
Health problems associated with high levels of airborne
8323:
Mold Information â U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
7436:
6428:
Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents
5696:
Dambuza IM, Levitz SM, Netea MG, Brown GD (July 2017).
5695:
4841:. Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. 2003-06-01.
3812:
3416:
7815:
7165:
6634:
6386:
5754:
3673:
2362:
2073:
2013:
1972:
1282:"Prevalence of Building Dampness | Indoor Air Quality"
7213:
5885:
5803:
4620:
3948:
3766:"Spectrum of noninfectious health effects from molds"
3352:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
2688:
1865:
1778:
1547:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
524:
7315:
6088:
With The Antifungal Drugs Itraconazole And Sporanox"
5304:
5098:
4227:
1499:
1200:
754:
and the disease. An anonymous panel from within the
7996:"Sir John Floyer's A Treatise of the Asthma (1698)"
7355:
Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture
7209:
7207:
5648:
5503:
4149:
3882:
2601:"Fusarium infections in immunocompromised patients"
2460:
2252:"Health effects associated with dampness and mould"
2016:
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
1363:
817:
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
558:episodes, irritations of the eye, nose and throat,
497:
8183:"Awaab Ishak death: the coroner's verdict in full"
8045:A Treatise of the Asthma (Divided into Four Parts)
7901:
7594:
7238:
4762:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
4678:Nevalainen A, TÀubel M, HyvÀrinen A (April 2015).
2883:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
2461:Fisk WJ, Eliseeva EA, Mendell MJ (November 2010).
1364:Fisk WJ, Eliseeva EA, Mendell MJ (November 2010).
900:
321:are a common component of household and workplace
8209:"Awaab Ishak: Prevention of future deaths report"
7772:
5024:. U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform. 2003.
4836:"Check from the Manhattan Institute to Globaltox"
4759:
3949:Creasia DA, Lambert RJ, Beasley VR (1987-03-31).
2873:
2689:McCormick A, Loeffler J, Ebel F (November 2010).
8386:
8335:Whole Building Design Guide: Air Decontamination
8057:
7204:
5698:"Fungal Recognition and Host Defense Mechanisms"
5603:
4958:
4065:
3632:
3464:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
3268:United States Food Safety and Inspection Service
3077:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
2418:Journal of Public Health Management and Practice
1736:Journal of Public Health Management and Practice
652:
432:The five most common genera of indoor molds are
8175:
7042:
5555:"Intranasal exposure to a damp building mould,
5253:
5154:"The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration"
4802:
1818:
1816:
8372:"Skeptoid #494: Black Mold: Peril or Prosaic?"
8102:
7278:
6546:
5105:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
4399:
4184:
3883:Thrasher JD, Hooper DH, Taber J (2014-12-25).
3046:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 633â38.
2798:
2695:: contours of an opportunistic human pathogen"
1979:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1822:
1639:
1506:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
143:Please review the contents of the article and
8058:Miller JD, Rand TG, Jarvis BB (August 2003).
7285:Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
7141:Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research
6885:
5940:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
2598:
2519:
2200:
637:is a common cause of illness and death among
541:
8132:"Diamond Pet Food Recalled Due to Aflatoxin"
7274:
7272:
7270:
5399:
3967:
3111:
2208:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
1813:
1537:
1535:
472:
8106:Textbook of Children's Environmental Health
8064:: cause of human disease or media darling?"
7733:
7691:cells in planktonic and biofilm cultures".
7279:Upadhaya S, Park M, Ha J (September 2010).
7214:Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, Frisvad JC (2000).
6579:
5604:Yike I, Rand TG, Dearborn DG (April 2005).
5504:Beijer L, Thorn J, Rylander R (June 2002).
4680:"Indoor fungi: companions and contaminants"
3633:Yike I, Rand TG, Dearborn DG (April 2005).
1703:
1308:
772:
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
8345:Mycotoxins in grains and the food supply:
7134:
3162:"Mold â General Information â Basic Facts"
2874:Hardin BD, Kelman BJ, Saxon A (May 2003).
2281:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
2178:Molds, Toxic Molds, and Indoor Air Quality
756:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
702:Some molds excrete toxic compounds called
8290:
8079:
8019:
7878:
7868:
7663:
7524:
7413:
7296:
7267:
7111:
7019:
6962:
6913:
6903:
6862:
6852:
6768:
6719:
6670:
6660:
6363:
6314:
6265:
6255:
6206:
6196:
6103:
6081:
6058:
6048:
5998:
5780:
5721:
5625:
5529:
5480:
5470:
5429:
5230:
5220:
5179:
5169:
4703:
4654:
4597:
4126:
4042:
3993:
3781:
3740:
3691:
3650:
3532:
3475:
3434:
3401:
3137:
3088:
2894:
2838:
2836:
2816:
2767:
2710:
2665:
2624:
2496:
2486:
2454:
2437:
2388:
2339:
2149:
2099:
1990:
1891:
1842:
1796:
1755:
1649:. World Health Organization. p. 93.
1582:
1532:
1399:
1389:
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
8206:
8129:
7381:
7216:Introduction to food- and airborne fungi
7128:
7113:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103643
5452:
4100:
3763:
3323:
3285:. In Kadis S, Ciegler A, Ajl SJ (eds.).
2203:"The Myth of Mycotoxins and Mold Injury"
2151:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103643
1613:
1166:shipments containing elevated levels of
1051:mold growth, assessment, and remediation
942:
258:("moulds" in British English) and their
237:
8366:
8264:
5348:
5071:"The Growing Hazard of Mold Litigation"
3280:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3041:
3035:
2853:"What Is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?"
2522:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
1448:
686:allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
477:Symptoms of mold exposure can include:
346:allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
254:refer to the harmful health effects of
14:
8387:
8042:
7993:
7953:
7951:
7949:
7775:Environmental Science & Technology
7352:
6886:Dedesko S, Siegel JA (December 2015).
5101:"The medical effects of mold exposure"
4928:
4726:
4072:. Gatlinburg, TN: Partners Pub., LLC.
3602:
3505:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3001:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
2950:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
2833:
1681:. Minnesota North Star. Archived from
1502:"The medical effects of mold exposure"
481:Nasal and sinus congestion, runny nose
337:harm and a fourth probable mechanism:
7904:Environmental Geochemistry and Health
7818:American Journal of Infection Control
7387:
5400:Kuhn DM, Ghannoum MA (January 2003).
5151:
5018:The Growing Hazard of Mold Litigation
3913:
3847:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2069:
2067:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1422:
1286:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1088:, the predominant types of mold were
691:
397:, exacerbation of asthma, and rarely
7170:. Advances in Applied Microbiology.
7135:Kumar M, Verma RK (September 2010).
5845:The Science of the Total Environment
5714:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0050-2016
5202:
3283:"Chapter 4. â Stachybotryotoxicosis"
3264:"Molds On Food: Are They Dangerous?"
3251:
2599:Nucci M, Anaissie E (October 2007).
2571:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1304:
1302:
1251:
1249:
1177:recorded that a two-year-old child,
112:
72:
31:
8267:"Mycotoxins: of molds and maladies"
8235:"Government to deliver Awaab's Law"
7946:
5402:"Indoor mold, toxigenic fungi, and
3968:Vesper SJ, Vesper MJ (April 2002).
3336:(3): 238â42 – via CAB Direct.
3289:. Academic Press. pp. 95â128.
1640:Heseltine E, Rosen J, eds. (2009).
804:inhaled molds or their toxins was "
578:
24:
8257:
8213:Prevention of Future Death Reports
6551:. WHO Regional Office for Europe.
3957:from the original on June 1, 2022.
3889:Global Journal of Medical Research
3764:Kim JJ, Mazur LJ (December 2006).
3330:American Review of Soviet Medicine
3295:10.1016/B978-0-12-046508-8.50010-6
2654:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2166:
2116:
2064:
1959:
869:peripheral blood mononuclear cells
525:Flood-specific mold health effects
25:
8451:
8309:
8271:Environmental Health Perspectives
7961:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
7644:Environmental Health Perspectives
7550:"Fungal contamination of bedding"
7394:Environmental Health Perspectives
7000:Environmental Health Perspectives
6749:American Journal of Public Health
5606:"Acute inflammatory responses to
5563:Clinical and Experimental Allergy
5406:: infectious disease perspective"
4531:Clinical and Experimental Allergy
4107:Environmental Health Perspectives
3112:Bennett JW, Klich M (July 2003).
2369:Environmental Health Perspectives
2080:Environmental Health Perspectives
1939:
1872:Environmental Health Perspectives
1553:
1299:
1246:
810:United States Chamber of Commerce
371:
47:This article has multiple issues.
8241:(Press release). 9 February 2023
8227:
8215:. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary
8200:
8149:
8130:Brinkman M (December 20, 2005).
8123:
8096:
8051:
8036:
7987:
7895:
7844:
7809:
7766:
7727:
7680:
7631:
7609:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01111.x
7588:
7566:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00941.x
7541:
7492:
7474:
7452:10.1046/j.1439-0507.2000.00548.x
7430:
7346:
7309:
7232:
7159:
7087:
7045:Toxicology and Industrial Health
7036:
6987:
6930:
6879:
6828:
6785:
6736:
6687:
6628:
6606:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00474.x
6580:Mudarri D, Fisk WJ (June 2007).
6573:
6540:
6493:
6454:
6440:10.23812/19-33n6Edit_Theoharides
6419:
6380:
6331:
6282:
6223:
6164:
6120:
6075:
6023:
5974:
5930:
5888:Toxicology and Industrial Health
5879:
5832:
5797:
5748:
5689:
5642:
5597:
5575:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01808.x
5546:
5497:
5446:
5393:
5351:Toxicology and Industrial Health
5342:
5298:
5256:Toxicology and Industrial Health
5247:
5196:
5145:
5131:
5092:
5063:
5059:from the original on 2022-10-09.
5035:
5031:from the original on 2022-10-09.
4973:from the original on 2013-10-24.
4774:10.1097/00043764-200305000-00006
4543:10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00255.x
4316:Archives of Environmental Health
4273:Archives of Environmental Health
4230:Archives of Environmental Health
4066:Billings K, Billings LA (2007).
3525:10.1128/aem.64.10.3620-3625.1998
3364:10.1001/jama.1995.03520280025018
2905:10.1097/00043764-200305000-00006
2769:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08283.x
2712:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01517.x
1677:Minnesota Department of Health.
1451:Toxicology and Industrial Health
1335:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00474.x
1309:Mudarri D, Fisk WJ (June 2007).
1203:
498:Health effects linking to asthma
209:
117:
77:
36:
8207:Kearsley J (16 November 2022).
8103:Landrigan PJ, Etzel RA (2013).
6082:Baker S, Shaw W (August 2020).
5865:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.040
5009:
4998:from the original on 2022-10-09
4977:
4952:
4922:
4911:from the original on 2022-10-09
4890:
4879:from the original on 2021-05-06
4859:
4848:from the original on 2022-10-09
4828:
4817:from the original on 2022-10-09
4796:
4753:
4720:
4671:
4614:
4565:
4522:
4479:
4436:
4393:
4350:
4307:
4264:
4221:
4178:
4143:
4059:
4010:
3986:10.1128/IAI.70.4.2065-2069.2002
3961:
3942:
3907:
3876:
3841:
3806:
3757:
3708:
3667:
3626:
3615:from the original on 2016-10-27
3596:
3572:
3549:
3492:
3451:
3410:
3378:
3343:
3317:
3274:
3227:
3203:
3179:
3154:
3105:
3060:
2992:
2941:
2867:
2845:
2792:
2735:
2682:
2641:
2592:
2565:
2556:
2513:
2405:
2356:
2307:
2268:
2243:
2194:
2144:(1): 165â78 1 p following 178.
2050:
2007:
1933:
1908:
1859:
1772:
1723:
1697:
1670:
1633:
1607:
1584:10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.05.004
1163:US Food and Drug Administration
901:Exposure sources and prevention
673:. The most common effects are
296:commercial and office buildings
55:or discuss these issues on the
8435:Occupational safety and health
8047:. London, U.K. pp. 55â61.
7526:10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.08.050
7100:Annual Review of Public Health
5050:National Apartment Association
4961:"Testimony of Bruce J. Kelman"
4899:"Testimony of Bruce J. Kelman"
4803:Globaltox, Inc. (2003-04-30).
4647:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.027
4328:10.1080/00039896.2003.11879143
4285:10.1080/00039896.2003.11879142
3042:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
2756:British Journal of Haematology
2138:Annual Review of Public Health
1823:Park J, Cox-Ganser JM (2011).
1493:
1442:
1416:
1357:
1274:
1234:Occupational safety and health
641:people, including people with
563:mold spores are inhaled by an
145:add the appropriate references
13:
1:
7830:10.1016/S0196-6553(99)70055-6
7180:10.1016/S0065-2164(04)55016-5
6700:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
6547:Heseltine E, Rosen J (2009).
6356:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.06.019
6000:10.1080/1028415X.2017.1357793
5806:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
5761:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
5422:10.1128/CMR.16.1.144-172.2003
5410:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
4035:10.1128/IAI.69.2.912-916.2001
3130:10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003
3118:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2818:10.1016/S1684-1182(10)60032-1
2605:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2293:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60243-8
2201:Chang C, Gershwin ME (2019).
1704:Petropoulos G (22 May 2023).
1614:Stöppler MG (July 16, 2014).
1239:
1110:
815:A 2006 position paper by the
653:Mold-induced hypersensitivity
7857:Journal of Nanobiotechnology
7740:Journal of Proteome Research
7713:10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.069
7106:: 165â78 1 p following 178.
6662:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105691
6506:Food and Chemical Toxicology
6257:10.1371/journal.pone.0082734
6198:10.1371/journal.pone.0126926
5158:Journal of Neuroinflammation
5077:. 2013-11-22. Archived from
4737:10.1007/978-3-319-29137-6_20
4508:10.1016/0160-4120(91)90015-I
4172:10.1016/0004-6981(86)90096-X
3928:10.1016/j.cppeds.2006.05.003
3862:10.1016/j.cppeds.2006.05.003
3044:Sherris Medical Microbiology
2430:10.1097/PHH.0b013e3181ddcbd9
2180:. California State Library.
1798:10.3390/environments10080136
1748:10.1097/PHH.0b013e3181ddcbd9
1679:"Mold and Moisture in Homes"
679:hypersensitivity pneumonitis
665:fragments which can lead to
597:infections are most common;
399:hypersensitivity pneumonitis
7:
8265:Barrett JR (January 2000).
8109:. Oxford University Press.
8081:10.1080/1369378031000137350
7367:10.2174/1876142911002020096
6479:10.1016/j.neuro.2015.04.009
6405:10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.12.013
5152:Brown GC (September 2019).
2258:, World Health Organization
1947:. World Health Organization
1423:Orton K (25 October 2013).
1196:
1074:
130:reliable medical references
88:may have misleading content
10:
8456:
7924:10.1007/s10653-019-00240-7
7174:. Academic Press: 409â23.
5117:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.001
3477:10.1001/archpedi.152.8.757
3090:10.1001/archpedi.152.8.757
2221:10.1007/s12016-019-08767-4
1992:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.11.022
1518:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.001
1119:
1060:
912:
695:
582:
542:Mold-associated conditions
467:volatile organic compounds
380:(sensitive), already have
350:Invasive mold infections (
8405:Environmental engineering
7388:Liu Y, Wu F (June 2010).
7332:10.3109/15569541003598553
6905:10.1186/s40168-015-0137-y
6806:10.1007/s00213-016-4214-0
6712:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.02.010
6641:Environment International
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6344:Physiology & Behavior
6142:10.1007/s11046-010-9330-5
5952:10.1007/s10803-010-1171-z
5818:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.160
5773:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.11.006
5667:10.1007/s00204-009-0481-4
5522:10.1080/09622935020138181
5510:Mediators of Inflammation
5320:10.1007/s12035-015-9262-7
5209:TheScientificWorldJournal
5171:10.1186/s12974-019-1564-7
4488:Environment International
4457:10.1207/s15324826an1304_6
4414:10.1207/s15324826an1203_2
4371:10.1207/s15324826an1203_1
4242:10.3200/aeoh.58.8.452-463
4199:10.1207/s15324826an0904_1
3013:10.1007/s00253-010-2565-8
2962:10.1007/s00253-010-2657-5
2572:Erol S (April 2010). "".
1219:Environmental engineering
473:Symptoms of mold exposure
365:Innate immune dysfunction
136:or relies too heavily on
7505:Building and Environment
7065:10.1177/0748233709348386
6854:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01825
6761:10.2105/AJPH.2006.093773
5987:Nutritional Neuroscience
5908:10.1177/0748233709348391
5472:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00951
5371:10.1177/0748233709348390
5276:10.1177/0748233709348386
5075:U.S. Chamber of Commerce
4101:Weinhold B (June 2007).
3403:10.1001/jama.283.15.1951
3281:Forgacs J (1972-01-01).
1920:www.medicalnewstoday.com
1706:"Mold exposure symptoms"
1471:10.1177/0748233709348393
1191:social housing providers
1126:A Treatise of the Asthma
849:autism spectrum disorder
829:the individual stimuli.
773:Innate immune activation
657:The most common form of
493:Sneezing / sneezing fits
416:Some molds also produce
27:Harmful effects of molds
7994:Sakula A (April 1984).
6841:Frontiers in Psychology
5459:Frontiers in Immunology
4929:Kramer S (2005-03-09).
4627:Atmospheric Environment
4445:Applied Neuropsychology
4402:Applied Neuropsychology
4359:Applied Neuropsychology
4187:Applied Neuropsychology
4152:Atmospheric Environment
3603:Marino J (1999-03-25).
1830:Frontiers in Bioscience
1173:In November 2022, a UK
1145:In the 1970s, building
938:
623:Opportunistic infection
357:Toxicity (poisoning by
8062:Stachybotrys chartarum
7298:10.5713/ajas.2010.r.06
7012:10.1289/ehp.99107s3505
5655:Archives of Toxicology
5614:Toxicological Sciences
5608:Stachybotrys chartarum
5557:Stachybotrys chartarum
5404:Stachybotrys chartarum
5308:Molecular Neurobiology
4959:Hahn & Bowersock.
4023:Infection and Immunity
3974:Infection and Immunity
3827:10.1542/peds.110.3.627
3783:10.1542/peds.2006-2828
3721:Toxicological Sciences
3680:Toxicological Sciences
3639:Toxicological Sciences
3358:(4): 281. 1995-01-25.
2488:10.1186/1476-069X-9-72
1391:10.1186/1476-069X-9-72
1134:Stachybotrys chartarum
952:
908:
779:sick building syndrome
733:Stachybotrys chartarum
710:particularly harmful.
395:respiratory infections
304:respiratory infections
280:gram-negative bacteria
248:
8370:(November 24, 2015).
8359:agbiopubs.sdstate.edu
7870:10.1186/1477-3155-8-1
6050:10.3390/toxins9070203
5702:Microbiology Spectrum
5627:10.1093/toxsci/kfi080
5203:Hope J (2013-04-18).
4729:Biology of Microfungi
4490:. Healthy Buildings.
3733:10.1093/toxsci/kfq104
3693:10.1093/toxsci/kfm284
3652:10.1093/toxsci/kfi080
2750:Aspergillus fumigatus
2742:Ben-Ami R, Lewis RE,
2699:Cellular Microbiology
2693:Aspergillus fumigatus
2574:Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni
2028:10.1353/hpu.2007.0043
1884:10.1289/ehp.021100781
1571:Clinical Therapeutics
1189:, which will require
946:
634:Aspergillus fumigatus
628:Talaromyces marneffei
583:Further information:
424:(or more accurately,
290:and their associated
245:Aspergillus fumigatus
241:
8440:Indoor air pollution
8012:10.1136/thx.39.4.248
7488:. December 26, 2011.
7168:Adv. Appl. Microbiol
6092:Integrative Medicine
4590:10.1136/thx.45.5.382
4119:10.1289/ehp.115-a300
4069:Mold: The War Within
3605:"Death of Innocents"
3436:10.1542/peds.99.1.e5
3324:Drobotko VG (1945).
3215:Province of Manitoba
2617:10.1128/CMR.00014-07
2467:Environmental Health
1370:Environmental Health
1224:Environmental health
748:between exposure to
742:pulmonary hemorrhage
409:and allergic fungal
159:"Mold health issues"
8283:10.1289/ehp.108-a20
7916:2019EnvGH..41.2295P
7787:2010EnST...44.5649S
7705:2010WatRe..44.6095C
7656:10.1289/ehp.1307922
7517:2017BuEnv.125..528B
7406:10.1289/ehp.0901388
7253:2009JSFA...89.1366K
7057:2009ToxIH..25..583T
6955:2017InAir..27....6A
6653:2020EnInt.13905691W
6598:2007InAir..17..226M
6307:2016InAir..26..439M
6248:2013PLoSO...882734P
6189:2015PLoSO..1026926R
5900:2009ToxIH..25..703K
5857:2012ScTEn.430...75Z
5453:Valtonen V (2017).
5363:2009ToxIH..25..681K
5268:2009ToxIH..25..583T
5222:10.1155/2013/767482
4696:2015InAir..25..125N
4639:2007AtmEn..41.8140R
4500:1991EnInt..17..299N
4164:1986AtmEn..20..549C
3517:1998ApEnM..64.3620J
2479:2010EnvHe...9...72F
2424:(5 Suppl): S11-20.
2381:10.1289/ehp.1002410
2092:10.1289/ehp.1002410
1742:(5 Suppl): S11â20.
1463:2009ToxIH..25..577E
1429:The Washington Post
1382:2010EnvHe...9...72F
1327:2007InAir..17..226M
1229:Occupational asthma
859:bloodâbrain barrier
801:Manhattan Institute
746:causal relationship
403:allergic alveolitis
278:buildings, such as
94:clarify the content
18:Mould health issues
8415:Industrial hygiene
7241:J. Sci. Food Agric
7006:(Suppl 3): 505â8.
6794:Psychopharmacology
3396:(15): 1951. 1997.
1263:. 2009. p. 91
1042:Aspergillus flavus
953:
915:Indoor air quality
692:Mycotoxin toxicity
552:allergic reactions
342:Allergic reactions
331:allergic reactions
327:indoor air quality
252:Mold health issues
249:
8430:Product liability
8425:Environmental law
8354:cropwatch.unl.edu
8116:978-0-19-933665-4
8043:Floyer J (1698).
7795:10.1021/es101072s
7752:10.1021/pr0504079
7261:10.1002/jsfa.3596
7225:978-90-70351-42-7
7189:978-0-12-002657-9
7051:(9â10): 583â615.
6964:10.1111/ina.12298
6672:20.500.11815/2347
6558:978-92-890-4168-3
6316:10.1111/ina.12216
5733:978-1-55581-957-6
5262:(9â10): 583â615.
4746:978-3-319-29137-6
4705:10.1111/ina.12182
4633:(37): 8140â8149.
4079:978-0-9721016-0-8
3511:(10): 3620â3625.
3304:978-0-12-046508-8
3270:. 22 August 2013.
3071:Stachybotrys atra
3053:978-0-8385-8529-0
2534:10.1586/eri.10.72
2332:10.1111/all.13102
2187:978-1-58703-133-5
1685:on April 15, 2014
1656:978-92-890-4168-3
867:studies of human
788:Stachybotrys atra
671:allergic rhinitis
639:immunocompromised
625:by molds such as
569:respiratory tract
565:immunocompromised
508:allergic rhinitis
490:Throat irritation
388:, or compromised
236:
235:
228:
218:
217:
194:
111:
110:
70:
16:(Redirected from
8447:
8420:Building defects
8400:Fungi and humans
8395:Building biology
8381:
8304:
8294:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8231:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8204:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8179:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8168:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8142:
8127:
8121:
8120:
8100:
8094:
8093:
8083:
8068:Medical Mycology
8055:
8049:
8048:
8040:
8034:
8033:
8023:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7955:
7944:
7943:
7910:(5): 2295â2313.
7899:
7893:
7892:
7882:
7872:
7848:
7842:
7841:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7699:(20): 6095â103.
7689:Escherichia coli
7684:
7678:
7677:
7667:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7545:
7539:
7538:
7528:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7417:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7301:. Archived from
7300:
7276:
7265:
7264:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7211:
7202:
7201:
7163:
7157:
7156:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7115:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7023:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6966:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6917:
6907:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6866:
6856:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6772:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6723:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6674:
6664:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6434:(6): 1663â1667.
6423:
6417:
6416:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6367:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6318:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6269:
6259:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6210:
6200:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6107:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6062:
6052:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6002:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5894:(9â10): 703â10.
5883:
5877:
5876:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5784:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5725:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5629:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5533:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5484:
5474:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5433:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5357:(9â10): 681â92.
5346:
5340:
5339:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5234:
5224:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5183:
5173:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5047:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5023:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4997:
4990:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4965:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4937:. Archived from
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4903:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4878:
4871:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4847:
4840:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4816:
4809:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4658:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4601:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3980:(4): 2065â2069.
3965:
3959:
3958:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3785:
3776:(6): 2582â2586.
3761:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3695:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3260:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3073:and other fungi"
3064:
3058:
3057:
3039:
3033:
3032:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2923:. Archived from
2898:
2880:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2771:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2714:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2176:Davis P (2001).
2173:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2129:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2060:. December 2013.
2054:
2048:
2047:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1648:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1586:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1549:. 1 August 2008.
1539:
1530:
1529:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1457:(9â10): 577â81.
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1261:www.euro.who.int
1253:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
785:associated with
659:hypersensitivity
579:Fungal infection
270:associated with
264:microbial agents
231:
224:
213:
212:
204:
201:
195:
193:
152:
121:
120:
113:
106:
103:
97:
81:
80:
73:
62:
40:
39:
32:
21:
8455:
8454:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8444:
8385:
8384:
8349:indianacrop.org
8312:
8307:
8260:
8258:Further reading
8255:
8254:
8244:
8242:
8233:
8232:
8228:
8218:
8216:
8205:
8201:
8191:
8189:
8181:
8180:
8176:
8166:
8164:
8154:
8150:
8140:
8138:
8128:
8124:
8117:
8101:
8097:
8056:
8052:
8041:
8037:
7992:
7988:
7956:
7947:
7900:
7896:
7849:
7845:
7814:
7810:
7781:(14): 5649â54.
7771:
7767:
7732:
7728:
7685:
7681:
7636:
7632:
7593:
7589:
7546:
7542:
7497:
7493:
7480:
7479:
7475:
7435:
7431:
7386:
7382:
7351:
7347:
7314:
7310:
7277:
7268:
7237:
7233:
7226:
7212:
7205:
7190:
7164:
7160:
7133:
7129:
7092:
7088:
7041:
7037:
6992:
6988:
6935:
6931:
6884:
6880:
6833:
6829:
6790:
6786:
6741:
6737:
6692:
6688:
6633:
6629:
6578:
6574:
6559:
6545:
6541:
6498:
6494:
6467:Neurotoxicology
6459:
6455:
6424:
6420:
6385:
6381:
6336:
6332:
6287:
6283:
6228:
6224:
6183:(5): e0126926.
6169:
6165:
6125:
6121:
6080:
6076:
6028:
6024:
5979:
5975:
5946:(11): 1579â85.
5935:
5931:
5884:
5880:
5837:
5833:
5802:
5798:
5753:
5749:
5734:
5694:
5690:
5647:
5643:
5602:
5598:
5569:(11): 1603â10.
5551:
5547:
5502:
5498:
5451:
5447:
5398:
5394:
5347:
5343:
5303:
5299:
5252:
5248:
5201:
5197:
5150:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5097:
5093:
5084:
5082:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5056:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5028:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4963:
4957:
4953:
4944:
4942:
4927:
4923:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4725:
4721:
4676:
4672:
4619:
4615:
4570:
4566:
4527:
4523:
4484:
4480:
4441:
4437:
4398:
4394:
4355:
4351:
4312:
4308:
4269:
4265:
4226:
4222:
4183:
4179:
4148:
4144:
4099:
4095:
4080:
4064:
4060:
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3966:
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3807:
3762:
3758:
3713:
3709:
3672:
3668:
3631:
3627:
3618:
3616:
3609:Cleveland Scene
3601:
3597:
3588:
3586:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3554:
3550:
3497:
3493:
3456:
3452:
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3384:
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3379:
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3344:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3279:
3275:
3262:
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3252:
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3217:
3209:
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3204:
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3185:
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3180:
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3110:
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3065:
3061:
3054:
3040:
3036:
2997:
2993:
2946:
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2933:
2931:
2927:
2896:10.1.1.161.3936
2878:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2834:
2797:
2793:
2746:(August 2010).
2744:Kontoyiannis DP
2740:
2736:
2705:(11): 1535â43.
2687:
2683:
2646:
2642:
2597:
2593:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2518:
2514:
2459:
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2361:
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2308:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2259:
2248:
2244:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2174:
2167:
2130:
2117:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2012:
2008:
1971:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1878:(12): A781â86.
1864:
1860:
1821:
1814:
1777:
1773:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1620:medicinenet.com
1616:"Mold Exposure"
1612:
1608:
1563:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1498:
1494:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1421:
1417:
1362:
1358:
1307:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1122:
1113:
1077:
1063:
941:
917:
911:
903:
775:
700:
694:
667:allergic asthma
655:
595:digestive tract
587:
581:
544:
527:
500:
475:
376:People who are
374:
232:
221:
220:
219:
214:
210:
205:
199:
196:
153:
142:
138:primary sources
122:
118:
107:
101:
98:
91:
82:
78:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8453:
8443:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8383:
8382:
8364:
8363:
8362:
8356:
8351:
8343:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8319:
8311:
8310:External links
8308:
8306:
8305:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8226:
8199:
8187:Inside Housing
8174:
8148:
8122:
8115:
8095:
8050:
8035:
8006:(4): 248â254.
7986:
7967:(RR-8): 1â27.
7945:
7894:
7843:
7808:
7765:
7726:
7693:Water Research
7679:
7630:
7587:
7540:
7491:
7473:
7446:(1â2): 79â83.
7429:
7380:
7345:
7308:
7305:on 2013-12-03.
7291:(9): 1250â59.
7266:
7247:(8): 1366â75.
7231:
7224:
7203:
7188:
7158:
7127:
7086:
7035:
6986:
6929:
6878:
6827:
6800:(9): 1623â36.
6784:
6755:(10): 1893â9.
6735:
6686:
6627:
6572:
6557:
6539:
6492:
6453:
6418:
6379:
6330:
6281:
6242:(12): e82734.
6222:
6163:
6130:Mycopathologia
6119:
6074:
6022:
5993:(2): 132â144.
5973:
5929:
5878:
5831:
5796:
5747:
5732:
5708:(4): 887â902.
5688:
5641:
5596:
5545:
5496:
5445:
5392:
5341:
5314:(4): 2550â71.
5297:
5246:
5195:
5144:
5130:
5091:
5062:
5034:
5008:
4976:
4951:
4921:
4889:
4872:. 2003-03-28.
4858:
4827:
4795:
4752:
4745:
4719:
4670:
4613:
4564:
4521:
4494:(4): 299â302.
4478:
4435:
4392:
4349:
4322:(7): 421â432.
4306:
4263:
4220:
4193:(4): 193â202.
4177:
4142:
4113:(6): A300â05.
4093:
4078:
4058:
4029:(2): 912â916.
4009:
3960:
3941:
3922:(8): 282â305.
3906:
3875:
3856:(8): 282â305.
3840:
3821:(3): 627â637.
3805:
3756:
3727:(1): 113â121.
3707:
3666:
3645:(2): 408â417.
3625:
3595:
3571:
3548:
3491:
3470:(8): 757â762.
3450:
3409:
3377:
3342:
3316:
3303:
3273:
3250:
3226:
3202:
3178:
3153:
3124:(3): 497â516.
3104:
3059:
3052:
3034:
2991:
2956:(3): 899â911.
2940:
2866:
2844:
2832:
2791:
2734:
2681:
2667:10.1086/314679
2660:(4): 1038â41.
2640:
2611:(4): 695â704.
2591:
2576:(in Turkish).
2564:
2555:
2512:
2453:
2404:
2355:
2326:(6): 967â974.
2306:
2267:
2242:
2215:(3): 449â455.
2193:
2186:
2165:
2115:
2063:
2049:
2006:
1958:
1932:
1907:
1858:
1837:(2): 757â771.
1812:
1771:
1722:
1696:
1669:
1655:
1632:
1606:
1577:(6): 903â917.
1552:
1531:
1492:
1441:
1415:
1356:
1321:(3): 226â235.
1298:
1273:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1198:
1195:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1076:
1073:
1062:
1059:
940:
937:
913:Main article:
910:
907:
902:
899:
895:growth factors
783:trichothecenes
774:
771:
696:Main article:
693:
690:
654:
651:
613:athlete's foot
580:
577:
543:
540:
526:
523:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
474:
471:
407:rhinosinusitis
390:immune systems
373:
372:Health effects
370:
369:
368:
362:
355:
348:
234:
233:
216:
215:
208:
206:
125:
123:
116:
109:
108:
85:
83:
76:
71:
45:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8452:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8330:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8318:
8314:
8313:
8302:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8277:(1): A20â03.
8276:
8272:
8268:
8263:
8262:
8240:
8236:
8230:
8214:
8210:
8203:
8188:
8184:
8178:
8163:
8159:
8152:
8137:
8133:
8126:
8118:
8112:
8108:
8107:
8099:
8091:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8074:(4): 271â91.
8073:
8069:
8065:
8063:
8054:
8046:
8039:
8031:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7990:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7898:
7890:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7847:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7824:(4): 344â50.
7823:
7819:
7812:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7769:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7746:(4): 916â24.
7745:
7741:
7737:
7730:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7683:
7675:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
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7634:
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7610:
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7579:
7575:
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7567:
7563:
7559:
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7536:
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7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7495:
7487:
7483:
7477:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7433:
7425:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7400:(6): 818â24.
7399:
7395:
7391:
7384:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7361:(2): 96â104.
7360:
7356:
7349:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7320:
7319:Toxin Reviews
7312:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7235:
7227:
7221:
7217:
7210:
7208:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7162:
7154:
7150:
7147:(9): 657â61.
7146:
7142:
7138:
7131:
7123:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7090:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7039:
7031:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6990:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6933:
6925:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6882:
6874:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6831:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6788:
6780:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6739:
6731:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6690:
6682:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6631:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6592:(3): 226â35.
6591:
6587:
6583:
6576:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6554:
6550:
6543:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6496:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6457:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6422:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6383:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6350:(5): 989â95.
6349:
6345:
6341:
6334:
6326:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6301:(3): 439â47.
6300:
6296:
6292:
6285:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
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6233:
6226:
6218:
6214:
6209:
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6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6167:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6136:(6): 377â90.
6135:
6131:
6123:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6087:
6078:
6070:
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6026:
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6001:
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5992:
5988:
5984:
5977:
5969:
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5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5933:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5800:
5792:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5661:(3): 205â20.
5660:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5620:(2): 408â17.
5619:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5600:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5558:
5549:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5516:(3): 149â53.
5515:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5416:(1): 144â72.
5415:
5411:
5407:
5405:
5396:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5111:(2): 326â33.
5110:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5081:on 2021-01-26
5080:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5038:
5027:
5020:
5019:
5012:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4941:on 2021-08-09
4940:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4875:
4868:
4862:
4844:
4837:
4831:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4756:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4690:(2): 125â56.
4689:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4537:(4): 459â67.
4536:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4365:(3): 129â33.
4364:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4279:(7): 410â20.
4278:
4274:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4236:(8): 452â63.
4235:
4231:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4158:(3): 549â52.
4157:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
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4081:
4075:
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4070:
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4054:
4050:
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4013:
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4001:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:Fungal Toxins
3284:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3216:
3212:
3211:"Agriculture"
3206:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3083:(8): 757â62.
3082:
3078:
3074:
3072:
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3049:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2930:on 2012-02-01
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2889:(5): 470â78.
2888:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2854:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2811:(3): 200â06.
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2762:(4): 406â17.
2761:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2580:(2): 323â38.
2579:
2575:
2568:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2528:(8): 957â64.
2527:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:(6): 748â56.
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:(6): 748â56.
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:(2): 405â17.
2021:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1985:(3): 622â25.
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1943:
1936:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:(2): 326â33.
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:energy crisis
1148:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1072:
1069:
1068:nanoparticles
1058:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
990:
989:
984:
983:
978:
977:
972:
971:
966:
965:
960:
959:
950:
945:
936:
932:
928:
924:
921:
916:
906:
898:
896:
891:
886:
884:
883:trichothecene
880:
876:
875:
870:
866:
865:
860:
856:
855:
850:
844:
842:
841:
834:
830:
827:
826:actinomycetes
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
802:
798:
793:
790:
789:
784:
780:
770:
768:
763:
762:
757:
753:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
728:Toxic effects
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
705:
699:
689:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:
630:
629:
624:
620:
618:
614:
610:
609:Dermatophytes
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
586:
576:
574:
573:epiphenomenon
570:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
539:
535:
531:
522:
519:
515:
513:
509:
505:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
479:
478:
470:
468:
463:
461:
460:
455:
454:
449:
448:
443:
442:
437:
436:
430:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
366:
363:
360:
356:
353:
349:
347:
343:
340:
339:
338:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:actinomycetes
286:, as well as
285:
282:that produce
281:
277:
276:water-damaged
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
247:
246:
240:
230:
227:
207:
203:
200:November 2022
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161: â
160:
156:
155:Find sources:
150:
146:
140:
139:
135:
131:
126:This article
124:
115:
114:
105:
102:November 2022
95:
89:
86:This article
84:
75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
8375:
8274:
8270:
8243:. Retrieved
8238:
8229:
8217:. Retrieved
8212:
8202:
8190:. Retrieved
8186:
8177:
8165:. Retrieved
8161:
8151:
8139:. Retrieved
8135:
8125:
8105:
8098:
8071:
8067:
8061:
8053:
8044:
8038:
8003:
7999:
7989:
7964:
7960:
7907:
7903:
7897:
7860:
7856:
7846:
7821:
7817:
7811:
7778:
7774:
7768:
7743:
7739:
7729:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7682:
7647:
7643:
7633:
7603:(7): 901â2.
7600:
7596:
7590:
7560:(1): 140â2.
7557:
7553:
7543:
7508:
7504:
7494:
7485:
7476:
7443:
7439:
7432:
7397:
7393:
7383:
7358:
7354:
7348:
7323:
7317:
7311:
7303:the original
7288:
7284:
7244:
7240:
7234:
7215:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7144:
7140:
7130:
7103:
7099:
7089:
7048:
7044:
7038:
7003:
6999:
6989:
6946:
6942:
6932:
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6891:
6881:
6844:
6840:
6830:
6797:
6793:
6787:
6752:
6748:
6738:
6703:
6699:
6689:
6644:
6640:
6630:
6589:
6585:
6575:
6548:
6542:
6509:
6505:
6495:
6470:
6466:
6456:
6431:
6427:
6421:
6399:(6): 690â7.
6396:
6392:
6382:
6347:
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6298:
6294:
6284:
6239:
6235:
6225:
6180:
6176:
6166:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6098:(4): 20â27.
6095:
6091:
6085:
6077:
6040:
6036:
6025:
5990:
5986:
5976:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5848:
5844:
5834:
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5805:
5799:
5764:
5760:
5750:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5658:
5654:
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5617:
5613:
5607:
5599:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5548:
5513:
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5499:
5462:
5458:
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5413:
5409:
5403:
5395:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5212:
5208:
5198:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5133:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5083:. Retrieved
5079:the original
5074:
5065:
5049:
5037:
5017:
5011:
5000:. Retrieved
4979:
4954:
4943:. Retrieved
4939:the original
4934:
4924:
4913:. Retrieved
4892:
4881:. Retrieved
4861:
4850:. Retrieved
4830:
4819:. Retrieved
4798:
4768:(5): 470â8.
4765:
4761:
4755:
4728:
4722:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4584:(5): 382â7.
4581:
4577:
4567:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4451:(4): 251â7.
4448:
4444:
4438:
4408:(3): 134â7.
4405:
4401:
4395:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4068:
4061:
4026:
4022:
4012:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3944:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3895:(K5): 1â11.
3892:
3888:
3878:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3617:. Retrieved
3608:
3598:
3587:. Retrieved
3583:
3574:
3557:
3551:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3308:. Retrieved
3286:
3276:
3267:
3242:. Retrieved
3238:
3235:"Mycotoxins"
3229:
3218:. Retrieved
3214:
3205:
3194:. Retrieved
3190:
3187:"Mycotoxins"
3181:
3170:. Retrieved
3168:. 2019-10-28
3165:
3156:
3121:
3117:
3114:"Mycotoxins"
3107:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3062:
3043:
3037:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2970:11573/230032
2953:
2949:
2943:
2932:. Retrieved
2925:the original
2886:
2882:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2847:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2737:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2684:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2558:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2287:(2): 131â7.
2284:
2280:
2270:
2260:, retrieved
2255:
2245:
2212:
2206:
2196:
2177:
2141:
2137:
2083:
2079:
2057:
2052:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1982:
1978:
1951:November 18,
1949:. Retrieved
1935:
1924:. Retrieved
1922:. 2019-09-18
1919:
1910:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1844:10.2741/e284
1834:
1828:
1788:
1785:Environments
1784:
1774:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1710:Power Dry KC
1709:
1699:
1689:November 22,
1687:. Retrieved
1683:the original
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1642:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1619:
1609:
1574:
1570:
1546:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:
1418:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1318:
1314:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:
1276:
1265:. Retrieved
1260:
1211:Fungi portal
1172:
1160:
1147:construction
1144:
1140:Stachybotrys
1139:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1103:Cladosporium
1101:
1095:
1089:
1078:
1064:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1012:Paecilomyces
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
976:Cladosporium
974:
969:
962:
956:
954:
933:
929:
925:
922:
918:
904:
887:
874:S. chartarum
872:
862:
852:
845:
840:S. chartarum
838:
835:
831:
814:
806:junk science
794:
786:
776:
767:Stachybotrys
766:
761:S. chartarum
759:
751:S. chartarum
749:
731:
726:
720:
716:
712:
708:
701:
683:
656:
632:
626:
621:
617:tinea cruris
607:
588:
545:
536:
532:
528:
520:
516:
511:
501:
476:
464:
457:
451:
445:
439:
435:Cladosporium
433:
431:
425:
421:
415:
375:
344:, including
335:
312:
274:, mold, and
251:
250:
243:
222:
197:
187:
180:
173:
166:
154:
134:verification
127:
99:
92:Please help
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
8245:10 February
8219:11 February
7650:(1): 6â20.
7511:: 528â555.
7326:(1): 3â26.
6949:(1): 6â12.
6706:: 901â909.
6512:: 701â714.
6086:Aspergillus
5767:: 218â228.
3686:(1): 4â26.
3584:www.cdc.gov
3239:www.who.int
3191:www.who.int
3166:www.cdc.gov
2859:January 15,
1662:February 1,
1625:February 1,
1187:Awaab's Law
1179:Awaab Ishak
1161:Today, the
1097:Penicillium
1091:Aspergillus
1037:Penicillium
1029:Aspergillus
1018:Penicillium
994:Mortierella
964:Aspergillus
879:Aspergillus
548:mold spores
512:Penicillium
459:Trichoderma
447:Aspergillus
441:Penicillium
317:, and mold
128:needs more
8389:Categories
6943:Indoor Air
6892:Microbiome
6647:: 105691.
6586:Indoor Air
6295:Indoor Air
6043:(7): 203.
5215:: 767482.
5164:(1): 180.
5085:2020-10-09
5002:2020-11-03
4945:2020-10-09
4915:2020-10-10
4883:2020-10-10
4852:2020-10-10
4821:2020-10-10
4684:Indoor Air
3953:(Report).
3815:Pediatrics
3770:Pediatrics
3619:2020-08-13
3589:2020-08-03
3423:Pediatrics
3310:2020-08-30
3244:2019-11-19
3220:2019-11-19
3196:2024-06-28
3172:2019-11-19
3007:(1): 1â7.
2934:2017-10-26
2752:infection"
2262:2024-06-28
1926:2024-06-28
1791:(8): 136.
1315:Indoor Air
1267:2020-08-03
1240:References
1111:Mitigation
1006:Neurospora
988:Geotrichum
958:Alternaria
949:nectarines
897:involved.
885:exposure.
704:mycotoxins
675:rhinorrhea
453:Alternaria
422:toxic mold
418:mycotoxins
405:, chronic
359:mycotoxins
308:bronchitis
284:endotoxins
260:mycotoxins
170:newspapers
52:improve it
8368:Dunning B
7959:floods".
7535:0360-1323
7486:Bloomberg
7153:0975-1084
6898:(1): 71.
6567:429024432
6473:: 15â27.
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