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906:, sands and pebbles interbedded in the debris fan suggests that it may be the product of two major, closely spaced, debris avalanches rather than a single event. Another large debris avalanche about 1,100 years ago deposited material immediately upstream of the mouth of Turbid Creek. The third event followed about 500 years ago with the deposition of two
1301:. The ash would damage power and communication lines and satellite dishes, as well as computer and other electrical equipment. Telephone, radio, cell phone and satellite communications would be cut off. Weak structures could collapse under the weight of the ash. The eruption plume would then spread to envelop most of the west coast from Seattle to
630:. A 300,000-year-long period of quiescence followed, during which prolonged erosion destroyed much of the original volcanic structure. This was followed by the third and final Shovelnose stage about 300,000 to 200,000 years ago with the emplacement of parasitic lava domes and flows. Although one of the Shovelnose domes has been
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Eruptive activity itself could go on for years, followed by years of declining secondary activity. The cooling lava would intermittently spall sections to produce pyroclastic flows. The fragmental material on the slopes and in valleys would be periodically remobilized into debris flows. Significant
625:
Mount Cayley has experienced volcanic eruptions sporadically for the last 4,000,000 years, making it one of the most persistent eruptive centres in the
Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. Three primary eruptive stages in the history of the volcano have been identified. The Mount Cayley and Vulcan's Thumb
948:
collapse at the head of
Avalanche Creek. The debris flow reached the mouth of Turbid Creek where it destroyed a logging road bridge and blocked the Squamish River, introducing massive quantities of sediment. The third event took place along Turbid Creek in June 2014 and involved a debris flow that
1372:
According to
Hildreth's definitions, proximal relief refers to the difference between the summit elevation and the highest exposure of old rocks under the main edifice, while draping relief marks the difference between the summit elevation and the edifice's lowest distal lava flows (excluding
1333:
high, again dropping ash onto
Pemberton and Whistler and causing disruptions to local air traffic. Infrequently, the lava dome might produce small explosions, ash plumes and pyroclastic flows. Squamish would remain evacuated, Highway 99 would remain closed and unrepairable and travel between
427:
along the western margin of North
America. Eruptive activity began about 4,000,000 years ago and has since undergone three stages of growth, the first two of which built most of the volcano. The latest eruptive period occurred sometime in the last 400,000 years with lesser activity
1281:. Above the vent area, material from the eruption plume would collapse to form pyroclastic flows and would flow east and west into the Squamish and Cheakamus valleys. These would rapidly melt snow and ice in the summit area, generating debris flows that could reach Squamish and
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Though Mount Cayley is currently quiet, it still poses potential hazards to nearby towns as well as logging and recreational areas. GSC seismic data suggest that the volcano still contains magma, indicating possible future eruptive activity and associated
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per metre were obtained from this work. Further drilling on the east and west sides of the volcano in 1980–1982 by Nevin
Sadlier-Brown Goodbrand Limited on behalf of the GSC showed geothermal gradients ranging from 45 to 95 millikelvin per metre. In 2002,
1328:
apron into the
Squamish valley. As the lava dome spreads, it would periodically undergo gravitational collapse to generate dense pyroclastic flows into the Squamish and Cheakamus valleys. Ash elutriated from the pyroclastic flows would form plumes up to
886:. At least three major debris avalanches have occurred from the western slope in the last 10,000 years, all of which blocked the Squamish River and formed temporary lakes upstream. The first and largest event about 4,800 years ago produced a
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long dacite flow that extends down the
Shovelnose and Turbid creek valleys to near the Squamish River. The east lava dome was built upon blocky bedded tephra overlying basement rocks and consists of a steep-sided columnar jointed mass of dacite.
1313:. Ash from further, minor explosive activity could continue to fall lightly but persistently in the Whistler–Pemberton area, followed by weeks of viscous lava dome growth punctuated by small explosions. The explosions would generate short-lived
1324:. Rain and seasonal snow melt would regularly remobilize the tephra into lahars and these would continue to threaten the Squamish and Cheakamus valleys. The solidifying, spreading lava could then generate rockfalls and form a voluminous
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published a report identifying 16 prospective geothermal sites throughout
British Columbia. They named Mount Cayley as one of the six sites with the highest potential for commercial development. There is "promising" potential for a
989:
history and culture. When the bird flaps its wings, thunder is created, and lightning originates from its eyes. Mount Cayley and The Black Tusk are considered sacred to the
Squamish people as they have played an important part of their
751:
thick, which form the summit and northern slope of Wizard Peak. The Mount Cayley stage culminated with the emplacement of a central plug dome that forms the narrow jagged summit ridge of Mount Cayley. This edifice consists of similar
1046:, a mountaineer and friend of those in the climbing expedition who had died in June that year. The name became official on April 2, 1929, and photographs of the peak were published with Fyles' description of first ascent in the 1931
1230:. Minor and possibly large landslides could occur and might temporarily block the Squamish River, as has happened in the past without earthquake shaking and intrusion-related deformation. Eventually the near-surface magma may cause
1248:
imagery showing the Cheakamus valley on the right and the Squamish valley on the left upstream. The Mount Cayley is on the upper left slope of the mountain ridge between the two valleys. Squamish is in the bottom right corner of
764:
The next eruptive period, the Vulcan's Thumb stage, built an edifice that grew upon the southwestern slope of the ancestral Mount Cayley stratovolcano. This began with the eruption of massive dacite flows and blocky agglutinated
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onto basement and older volcanic rocks of the Mount Cayley stage. These rocks partially form a ridge south of Wizard Peak and comprise the prominent summit ridge pinnacles of Pyroclastic Peak, including the Vulcan's Thumb.
1010:
on the slopes have been found in goat hunting sites and the Elaho rockshelter which have been collectively dated around 8,000 to 100 years old. Cayley rhyodacite has only been found in the northern parts of the
801:
Volcanic activity of the final Shovelnose stage involved the eruption of two lava domes at the east and southeast margins of Mount Cayley in the upper Shovelnose Creek valley. The southeast dacite dome forms
2027:
Reader, John F.; Croft, Stuart A. S. (1983). Report on 1982 Temperature Gradient Drilling on Shovelnose Creek at Mount Cayley, Southwestern British Columbia (Report). Nevin Sadier-Brown Goodbrand Limited.
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effort. As the magma nears the surface, the volcano would likely swell and the surface fracture, causing greatly increased vigour in the hot springs and the creation of new springs or
944:
to produce floods and possibly debris flows which in turn swept down Turbid Creek far beyond the landslide terminus. In June 1984, a major rockslide and debris flow resulted from a
1305:, causing all enclosed airports to be closed and all relevant flights to be diverted or cancelled. Eastward migration of the plume would disrupt air traffic across Canada from
1771:
Hammer, Philip; Clowes, Ron (1996). "Seismic reflection investigations of the Mount Cayley bright spot: A midcrustal reflector beneath the Coast Mountains, British Columbia".
1079:
geothermal power station at the volcano but the severe terrain makes development difficult and expensive. The heat source has also yet to be confirmed through deep drilling.
1943:
Reimer, Rudy (2003). "Squamish Traditional Use of Nch'kay Or the Mount Garibaldi and Brohm Ridge Area" (Document). First Heritage Archaeological Consulting. pp. 8, 17.
1261:
in height and may be maintained for 12 hours. Air traffic would be diverted from the area and all airports covered by the plume would be closed, notably those in
696:
to establish the younger and currently active Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. The westward shift in volcanism may have been related to steepening of the Juan de Fuca
208:
98:
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Because Mount Cayley is rich in coarse proximal pyroclastic deposits, some of them hydrothermally altered, it is especially prone to slope failure and
595:
high immediately above the Turbid Creek valley. Turbid Creek, Dusty Creek, Avalanche Creek and Shovelnose Creek flow from the slopes of Mount Cayley.
3199:
1482:
Kelman, M. C., Russell, J. K., Hickson, C. J. (2001). "Preliminary petrography and chemistry of the Mount Cayley volcanic field, British Columbia",
1006:, being a favored food of the Squamish people, were gathered in large berry fields on and near the massif. Glassy rhyodacite collected from small
692:, which had some significant ramifications for regional geologic evolution. After this reorganization ceased, volcanism shifted westward from the
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consisting of poorly consolidated tuff breccia and columnar-jointed dacite. The mass slid into Dusty Creek where it quickly fragmented into an
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to varying degrees and are light yellow or red in colour. They are well exposed in the prominent southwestern cliffs of the volcano.
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2145:
1825:"Cenozoic to Recent plate configurations in the Pacific Basin: Ridge subduction and slab window magmatism in western North America"
1038:
R. E. Knight, W. G. Wheatley, E. C. Brooks, T. Fyles and B. Clegg, climbed Mount Cayley. Fyles submitted the mountain name to the
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263:
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Mount Cayley viewed from southeast showing light coloured breccia cut by a central spine of dacite which forms the summit ridge.
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As a stratovolcano, Mount Cayley is built up of solidified lava and ash from successive volcanic eruptions. It is predominantly
4198:
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commenced in 1977 with the drilling of two shallow boreholes on the west side of the volcano for temperature observation. High
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Panoramic view of the Mount Cayley volcano with Pyroclastic Peak on the left and Mount Cayley in the middle. View is westward
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is vulnerable to such an event. They based the scenario on past activity in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and involved both
2834:
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1133:
179:
940:. Both creeks were blocked by the event, resulting in the creation of lakes that eventually overtopped and breached the
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or body of very hot rock. Similar mid-crustal reflectors have been identified under subduction zone volcanoes in Japan.
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Three main summits comprise the Mount Cayley massif. The highest and northernmost is Mount Cayley with an elevation of
406:
917:
between the two units implies that they most likely represent separate surges within the same debris avalanche event.
910:
units along Turbid Creek and was the smallest of the three major prehistoric debris avalanches. A lack of organic and
455:(GSC). Eruption impact would be largely a result of the concentration of vulnerable infrastructure in nearby valleys.
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Preliminary Debris Flow Assessment – June 29, 2014 Mud Creek Event Squamish River (9160), Approximate Station 21.1 km
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Although Mount Cayley is not known to have had historical volcanic eruptions, low-level activity has continued into
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266:
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V. Stasiuk, Mark; J. Hickson, Catherine; Mulder, Taimi (2003), "The Vulnerability of Canada to Volcanic Hazards",
2005:
Jessop, A. (2008). Review of National Geothermal Energy Program Phase 2 – Geothermal Potential of the Cordillera.
35:
Mount Cayley as seen from the southeast. Summits left to right are Pyroclastic Peak, Mount Cayley and Wizard Peak.
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Evans, S. G.; Brooks, G. R. (1991). "Prehistoric debris avalanches from Mount Cayley volcano, British Columbia".
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high plumes, small pyroclastic flows to the Squamish and Cheakamus valleys and ash plumes to the north and east.
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stages occurred between 4,000,000 and 600,000 years ago with the construction of the stratovolcano and
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as magma makes its way through the crust. The abundance of seismic activity and the sensitivity of the existing
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785:-sized fragments that have been heavily eroded to form vertical cliffs and ridges. Volcanism also deposited a
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such as landslides. An eruption scenario for the volcano was organized by GSC scientists in 2000 to show how
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long southwest-trending lobe of unconsolidated or poorly consolidated tephra. The tephra consists of ash and
676:
Initial volcanic activity of Mount Cayley 4,000,000 years ago corresponded with changes to the regional
194:
831:, respectively. The GSC therefore considers the volcano to be potentially active. Temperatures ranging from
583:
and is only a modest fraction of its total output of silicic eruptive products. It has a proximal relief of
579:, but erosion has since reduced it to glacially eroded crags. The modern volcano has an estimated volume of
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have occurred in the vicinity since 1985 and the Shovelnose and Turbid creek valleys contain two and three
544:
wide irregularly-shaped glacier that trends slightly to the northwest. Just southwest of Mount Cayley lies
201:
91:
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Glaciovolcanism at the Mount Cayley volcanic field, Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, southwestern British Columbia
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Cruden, D. M.; Lu, Z. Y. (1992). "The rockslide and debris flow from Mount Cayley, B.C., in June 1984".
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is also common. Its original and current volumes remain uncertain. It may have had a volume as large as
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would be closed, Squamish would be evacuated and Whistler would be at least considered for evacuation.
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precipitates from several cold seeps in the vicinity. The springs are confined around dacite
638:. The Shovelnose stage rocks could be much younger, perhaps less than 15,000 years old.
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Whistler/Pemberton and Vancouver would be forced to go via a much longer route to the east.
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Explosions might cease and be replaced by slow, continuous growth of a lava dome in the new
451:) and floods. To monitor this threat, the volcano and its surroundings are monitored by the
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536:. Its northeastern flank abuts the southern end of the Powder Mountain Icefield. This is a
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If eruptive activity were to resume, scientists would likely be able to detect increased
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downstream where it entered the broader flatter valley of Turbid Creek for an additional
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The volcano resides in the middle of a north–south trending zone of volcanism called the
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The early Mount Cayley stage was characterized by the eruption of felsic lava flows and
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At least three smaller scale debris avalanches have occurred in historic time. A
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at Mount Cayley implies that all eruptive stages most likely took place prior to
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Reimer/Yumḵs, Rudy (2006). "Squamish Nation Cognitive Landscapes" (Document).
1929:, Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, pp. 1, 4, 8
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Madsen, J. K.; Thorkelson, D. J.; Friedman, R. M.; Marshall, D. D. (2006).
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665:. This contrasts with many neighbouring volcanoes, which contain abundant
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is east of Pyroclastic Peak and is the lowest of the three main summits.
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1928 by E. C. Brooks, W. G. Wheatley, B. Clegg, R. E. Knight and T. Fyles
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1697:(1982). "The Dusty Creek landslide on Mount Cayley, British Columbia".
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including risk management and the forecasting of catastrophic events.
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high cliffs of small diameter columnar joints. It was the source of a
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Future eruptions are likely to threaten neighbouring communities with
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Subsequent activity deposited a series of massive dacite flows up to
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structural mitigation would have to be built to reclaim use of the
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deposits inhabit the main hot springs while bright red ferruginous
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in this area would alert the GSC and possibly trigger an expanded
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resource since at least the late 1970s. Geothermal exploration by
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at 310,000 years old, this date may be in error from excess
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in elevation. It contains a jagged summit ridge of many slender
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activity. The scenario was published in 2003 as an article for
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46:
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on the opposite side of the Cheakamus River valley are called
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and dikes that were emplaced during the Vulcan's Thumb stage.
1325:
851:
839:
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502:, but activity continued at Pali Dome and Slag Hill into the
436:
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Religious places of the Indigenous peoples of North America
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903:
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1751:
Favourability Map of British Columbia Geothermal Resources
1561:
Quaternary Magmatism in the Cascades—Geologic Perspectives
961:
for thousands of years. Both the Mount Cayley volcano and
517:. Volcanism of the Cascade Arc is largely a result of the
949:
removed part of the Squamish River Forest Service Road.
924:
landslide occurred in 1963 with the failure of a large
513:, which in turn represents a northern extension of the
475:. It consists predominantly of volcanoes that formed
1511:
Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada
1053:Mount Cayley has been investigated as a potential
657:, dacite and rhyodacite. The lack of evidence for
977:it means "Landing Place of the Thunderbird". The
509:. The Mount Cayley volcanic field is part of the
413:has taken place there for the last four decades.
397:. All major summits have elevations greater than
4180:
898:debris fan exposed along the Squamish River. A
946:3,200,000 m (110,000,000 cu ft)
922:5,000,000 m (180,000,000 cu ft)
793:breccia between Wizard Peak and Mount Cayley.
3490:
3193:
2139:
1692:
405:. The surrounding area has been inhabited by
1956:
1770:
1119:introducing citations to additional sources
2026:
1870:
838:The existence of hot springs indicate that
724:. Initial volcanism formed a southwesterly-
700:after the formation of the Explorer Plate.
641:Eruptions during the three stages produced
3497:
3483:
3200:
3186:
2146:
2132:
1508:
1253:In the event of an explosive eruption, an
1852:
1635:. pp. 4, 21, 24, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35.
1509:Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (1990).
1414:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
900:0.5 to 40 cm (0.20 to 15.75 in)
835:have been measured from the hot springs.
602:below the volcano has identified a large
591:, with a nearly vertical cliff more than
378:, the volcano resides on the edge of the
3209:Volcanoes of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
1648:
1558:
1240:
1109:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1017:
860:
707:
673:from contact with ice during eruptions.
462:
458:
2989:List of communities in British Columbia
1924:
1748:
1289:would occur in the Vancouver area, the
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600:12.5 to 13 km (7.8 to 8.1 mi)
556:, the largest of which is known as the
4181:
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2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2004:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1626:
1383:
1285:, damaging much infrastructure. Heavy
1030:of the massif until July 1928 when an
888:200,000,000 to 300,000,000 m (7.1
680:. This involved the separation of the
3504:
3478:
3181:
2127:
2022:
2020:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1866:
1864:
1818:
1816:
1766:
1764:
1744:
1742:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1443:
1441:
1315:10 to 15 km (6.2 to 9.3 mi)
1220:Canadian National Seismograph Network
773:Later activity produced an overlying
703:
409:for more than 7,000 years while
1688:
1686:
1644:
1642:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1086:
877:
833:18 to 40 °C (64 to 104 °F)
401:, Mount Cayley being the highest at
350:is an eroded but potentially active
148:
4189:Mountain ranges of British Columbia
2032:
1947:
1933:
1913:
1207:journal devoting on all aspects of
1082:
796:
620:
560:. Wizard Peak with an elevation of
13:
2153:
2017:
1991:
1874:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1861:
1813:
1761:
1739:
1700:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1652:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1627:Kelman, Melanie Catherine (2005).
1535:
1438:
1059:Energy, Mines and Resources Canada
1022:Mount Cayley as seen from the east
987:North American indigenous peoples'
814:
14:
4270:
3027:Stein Valley Nlaka'pamux Heritage
2090:
1683:
1639:
1581:
1493:
1471:
1368:
842:heat is still present. Extensive
789:thick sequence of blocky dacitic
428:continuing into the present day.
4239:Sacred mountains of the Americas
3765:Marble Mountain-Trout Creek Hill
3548:
1102:relies largely or entirely on a
1091:
952:
577:13 km (3.1 cu mi)
147:
140:
29:
4244:Hot springs of British Columbia
2112:from the original on 2010-12-11
2102:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
1965:
1774:Journal of Geophysical Research
1565:United States Geological Survey
1521:. pp. 112, 113, 142, 148.
1490:Paper 2001-A11, pp. 1, 2, 4, 5.
1234:and debris flows. By this time
967:taḵ'taḵmu'yin tl'a in7in'axa7en
957:The area has been inhabited by
581:8 km (1.9 cu mi)
467:Mt. Cayley massif, south aspect
3836:Mount Scott (Clackamas County)
3235:Salal Glacier volcanic complex
3132:Say Nuth Khaw Yum (Indian Arm)
1755:University of British Columbia
1633:University of British Columbia
1373:pyroclastic and debris flows).
1040:Government of British Columbia
1:
4199:Volcanoes of British Columbia
3785:Battle Ground Lake State Park
3032:Spruce Lake (South Chilcotin)
1837:Geological Society of America
1567:. pp. 7, 8, 10, 11, 67.
1377:
420:, Mount Cayley was formed by
195:New Westminster Land District
85:Mountains of British Columbia
16:Mountains in British Columbia
3967:Mount Scott (Klamath County)
3841:Willamette National Cemetery
589:2,070 m (6,790 ft)
562:2,240 m (7,350 ft)
550:2,341 m (7,680 ft)
534:2,385 m (7,825 ft)
403:2,385 m (7,825 ft)
399:2,000 m (6,600 ft)
161:Location map of Mount Cayley
51:2,385 m (7,825 ft)
7:
4254:Mount Cayley volcanic field
4249:Geothermal energy in Canada
4229:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
4098:Lava Beds National Monument
3464:Watts Point volcanic centre
2011:Geological Survey of Canada
1757:. pp. 21, 22, 24, 131.
1488:Geological Survey of Canada
1352:List of volcanoes in Canada
1345:
473:Mount Cayley volcanic field
453:Geological Survey of Canada
10:
4275:
2058:Kluwer Academic Publishers
1783:American Geophysical Union
1519:Cambridge University Press
804:400 m (1,300 ft)
728:prism of dacite flows and
593:500 m (1,600 ft)
585:550 m (1,800 ft)
61:674 m (2,211 ft)
4214:Stratovolcanoes of Canada
4060:
4017:Mountain Lakes Wilderness
3813:
3557:
3546:
3512:
3215:
2997:
2981:
2895:
2849:
2367:
2161:
1357:List of Cascade volcanoes
1311:Newfoundland and Labrador
1297:, Kamloops, Whistler and
571:in composition, although
335:
330:
309:
293:
277:
272:
253:
239:
200:
190:
178:
170:
134:
129:
90:
78:
65:
55:
45:
40:
28:
23:
4224:Pliocene stratovolcanoes
4078:Black Butte (California)
3525:Franklin Glacier Complex
3286:Franklin Glacier Complex
2106:Natural Resources Canada
1454:Global Volcanism Program
1362:
1331:10 km (6.2 mi)
1044:Beverley Cochrane Cayley
938:1 km (0.62 mi)
934:1 km (0.62 mi)
787:130 m (430 ft)
775:1 km (0.62 mi)
749:150 m (490 ft)
740:. These rocks have been
659:volcano-ice interactions
653:compositions, including
610:interpreted to be a mid-
587:and a draping relief of
527:Cascadia subduction zone
380:Powder Mountain Icefield
3851:Rooster Rock State Park
3620:White Chuck Cinder Cone
2066:10.1023/A:1022954829974
1749:Kimball, Sarah (2010).
1484:Current Research Part A
1459:Smithsonian Institution
1449:"Cayley Volcanic Field"
1259:20 km (12 mi)
1065:of 51 and 65
1048:Canadian Alpine Journal
1004:oval-leaved blueberries
932:then travelled roughly
867:25 km (16 mi)
808:5 km (3.1 mi)
779:4 km (2.5 mi)
694:Pemberton Volcanic Belt
598:Deep seismic profiling
542:5 km (3.1 mi)
538:9 km (5.6 mi)
511:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
418:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
372:24 km (15 mi)
364:45 km (28 mi)
325:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
4219:Pleistocene lava domes
3896:Tumalo Volcanic Center
3790:Beacon Rock State Park
3580:Schriebers Meadow Cone
3385:Monmouth Creek complex
3077:Princess Louisa Marine
1925:Southam, Dave (2014),
1559:Hildreth, Wes (2007).
1250:
1042:in September 1928 for
1023:
874:
742:hydrothermally altered
713:
690:British Columbia Coast
468:
439:(volcanically induced
411:geothermal exploration
224:50.11611°N 123.28750°W
114:50.12028°N 123.29083°W
4088:Medicine Lake Volcano
1978:BC Geographical Names
1244:
1034:party, consisting of
1032:Alpine Club of Canada
1021:
864:
711:
632:potassium-argon dated
466:
459:Geography and geology
386:that towers over the
4259:Lava domes of Canada
4204:Subduction volcanoes
3680:Goat Island Mountain
3520:Silverthrone Caldera
3428:Silverthrone Caldera
3317:Little Ring Mountain
1115:improve this article
1063:geothermal gradients
1000:Canadian blueberries
760:Vulcan's Thumb stage
722:crystalline basement
523:North American Plate
515:Cascade Volcanic Arc
321:Canadian Cascade Arc
229:50.11611; -123.28750
119:50.12028; -123.29083
4209:Sea-to-Sky Corridor
3530:Mount Meager massif
3441:Machmell River Cone
3322:Mount Meager massif
1959:McMaster University
1891:1991CaJES..28.1365E
1845:2006Geosp...2...11M
1791:1996JGR...10120119H
1717:1982CaJES..19..524C
1342:and Squamish area.
1340:Highway 99 corridor
1232:phreatic explosions
996:Mountain bilberries
896:10 cu ft)
220: /
110: /
3710:Old Snowy Mountain
3660:Burroughs Mountain
3655:Little Tahoma Peak
3459:Tricouni Southwest
3434:Mount Silverthrone
3335:Capricorn Mountain
1883:NRC Research Press
1854:10.1130/GES00020.1
1709:NRC Research Press
1661:NRC Research Press
1251:
1026:There had been no
1024:
983:legendary creature
902:thick sequence of
875:
714:
704:Mount Cayley stage
521:sliding under the
519:Juan de Fuca Plate
469:
407:indigenous peoples
362:, Canada. Located
41:Highest point
4176:
4175:
4047:Gearhart Mountain
3886:Crescent Mountain
3821:Boring Lava Field
3750:Sawtooth Mountain
3506:Cascade Volcanoes
3472:
3471:
3328:Bridge River Vent
3175:
3174:
3102:Blackcomb Glacier
3022:Mount Elphinstone
2560:Frederick William
1799:10.1029/96jb01646
1574:978-1-4113-1945-5
1180:
1179:
1165:
1055:geothermal energy
884:debris avalanches
878:Landslide history
871:Whistler Mountain
718:pyroclastic rocks
671:columnar jointing
433:pyroclastic flows
382:. It consists of
345:
344:
202:Range coordinates
4266:
4148:Bumpass Mountain
4083:Rainbow Mountain
4002:Mount McLoughlin
3947:Howlock Mountain
3932:Newberry Volcano
3775:Trout Creek Hill
3730:Mount St. Helens
3670:Cowlitz Chimneys
3590:Hannegan caldera
3552:
3513:British Columbia
3499:
3492:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3443:
3436:
3412:
3393:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3306:
3299:
3265:
3258:
3256:Pyroclastic Peak
3202:
3195:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3162:Homathko Estuary
3092:Brandywine Falls
2148:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2085:
2084:
2045:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2002:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1961:. pp. 8, 9.
1954:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1579:
1578:
1556:
1533:
1532:
1506:
1491:
1480:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1394:
1371:
1332:
1316:
1260:
1185:volcanic hazards
1175:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1123:
1095:
1087:
1083:Volcanic hazards
947:
939:
935:
923:
901:
897:
895:
891:
868:
834:
821:recorded history
809:
805:
797:Shovelnose stage
788:
780:
776:
750:
621:Volcanic history
601:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
563:
551:
546:Pyroclastic Peak
543:
539:
535:
481:Late Pleistocene
404:
400:
373:
365:
360:British Columbia
358:of southwestern
267:Brandywine Falls
243:
235:
234:
232:
231:
230:
225:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
185:British Columbia
151:
150:
144:
125:
124:
122:
121:
120:
115:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
33:
21:
20:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4234:Squamish people
4179:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4153:Dittmar Volcano
4118:Burney Mountain
4093:Schonchin Butte
4056:
4042:Yamsay Mountain
3922:Tumalo Mountain
3906:Mount Multnomah
3876:Mount Jefferson
3831:Elk Rock Island
3809:
3780:Tumtum Mountain
3585:Kulshan caldera
3553:
3544:
3540:Mount Garibaldi
3508:
3503:
3473:
3468:
3439:
3432:
3408:
3389:
3375:
3368:
3363:Perkin's Pillar
3361:
3354:
3347:
3342:Devastator Peak
3340:
3333:
3326:
3302:
3295:
3291:Mount Garibaldi
3261:
3254:
3211:
3206:
3176:
3171:
3057:Birkenhead Lake
2993:
2977:
2963:Powder Mountain
2891:
2845:
2363:
2157:
2152:
2115:
2113:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2050:Natural Hazards
2046:
2033:
2025:
2018:
2003:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1923:
1914:
1899:10.1139/e91-120
1869:
1862:
1821:
1814:
1769:
1762:
1747:
1740:
1725:10.1139/e82-043
1693:Clague, J. J.;
1691:
1684:
1669:10.1139/t92-069
1647:
1640:
1625:
1582:
1575:
1557:
1536:
1529:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1380:
1365:
1348:
1330:
1314:
1258:
1246:NASA World Wind
1209:natural hazards
1201:Natural Hazards
1176:
1170:
1167:
1124:
1122:
1108:
1096:
1085:
1013:Squamish Nation
971:Squamish people
955:
945:
937:
933:
921:
899:
893:
889:
887:
880:
866:
832:
817:
815:Recent activity
807:
803:
799:
786:
778:
774:
762:
748:
732:cut by several
706:
688:plates off the
678:plate tectonics
669:and fine-scale
663:glacial periods
623:
599:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
561:
549:
541:
537:
533:
461:
422:subduction zone
402:
398:
371:
363:
323:
241:
228:
226:
222:
219:
214:
211:
209:
207:
206:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:
152:
118:
116:
112:
109:
104:
101:
99:
97:
96:
72:Mount Callaghan
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4272:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4007:Brown Mountain
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3987:Applegate Peak
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3954:
3952:Mount Thielsen
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3927:Mount Bachelor
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3856:Larch Mountain
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3826:Mount Sylvania
3823:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3800:Greenleaf Peak
3797:
3795:Table Mountain
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3640:Cathedral Rock
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:Sherman Crater
3567:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3425:
3423:Round Mountain
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:Vulcan's Thumb
3259:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3220:The Black Tusk
3216:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Pinecone-Burke
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:Stawamus Chief
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3037:Upper Lillooet
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Garibaldi Névé
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Vulcan's Thumb
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:The Black Tusk
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2155:Pacific Ranges
2151:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2108:. 2009-03-10.
2098:"Mount Cayley"
2092:
2091:External links
2089:
2087:
2086:
2031:
2016:
1990:
1973:"Mount Cayley"
1964:
1946:
1932:
1912:
1860:
1812:
1760:
1738:
1695:Souther, J. G.
1682:
1638:
1580:
1573:
1534:
1527:
1492:
1470:
1437:
1426:Peakbagger.com
1422:"Mount Cayley"
1413:
1398:"Mount Cayley"
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1189:Western Canada
1178:
1177:
1130:"Mount Cayley"
1113:. Please help
1099:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1081:
963:The Black Tusk
954:
951:
926:volcanic block
879:
876:
816:
813:
798:
795:
761:
758:
705:
702:
667:volcanic glass
643:volcanic rocks
622:
619:
558:Vulcan's Thumb
554:rock pinnacles
460:
457:
356:Pacific Ranges
343:
342:
339:
333:
332:
328:
327:
318:
307:
306:
297:
291:
290:
281:
275:
274:
270:
269:
257:
251:
250:
248:Pacific Ranges
245:
237:
236:
204:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
160:
154:
153:
146:
145:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
127:
126:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
69:
63:
62:
59:
53:
52:
49:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4271:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:Snow Mountain
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Modoc Plateau
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:Roxy Ann Peak
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Pelican Butte
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Wizard Island
3970:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:(unvalidated)
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Three Sisters
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3891:Iron Mountain
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Olallie Butte
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3805:Wind Mountain
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:Indian Heaven
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:Mount Rainier
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Ruth Mountain
3598:
3596:
3595:Hannegan Peak
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Ring Mountain
3416:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Glacier Pikes
3310:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Cauldron Dome
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Shannon Falls
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Mount Seymour
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
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2946:
2944:
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2936:
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2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
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2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
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2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:Petlushkwohap
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:Middle Finger
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Little Finger
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:Crevasse Crag
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Castle Towers
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
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2408:
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2403:
2401:
2398:
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2370:
2366:
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2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
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2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
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2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2023:
2021:
2013:. p. 45.
2012:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1885:: 1365–1374.
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1752:
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1743:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
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1702:
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1696:
1689:
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1666:
1662:
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1654:
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1645:
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1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
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1617:
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1613:
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1609:
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1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
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1587:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1528:0-521-43811-X
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:Fraser Valley
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:Prince George
1272:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1174:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132: –
1131:
1127:
1126:Find sources:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1104:single source
1100:This section
1098:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:First Nations
953:Human history
950:
943:
942:landslide dam
931:
927:
918:
916:
913:
909:
905:
885:
872:
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
830:
826:
822:
812:
794:
792:
784:
771:
768:
757:
755:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
710:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
618:
616:
615:magma chamber
613:
609:
605:
596:
574:
570:
565:
559:
555:
547:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
505:
501:
497:
496:Ring Mountain
493:
489:
485:
482:
478:
474:
465:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
426:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
396:
395:river valleys
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
361:
357:
353:
352:stratovolcano
349:
340:
338:
334:
329:
326:
322:
319:
317:
313:
308:
305:
301:
298:
296:
292:
289:
285:
284:Stratovolcano
282:
280:
276:
271:
268:
265:
261:
258:
256:
252:
249:
246:
244:
238:
233:
205:
203:
199:
196:
193:
189:
186:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
143:
133:
128:
123:
95:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
74:(2409 m)
73:
70:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
50:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4138:Mount Tehama
4133:Latour Butte
4108:Brushy Butte
4068:Mount Shasta
4052:Yainax Butte
4032:Grizzly Peak
3992:Rustler Peak
3982:Hillman Peak
3977:Phantom Ship
3957:Mount Mazama
3942:Mount Bailey
3937:Diamond Peak
3760:Big Lava Bed
3725:Spiral Butte
3705:Gilbert Peak
3675:Old Desolate
3665:Banshee Peak
3635:Mount Daniel
3630:Mount Hinman
3615:Glacier Peak
3610:Mount Terror
3575:Black Buttes
3535:Mount Cayley
3534:
3410:Clinker Peak
3356:Mount Meager
3250:Mount Cayley
3249:
3072:Bishop River
3062:Joffre Lakes
3052:Mehatl Creek
2968:Silverthrone
2908:Compton Névé
2755:Silverthrone
2469:
2430:Breakenridge
2208:
2114:. Retrieved
2101:
2053:
2049:
2007:Mount Cayley
2006:
1982:. Retrieved
1976:
1967:
1926:
1878:
1872:
1832:
1828:
1778:
1772:
1750:
1704:
1698:
1656:
1650:
1628:
1560:
1510:
1483:
1462:. Retrieved
1452:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:
1416:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1369:
1336:
1319:
1257:could reach
1252:
1213:
1200:
1181:
1168:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1125:
1101:
1052:
1036:mountaineers
1028:first ascent
1025:
966:
956:
919:
881:
837:
818:
800:
772:
763:
746:
715:
686:Juan de Fuca
675:
651:intermediate
640:
624:
597:
566:
531:
477:subglacially
470:
449:debris flows
430:
416:Part of the
415:
348:Mount Cayley
347:
346:
337:First ascent
242:Parent range
155:Mount Cayley
24:Mount Cayley
18:
4158:Mount Maidu
4143:Lassen Peak
4012:Aspen Butte
3961:Crater Lake
3846:Mount Tabor
3770:West Crater
3735:Mount Adams
3720:Tieton Peak
3690:Fifes Peaks
3625:Dishpan Gap
3565:Mount Baker
3404:Mount Price
3370:Plinth Peak
3276:Ember Ridge
3271:Cinder Cone
3147:Rolley Lake
3107:Tetrahedron
3087:Nairn Falls
3042:Golden Ears
3012:Duffey Lake
3007:Clendinning
2982:Communities
2867:McGillivray
2710:Pyroclastic
2615:Little Ring
2595:Judge Howay
2475:Cinder Cone
2359:Whitemantle
2354:Wharncliffe
2314:North Shore
2249:Fitzsimmons
2184:Cadwallader
2060:: 563–589,
1517:, England:
1402:Bivouac.com
1171:August 2022
1067:millikelvin
1015:territory.
979:Thunderbird
973:. In their
829:hot springs
825:earthquakes
604:bright spot
500:Ember Ridge
479:during the
295:Age of rock
227: /
215:123°17′15″W
117: /
105:123°17′27″W
92:Coordinates
67:Parent peak
4183:Categories
4163:Mount Yana
4123:Magee Peak
4061:California
4037:Pilot Rock
3917:Ball Butte
3912:Broken Top
3861:Mount Hood
3755:Lemei Rock
3745:Lone Butte
3700:Goat Rocks
3558:Washington
3391:The Castle
3377:Pylon Peak
3230:Tuber Hill
3225:Mount Brew
3167:Davis Lake
3097:Alice Lake
2938:Klinaklini
2835:Wellington
2825:Waddington
2735:Robie Reid
2715:Queen Bess
2555:Forefinger
2550:Fitzgerald
2515:Devastator
2425:Brandywine
2400:Birkenhead
2349:Waddington
2199:Cantilever
2194:Camelsfoot
2116:2018-05-06
2028:p. 3.
2009:(Report).
1984:2018-03-21
1839:: 30, 31.
1464:2018-05-02
1431:2021-04-09
1407:2021-04-09
1378:References
1295:Bellingham
1283:Daisy Lake
1236:Highway 99
1224:monitoring
1216:seismicity
1141:newspapers
892:10 to 1.06
823:. Shallow
628:plug domes
573:rhyodacite
486:, such as
445:landslides
304:Quaternary
288:lava domes
212:50°06′58″N
102:50°07′13″N
57:Prominence
4168:Goosenest
3881:Snow Peak
3866:Battle Ax
3715:Ives Peak
3695:Mount Aix
3685:Mount Wow
3454:The Table
3449:Slag Hill
3399:Pali Dome
3349:Mount Job
3281:Mount Fee
3240:Sham Hill
3157:Big Creek
3152:Sasquatch
3082:Callaghan
3017:Garibaldi
2973:Spearhead
2928:Ha-Iltzuk
2872:Pemberton
2800:Tiedemann
2775:Spearhead
2770:Somolenko
2670:Opal Cone
2575:Good Hope
2570:Garibaldi
2485:Coquitlam
2455:Capricorn
2450:Callaghan
2420:Blanshard
2415:Blackcomb
2368:Mountains
2339:Tottenham
2329:Sir Harry
2269:Gastineau
2264:Garibaldi
2214:Chilcotin
2174:Britannia
2082:129461798
2074:0921-030X
1907:1480-3313
1829:Geosphere
1807:0148-0227
1785:: 20119.
1733:1480-3313
1677:1480-3313
1515:Cambridge
1303:Anchorage
1299:Pemberton
1287:ash falls
1263:Vancouver
1255:ash plume
1228:fumaroles
1193:explosive
1111:talk page
1075:100
930:aggregate
908:diamicton
777:wide and
754:intrusive
608:reflector
540:long and
492:Slag Hill
488:Pali Dome
441:mudslides
425:volcanism
388:Cheakamus
366:north of
310:Volcanic
279:Formed by
130:Geography
47:Elevation
4113:Big Cave
4073:Shastina
3645:Mount Si
3605:Icy Peak
3067:Ts'il?os
3047:Tantalus
2958:Pashleth
2953:Parallel
2933:Homathko
2918:Franklin
2896:Glaciers
2877:Railroad
2862:Griswold
2805:Tricouni
2785:Tantalus
2745:Serratus
2725:Red Tusk
2650:Monmouth
2495:Crickmer
2465:Cauldron
2395:Asperity
2334:Tantalus
2324:Pembroke
2319:Pantheon
2289:Lillooet
2274:Georgina
2254:Franklyn
2219:Colville
2189:Calliope
2110:Archived
1346:See also
1271:Kamloops
1267:Victoria
1205:Springer
1197:effusive
1077:megawatt
1072:BC Hydro
1050:Vol XX.
1008:outcrops
975:language
915:horizons
912:paleosol
840:magmatic
767:breccias
756:dacite.
682:Explorer
655:andesite
504:Holocene
392:Squamish
376:Whistler
374:west of
368:Squamish
331:Climbing
255:Topo map
191:District
180:Province
3127:Cypress
2948:Monarch
2943:Mamquam
2913:Diamond
2857:Cayoosh
2840:ʔEniyud
2760:Skihist
2750:Seymour
2720:Raleigh
2675:Overill
2665:One Eye
2660:Nicomen
2645:Monarch
2625:Mamquam
2520:Dewdney
2510:Cypress
2304:Nicholl
2239:Edwards
2229:Douglas
2224:Conical
2179:Bunster
2056:(2/3),
1887:Bibcode
1841:Bibcode
1787:Bibcode
1753:(MAS).
1713:Bibcode
1711:: 524.
1663:: 614.
1631:(PhD).
1307:Alberta
1279:Seattle
1155:scholar
992:history
969:by the
856:cupolas
783:lapilli
726:dipping
720:onto a
612:crustal
569:dacitic
525:at the
354:in the
300:Neogene
273:Geology
171:Country
80:Listing
3814:Oregon
3297:Atwell
3117:Murrin
2850:Passes
2842:(Niut)
2795:Tatlow
2790:Taseko
2695:Powder
2690:Plinth
2655:Munday
2635:Merlon
2630:Meager
2585:Helena
2580:Grouse
2565:Fromme
2505:Currie
2480:Clarke
2470:Cayley
2405:Bishop
2390:Arthur
2380:Alfred
2375:Akasik
2294:Meager
2259:Fraser
2244:Fannin
2209:Cayley
2169:Bendor
2162:Ranges
2080:
2072:
1905:
1805:
1781:(B9).
1731:
1675:
1571:
1525:
1322:crater
1249:image.
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1128:
848:sinter
730:tephra
647:felsic
437:lahars
384:massif
262:
174:Canada
4027:Baldy
2999:Parks
2903:Chaos
2887:Wedge
2882:Tyoax
2830:Wedge
2810:Tuber
2780:Table
2765:Stein
2740:Round
2705:Pylon
2700:Price
2605:Kinch
2600:ḵ’els
2535:Elsay
2525:Eagle
2500:Crown
2445:Burke
2385:Alice
2344:Unwin
2284:Lewis
2279:Koeye
2234:Earle
2204:Caren
2078:S2CID
1881:(9).
1835:(1).
1707:(3).
1659:(4).
1363:Notes
1326:talus
1162:JSTOR
1148:books
981:is a
904:silts
869:from
852:ochre
738:sills
734:dikes
636:argon
507:epoch
3304:Opal
2730:Ring
2680:Pali
2620:Luna
2540:Fang
2530:Edge
2440:Brew
2435:Brew
2309:Niut
2299:Namu
2070:ISSN
1903:ISSN
1803:ISSN
1729:ISSN
1673:ISSN
1569:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1277:and
1203:, a
1195:and
1134:news
1002:and
846:and
844:tufa
791:tuff
736:and
698:slab
684:and
649:and
606:, a
498:and
447:and
390:and
370:and
316:belt
302:-to-
264:92J3
2815:Vic
2590:Job
2545:Fee
2062:doi
1895:doi
1849:doi
1795:doi
1779:101
1721:doi
1665:doi
1309:to
1117:by
985:in
645:of
484:age
312:arc
260:NTS
4185::
2104:.
2100:.
2076:,
2068:,
2054:28
2052:,
2034:^
2019:^
1993:^
1975:.
1949:^
1935:^
1915:^
1901:.
1893:.
1879:28
1877:.
1863:^
1847:.
1831:.
1827:.
1815:^
1801:.
1793:.
1777:.
1763:^
1741:^
1727:.
1719:.
1705:19
1703:.
1685:^
1671:.
1657:29
1655:.
1641:^
1583:^
1563:.
1537:^
1513:.
1495:^
1486:,
1473:^
1457:.
1451:.
1440:^
1424:.
1400:.
1385:^
1293:,
1273:,
1269:,
1265:,
998:,
994:.
548:,
529:.
494:,
490:,
443:,
435:,
286:,
3963:)
3959:(
3498:e
3491:t
3484:v
3201:e
3194:t
3187:v
2147:e
2140:t
2133:v
2119:.
2064::
1987:.
1909:.
1897::
1889::
1857:.
1851::
1843::
1833:2
1809:.
1797::
1789::
1735:.
1723::
1715::
1679:.
1667::
1577:.
1531:.
1467:.
1434:.
1410:.
1173:)
1169:(
1159:·
1152:·
1145:·
1138:·
1121:.
1107:.
894:×
890:×
873:.
314:/
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