Mount Mazama - Knowledge

1090:

lava, and water, the caldera's appearance changed over time. New cones and lava fields have formed inside the caldera, all of which have been submerged except for Wizard Island. Mapping the caldera floor with high-resolution multibeam echo sounders, vehicle-motion sounders and navigators, and a dual-differential global positioning system (DGPS), scientists from the US government and universities detected volcanoes and landslide deposits under the water. Between 7,700 and 7,200 years ago, the central lava platform, the Merriam Cone, and Wizard Island were produced, as well as lava flows. These eruptions produced 1 cubic mile (4.2 km) of andesitic lava, half of that in the Wizard Island cone. Wizard Island lava interacted with water to form breccia piles, and as the water levels rose, only the top of the Wizard Island edifice stayed above the water. The edifice has a lavaberg shape, as it sits above a larger, ovular pedestal rising 1,200 feet (370 m) above the floor of Crater Lake; just two percent of Wizard Island sits above the water surface. At the summit of the above-water cone, a small lava flow from a lava fountain appears, on the southwestern flank. There is also a volcanic plug poking out of the crater floor as a body of dark lava. Lava blocks with diameters of 6 to 7 feet (1.8 to 2.1 m) can be seen along the rim of the crater, possibly produced from later stages of cone-building eruptions that created Wizard Island. The central platform was created by a similar vent eastward of Wizard Island, made up of effusive lava that created lava fields northward and eastward of its vent. Merriam Cone does not have a summit crater, but rises to 1,300 feet (400 m) above the northern lake floor. Merriam Cone was produced underwater, and was probably formed at the same or similar time as Wizard Island and the central platform.

868:. The formation of Llao Rock was preceded by explosive eruptions of rhyodacite, creating pumice and ash that were ejected high into the atmosphere and carried for several hundred miles into northern and eastern Washington state, eastern Oregon, and western Nevada. A large crater formed but was filled by subsequent lava flows. Shortly before the major, caldera-forming eruption at Mazama, the Cleetwood flow was produced. Also composed of rhyodacite lava, it originated from a vent on the northern side of the complex eastward of Llao Rock. It likely only occurred weeks or months before the major eruption, as Mazama's collapse formed a backward flow of lava when it cut through the Cleetwood lava, suggesting that the Cleetwood lava was still hot enough to flow and move. Tephra from the last major eruption that was emplaced atop Cleetwood deposits has been altered by heat and gas from the Cleetwood lava. Both these eruptive periods took place on the northern flank of the Mazama complex, not far from the magma chamber that produced the climactic eruption shortly after. 1102:, which are more gaseous and less solid than pyroclastic flows. Such flows could pass over topographic barriers, move rock fragments at 800 feet per second (240 m/s), and travel several miles from their vent. Mazama is unlikely to produce mudflows far from the caldera, though a nearby vent outside the caldera could erupt and mix with snow. Eruptions are unlikely to produce waves that extend beyond Crater Lake, but powerful explosions could produce tall waves in the caldera. An eruption as explosive as the one 7,700 years ago is unlikely given that it would require larger volumes of magma than are known to be available within the Mazama vicinity. Landslides could flood adjacent shoreline regions, but they are not likely to induce failure of the caldera's walls, as they rise more than 500 feet (150 m) above the lake's surface. Earthquakes from the nearby West Klamath Lake fault zone could reach magnitudes up to 7.0 on the 734:

volcano Merriam Cone. The highest elevation in the Mazama Complex is now Mount Scott, at an elevation of 8,929 feet (2,722 m), with a relief of 2,000 feet (610 m) above Crater Lake's surface waters. Except for the tallest slopes of the complex, all cones have been covered with deposits from the climactic eruption at Mazama 7,700 years ago. Scientists now use the exposed contents of the caldera rim wall to investigate eruptions and mapping the eruptive history of the region. Throughout its known eruptions, Mazama has produced 43 percent rhyodacite, 42 percent andesite, 15 percent dacite, and less than 1 percent basaltic andesite. All of the rhyodacite has been produced within the past 30,000 years of activity, suggesting that regional and local distribution of compositions were not uniform over time. Andesite and dacite lava flows from the volcano usually have

1077: 804:

7,005 feet (2,135 m), 8,045 feet (2,452 m), and 7,949 feet (2,423 m), respectively. Nearby cinder cones include Bear Butte, Crater Peak, Desert Cone, Lookout Butte, Pothole Butte, Red Cone, Scout Hill, and Union Peak. There are at least 13 cinder cones within Crater Lake National Park, and at least eleven more in the nearby area. They were fed by a different magma chamber than Mazama, though they likely received magma from basaltic andesite reservoirs in the vicinity. The exception is Williams crater, which erupted basalt and dacite and got silicic lava from the western part of Mazama's magma chamber. Stratovolcanoes in Mazama's vicinity consist of Sentinel Rock, Mount Scott, Phantom Cone, Dutton Cliff, and Danger Bay.

877: 944:

miles (40 km) from the base of Mazama. These deposits have diameters between 1 and 2 feet (0.30 and 0.61 m), though they are punctuated by pumice blocks with diameters of 6 feet (1.8 m) that extend as far as 20 miles (32 km) from Mazama's summit. Flows containing pumice coursed into the Annie Creek and Sun Creek canyons southward of Mazama, depositing 250 feet (76 m) of material, which have still not been fully eroded after almost 8,000 years. To the southeast, pyroclastic flows coursed into Sand Creek and extended more than 10 miles (16 km) in that direction, some reaching Klamath Marsh, the Williamson River, and the Klamath Lakes.

473: 1157: 1407: 31: 1701: 556: 847:

which formed by the fusion of glassy pumice fragments. Similar activity on the northern side of Cloudcap and the eastern segment of Llao Rock that ejected dacitic tephra and pyroclastic rock also formed fused edifices. About 50,000 years ago, a vent at Mazama erupted the Watchman flow, which filled a canyon at the southwestern wall of the complex. From 50,000 to 40,000 years ago, Mazama vents continued to erupt andesite lava flows onto the northern and southwestern slopes and create dacite lava domes on the southern flanks. These domes often collapsed and produced

160: 167: 948:

the pale orange and yellow rhyodacite pumice from earlier phases of the eruption. The final eruptions formed the Pumice Desert, a treeless plain on the northern and northeastern side of Mazama, as well as filling the Pumice Creek valley and parts of the Klamath Marsh. Reaching thicknesses between 250 and 300 feet (76 and 91 m), the emplacements from these flows yielded fumarolic activity, still detectable in the Annie Creek and Sand Creek canyons. Erosion from rain and stream flow has left pipes from the andesitic lava flows as columns and spires.

8179: 939:, and concentric openings formed by the summit, producing smaller vents surrounding the main eruptive cone. Pumice ejected from these new fractures created rapid pyroclastic flows that coursed down all the sides of Mazama, traveling over tall ridges and summits of subfeatures and extending tens of miles from their vents. These flows altered the surfaces surrounding Mazama, removing ashfall and then depositing their contents in nearby valleys. Some of the flows traveled more than 40 miles (64 km) from their source, destroying 1590:." After the mountain destroyed itself the Klamaths recounted the events as a great battle between Llao and his rival Skell, their sky god, or "Chief of the Above World." The narrative has several slightly different iterations. A common variant of the legend recounts that Llao saw a beautiful Klamath woman, the daughter of a chief, and became angry when she refused his offer of immortality if she would be his consort. Furious, Llao emerged from Mazama and threw fire upon the people beneath the mountain, and Skell stood on 1542:. They also created small barriers to keep new trout from reaching Sun Creek. In 1999, Bull trout were considered a "threatened" species by the Endangered Species Act, though locally, there are now about 2,000 Bull trout in the stream, almost ten times as many as the low point for Bull trout abundance at just 200 fish. The project now works with the state government to expand Bull trout distributions from Sun Creek into neighboring forests with fish barriers and removal of invasive fish species. 5135: 8191: 789:(rich in silicon dioxide), explosive eruptions occurred, including a significant event at Pumice Castle on the eastern wall of Mazama. This formed welded deposits near the vent, also forming non-welded deposits to the south and on the northern part of Mazama. Between 40,000 years ago and Mazama's major eruption, no andesitic or dacitic volcanism took place. However, rhyodacitic magma was erupted at Grouse Hill, Steel Bay, and Redcloud Cliff in the form of pumice and lava flows made of 1647:

went to see the lake after hearing of their observations. Sergeant Orsen Stearns climbed down into the caldera, followed shortly after by Captain F. B. Sprague, who thought they should name the lake "Lake Majesty". Newspaper editor Jim Sutton and a group of people visited Crater Lake in August 1869, using a boat to reach Wizard Island and publishing an article about their experience in the Jacksonville newspaper. Sutton suggested the new name of "Crater Lake".

366:, becoming active intermittently until its climactic eruption 7,700 years ago. This eruption, the largest known within the Cascade Volcanic Arc in a million years, destroyed Mazama's summit, reducing its approximate 12,000-foot (3,700 m) height by about 1 mile (1,600 m). Much of the edifice fell into the volcano's partially emptied neck and magma chamber, creating a caldera. The region's volcanic activity results from the subduction of the offshore 7927: 7565: 8203: 956:, the rest made up of crystalline andesite scoria and mafic crystals. The total eruptive volume adds up to 42 cubic miles (176 km) of pumice, ignimbrite, and tephra. The eruption released aerosols that lowered temperatures globally in the Northern Hemisphere, with estimates of 1.1 to 1.3 °F (0.6 to 0.7 °C) for one to three years after the eruption. The temperature changes were possibly greater than the effects of the 952:

completely destroyed, replaced by a depression with a depth of 4,000 feet (1,200 m) surrounded by cliffs. The volume of magma erupted from Mazama during this eruption was 14 cubic miles (61 km). The lava produced was zoned vertically according to arrangement within the source magma chamber, and was calc-alkaline in composition. It consisted of roughly 90 percent uniform rhyodacitic pumice, which contained about 10 percent

928:

that moved down the northern side of the volcano, coursing west–east from Llao Rock to Redcloud Cliff. The first of these pyroclastic flows were deposited at superheated temperatures, welding fragments and creating the Wineglass welded tuff, which consists of big blocks of orange-brown and gray rock. These emplacements can only be observed on the northern slopes; they are absent from the southern slopes of the volcano.

533:. Because of climate change patterns over time, Crater Lake's surface level has changed, dropping as much as 40 feet (12 m) for example at the beginning of the 20th century. The water from precipitation nearly equals water lost to evaporation and drainage, most leakage taking place at the Wineglass deposit at the northern side of the crater, without which the lake would likely have overflowed at the northern side. 1594:, trying to defend the people against Llao's fury. As the earth shook and volcanic rock fell from the sky, two holy men sacrificed themselves to Mount Mazama's crater, and Skell was able to force Llao back into the volcano, which then collapsed on top of him; other accounts tell that Skell smashed the peak on top of Llao. Torrential rain followed, filling in the hole left by Mazama's collapse to form Crater Lake. 1106:, but these only occur every 3,000 to 10,000 years; they could generate tall waves by creating landslides. Though local earthquakes from volcanic activity would create motion in the lake, they would likely only reach maximum magnitudes of 5.0 on the Richter scale. Crater Lake is poorly monitored, and not highly active seismically among the Cascade volcanoes. The largest earthquake threat originates from the 1725:, which runs 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east from the Crater Lake Lodge, offers views from 1,900 feet (580 m) above the lake's surface, with Mount Shasta visible 125 miles (201 km) southward. Another trail runs for 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from Rim Drive's eastern edge to Mount Scott, which offers views of central and southern Oregon such as the Three Sisters 80 miles (130 km) north of Mazama and 1144:

depth of 2,844 feet (867 m) to the south of the same boundary and to the east of Annie Creek. The maximum temperature they have observed at the southern well is 104 °F (40 °C), while the maximum temperature was 266 °F (130 °C) at the eastern well. The convective heat discharge in Crater Lake marks the third largest in the Cascades, after the Austin Hot Springs and at

812:

Peak was the youngest composite cone in the Mazama eruptive center, forming about 70,000 years ago. It lies on the southwestern side of the caldera, and it represents the highest point on the Mazama rim, rising 2,000 feet (610 m) above Crater Lake. The cone was cut down the middle during Mazama's collapse post-eruption, creating a cross-section of its interior composition.

1098:. Future eruptions would likely take place near the western side of the complex and within the caldera rim; they could occur underwater. The ejection of lava rich in gas from shallow water could produce huge ash columns, but submarine eruptions at deeper depths may decrease the explosiveness of the event. Nonetheless, the rapid mixing of water and lava could produce dangerous 1119:

potentially be dangerous, as the ejection of ballistic blocks or tall waves could threaten people standing near the lake, traveling at speeds from 330 to 820 feet per second (100 to 250 m/s). Landslides could threaten visitors to the national park or researchers by creating tsunami-sized waves, also potentially damaging infrastructure surrounding the lake.

683:, at a height of 8,934 feet (2,723 m), marks the oldest visible remnant of this original cluster. Scott was the first of the composite volcanoes that created the Mazama complex, formed by a quick and active cone-building phase and becoming inactive long before the most recent eruption at Mazama. With time, eruptive activity moved to the west, creating the 1068:. Studies of Glacier Peak Ash deposits suggest that they are older than Mazama Ash, at about 12,000 years old. Glacier Peak Ash has not been found in deposits less than 10,000 years old, and nearly all human artifacts have been found above its deposits, except for a site at Birch Creek where non-diagnostic artifacts were discovered beneath Glacier Peak Ash. 888:. Other scientists have determined ages of 6,730 ± 40 years ago or roughly 7,470–7,620 calendar years ago, as well as 7,627 ± 150 calendar years ago. Fallout from the eruption continued for roughly three years, though the major eruption only occurred for a few days. The eruption is thought to have occurred during autumn, as inferred from pollen data. 1631:, Skeeters led a team with ten other Oregonians to find the mine. On June 12, they reached Crater Lake, which Skeeters noted had the bluest water he had ever seen, suggesting they name it "Deep Blue Lake." The trip failed to procure gold before running low on provisions. With the absence of gold in that region, their discovery was quickly forgotten. 838:, the shield volcanoes erupted incandescent lava bombs and were deposited on the southern, western, and eastern flanks of the complex. They have average thicknesses of 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 m). Roughly 215,000 years ago, another flank vent erupted dacitic lava that coursed to the west for at least 6.2 miles (10 km), with volcanic 1560: 843:

be observed in the caldera wall's northern side. The Mazama complex was inactive between 100,000 and 75,000 years ago. About 75,000 years ago, the volcano erupted effusive lava flows of andesite that formed 980-foot (300 m) thick deposits below Hillman Peak that extended at least 4.3 miles (7 km) from the caldera rim.

924:. Ashfall layers have been eroded by pyroclastic flows and with time, but they are still visible at Hillman Peak and along the Cleetwood Trail. The Plinian column from the eruption devastated the area hundreds of miles north and northeast of Mazama, but to the southwest and west, little pumice or ash were deposited. 1729:, also to the north. The Cleetwood trail leads for 1 mile (1.6 km) down the northern flank of the caldera rim, eventually reaching Cleetwood Cove where boat trips run from late June or early July throughout the summer season to Wizard Island. Wizard Island can be climbed, offering views of Crater Lake. 464:. It receives about 500,000 visitors each year, and these tourists can go hiking, take bike, ranger-guided, and trolley tours, swim, fish, camp, and participate in other recreational activities. While the park area remains open throughout the year, certain roads and facilities close in the winter season. 1678:

A few decades after its discovery, Mazama began attracting geological interest. After conducting research at Mazama during the 1880s, in 1902, Joseph S. Diller published a major report with the United States Geological Survey concerning Crater Lake National Park. In the study, he and co-author Horace

1611:

During the 19th century, one Klamath leader named Lalek predicted scientific discoveries that described Mount Mazama's destruction, claiming that it had collapsed as a result of a particularly violent eruption. Geologists had not discovered this mechanism for caldera formation yet, but the hypothesis

1597:

Native American people have lived in the area near Mazama for at least 10,000 years. At least part of the surrounding vicinity was occupied by indigenous populations when Mazama resumed activity about 8,000 years ago, following about 20,000 years of dormancy. Most evidence suggests that Mazama served

1164:

Crater Lake National Park and the area surrounding Mount Mazama range in elevation from 4,000 to 8,929 feet (1,219 to 2,722 m), providing diverse habitats. In the Cascades, the topography and elevation have influenced local climate patterns, also shaping global climate when volcanic gas and dust

947:

Mazama's eruptive activity drew from deeper layers of the magma chamber that fed its climactic eruption, with denser layers of andesite and basaltic andesite lying beneath lighter layers of rhyodacite. The last of the pyroclastic flows erupted contained andesitic, gray scoria that was deposited above

833:

Mazama formed as a group of overlapping volcanic edifices, which included shield volcanoes and small composite cones. Cone-building eruptions took place within short periods of time. Shield volcanoes fed Mazama's expansion with basaltic andesite lava flows that covered large expanses on the slopes of

829:

The Mazama vicinity formed gradually, its earliest deposits consisting of dacite from up to 1.28 million years ago. Between 725,000 and 500,000 years ago, rhyodacite was erupted, eventually forming a lava dome field with a volume of 4.8 cubic miles (20 km) and dimensions of 9.9 by 14.9 miles (16

803:

cones at Mazama include Wizard Island, Bald Crater, Maklaks Crater (also known as Diller Cone) and Forgotten Cone. In addition to its crater, referred to as Williams Crater or the Forgotten Crater, Mazama's various volcanic vents occur at Cleetwood, Llao Rock, and Redcloud, which are at elevations of

721:

complex in Oregon. Before the eruption, it had been significantly altered by glacial erosion, which carved U-shaped valleys on its southern and southeastern slopes. The northern and western sides of the caldera do not show prominent evidence of glacial erosion, since they feature lava flows that only

380:

have inhabited the area around Mazama and Crater Lake for at least 10,000 years and the volcano plays an important role in local folklore. European-American settlers first reached the region in the mid-19th century. Since the late 19th century, the area has been extensively studied by scientists

1720:

on the east, on the southwest by Highway 62, and on the northwest by Highway 138. Crater Lake and the remnants of Mount Mazama can be seen from Rim Drive, a 33-mile (53 km) road that surrounds the caldera, which is the only part within the Crater Lake National Park where vehicles are permitted.

1533:

were present in many streams and rivers throughout the National Park area, particularly the Sun Creek and lower Annie Creek areas. Locals began stocking streams with non-native trout populations, forcing Brook trout to compete for resources and leading to their local extinction in Annie Creek, along

943:

in their paths, while others deposited their rock into river valleys to the north and west of Mazama, leaving layers of pumice between 20 and 30 feet (6.1 and 9.1 m) in thickness. Ash clouds also rose up from the pyroclastic flows. Pyroclastic flows also moved to the east, reaching more than 25

927:

The eruption's character changed dramatically as the column of pumice and ash collapsed. The exact cause is not well understood; it may have been the result of the enormous weight of the tephra or the expansion of the eruptive vent. The sudden deposition of so much pumice generated pyroclastic flows

738:

as their major phenocryst, though augite and hypersthene are also present, the latter more abundant. Olivine form minor phenocrysts, which are found throughout lava flows from Mazama, and hornblende can be found in some andesite lava flows. Basalt and mafic andesite lava flows from Mazama and nearby

711:

in Washington state, and concluded that Mazama stood at 12,000 feet (3,700 m) pre-collapse, which has been accepted as the standard estimate by geologists. By the Holocene, the Mazama volcano was made up of several, clustered peaks with Mount Scott on the eastern end and Hillman Peak on the far

1732:

Because Mount Mazama lies within a national park area, collecting rocks within the vicinity is prohibited unless a permit is obtained. The park's facilities lie at Rim Village, at the southern edge of the caldera. Lodging and camping facilities open during the summer season between May and October.

1550:

infestations have become more frequent among Whitebark pines on the rim of Crater Lake and present on nearby peaks. The National Park Service estimates that roughly half of the whitebark pines in Crater Lake National Park have died or are dying. Because the ecosystem in Crater Lake is isolated from

1093:

Mazama was last active about 4,800 years ago, when an eruption took place near Wizard Island's eastern base. This eruption took place underwater, and it produced viscous lava that created a rhyodacite lava dome, about 2,400 years after the first period of postcaldera activity. Given that Mazama has

983:

about 600,000 years ago could be up to 326.7 km, which would make it over twice the size of the Mazama ash. Mazama's climactic eruption was one of the largest eruptions during the Holocene epoch. Considering Mazama's eruptive output within the past 420,000 years, it may have produced more than

854:

Throughout its eruptive history, Mazama has produced basaltic andesite, andesite, and dacite lava. About 40,000 years ago, it underwent a dramatic shift to solely rhyodacite lava, which was highly viscous and had a silica content at about 70 percent. Between 30,000 and 25,000 years ago, rhyodacitic

846:

Many of the major cone-creating eruptions at Mazama were effusive rather than violently explosive, but explosive eruptions about 70,000 years ago yielded silicic lava that created thick pyroclastic deposits. These deposits include Pumice Castle, an orange edifice at the eastern wall of the caldera,

842:

that trend toward the vent still present in the Mazama caldera wall. The complex remained inactive for about 40,000 years before it resumed activity, erupting andesitic lava from another flank vent, building a large shield volcano from 170,000 to 120,000 years ago. Other andesitic lava deposits can

815:

Shield volcanoes that contributed to Mazama's growth only erupted for several hundred to several thousand years. They erupted rapidly, spraying fluid lava that included lava bombs and incandescent fragments. Llao shield on the northwestern side of the Mazama complex shows a representative structure

811:

in the vicinity of the caldera. At about 420,000 years old, Mount Scott has a conical shape, but has been extensively altered by Pleistocene glacial erosion, which carved a large cirque on its western flank and smaller ones on its eastern and northeastern sides. Scott lacks a summit crater. Hillman

772:

Moving from west to northwest, Mazama stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes grow progressively younger. The oldest, at 400,000 years old, occur at Phantom Ship and Mount Scott, while the youngest can be found at the Hillman Peak stratovolcano, dated to 70,000 years old. There are also andesite flows

484:

formation on the mountain as Mazama developed. They carved trenches in the flanks of the volcano in addition to U-shaped valleys under the base of the volcanic cone. These can be seen at three large glacial canyons on its southern slopes: Kerr Notch, Munson Valley, and Sun Notch. Whenever eruptions

1602:

sandals have been discovered to the east of the mountain. These populations faced an increasingly dry climate and the hazards associated with volcanic activity. In civilizations south of Mazama, stories about the volcano's eruption have been transmitted for many generations. Native populations did

1084:

Since the climactic eruption 7,700 years ago, all eruptive activity at Mazama has occurred within the caldera. After the caldera formed, the original crater was widened by avalanches from the walls. These gave a scalloped profile to the caldera, such as the coves at Llao Bay, Steel Bay, and Grotto

859:

and lava flows from Grouse Hill, Steel Bay, and Redcloud Cliff. At Redcloud Cliff, a lava flow formed with glassy columns that touched glaciers, creating a large, inverted stone triangle on the eastern rim of Mazama. These same eruptions formed a nearly vertical-walled crater, producing pumice and

1646:

was established in 1863, 7 miles (11 km) to the southeast of the current boundaries of the National Park area. A wagon road was built to the Fort from the Rogue River Valley as a result. On August 1, 1865, the lake was encountered by hunters on the road, and a party of soldiers and civilians

951:

Before collapse due to eruption of magma emptying the underlying magma chamber, the Mazama edifice had an estimated volume of 27 cubic miles (112 km), though it may have exceeded 31 cubic miles (130 km) taking glacial erosion into account. After the climactic eruption, Mazama's peak was

899:

and ejecting over half the eruption’s total magma. The second stage erupted material from a ring of vents. Ash extended to eight states in the west and three Canadian provinces. As a result, Mazama Ash has become a commonly used benchmark for measuring the relative age of objects, compared to its

716:

like the Watchman lava flow were also present, and the mountain may or may not have sustained glaciers close to the summit. At the time of its collapse, Mount Mazama encompassed an area of 150 square miles (400 km) and represented one of the major volcanoes in the High Cascades branch of the

655:

Mazama and Crater Lake form part of the Mazama reach (section) of the Oregon Cascades, which stretches for 25 miles (40 km) from Timber Crater to the Big Bunchgrass shield volcano. This includes 175 Quaternary volcanic vents within a belt that ranges from 16 to 19 miles (25 to 30 km) in

1143:

that formed silica spires with heights up to 33 feet (10 m). As a result, the California Energy Company drilled two geothermal exploration wells: the MZI-11A with a depth of 4,669 feet (1,423 m) to the east of the national park barrier at the Scott Creek Drainage, and the MZII-1 with a

1089:

detectable on the caldera wall, occurred long after the formation of the crater. Located on the southern side, it contains lava blocks between 850 and 1,400 feet (260 and 430 m) in length, many of which now reside underwater on the floor of Crater Lake. As the crater filled with landslides,

1674:

of the United States Geological Survey. The conservation movement in the United States was gaining traction, so Steel's efforts to preserve the Mazama area were achieved on two scales, first with the creation of the local Cascade Range Forest Reserve in 1893, and then on May 22, 1902, with the

733:

Though it now has dimensions of 5.0 by 6.2 miles (8 by 10 km) and a width of 5.0 to 6.2 miles (8 to 10 km), scientists think the original collapse diameter was 3.1 miles (5 km). It now includes several small lava domes and cinder cones, including Wizard Island and the underwater

1118:

in Cameroon in 1986, is unlikely as a result of the natural mixing of deep and surface water within the lake. There is no known mechanism by which Crater Lake's water could be catastrophically drained or by which the caldera walls would fail suddenly. Minor hydrothermal explosions could still

1113:

Though the population within 6.2 miles (10 km) of Mount Mazama is only about 50 people, more than 270,000 live within 62 miles (100 km) of the volcano. Even so, highly consequential eruptions at Mazama seem unlikely in the near future. Large, pyroclastic eruptions like the climactic

777:

mafic andesite, which form sheets about 16-foot (5 m) thick, as well as more deposits from more viscous andesite and dacite magma that reach thicknesses up to 98 feet (30 m). Many of these deposits (both dacitic and andesitic) contain undercooled, crystal-poor segments of andesite,

1545:

Climate change threatens the American pika populations in the Crater Lake area, as they cannot tolerate warm weather because their fur does not release heat efficiently. Climate change might be diminishing their food supply via disturbances of vegetation growth patterns. At least three pika

660:, Mazama is the second largest Quaternary volcanic edifice in Oregon, and the most voluminous, with an overall volume of 29 cubic miles (120 km). Mazama is the newest of the Quaternary calderas in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, which also include the Newberry calderas and the caldera at the 351:). Mount Mazama originally had an elevation of 12,000 feet (3,700 m), but following its climactic eruption this was reduced to 8,157 feet (2,486 m). Crater Lake is 1,943 feet (592 m) deep, the deepest freshwater body in the U.S. and the second deepest in North America after 863:

Between 100 and 200 years before the climactic eruption, Llao Rock, a 1,200-foot (370 m) thick block of dark lava with a volume of 0.25 cubic miles (1.0 km), was produced from a rhyodacite flow erupted from Mazama. It has a round center and extensions on the sides, resembling a

691:

from neighboring shield volcanoes also built up Mazama, producing basaltic andesite lava flows that ranged from 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 m) on average in thickness. These flows, present on the southern, western, and eastern walls of Mazama's caldera, also contained

500:

visible at several sites in the area. When the climactic eruption occurred, the climate was warm and dry, and the most recent period of glacial advance ceased about 27,000 years ago, so by the time Mazama collapsed, ice was likely only present at higher elevations. Using

1094:

had periods of sporadic eruptions for 420,000 years, the United States Geological Survey thinks that it is "virtually certain" that Mazama will erupt again in the future. Mazama is considered dormant, but it remains monitored by the United States Geological Survey

900:

orange colored deposits. Pumice deposits reached depths of 20 feet (6.1 m) adjacent to Mazama's base, still reaching thicknesses more than 1 foot (0.30 m) as far as 70 miles (110 km) to the northeast. The ejecta featured blocks of medium-grain

768:

lava domes and lava flows between 700,000 and 600,000 years old, which encompasses an area of more than 140 square miles (350 km). This large field is underlain by rhyodacite in its southeastern segment, and is cut by north–south trending normal faults.

978:

The United States Geological Survey has referred to the 7,700 years ago Mazama eruption as the largest explosive eruption within the Cascades in the past million years, however recent studies say that the volume of the Rockland ash, which erupted from the

1191:

tend to cause decreasing damage with increasing distance from the source, but volcanic eruptions can lead to more uniform patterns of disruption for their surrounding landscapes. The immediate surroundings of Mazama continue to recover from the eruption.

860:

creating a dome over the Redcloud vent. Grouse Hill's lava flow deposit and lava dome formed at about the same time, about 27,000 years ago. At the end of this eruptive sequence, rhyodacite lava domes formed on the northeastern slopes of the volcano.

627:

lava flows from 600,000 to 700,000 years old underlying Mazama deposits to the south, southeast, east, and northeast. It is a major Cascade volcano, and is at the intersection of the Cascade Range and Klamath graben, the north–northwest trending

505:

and paleoclimatic records, scientists have identified that the Sand Creek, Sun Creek, and Annie Creek canyons were carved by the advance of ice over lava flows, pushing debris towards Klamath Marsh and Klamath Graben or nearby rivers. A glacial

797:, or chemically evolved, rhyodacite. During this period of the late Pleistocene or early Holocene, lava domes such as those at Sharp Peak, Grouse Hill, and Merriam Point formed, sharing chemical compositions, with silica contents at about 70%. 763:

andesite. Varying in age from 600,000 to 40,000 years old, these edifices closely resemble other monogenetic volcanoes in the High Cascades. Extending from the eastern half of Mazama and to the southeast lies a volcanic field consisting of

437:

in Canada. Before its caldera-forming eruption, Mazama stood at an elevation between 10,800 and 12,100 feet (3,300 and 3,700 m), placing it about 1 mile (1.6 km) above the lake; this would have made it Oregon's highest peak. The

599:

deposits at Red Cone from 35,000 years ago; together, the two faults move at an average rate of 0.012 inches (0.3 mm) each year. There do not appear to be faults present in the Crater Lake caldera wall, but the volcano induced a

536:

Average snowfall in the Crater Lake area has been decreasing since the 1930s. Crater Lake's mean surface water temperatures have increased about 5 °F (3 °C) since the 1960s. Though this may eventually cause

1691:

and andesite lava flow deposits. During the 1980s, Charles Bacon and other United States Geological Survey geologists expanded on Williams's work, determining more specific details about its caldera formation.

739:

eruptive vents have relatively higher amounts of olivine and lack hypersthene, and the mafic andesite deposits display textures that indicate they underwent greater mixing than andesite and dacite deposits.

1607:

did not allow local Native Americans to look towards Crater Lake, and the Klamath people believed that just looking at Mazama would cause death. Some Native Americans still refuse to look at the water.

1033:

Like the Glacier Peak Ash deposits, Mazama Ash is well preserved in the Pacific Northwest. It is distinguishable from the lump pumice deposits ejected from the Glacier Peak volcano, which contain more

1666:

geologist Joseph S. Diller the idea for Mazama's name to help promote national park status for the vicinity by using his organization as the inspiration for the mountain's name. Crater Lake is called

730:

epoch and low elevation landforms including Pleistocene lava domes and cinder cones. Mount Scott has also been heavily eroded by ice, and the Union Peak volcano now consists only of a pyramidal horn.

1797: 433:

sits partly inside the volcano's caldera, with a depth of 1,943 feet (592 m); it is the deepest body of freshwater in the United States and the second deepest in North America after

4957:

Suzuki-Kamata, K.; Kamata, H.; Bacon, C. R. (August 1993). "Evolution of the caldera-forming eruption at Crater Lake, Oregon, indicated by component analysis of lithic fragments".

1030:

layer from the late Quaternary in the United States and southwestern Canada, extending to eight states to the west and three Canadian provinces. It forms orange colored deposits.

1619:

The last major volcanic landform in the Cascade Range identified by white settlers, Mazama was first visited by non-indigenous people in the spring of 1853. Eleven miners from

1551:

the regional area, it holds particular interest from ecologists, so the United States National Park Service closely monitors human and natural changes to the lake environment.

1822: 1135:. These features probably formed due to processes related to residual heat from the magma chamber that produced the climactic Mazama eruption 7,700 years ago. The lake shows 456:

Crater Lake National Park covers an area of 250 square miles (650 km), including forest areas, alpine terrain, the Crater Lake, and the vast majority of Mount Mazama. A

2122: 2063: 696:. Viscous eruptions of andesitic lava that reached thicknesses of several hundred feet further built up Mazama's cones, creating a solid, dense interior rich with angular 984:

43 cubic miles (180 km) of eruptive volume, making it either the third or fourth most productive Quaternary volcanic center in the Cascade Range. The eruption had a

595:

faults such as the Annie Spring fault within the West Klamath Lake fault zone, which might produce damaging earthquakes. Likewise, the Red Cone Spring fault cuts through

1410:

Bull trout in the Crater Lake National park area saw a significant decline during the early 20th century, but conservation programs have expanded their distribution

1679:

B. Patton made the claim that Mazama had collapsed instead of being blown apart, the first American geologists to do so. Their work was followed by research led by

8146: 7814: 851:

that coursed down the southern slope of the volcano, forming deposits up to Devil's Backbone, a craggy volcanic dike that was exhumed when the volcano collapsed.

679:

The Mazama volcanic complex originally formed as a cluster of overlapping edifices. Made up of shield volcanoes and small stratocones, it had an irregular shape.

8156: 7824: 91: 4879:

Nichols, M. L.; Malone, S. D.; Moran, S. C.; Thelen, W. A.; Vidale, J. E. (March 2011). "Deep long-period earthquakes beneath Washington and Oregon volcanoes".

1014:

serves as a common geological marker. Mazama Ash had a minimum fallout area of 350,000 square miles (900,000 km), while ash from northwestern Washington's

895:, a vent at a higher elevation on the northern side of the Mazama complex (but still below the summit) produced a 30-mile (48 km) high ash column into the 2989: 2952: 1892: 1877: 1882: 1857: 1887: 830:

by 24 km). This featured up to 40 rhyodacitic domes and lava flows, produced between 470,000 and 410,000 years ago before stratocone formation began.

1534:

with a significant decline in Sun Creek by the end of the 1980s. By 1992, Crater Lake National Park initiated a bull trout conservation project, removing

4509:

Overview for Geologic Field-Trip Guides to Mount Mazama, Crater Lake Caldera, and Newberry Volcano, Oregon: Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5022–J

3362:"Use of principal component analysis for identification of Rockland and Trego Hot Springs tephras in the Hat Creek Graben, northeastern California, USA" 1114:

eruption are unlikely for thousands of years. Similarly, the release of lethal gases like carbon dioxide from Crater Lake, similar to the eruption from

1056:

With an age between 6,000 and 7,000 years, Mazama Ash corresponds to the estimated time for Mazama's climactic eruption 6,600 years ago, identified by

5030:

Zdanowicz, C. M.; Zielinski, G. A.; Germani, M. S. (July 1, 1999). "Mount Mazama eruption: Calendrical age verified and atmospheric impact assessed".

712:

west side. The volcanoes likely rose in elevation from east to west, and they also featured volcanic cones and lava domes on their southern flanks.

3007: 2990:"The Mount Mazama climactic eruption (6900 BP) and resulting convulsive sedimentation on the continent, ocean basin, and Crater Lake caldera floor" 2970: 2953:"The Mount Mazama climactic eruption (6900 BP) and resulting convulsive sedimentation on the continent, ocean basin, and Crater Lake caldera floor" 1827: 636:

lies to the east. Mazama lies within the broad segment of the Cascades arc, where smaller volcanoes are common because of melting patterns of the

7483: 3011: 2974: 2642: 1872: 1867: 1842: 4391:

Bacon, C. R. (February 1990). "Calc-alkaline, Shoshonitic, and Primitive Tholeiitic Lavas from Monogenetic Volcanoes near Crater Lake, Oregon".

8283: 7857: 4881: 1897: 1787: 931:

Mazama was covered with incandescent pumice. The extreme weight of eruptive material began to push down on the volcano's summit, similar to a

648:-produced or melted fluids that mixed with another magma chamber in the mantle. These magmas vary from 47.6 percent to 73.2 percent 5785: 1902: 1817: 1812: 1662:

in 1894. The word comes from a Native American word meaning "mountain goat", derived from an Aztec term to refer to "small deer". Steel gave

4532:

Bacon, C. R.; Druitt, T. H. (1988). "Compositional evolution of the zoned calcalkaline magma chamber of Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon".

4104: 4057: 1627:, owned by Isaac Skeeters, boasting that they knew where to find a gold mine called "Lost Cabin." Financed by a successful gold miner named 8273: 8268: 8258: 5379: 4633:

Druitt, T. H.; Bacon, C. R. (1988). "Compositional zonation and cumulus processes in the Mount Mazama magma chamber, Crater Lake, Oregon".

3232:"Sources of uncertainty in the Mazama isopachs and the implications for interpreting distal tephra deposits from large magnitude eruptions" 1862: 1002:

In the western United States and Canada, volcanic ash often forms distinct layers among recent geological deposits, which can be used for

492:

deposits. Sometimes, the lava coursed into areas previously carved by glaciers like at Sentinel Rock, filling canyons with volcanic rock.

5081: 1060:

of wood charred by ashflows. Some of the Glacier Peak ash has been found in strata beneath Mazama Ash in Washington state and in eastern

525:

Crater Lake formed from a network of lakes and ponds, eventually reaching a depth of 1,949 feet (594 m). Lake levels rose while the

7961: 4823: 4625: 1807: 891:

The eruptive activity that led to Mazama's collapse proceeded in two phases. During the first phase, shortly after the eruption of the

668:, and small shield volcanoes, which have produced lava ranging from low-potassium, high-alumina olivine tholeiite to medium-potassium 7368: 6584: 5712: 5662: 5440: 4534: 1148:. Scientists from the United States Geological Survey think that sources for geothermal energy use exist at Mazama and Crater Lake. 773:

at the northern rim of Mazama dated to between 50,000 and 40,000 years old. Shield volcanoes near Mazama feature lava flows made of

8293: 6715: 4864:

Temperatures of springs in the vicinity of Crater Lake, Oregon, in relation to air and ground temperatures: Open-File Report 90-671

2042: 1127:

Studies of heat flow and the water chemistry in Crater Lake and the alteration of rocks older than 120,000 years ago suggest that

960:. Mazama's climactic eruption produced stratospheric mass loadings of 97,000,000 to 247,000,000 short tons (88 to 224 Mt) of 6665: 5591: 3187: 2108: 7126: 7121: 7101: 7051: 6927: 6922: 6904: 6801: 6796: 6640: 6541: 5420: 884:

Mazama's climactic eruption has been dated to about 6,845 ± 50 years ago via radiocarbon dating, or about 7,700 years ago via

7549: 7284: 7011: 1579: 377: 8113: 8098: 7373: 7317: 6164: 5551: 2646: 2401: 1762: 1603:

not tell settlers about the area because it held sacred importance among tribes throughout Oregon and northern California.

680: 159: 64: 1737:, or camping areas remain open from October through late May. Popular activities within Crater Lake National Park include 7476: 2033: 1642:

in which he wrote that he had named the depression Blue Lake for its color, the first published description of the lake.

980: 4744: 4592:

Geologic Field-Trip Guide to Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Oregon: Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5022-J1

1053:, and less silica and lime than eruptive products from Glacier Peak, and it forms finer deposits than Glacier Peak Ash. 8298: 8253: 7850: 6635: 5020: 4997: 4797: 4774: 1684: 1538:

fish populations with electrofishing, snorkeling, and introduction of the toxin and inhibitor of cellular respiration

751:

in the Mazama complex. Mazama is surrounded by monogenetic cinder cones, lava fields, and shield volcanoes made up of

8141: 7809: 5778: 4789: 4299: 4910:

Powers, H. A.; Wilcox, R. E. (June 12, 1964). "Volcanic Ash from Mount Mazama (Crater Lake) and from Glacier Peak".

59: 7941: 7579: 5349: 4328: 4270: 4241: 1722: 1131:

areas exist in the Mazama vicinity. Most springs show similar chemistry, from the weathering of volcanic glass and

726:

epoch glacial motion. Outside of the caldera, most hills show evidence of glacial alteration except those from the

76: 7433: 5074: 4959: 4871: 4849: 4727: 4599: 4581: 4516: 4469:

Bacon, C. R. (1992). "Partially melted granodiorite and related rocks ejected from Crater Lake caldera, Oregon".

4432: 4357: 4135: 4108: 4065: 3830: 3798: 3766: 3641: 3637: 3561: 3557: 3451: 3419: 3415: 2543: 2311: 2301: 2038: 1663: 371: 211: 5051: 7584: 7469: 7231: 6473: 5611: 3820: 3788: 3756: 2306: 957: 4720:

Field-Trip Guide to a Volcanic Transect of the Pacific Northwest: Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5022-M

2028: 8238: 7843: 7438: 5667: 5369: 2638: 1546:

populations in Oregon have disappeared within the past few decades. Likewise, as a result of climate change,

1145: 1018:

volcano, known as Glacier Peak Ash, encompassed an area of more than 100,000 square miles (260,000 km).

550: 518:

sediments occur in the caldera walls, forming particularly thick deposits under Roundtop and Wineglass. Many

8233: 7450: 7116: 6983: 6778: 6279: 6274: 6182: 6067: 6057: 6049: 5865: 5771: 5425: 3825: 3793: 3761: 1915: 1110:, which could produce earthquakes with a magnitude of 8 or 9 that could lead to huge waves in Crater Lake. 1095: 1076: 971:

of 102,400,000 short tons (92.9 Mt) during its eruption. Aerosol from the eruption traveled as far as

703:

Research by Howel Williams superimposed the Crater Lake caldera on other Cascade stratovolcanoes including

84: 3983: 778:

including at Mount Scott and Phantom Cone. Lava and ice interactions are suggested by exposures of glassy

8243: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7169: 7159: 7154: 6735: 6483: 6380: 5682: 5224: 3954: 260: 4440:

Bacon, C. R. (1983). "Eruptive history of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Cascade Range, U.S.A.".

2539: 1080:

Postcaldera activity has included the production of the Wizard Island cinder cone volcano in Crater Lake

8278: 8263: 8228: 8169: 7966: 7519: 6879: 6768: 6513: 5470: 5389: 5067: 5012: 1376: 1007: 985: 752: 669: 3361: 3230:

Buckland, Hannah M.; Cashman, Katharine V.; Engwell, Samantha L.; Rust, Alison C. (February 6, 2020).

1178: 1160:

Hairy woodpeckers are one of many common bird species in the Mazama and Crater Lake National Park area

717:

greater Cascade Range. It was the largest volcanic edifice between Mount Shasta in California and the

8288: 8078: 7524: 7504: 7425: 7277: 6854: 6264: 6248: 6193: 6174: 5975: 5916: 5911: 5898: 5601: 5289: 5194: 3266: 2183: 541:

to grow and obscure the water, Crater Lake remains one of the cleanest bodies of water in the world.

451: 4746:

Mount Mazama and Crater Lake : a study of the botanical and human responses to a geologic event

8248: 8048: 7946: 7378: 6950: 6589: 6579: 6140: 5460: 5319: 5109: 2082: 1997: 1312: 1128: 1107: 1026:

ash, estimated to have deposited over 13,000 years ago. Mazama Ash is the most widely distributed

633: 568: 439: 385:. Crater Lake and Mazama's remnants sustain diverse ecosystems, which are closely monitored by the 4112: 4069: 2173: 7539: 7409: 7016: 6670: 6625: 6198: 5435: 5329: 5204: 4842:

Mount Mazama and Crater Lake: Growth and Destruction of a Cascade Volcano: USGS Fact Sheet 092-02

4750: 3446: 2178: 2087: 2002: 1651: 1564: 1276: 1170: 592: 583:

that stretches from northern California to southern British Columbia. It sits within a region of

5134: 4028: 1195:

There are more than 50 mammal species in Crater Lake National Park. Opossum species such as the

8223: 8151: 7819: 7356: 7351: 6894: 6829: 6725: 6574: 6405: 6395: 6390: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6328: 6259: 6100: 6044: 5960: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5374: 5164: 3671: 1832: 1777: 1507: 1471: 1467: 1292: 1139:

that cycles every three years as thermal fluid moves into the lake through its floor, creating

988:

of 7, as determined from eruption cloud height, eruptive volume, and qualitative observations.

718: 656:

width, which has a high vent density with many shields and monogenetic volcanic centers. After

502: 418: 320: 224: 179: 139: 3893: 514:

occurs on Mazama's slopes, especially on the western slopes and at lower elevations. Till and

409:

are available; during the summer, campgrounds and lodges at Crater Lake are open to visitors.

8053: 7312: 7096: 6914: 6909: 6864: 6824: 6546: 6216: 6120: 5926: 5672: 5616: 5561: 5526: 5521: 4853: 4670:

Fryxwell, R. (March 12, 1965). "Mazama and Glacier Peak Volcanic Ash Layers: Relative Ages".

4364: 4335: 4306: 4277: 4248: 4035: 3987: 3961: 3900: 2630: 2408: 2211: 1709: 1515: 1451: 1443: 1368: 1308: 1300: 1216: 1188: 774: 661: 584: 461: 386: 374:

says eruptions on a smaller scale are likely, which would pose a threat to its surroundings.

4590: 664:. Quaternary monogenetic volcanism throughout Oregon's High Cascades includes cinder cones, 8195: 7956: 7926: 7902: 7564: 7270: 6967: 6889: 6650: 6087: 5847: 5430: 5264: 5104: 5039: 4968: 4921: 4890: 4681: 4642: 4543: 4478: 4449: 4423: 4402: 4393: 3373: 3243: 1742: 1624: 1547: 1483: 1280: 1208: 576: 406: 4507: 3666: 1612:

was recorded by the soldier William M. Colvig in 1865, and then reprinted in Ella Clark's

8: 7509: 7404: 7399: 7322: 7226: 7174: 7164: 7149: 6685: 6431: 6347: 5870: 5621: 5114: 4718: 1934:

Crater Lake is listed with depths of 1,943 feet (592 m) or 1,949 feet (594 m).

1852: 1628: 1332: 1224: 389:

because of their remoteness and ecological importance. Recreational activities including

5043: 4972: 4925: 4894: 4685: 4646: 4547: 4482: 4453: 4406: 3377: 3247: 1303:. The mammals of the National Park area also include various species of squirrel, mice, 7914: 7529: 7213: 7041: 6814: 6758: 6730: 6455: 5465: 5294: 5244: 5239: 4945: 4705: 4658: 4559: 4494: 3397: 3279: 1495: 1439: 1352: 1260: 1086: 1057: 688: 564: 71: 7835: 4840: 3360:

Pouget, Solène; Bursik, Marcus; Cortés, Joaquín A.; Hayward, Chris (January 1, 2014).

747:

Formed of a complex of stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes, there are about 35 known

8133: 8032: 7951: 7897: 7891: 7801: 7671: 7554: 7534: 7363: 7184: 7067: 6962: 6844: 6773: 6763: 6748: 6720: 6705: 6680: 6675: 6607: 6594: 6566: 6556: 6531: 6518: 6508: 6498: 6488: 6463: 5631: 5405: 5334: 5090: 5016: 4993: 4937: 4912: 4902: 4827: 4793: 4770: 4697: 4672: 4662: 4563: 4498: 4461: 3401: 3389: 3283: 3271: 3001: 2964: 1620: 1523: 1499: 1288: 1256: 1248: 1244: 1228: 1136: 1099: 848: 835: 596: 580: 497: 382: 308: 253: 4949: 4709: 8207: 8183: 8123: 8103: 8027: 7909: 7766: 7731: 7726: 7706: 7676: 7604: 7141: 7082: 6874: 6869: 6753: 6561: 6551: 6468: 6150: 6000: 5732: 5586: 5531: 5516: 5359: 5314: 5254: 5174: 5047: 4976: 4929: 4898: 4731: 4689: 4650: 4603: 4551: 4520: 4486: 4457: 4410: 3441: 3381: 3261: 3251: 1746: 1535: 1511: 1503: 1475: 1463: 1459: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1232: 1196: 1182: 885: 800: 657: 637: 629: 472: 434: 398: 352: 348: 296: 4933: 4693: 496:

occur up to 17 miles (27 km) from the rim of Mazama's caldera, and there are

8093: 8088: 7884: 7781: 7736: 7686: 7599: 7394: 7179: 7111: 7106: 6991: 6940: 6536: 6441: 6400: 6155: 5737: 5702: 5677: 5626: 5506: 5490: 5415: 5364: 5169: 5124: 4414: 1734: 1713: 1671: 1479: 1435: 1364: 1344: 1296: 1199:

can be found infrequently, while shrew and mole species in the park area include

1166: 1165:

have been released into the atmosphere. The southern region of the park supports

876: 649: 588: 529:

landform inside the crater was forming. Water interacted with lava flows to form

457: 367: 300: 237: 206: 4862: 4572: 3385: 1559: 1038: 8083: 8002: 7987: 7756: 7741: 7701: 7656: 7461: 7221: 7056: 7026: 6978: 6954: 6834: 6645: 6420: 6410: 6385: 6370: 6323: 6312: 6304: 6299: 6243: 6224: 6169: 6115: 6082: 6077: 6062: 6039: 6013: 6008: 5941: 5931: 5842: 5814: 5571: 5536: 5511: 5410: 5384: 5154: 3091: 2428: 2426: 2077: 1992: 1772: 1726: 1680: 1576: 1491: 1284: 909: 839: 808: 748: 713: 684: 486: 359: 241: 192: 30: 4654: 4618:

The Geology and Petrography of Crater Lake National Park, Professional Paper 3

4490: 4471:

Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

3256: 3231: 1169:

forests, and for elevations from 5,000 to 7,000 feet (1,500 to 2,100 m),

370:, and is influenced by local extensional faulting. Mazama is dormant, but the 8217: 8073: 8058: 8022: 7791: 7786: 7746: 7666: 7661: 7332: 7209: 7077: 7072: 7046: 6996: 6899: 6788: 6740: 6710: 6660: 6655: 6620: 6599: 6503: 6451: 6436: 6211: 6203: 6105: 5980: 5806: 5687: 5606: 5581: 5556: 5455: 5324: 5234: 5184: 5179: 3393: 3275: 1944: 1847: 1782: 1717: 1487: 1447: 1372: 1272: 1268: 1240: 1220: 1204: 1103: 961: 782:

in Mazama's caldera, as well as lava flows covering glaciated lava deposits.

708: 693: 526: 363: 332: 312: 229: 199: 106: 93: 2423: 697: 381:

for its geological phenomena and more recently for its potential sources of

8017: 8007: 7997: 7992: 7982: 7716: 7625: 7620: 7251: 7036: 7031: 7021: 6932: 6884: 6819: 6806: 6690: 6493: 6269: 5995: 5985: 5852: 5722: 5717: 5692: 5652: 5636: 5576: 5566: 5344: 5309: 5259: 5249: 5219: 5214: 5199: 5159: 5119: 4941: 4701: 4616: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3326: 3324: 2895: 2893: 1837: 1767: 1700: 1687:, which was published in 1942. In the paper, Williams mapped the volcano's 1643: 1638:

reached the Crater Lake area. Nye authored an article for the Jacksonville

1635: 1591: 1431: 1406: 1065: 1023: 1015: 1003: 901: 896: 865: 704: 644:

to magnesian basaltic andesite, these volcanoes show increased contents of

601: 275: 248: 4831: 4607: 4506:

Bacon, C. R.; Donnelly-Nolan, J. M.; Jensen, R. A.; Wright, H. M. (2017).

2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 485:

took place in the presence of ice, lava was chilled by glaciers, creating

8108: 7691: 7293: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7131: 6839: 6700: 6695: 6523: 6130: 6125: 6034: 5965: 5888: 5883: 5819: 5742: 5727: 5596: 5545: 5354: 5304: 5274: 5209: 5149: 4735: 4524: 1802: 1539: 1519: 1427: 1252: 1200: 1010:. Given the large distribution of the historic eruption of Mount Mazama, 735: 723: 572: 530: 430: 340: 36: 4138:. Pearson's Magazine (archived by A Place Called Oregon). Archived from 3336: 3321: 2890: 1156: 640:

within the region. Erupting magma that ranged from high-alumina olivine

358:

Mount Mazama formed as a group of overlapping volcanic edifices such as

8068: 7589: 7544: 7327: 7001: 6859: 6849: 6630: 6615: 6415: 6336: 6135: 5857: 5829: 5747: 5707: 5501: 5496: 5445: 5339: 5284: 4555: 3718: 2462: 1792: 1670:

in the Klamath language. Steel had helped map Crater Lake in 1886 with

1659: 1587: 1530: 1455: 1264: 1140: 1034: 1019: 1011: 997: 953: 936: 921: 790: 765: 760: 687:

and Garfield Peak cones on the southern flanks of the volcanic center.

673: 665: 645: 624: 608: 522:

that were glaciated have since been covered by more recent lava flows.

426: 422: 324: 35:

Mount Mazama collapsed into a caldera, which filled with water to form

5763: 4990:

Manitou and God: North-American Indian Religions and Christian Culture

4980: 4139: 555: 323:, in the southern Cascades, 60 miles (97 km) north of the Oregon– 8118: 7878: 7514: 7445: 7006: 6478: 5990: 5752: 5450: 5299: 5279: 5269: 2207: 1604: 1599: 1400: 1396: 1360: 1316: 1236: 1212: 1115: 1050: 1046: 972: 968: 756: 641: 519: 5059: 4058:"Volcanoes in Historical and Popular Culture: Legends and Mythology" 3023: 3021: 1403:

can also be found, though more frequently during the summer season.

8202: 8063: 7696: 7651: 7594: 5697: 5657: 5229: 5189: 4808: 4105:"Volcanoes in Historical and Popular Culture Legends and Mythology" 1704:

A panorama of Crater Lake during the winter season from Rim Village

1414:

Bird species in the Crater Lake National Park area include various

1328: 1132: 727: 620: 834:

the mountain. Forming lava fountains similar to those observed in

7776: 7761: 7711: 7681: 5794: 3018: 1738: 1655: 1568: 1336: 1324: 1042: 965: 913: 905: 786: 779: 515: 493: 481: 402: 394: 336: 316: 233: 7771: 7751: 7721: 5798: 4786:

Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes

4505: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3473: 3471: 3469: 2432: 1688: 1388: 1380: 1340: 1320: 1027: 940: 932: 917: 856: 794: 612: 507: 390: 304: 49: 7262: 4635:

Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences

4222: 3290: 2540:"Geology and History Summary for Mount Mazama and Crater Lake" 2136: 2134: 2132: 1279:

in the region, as well as many rodent species. Chipmunks like

7646: 4212: 4210: 3869: 2757: 1348: 1061: 616: 559:

Crater Lake and the Mazama vicinity, as seen from Mount Scott

538: 510:

can be seen on Mount Scott's northwestern flank, and glacial

489: 328: 4425:

Geologic Map of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Oregon

3857: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3504: 3466: 2988:

Nelson1, Carlson2, Bacon3, C. Hans1, Paul R.2, Charles R.3.

2951:

Nelson1, Carlson2, Bacon3, C. Hans1, Paul R.2, Charles R.3.

2910: 2908: 2880: 2878: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2343: 2341: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 1563:

The English name for the volcano, "Mount Mazama", came from

442:

currently lists its elevation at 8,157 feet (2,486 m).

5052:

10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0621:MMECAV>2.3.CO;2

4820:

Lexicon of Geologic Names of the U.S. For 1936–1960, Part 2

4813:. United States Geological Survey. Professional Paper 1744. 4810:

Quaternary Magmatism in the Cascades, Geologic Perspectives

3676: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3416:"Eruption History for Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera" 3191: 2481: 2129: 1583: 1384: 1356: 1304: 1231:. Bats frequently sighted within the park area include the 571:, which moves slowly in a northeastward direction with the 511: 4839:

Klimasauskas, E.; Bacon, C.; Alexander, J. (August 2002).

4838: 4207: 4166: 4154: 3229: 2517: 2475: 425:

of Oregon, 60 miles (97 km) north of the border with

5029: 3730: 3691: 3618: 3576: 3359: 3347: 3330: 3210: 3208: 3156: 3144: 3103: 3064: 2932: 2905: 2899: 2875: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2769: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2353: 2338: 2275: 1598:

as a camp site, but not a permanent place of habitation.

1392: 1295:

can be seen, along with various beaver species including

1174: 476:

Crater Lake, formed in the caldera from Mazama's collapse

4956: 4878: 4178: 3724: 3708: 3706: 3608: 3606: 3593: 3591: 3533: 3521: 3483: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3097: 3081: 3079: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 2853: 2851: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2711: 2709: 2696: 2694: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2611: 2570: 2558: 2450: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2246: 2244: 2231: 2229: 1582:

of the area believed that Mount Mazama was inhabited by

1526:

can frequently be seen during spring, summer, and fall.

1085:

Cove. The Chaski slide, for example, the most prominent

1071: 429:. It lies in the southern portion of the Cascade Range. 7865: 3920: 3918: 3188:"Climactic Eruption of Mount Mazama formed Crater Lake" 1634:

By 1862, a separate group of Oregon prospectors led by

1514:

are common during the spring and summer seasons, while

1181:

occur above 7,000 feet (2,100 m), often featuring

4197: 4195: 4193: 3845: 3205: 3052: 2582: 855:

eruptions occurred at the complex, yielding pumiceous

8167: 4358:"Crater Lake: cross-Country Ski and Snowshoe Rentals" 4084: 3703: 3603: 3588: 3302: 3168: 3127: 3115: 3076: 3033: 2987: 2950: 2863: 2848: 2788: 2721: 2706: 2691: 2660: 2599: 2372: 2326: 2256: 2241: 2226: 5009:

Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada

4574:

Geothermal Resources in the Crater Lake Area, Oregon

3930: 3915: 1650:

Mount Mazama received its English name in 1896 from

4190: 3949: 3947: 3945: 2920: 2745: 2505: 2493: 1708:Located 56 miles (90 km) north of the city of 131: 4764: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3027: 2733: 2438: 460:, it was dedicated in 1902 and is overseen by the 4765:Harris, A. G.; Tuttle, E.; Tuttle, S. D. (2004). 1498:that frequent the area in the summer season; and 8215: 7491: 3942: 3789:"Tephra Fall Hazards Around Crater Lake, Oregon" 935:. Eventually, the top of Mazama's magma chamber 4717:Geist, D.; Wolff, J.; Harpp, K. (August 2017). 4716: 4228: 3881: 3821:"Landslide and Rockfall Hazards at Crater Lake" 3757:"Hydrothermal Explosion Hazards at Crater Lake" 2643:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2140: 4882:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 4570: 4442:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3875: 3863: 3552: 3550: 3548: 2487: 1064:, 419 miles (675 km) to the southeast of 7851: 7477: 7278: 5779: 5075: 3180: 327:border. Its collapse, due to the eruption of 4909: 4614: 4172: 3515: 3477: 3006:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2969:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 880:An overall timeline for the Mazama eruptions 623:to the west and southwest, with high-volume 445: 4632: 4588: 4531: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3743: 3545: 3296: 2914: 2884: 2842: 2825: 2576: 2564: 2523: 2456: 2366: 2347: 2202: 2200: 7858: 7844: 7484: 7470: 7285: 7271: 5786: 5772: 5082: 5068: 5006: 4824:United States Government Publishing Office 4626:United States Government Publishing Office 4127: 3661: 3659: 3010:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2973:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2782: 2763: 2534: 2532: 2288: 1675:recognition of Crater Lake National Park. 7810:Native American peoples of Oregon history 4860: 4769:(6th ed.). Kendall/Hunt Publishing. 4535:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 4050: 3851: 3267:1983/7066de89-c67e-4dc8-8c33-335fb23d5f9c 3265: 3255: 1458:, which are visible throughout the year; 816:for the shields that helped form Mazama. 4806: 4669: 4133: 4002: 3558:"Post-Caldera Volcanism and Crater Lake" 3539: 3527: 3498: 3214: 2605: 2593: 2476:Klimasauskas, Bacon & Alexander 2002 2396: 2394: 2197: 2043:United States Department of the Interior 1712:and 62 miles (100 km) northeast of 1699: 1558: 1405: 1267:are more rare. There are populations of 1155: 1075: 875: 554: 551:Crater Lake National Park § Geology 471: 5793: 4817: 4184: 4102: 3656: 3348:Zdanowicz, Zielinski & Germani 1999 3331:Zdanowicz, Zielinski & Germani 1999 2900:Zdanowicz, Zielinski & Germani 1999 2529: 1654:, the founder of the climbing club The 1614:Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest 8216: 7369:Crater Lake Superintendent's Residence 7052:John Day Fossil Beds National Monument 5007:Wood, C. A.; Kienle, J., eds. (1990). 4987: 4783: 4216: 4160: 4090: 3984:"Bull Trout Conservation and Recovery" 3712: 3697: 3624: 3612: 3597: 3582: 3315: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3121: 3109: 3098:Suzuki-Kamata, Kamata & Bacon 1993 3085: 3070: 3046: 2938: 2869: 2857: 2813: 2801: 2727: 2715: 2700: 2685: 2385: 2332: 2269: 2250: 2235: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2023: 2021: 2019: 8284:Shield volcanoes of the United States 7839: 7550:Western Oregon Indian Termination Act 7465: 7266: 7012:Fort Rock-Christmas Lake Valley Basin 5767: 5089: 5063: 4742: 4615:Diller, J. S.; Patton, H. B. (1902). 4468: 4439: 4421: 4390: 4201: 3936: 3924: 3638:"Future Eruptions Around Crater Lake" 3225: 3223: 3058: 2926: 2751: 2739: 2617: 2511: 2499: 2444: 2391: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1072:Recent activity and potential hazards 871: 467: 7374:Sinnott Memorial Observation Station 4589:Bacon, C. R.; Wright, H. M. (2017). 4571:Bacon, C. R.; Nathenson, M. (1996). 2647:United States Department of Commerce 2171: 1763:Mount Scott (Klamath County, Oregon) 1122: 1022:is found at a higher layer than the 975:, falling for as long as six years. 632:also surrounded by fault zones. The 166: 16:Complex volcano in the Cascade Range 8274:Volcanoes of Klamath County, Oregon 8269:Mountains of Douglas County, Oregon 8259:Mountains of Klamath County, Oregon 7866:Early history of Oregon (1500–1806) 4136:"The Disappearance of Mount Mazama" 3955:"Crater Lake: Checklist of Mammals" 2146: 2034:Geographic Names Information System 2016: 1623:, stopped at a mercantile store in 819: 13: 3220: 2208:"Deep Water in a Sleeping Volcano" 1966: 1798:Williams Crater (Forgotten Crater) 1716:, Crater Lake can be reached from 1685:University of California, Berkeley 1177:, and hemlock forests are common. 563:Produced by the subduction of the 14: 8310: 4790:Mountain Press Publishing Company 3894:"Crater Lake: Checklist of Birds" 824: 591:, including north–south-trending 8201: 8189: 8177: 7925: 7563: 5350:Marble Mountain-Trout Creek Hill 5133: 4903:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.12.005 4350: 4321: 4292: 4271:"Lodging & Camping (Winter)" 4263: 4242:"Lodging & Camping (Summer)" 4234: 4096: 3976: 3028:Harris, Tuttle & Tuttle 2004 1937: 1752: 1554: 785:About 70,000 years ago, several 347:in the Native American language 295:in the Native American language 165: 158: 29: 8294:Lava domes of the United States 7292: 4960:Journal of Geophysical Research 4872:United States Geological Survey 4850:United States Geological Survey 4728:United States Geological Survey 4600:United States Geological Survey 4582:United States Geological Survey 4517:United States Geological Survey 4433:United States Geological Survey 4109:United States Geological Survey 3831:United States Geological Survey 3813: 3799:United States Geological Survey 3781: 3767:United States Geological Survey 3749: 3642:United States Geological Survey 3630: 3562:United States Geological Survey 3452:United States Geological Survey 3434: 3420:United States Geological Survey 3408: 3353: 2981: 2944: 2623: 2544:United States Geological Survey 2402:"Climate Change at Crater Lake" 2312:United States Geological Survey 2294: 2039:United States Geological Survey 1928: 1664:United States Geological Survey 5421:Mount Scott (Clackamas County) 4992:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2307:California Volcano Observatory 2172:Mark, S. R. (March 17, 2018). 2115: 2101: 2070: 2056: 1418:. Common bird species include 958:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora 742: 1: 7962:Entering the Columbia by Gray 5370:Battle Ground Lake State Park 4934:10.1126/science.144.3624.1334 4694:10.1126/science.147.3663.1288 4229:Geist, Wolff & Harpp 2017 2141:Geist, Wolff & Harpp 2017 2109:"Crater Lake and the Klamath" 1954: 1943:The word "mazama" also means 1695: 1146:Lassen Volcanic National Park 991: 722:underwent alteration by late 672:basalt, basaltic andesite to 619:(rich in magnesium and iron) 577:North American tectonic plate 303:in the western U.S. state of 7492:Indigenous peoples in Oregon 7451:Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway 7064:Lava Butte (Basin and Range) 6984:Devils Garden Volcanic Field 6860:Lava Butte (Newberry/Tumalo) 6779:Willamette National Cemetery 6280:Sand Mountain Volcanic Field 5552:Mount Scott (Klamath County) 5426:Willamette National Cemetery 4462:10.1016/0377-0273(83)90004-5 4103:Topinka, L. (May 21, 2018). 4062:Cascades Volcano Observatory 3826:Cascades Volcano Observatory 3794:Cascades Volcano Observatory 3762:Cascades Volcano Observatory 2123:"Origin Stories of the Lake" 2064:"Origin Stories of the Lake" 1959: 1916:Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway 1823:Maklaks Crater (Diller Cone) 1096:Cascades Volcano Observatory 964:, with an estimated minimum 412: 54:8,157 ft (2,486 m) 7: 7155:Columbia River Basalt Group 7037:Harney Basin Volcanic Field 6736:Southern Oregon Coast Range 6381:Tom Dick and Harry Mountain 5683:Lava Beds National Monument 3386:10.1016/j.yqres.2013.10.012 2302:"Crater Lake National Park" 1909: 1529:In the early 20th century, 1377:North American river otters 1037:. Mazama Ash also has more 904:, as well as inclusions of 607:Mazama is underlain by the 604:in the upper crust nearby. 10: 8315: 7967:Lewis and Clark Expedition 7520:Northern Kalapuya language 6880:Oregon Badlands Wilderness 6769:Upper and Lower Table Rock 6054:Little Chinquapin Mountain 5013:Cambridge University Press 4415:10.1093/petrology/31.1.135 4383: 3876:Bacon & Nathenson 1996 3864:Bacon & Nathenson 1996 2488:Bacon & Nathenson 1996 1307:, and gophers, as well as 1151: 995: 986:Volcanic Explosivity Index 548: 544: 449: 107:42.9165186°N 122.0844711°W 8299:Stratovolcanoes of Oregon 8254:Crater Lake National Park 8132: 8041: 7975: 7934: 7923: 7871: 7800: 7639: 7613: 7572: 7561: 7525:Oregon Penutian languages 7505:Central Kalapuya language 7497: 7426:Crater Lake National Park 7418: 7387: 7341: 7300: 7232:Cobb-Eickelberg Seamounts 7208: 7140: 6949: 6787: 6450: 5912:Davis Lake Volcanic Field 5805: 5645: 5602:Mountain Lakes Wilderness 5398: 5142: 5131: 5097: 4767:Geology of National Parks 4655:10.1017/S0263593300014280 4491:10.1017/S0263593300007732 3257:10.1007/s00445-020-1362-1 2184:Oregon Historical Society 1313:North American porcupines 452:Crater Lake National Park 446:Crater Lake National Park 274: 269: 259: 247: 223: 218: 205: 191: 152: 147: 127: 122: 83: 70: 58: 48: 43: 28: 23: 8049:William Robert Broughton 7947:1700 Cascadia earthquake 7379:Watchman Lookout Station 6928:Wildcat Mountain Caldera 5663:Black Butte (California) 5110:Franklin Glacier Complex 4300:"Crater Lake: Bicycling" 4173:Diller & Patton 1902 3516:Powers & Wilcox 1964 3478:Powers & Wilcox 1964 2639:National Geodetic Survey 2083:Global Volcanism Program 1998:Global Volcanism Program 1921: 1506:in the fall and summer. 1277:white-tailed jackrabbits 1108:Cascadia subduction zone 634:Basin and Range Province 579:, Mazama is part of the 569:Cascadia subduction zone 440:Global Volcanism Program 331:emptying the underlying 112:42.9165186; -122.0844711 7410:William Gladstone Steel 7242:Devils Elbow State Park 7190:Saddle Mountains Basalt 7017:Four Craters Lava Field 6641:Mount Scott (Clackamas) 5436:Rooster Rock State Park 5205:White Chuck Cinder Cone 4818:Keroher, G. C. (1966). 4751:Oregon State University 3744:Bacon & Wright 2017 3454:(VEI). January 23, 2017 3447:Volcano Hazards Program 3297:Druitt & Bacon 1988 3236:Bulletin of Volcanology 3100:, pp. 14059–14074. 2915:Bacon & Wright 2017 2885:Bacon & Wright 2017 2843:Bacon & Wright 2017 2826:Bacon & Wright 2017 2577:Bacon & Wright 2017 2565:Bacon & Wright 2017 2524:Bacon & Druitt 1988 2457:Bacon & Wright 2017 2367:Bacon & Wright 2017 2348:Bacon & Wright 2017 2179:The Oregon Encyclopedia 2088:Smithsonian Institution 2003:Smithsonian Institution 1508:Olive-sided flycatchers 1472:Cordilleran flycatchers 1468:golden-crowned kinglets 1444:red-breasted nuthatches 1189:Ecological disturbances 132: 8142:Native peoples history 7107:Squaw Ridge Lava Field 7097:Powder River Volcanics 7093:Powder River Volcanics 6726:Siletz River Volcanics 6600:Little Butte Volcanics 6406:Tumalo Volcanic Center 6068:Lost Lake Cinder Cones 5481:Tumalo Volcanic Center 5375:Beacon Rock State Park 5165:Schriebers Meadow Cone 4988:Thomas, R. M. (2007). 4861:Nathenson, M. (1990). 4784:Harris, S. L. (2005). 4329:"Crater Lake: Fishing" 4029:"Crater Lake: History" 3672:NASA Earth Observatory 2783:Wood & Kienle 1990 2764:Wood & Kienle 1990 2289:Wood & Kienle 1990 1833:Sentinel Rock (Oregon) 1778:Garfield Peak (Oregon) 1705: 1586:, their "Chief of the 1572: 1516:yellow-rumped warblers 1411: 1369:western spotted skunks 1309:yellow-bellied marmots 1301:North American beavers 1161: 1081: 981:Lassen Volcanic Center 881: 560: 477: 372:U.S. Geological Survey 307:, in a segment of the 180:Klamath County, Oregon 8054:Toussaint Charbonneau 6915:Smith Rock State Park 6825:Crooked River Caldera 6802:Bald Mountain Caldera 6165:Mount Scott (Klamath) 6050:Little Cache Mountain 5673:Medicine Lake Volcano 4854:National Park Service 4807:Hildreth, W. (2007). 4743:Green, R. A. (1998). 4608:10.3133/sir20175022J1 4422:Bacon, C. R. (2008). 4365:National Park Service 4336:National Park Service 4307:National Park Service 4278:National Park Service 4249:National Park Service 4134:Lewis, C. (c. 1901). 4036:National Park Service 3988:National Park Service 3962:National Park Service 3901:National Park Service 3667:"Crater Lake, Oregon" 2409:National Park Service 2212:National Park Service 1703: 1562: 1409: 1281:yellow-pine chipmunks 1209:American water shrews 1159: 1079: 1006:among geologists and 879: 662:Medicine Lake Volcano 558: 475: 462:National Park Service 387:National Park Service 8239:Subduction volcanoes 7957:Vancouver Expedition 7122:Strawberry Volcanics 6671:Oregon's Matterhorns 6225:Pine Marten Mountain 6199:Oregon's Matterhorns 5265:Goat Island Mountain 5105:Silverthrone Caldera 4736:10.3133/sir20175022M 4525:10.3133/sir20175022J 4394:Journal of Petrology 3679:. September 18, 2006 1893:Scoria Cone (Oregon) 1878:Crater Peak (Oregon) 1743:cross-country skiing 1625:Jacksonville, Oregon 1548:mountain pine beetle 1333:American black bears 1293:Townsend's chipmunks 1225:American shrew moles 753:calc-alkaline basalt 581:Cascade Volcanic Arc 573:Gorda tectonic plate 407:cross-country skiing 309:Cascade Volcanic Arc 254:Cascade Volcanic Arc 77:Oregon Highest Peaks 8234:Mountains of Oregon 7430:Historic Districts 7405:Franklin B. Sprague 7400:John Wesley Hillman 7323:Old Man of the Lake 7227:Brown Bear Seamount 7175:Hat Rock State Park 7160:Grande Ronde Basalt 7117:Strawberry Mountain 6830:Deschutes Formation 6432:Williamson Mountain 6348:Three Fingered Jack 6317:South Pinhead Butte 6187:North Pinhead Butte 5903:Cupit Mary Mountain 5871:Chinquapin Mountain 5115:Mount Meager massif 5044:1999Geo....27..621Z 4973:1993JGR....9814059S 4967:(B8): 14059–14074. 4926:1964Sci...144.1334P 4920:(3624): 1334–1336. 4895:2011JVGR..200..116N 4686:1965Sci...147.1288F 4680:(3663): 1288–1290. 4647:1988EESTR..79..289D 4548:1988CoMP...98..224B 4483:1992EESTR..83...27B 4454:1983JVGR...18...57B 4407:1990JPet...31..135B 4219:, pp. 155–156. 4163:, pp. 135–136. 4115:on February 2, 2014 4072:on February 2, 2014 3990:. February 28, 2015 3833:. November 21, 2013 3725:Nichols et al. 2011 3700:, pp. 154–155. 3644:. November 20, 2013 3627:, pp. 151–153. 3585:, pp. 149–150. 3564:. November 20, 2013 3378:2014QuRes..81..125P 3366:Quaternary Research 3299:, pp. 289–297. 3248:2020BVol...82...23B 3165:, pp. 146–147. 3153:, pp. 145–146. 3112:, pp. 144–145. 3073:, pp. 143–144. 2941:, pp. 142–143. 2816:, pp. 136–137. 2766:, pp. 193–194. 2620:, pp. 135–166. 2314:. November 20, 2013 1883:Goose Nest (Oregon) 1858:Bear Butte (Oregon) 1853:Sharp Peak (Oregon) 1723:Garfield Peak Trail 1629:John Wesley Hillman 1496:rufous hummingbirds 1484:Swainson's thrushes 1452:Clark's nutcrackers 1440:mountain chickadees 1416:biological families 1353:long-tailed weasels 1319:mammals consist of 1217:Trowbridge's shrews 676:basaltic andesite. 503:argon geochronology 480:There was frequent 417:Mount Mazama is in 103: / 8244:Calderas of Oregon 8069:Captain James Cook 7942:Bridge of the Gods 7580:Bridge of the Gods 7530:Salishan languages 7214:Juan de Fuca Ridge 7042:Hole-in-the-Ground 6919:Tea Table Mountain 6759:Tualatin Mountains 6456:Oregon Coast Range 6425:West Pinhead Butte 6058:Little Nash Crater 6035:Little Aspen Butte 5295:Old Snowy Mountain 5245:Burroughs Mountain 5240:Little Tahoma Peak 4556:10.1007/BF00402114 3801:. December 5, 2013 3769:. December 2, 2013 3422:. December 2, 2013 2546:. November 3, 2017 1888:Goose Egg (Oregon) 1706: 1658:, which formed at 1573: 1412: 1289:Siskiyou chipmunks 1261:long-legged myotis 1229:broad-footed moles 1162: 1100:pyroclastic surges 1082: 1058:radiocarbon dating 882: 872:Climactic eruption 836:Hawaiian eruptions 707:in California and 689:Hawaiian eruptions 565:Juan de Fuca Plate 561: 498:glacial striations 478: 468:Physical geography 44:Highest point 8279:Holocene calderas 8264:6th millennium BC 8229:Cascade Volcanoes 8165: 8164: 8074:Sir Francis Drake 8033:Willamette Valley 7952:Nootka Convention 7898:Northwest Passage 7892:Columbia Rediviva 7833: 7832: 7555:Yoncalla language 7535:Shastan languages 7459: 7458: 7364:Crater Lake Lodge 7348:Comfort Stations 7260: 7259: 7068:Mahogany Mountain 6845:Gearhart Mountain 6604:Little Pilot Rock 6514:Crescent Mountain 6489:Boring Lava Field 6300:Sheridan Mountain 5966:Greylock Mountain 5761: 5760: 5632:Gearhart Mountain 5471:Crescent Mountain 5406:Boring Lava Field 5335:Sawtooth Mountain 5091:Cascade Volcanoes 4981:10.1029/93JB00934 3061:, pp. 27–47. 2433:Bacon et al. 2017 1621:Yreka, California 1567:, founder of The 1512:chipping sparrows 1504:western bluebirds 1464:northern flickers 1460:American kestrels 1424:great horned owls 1420:hairy woodpeckers 1257:long-eared myotis 1249:silver-haired bat 1245:California myotis 1137:convective mixing 1123:Geothermal energy 849:pyroclastic flows 807:Mazama has a few 597:basaltic andesite 585:crustal extension 383:geothermal energy 286: 285: 8306: 8289:Active volcanoes 8206: 8205: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8173: 8124:George Vancouver 8104:Meriwether Lewis 8028:Willamette Falls 7929: 7910:Age of Discovery 7860: 7853: 7846: 7837: 7836: 7605:Rogue River Wars 7567: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7463: 7462: 7419:Designated areas 7287: 7280: 7273: 7264: 7263: 7142:Columbia Plateau 7083:Mutton Mountains 6923:Wildcat Mountain 6875:Ochoco Mountains 6870:Newberry Volcano 6855:Grizzly Mountain 6789:Eastern Cascades 6499:Chamberlain Hill 6452:Western Cascades 6208:Peavine Mountain 6175:Mount Washington 6151:Mount McLoughlin 6097:Maklaks Mountain 6078:Lookout Mountain 6001:Howlock Mountain 5954:Frog Lake Buttes 5875:Clear Lake Butte 5788: 5781: 5774: 5765: 5764: 5733:Bumpass Mountain 5668:Rainbow Mountain 5587:Mount McLoughlin 5532:Howlock Mountain 5517:Newberry Volcano 5360:Trout Creek Hill 5315:Mount St. Helens 5255:Cowlitz Chimneys 5175:Hannegan caldera 5137: 5098:British Columbia 5084: 5077: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5026: 5003: 4984: 4953: 4906: 4889:(3–4): 116–128. 4875: 4869: 4857: 4847: 4835: 4814: 4803: 4788:(3rd ed.). 4780: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4739: 4725: 4713: 4666: 4641:(2–3): 289–297. 4629: 4623: 4611: 4597: 4585: 4579: 4567: 4528: 4514: 4502: 4465: 4436: 4430: 4418: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4362: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4333: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4275: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4246: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4205: 4199: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4111:. Archived from 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4068:. Archived from 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4038:. September 2001 4033: 4025: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3959: 3951: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3898: 3890: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3554: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3502: 3496: 3481: 3475: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3334: 3328: 3319: 3313: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3269: 3259: 3227: 3218: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3031: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3005: 2997: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2968: 2960: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2903: 2897: 2888: 2882: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2786: 2780: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2704: 2698: 2689: 2683: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2536: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2406: 2398: 2389: 2383: 2370: 2364: 2351: 2345: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2273: 2267: 2254: 2248: 2239: 2233: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2214:. March 22, 2018 2204: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2169: 2144: 2138: 2127: 2126: 2125:. April 4, 2020. 2119: 2113: 2112: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2066:. April 4, 2020. 2060: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2025: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1989: 1948: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1652:William G. Steel 1580:Native Americans 1565:William G. Steel 1524:Cassin's finches 1480:western tanagers 1436:dark-eyed juncos 1365:American badgers 1297:mountain beavers 1233:little brown bat 1197:Virginia opossum 1171:mixed coniferous 886:dendrochronology 820:Eruptive history 658:Newberry Volcano 435:Great Slave Lake 378:Native Americans 360:shield volcanoes 353:Great Slave Lake 278: 214:Crater Lake East 195: 169: 168: 162: 143: 135: 118: 117: 115: 114: 113: 108: 104: 101: 100: 99: 96: 33: 21: 20: 8314: 8313: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8249:VEI-7 volcanoes 8214: 8213: 8212: 8200: 8190: 8188: 8178: 8176: 8168: 8166: 8161: 8152:Pioneer history 8147:History to 1806 8128: 8094:Joseph Ingraham 8089:Bruno de Heceta 8037: 7971: 7930: 7921: 7885:Lady Washington 7867: 7864: 7834: 7829: 7820:Pioneer history 7815:History to 1806 7796: 7737:Northern Paiute 7635: 7609: 7600:Missoula Floods 7585:Kalapuya Treaty 7568: 7559: 7493: 7490: 7460: 7455: 7414: 7395:Clarence Dutton 7383: 7337: 7296: 7291: 7261: 7256: 7204: 7185:Pendleton Vents 7180:Hermiston Butte 7136: 7112:Steens Mountain 7090:Poker Jim Ridge 7087:Pillars of Rome 6992:Diamond Craters 6988:Dooley Mountain 6951:Basin and Range 6945: 6941:Yamsay Mountain 6783: 6716:Saddle Mountain 6681:Pepper Mountain 6612:Lost Lake Butte 6590:Laurel Mountain 6571:Indian Mountain 6552:Harter Mountain 6537:Elk Rock Island 6446: 6442:Zigzag Mountain 6401:Tumalo Mountain 6156:Mount Multnomah 6141:Mount Jefferson 6021:Le Conte Crater 5889:Crater Mountain 5801: 5792: 5762: 5757: 5738:Dittmar Volcano 5703:Burney Mountain 5678:Schonchin Butte 5641: 5627:Yamsay Mountain 5507:Tumalo Mountain 5491:Mount Multnomah 5461:Mount Jefferson 5416:Elk Rock Island 5394: 5365:Tumtum Mountain 5170:Kulshan caldera 5138: 5129: 5125:Mount Garibaldi 5093: 5088: 5058: 5023: 5000: 4867: 4845: 4800: 4777: 4755: 4753: 4723: 4621: 4595: 4577: 4512: 4448:(1–4): 57–115. 4428: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4338:. February 2010 4331: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4191: 4187:, p. 2633. 4183: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4142:on May 16, 2008 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3964:. December 2001 3957: 3953: 3952: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3903:. December 2001 3896: 3892: 3891: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3665: 3664: 3657: 3647: 3645: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3546: 3542:, p. 1290. 3538: 3534: 3530:, p. 1289. 3526: 3522: 3518:, p. 1335. 3514: 3505: 3501:, p. 1288. 3497: 3484: 3480:, p. 1334. 3476: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3337: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3228: 3221: 3213: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3034: 3026: 3019: 2999: 2998: 2986: 2982: 2962: 2961: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2906: 2898: 2891: 2883: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2849: 2841: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2789: 2781: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2707: 2699: 2692: 2684: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2392: 2384: 2373: 2365: 2354: 2346: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2276: 2268: 2257: 2249: 2242: 2234: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2206: 2205: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2170: 2147: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2027: 2026: 2017: 2007: 2005: 1991: 1990: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1912: 1907: 1755: 1698: 1672:Clarence Dutton 1640:Oregon Sentinel 1557: 1492:American robins 1488:hermit thrushes 1285:least chipmunks 1179:Subalpine zones 1154: 1141:thermal springs 1125: 1074: 1000: 994: 874: 827: 822: 809:composite cones 749:satellite vents 745: 650:silicon dioxide 553: 547: 470: 458:wilderness area 454: 448: 415: 364:composite cones 301:complex volcano 276: 238:complex volcano 193: 187: 186: 185: 184: 183: 177: 176: 175: 174: 170: 137: 111: 109: 105: 102: 97: 94: 92: 90: 89: 39: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8312: 8302: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8211: 8210: 8198: 8186: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8157:Modern history 8154: 8149: 8144: 8138: 8136: 8134:Oregon history 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8084:Robert Haswell 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8064:Chief Comcomly 8061: 8056: 8051: 8045: 8043: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8003:Columbia River 8000: 7995: 7990: 7988:Clatsop Plains 7985: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7931: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7912: 7907: 7900: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7875: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7840: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7825:Modern history 7822: 7817: 7812: 7806: 7804: 7802:Oregon history 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7466: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7304: 7302: 7301:Natural places 7298: 7297: 7290: 7289: 7282: 7275: 7267: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7222:Axial Seamount 7218: 7216: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7202: 7200:Wanapum Basalt 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7146: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7127:Tower Mountain 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7057:Jordan Craters 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7027:Hager Mountain 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6955:Eastern Oregon 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6835:Hager Mountain 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6754:Three Pyramids 6751: 6746: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6666:Olson Mountain 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6646:Mount Sylvania 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6626:Mount Defiance 6623: 6618: 6613: 6610: 6605: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6585:Larch Mountain 6582: 6577: 6572: 6569: 6567:Hunsinger Peak 6564: 6559: 6557:Highland Butte 6554: 6549: 6544: 6542:Grass Mountain 6539: 6534: 6529: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6460: 6458: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6428:Whiteface Peak 6426: 6423: 6421:Waldo Mountain 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6371:Three Trappers 6368: 6350: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6334: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6310: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6265:Royce Mountain 6262: 6257: 6254: 6253:Robinson Butte 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6222: 6221:Pinhead Buttes 6219: 6214: 6209: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6180: 6177: 6172: 6170:Mount Thielsen 6167: 6162: 6159: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6131:Mount Harriman 6128: 6123: 6118: 6116:Mount Bachelor 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6095: 6093:Maklaks Crater 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6052: 6047: 6045:Little Brother 6042: 6040:Little Belknap 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6005:Irish Mountain 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5947:Forgotten Cone 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5917:Davis Mountain 5914: 5909: 5904: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5873: 5868: 5866:Cache Mountain 5863: 5862:Buckskin Butte 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5843:Belknap Crater 5840: 5835: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5815:Applegate Peak 5811: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5592:Brown Mountain 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5572:Applegate Peak 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5539: 5537:Mount Thielsen 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5512:Mount Bachelor 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5441:Larch Mountain 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5411:Mount Sylvania 5408: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5385:Greenleaf Peak 5382: 5380:Table Mountain 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5225:Cathedral Rock 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5155:Sherman Crater 5152: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5087: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5064: 5057: 5056: 5038:(7): 621–624. 5027: 5022:978-0521438117 5021: 5004: 4999:978-0313347795 4998: 4985: 4954: 4907: 4876: 4858: 4836: 4815: 4804: 4799:978-0878425112 4798: 4781: 4776:978-0787299712 4775: 4762: 4740: 4714: 4667: 4630: 4612: 4586: 4568: 4542:(2): 224–256. 4529: 4503: 4477:(1–2): 27–47. 4466: 4437: 4419: 4401:(1): 135–166. 4387: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4367:. October 2017 4349: 4320: 4291: 4280:. October 2017 4262: 4251:. October 2017 4233: 4221: 4206: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4153: 4126: 4095: 4083: 4049: 4001: 3975: 3941: 3929: 3914: 3880: 3868: 3856: 3852:Nathenson 1990 3844: 3812: 3780: 3748: 3729: 3727:, p. 122. 3717: 3715:, p. 155. 3702: 3690: 3655: 3629: 3617: 3615:, p. 151. 3602: 3600:, p. 150. 3587: 3575: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3503: 3482: 3465: 3433: 3407: 3372:(1): 125–137. 3352: 3350:, p. 621. 3335: 3333:, p. 624. 3320: 3318:, p. 149. 3301: 3289: 3219: 3204: 3179: 3177:, p. 147. 3167: 3155: 3143: 3141:, p. 146. 3126: 3124:, p. 145. 3114: 3102: 3090: 3088:, p. 144. 3075: 3063: 3051: 3049:, p. 143. 3032: 3030:, p. 538. 3017: 2980: 2943: 2931: 2919: 2904: 2902:, p. 623. 2889: 2874: 2872:, p. 148. 2862: 2860:, p. 142. 2847: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2804:, p. 139. 2787: 2785:, p. 194. 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2730:, p. 141. 2720: 2718:, p. 140. 2705: 2703:, p. 137. 2690: 2688:, p. 136. 2659: 2635:NGS Data Sheet 2622: 2610: 2598: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2528: 2526:, p. 225. 2516: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2422: 2390: 2388:, p. 134. 2371: 2352: 2337: 2335:, p. 138. 2325: 2293: 2291:, p. 193. 2274: 2272:, p. 154. 2255: 2253:, p. 153. 2240: 2238:, p. 133. 2225: 2196: 2174:"Mount Mazama" 2145: 2128: 2114: 2100: 2069: 2055: 2029:"Mount Mazama" 2015: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1936: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1828:Cleetwood Cove 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1773:Applegate Peak 1770: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1727:Mount Thielsen 1697: 1694: 1681:Howel Williams 1556: 1553: 1476:Steller's jays 1448:brown creepers 1373:striped skunks 1273:snowshoe hares 1269:American pikas 1221:vagrant shrews 1205:Pacific shrews 1183:whitebark pine 1167:ponderosa pine 1153: 1150: 1124: 1121: 1073: 1070: 1008:archaeologists 996:Main article: 993: 990: 910:quartz diorite 893:Cleetwood flow 873: 870: 826: 825:Early activity 823: 821: 818: 755:and andesite, 744: 741: 685:Applegate Peak 638:Earth's mantle 546: 543: 469: 466: 450:Main article: 447: 444: 419:Klamath County 414: 411: 321:Klamath County 284: 283: 280: 272: 271: 267: 266: 263: 257: 256: 251: 245: 244: 242:shield volcano 227: 221: 220: 216: 215: 209: 203: 202: 197: 189: 188: 178: 172: 171: 164: 163: 157: 156: 155: 154: 153: 150: 149: 145: 144: 129: 125: 124: 120: 119: 87: 81: 80: 74: 68: 67: 62: 56: 55: 52: 46: 45: 41: 40: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8311: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8224:Cascade Range 8222: 8221: 8219: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8197: 8196:United States 8187: 8185: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8131: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8099:John Kendrick 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8059:William Clark 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8023:Sauvie Island 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7861: 7856: 7854: 7849: 7847: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7792:Wasco/Wishram 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7566: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7487: 7482: 7480: 7475: 7473: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7434:Munson Valley 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7333:Wizard Island 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7288: 7283: 7281: 7276: 7274: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7210:Pacific Coast 7207: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7195:Steens Basalt 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7170:Imnaha Basalt 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7078:Modoc Plateau 7076: 7074: 7073:Malheur Butte 7071: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7061:Lambert Rocks 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7047:Jackies Butte 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6997:Doherty Slide 6995: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6900:Powell Buttes 6898: 6896: 6895:Pine Mountain 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6797:Bald Mountain 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745:Sunshine Rock 6744: 6742: 6741:Spencer Butte 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6711:Roxy Ann Peak 6709: 6707: 6706:Ross Mountain 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6661:Nesmith Point 6659: 6657: 6656:Mount Talbert 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6621:Mount Ashland 6619: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6608:Lookout Point 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6595:Lenhart Butte 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6575:Iron Mountain 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528:French's Dome 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6504:Clatsop Butte 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6484:Bone Mountain 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6437:Wizard Island 6435: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6396:Triangle Peak 6394: 6392: 6391:Triangle Hill 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6376:Timber Crater 6374: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6361:Middle Sister 6358: 6354: 6353:Three Sisters 6351: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6329:Teardrop Pool 6327: 6325: 6324:Talapus Butte 6322: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6313:South Belknap 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6290:Sentinel Rock 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6275:Sand Mountain 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6229:Pothole Butte 6228: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6212:Pelican Butte 6210: 6207: 6205: 6204:Olallie Butte 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6158:(unconfirmed) 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6126:Mount Carmine 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6111:Merriam Point 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6073:Lookout Butte 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981:Hayrick Butte 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5961:Garfield Peak 5959: 5957:Fuji Mountain 5956: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5807:High Cascades 5804: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5784: 5782: 5777: 5775: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5713:Snow Mountain 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5688:Modoc Plateau 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5607:Roxy Ann Peak 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5582:Pelican Butte 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5557:Wizard Island 5555: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493:(unvalidated) 5492: 5489: 5487: 5486:Three Sisters 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5476:Iron Mountain 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5456:Olallie Butte 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5390:Wind Mountain 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:Indian Heaven 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5235:Mount Rainier 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5185:Ruth Mountain 5183: 5181: 5180:Hannegan Peak 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4865: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4511: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4366: 4359: 4353: 4337: 4330: 4324: 4308: 4301: 4295: 4279: 4272: 4266: 4250: 4243: 4237: 4231:, p. 19. 4230: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4211: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4162: 4157: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4093:, p. 49. 4092: 4087: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4037: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3963: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3939:, p. 11. 3938: 3933: 3927:, p. 13. 3926: 3921: 3919: 3902: 3895: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3878:, p. 14. 3877: 3872: 3866:, p. 11. 3865: 3860: 3853: 3848: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3784: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3752: 3746:, p. 19. 3745: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3694: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3584: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3541: 3540:Fryxwell 1965 3536: 3529: 3528:Fryxwell 1965 3524: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3499:Fryxwell 1965 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3298: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3224: 3217:, p. 33. 3216: 3215:Hildreth 2007 3211: 3209: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2940: 2935: 2929:, p. 90. 2928: 2923: 2917:, p. 14. 2916: 2911: 2909: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2887:, p. 15. 2886: 2881: 2879: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2845:, p. 13. 2844: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2828:, p. 12. 2827: 2822: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2765: 2760: 2754:, p. 64. 2753: 2748: 2741: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2606:Hildreth 2007 2602: 2596:, p. 32. 2595: 2594:Hildreth 2007 2590: 2588: 2586: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2533: 2525: 2520: 2514:, p. 62. 2513: 2508: 2502:, p. 61. 2501: 2496: 2489: 2484: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2410: 2403: 2397: 2395: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2369:, p. 16. 2368: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2350:, p. 17. 2349: 2344: 2342: 2334: 2329: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2124: 2118: 2110: 2104: 2093:September 21, 2089: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2078:"Crater Lake" 2073: 2065: 2059: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1993:"Crater Lake" 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1965: 1946: 1945:mountain goat 1940: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1873:Lookout Butte 1871: 1869: 1868:Pothole Butte 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1848:Merriam Point 1846: 1844: 1843:Timber Crater 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1783:Wizard Island 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1753:List of vents 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1718:U.S. Route 97 1715: 1711: 1710:Klamath Falls 1702: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1571:climbing club 1570: 1566: 1561: 1555:Human history 1552: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432:common ravens 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241:big brown bat 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1158: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133:clinopyroxene 1130: 1120: 1117: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104:Richter scale 1101: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1078: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 999: 989: 987: 982: 976: 974: 970: 967: 963: 962:sulfuric acid 959: 955: 949: 945: 942: 938: 934: 929: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 894: 889: 887: 878: 869: 867: 861: 858: 852: 850: 844: 841: 837: 831: 817: 813: 810: 805: 802: 798: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 776: 770: 767: 762: 758: 754: 750: 740: 737: 731: 729: 725: 720: 719:Three Sisters 715: 714:Glacial horns 710: 709:Mount Rainier 706: 701: 699: 695: 690: 686: 682: 677: 675: 671: 670:calc-alkaline 667: 663: 659: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 626: 622: 618: 614: 611:High Cascade 610: 605: 603: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 557: 552: 542: 540: 534: 532: 528: 527:Wizard Island 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 499: 495: 491: 488: 483: 474: 465: 463: 459: 453: 443: 441: 436: 432: 428: 424: 421:, within the 420: 410: 408: 405:, as well as 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 379: 375: 373: 369: 368:oceanic plate 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 333:magma chamber 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 313:Cascade Range 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 281: 279: 277:Easiest route 273: 268: 264: 262: 261:Last eruption 258: 255: 252: 250: 246: 243: 239: 235: 231: 230:Stratovolcano 228: 226: 225:Mountain type 222: 217: 213: 210: 208: 204: 201: 200:Cascade Range 198: 196: 190: 181: 161: 151: 146: 141: 140:Klamath-Modoc 134: 130: 126: 121: 116: 88: 86: 82: 78: 75: 73: 69: 66: 63: 61: 57: 53: 51: 47: 42: 38: 32: 27: 22: 19: 8018:Nootka Sound 8013:Mount Mazama 8012: 8008:Fort Clatsop 7998:Columbia Bar 7993:Clatsop Spit 7983:Celilo Falls 7915: 7903: 7890: 7883: 7631:Mount Mazama 7630: 7626:Celilo Falls 7621:Fort Clatsop 7313:Phantom Ship 7308:Mount Mazama 7307: 7252:Yaquina Head 7237:Devils Elbow 7102:Saddle Butte 7032:Harney Basin 7022:Glass Buttes 6975:Clarks Butte 6937:Yainax Ridge 6933:Yainax Butte 6885:Paulina Peak 6820:Cline Buttes 6811:Bly Mountain 6807:Barnes Butte 6691:Powell Butte 6636:Mount Pisgah 6562:High Prairie 6547:Grizzly Peak 6519:Devil's Rest 6509:Cook's Butte 6494:Cascade Head 6411:Twin Craters 6386:Tot Mountain 6375: 6365:South Sister 6357:North Sister 6337:The Pinnacle 6320:Summit Butte 6294: 6289: 6284: 6270:Rustler Peak 6238: 6217:Phantom Ship 6190:North Wilson 6179:Mount Wilson 6146:Mount Mazama 6145: 6121:Mount Bailey 6110: 6106:Merriam Cone 6101:Melvin Butte 6092: 6083:Lumrum Butte 6072: 6029: 6024: 6018:Lemiti Butte 6009:Katsuk Butte 5996:Hoodoo Butte 5986:Hillman Peak 5976:Hamner Butte 5970: 5946: 5937:Dutton Cliff 5936: 5927:Diamond Peak 5921: 5906: 5899:Cryder Butte 5893: 5878: 5853:Black Crater 5837: 5834:Barlow Butte 5824: 5723:Mount Tehama 5718:Latour Butte 5693:Brushy Butte 5653:Mount Shasta 5637:Yainax Butte 5617:Grizzly Peak 5577:Rustler Peak 5567:Hillman Peak 5562:Phantom Ship 5542:Mount Mazama 5541: 5527:Mount Bailey 5522:Diamond Peak 5345:Big Lava Bed 5310:Spiral Butte 5290:Gilbert Peak 5260:Old Desolate 5250:Banshee Peak 5220:Mount Daniel 5215:Mount Hinman 5200:Glacier Peak 5195:Mount Terror 5160:Black Buttes 5120:Mount Cayley 5035: 5031: 5008: 4989: 4964: 4958: 4917: 4911: 4886: 4880: 4863: 4841: 4819: 4809: 4785: 4766: 4754:. Retrieved 4745: 4719: 4677: 4671: 4638: 4634: 4617: 4591: 4573: 4539: 4533: 4508: 4474: 4470: 4445: 4441: 4424: 4398: 4392: 4369:. Retrieved 4352: 4340:. Retrieved 4323: 4311:. Retrieved 4294: 4282:. Retrieved 4265: 4253:. Retrieved 4236: 4224: 4204:, p. 1. 4185:Keroher 1966 4180: 4175:, p. 1. 4168: 4156: 4144:. Retrieved 4140:the original 4129: 4117:. Retrieved 4113:the original 4098: 4086: 4076:December 19, 4074:. Retrieved 4070:the original 4061: 4052: 4042:February 23, 4040:. Retrieved 3992:. Retrieved 3978: 3966:. Retrieved 3932: 3907:February 23, 3905:. Retrieved 3871: 3859: 3854:, p. 5. 3847: 3835:. Retrieved 3824: 3815: 3803:. Retrieved 3792: 3783: 3771:. Retrieved 3760: 3751: 3720: 3693: 3681:. Retrieved 3670: 3646:. Retrieved 3632: 3620: 3578: 3566:. Retrieved 3535: 3523: 3456:. Retrieved 3445: 3436: 3424:. Retrieved 3410: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3292: 3239: 3235: 3195:. Retrieved 3182: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3066: 3054: 2993: 2983: 2956: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2865: 2821: 2809: 2759: 2747: 2742:, p. 7. 2735: 2723: 2650:. Retrieved 2634: 2625: 2613: 2608:, p. 7. 2601: 2579:, p. 3. 2572: 2567:, p. 2. 2560: 2548:. Retrieved 2519: 2507: 2495: 2490:, p. 2. 2483: 2478:, p. 3. 2459:, p. 4. 2452: 2447:, p. 4. 2440: 2435:, p. 1. 2413:. Retrieved 2328: 2318:February 18, 2316:. Retrieved 2305: 2296: 2216:. Retrieved 2187:. Retrieved 2177: 2143:, p. 8. 2117: 2103: 2091:. Retrieved 2081: 2072: 2058: 2046:. Retrieved 2032: 2006:. Retrieved 1996: 1939: 1930: 1898:Munson Point 1838:Dutton Cliff 1788:Merriam Cone 1768:Hillman Peak 1759:Mount Mazama 1735:gas stations 1731: 1707: 1677: 1667: 1649: 1644:Fort Klamath 1639: 1636:Chauncey Nye 1633: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1596: 1592:Mount Shasta 1574: 1544: 1528: 1520:pine siskins 1413: 1243:, while the 1201:marsh shrews 1194: 1187: 1163: 1129:hydrothermal 1126: 1112: 1092: 1083: 1066:Glacier Peak 1055: 1032: 1024:Glacier Peak 1016:Glacier Peak 1004:stratigraphy 1001: 977: 950: 946: 930: 926: 902:granodiorite 897:stratosphere 892: 890: 883: 866:bird of prey 862: 853: 845: 832: 828: 814: 806: 799: 784: 775:agglutinated 771: 746: 732: 705:Mount Shasta 702: 678: 654: 606: 602:stress field 562: 535: 524: 479: 455: 416: 376: 357: 344: 292: 289:Mount Mazama 288: 287: 249:Volcanic arc 194:Parent range 173:Mount Mazama 24:Mount Mazama 18: 8109:John Meares 8079:Robert Gray 7540:Thunderbird 7439:Rim Village 7318:Mount Scott 7294:Crater Lake 7247:Heceta Head 7132:Warner Peak 6979:Clarno Unit 6972:Chalk Basin 6968:Black Hills 6905:Round Butte 6890:Pilot Butte 6840:Horse Ridge 6774:Walker Peak 6701:Rogers Peak 6696:Rocky Butte 6676:Palmer Peak 6651:Mount Tabor 6580:Kelly Butte 6524:East Buttes 6469:Armet Creek 6464:Angels Rest 6333:The Husband 6249:Ringo Butte 6194:Odell Butte 6183:Nash Crater 6088:Maiden Peak 6063:Lolah Butte 6014:Kwolh Butte 5971:Grouse Hill 5922:Desert Cone 5894:Crater Peak 5884:Crater Lake 5848:Black Butte 5825:Bald Crater 5820:Aspen Butte 5743:Mount Maidu 5728:Lassen Peak 5597:Aspen Butte 5546:Crater Lake 5431:Mount Tabor 5355:West Crater 5320:Mount Adams 5305:Tieton Peak 5275:Fifes Peaks 5210:Dishpan Gap 5150:Mount Baker 4309:. July 2012 4217:Harris 2005 4161:Harris 2005 4091:Thomas 2007 3713:Harris 2005 3698:Harris 2005 3625:Harris 2005 3613:Harris 2005 3598:Harris 2005 3583:Harris 2005 3316:Harris 2005 3175:Harris 2005 3163:Harris 2005 3151:Harris 2005 3139:Harris 2005 3122:Harris 2005 3110:Harris 2005 3086:Harris 2005 3071:Harris 2005 3047:Harris 2005 2939:Harris 2005 2870:Harris 2005 2858:Harris 2005 2814:Harris 2005 2802:Harris 2005 2728:Harris 2005 2716:Harris 2005 2701:Harris 2005 2686:Harris 2005 2386:Harris 2005 2333:Harris 2005 2270:Harris 2005 2251:Harris 2005 2236:Harris 2005 1947:in Spanish. 1903:Arant Point 1818:Bald Crater 1813:Desert Cone 1803:Grouse Hill 1747:snowshoeing 1741:, fishing, 1733:No lodges, 1588:Below World 1540:antimycin A 1456:Canada jays 1428:blue grouse 1317:Carnivorous 1253:Yuma myotis 1035:phenocrysts 954:phenocrysts 801:Pyroclastic 766:rhyodacitic 761:shoshonitic 743:Subfeatures 736:plagioclase 724:Pleistocene 698:lava blocks 681:Mount Scott 674:shoshonitic 666:lava fields 589:fault zones 531:pillow lava 431:Crater Lake 399:snowshoeing 355:in Canada. 341:Crater Lake 339:that holds 335:, formed a 128:Native name 110: / 98:122°05′04″W 85:Coordinates 65:Mount Scott 60:Parent peak 37:Crater Lake 8218:Categories 7590:Cayuse War 7342:Structures 7328:Union Peak 7002:Drake Peak 6910:Smith Rock 6865:Monkeyface 6850:Gray Butte 6749:Swede Hill 6721:Scout Camp 6686:Pilot Rock 6631:Mount Hebo 6616:Marys Peak 6416:Union Peak 6309:Sisi Butte 6305:Siah Butte 6295:Sharp Peak 6285:Scout Hill 6256:Rock Butte 6244:Red Crater 6136:Mount Hood 5951:Fort Butte 5907:Danger Bay 5858:Broken Top 5838:Bear Butte 5830:Ball Butte 5748:Mount Yana 5708:Magee Peak 5646:California 5622:Pilot Rock 5502:Ball Butte 5497:Broken Top 5446:Mount Hood 5340:Lemei Rock 5330:Lone Butte 5285:Goat Rocks 5143:Washington 4749:(Thesis). 4202:Bacon 2008 3937:Green 1998 3925:Green 1998 3442:"Glossary" 3059:Bacon 1992 2927:Bacon 1983 2752:Bacon 1983 2740:Bacon 2008 2618:Bacon 1990 2512:Bacon 1983 2500:Bacon 1983 2445:Bacon 2008 1955:References 1863:Scout Hill 1793:Union Peak 1696:Recreation 1660:Mount Hood 1531:Bull trout 1401:pronghorns 1361:wolverines 1329:gray foxes 1265:pallid bat 1213:fog shrews 1020:Mazama Ash 1012:Mazama Ash 998:Mazama Ash 992:Mazama Ash 922:granophyre 791:hornblende 694:lava bombs 646:subduction 625:rhyodacite 609:Quaternary 587:marked by 575:under the 549:See also: 520:lava flows 427:California 423:U.S. state 362:and small 325:California 293:Tum-sum-ne 133:Tum-sum-ne 95:42°54′59″N 8208:Volcanoes 8184:Mountains 8119:Sacagawea 7904:Discovery 7879:Fur trade 7767:Tillamook 7732:Nez Perce 7727:Multnomah 7707:Klickitat 7677:Clackamas 7515:Longhouse 7510:Chinookan 7446:Rim Drive 7150:Boat Rock 7007:Fort Rock 6815:China Hat 6731:Snow Peak 6532:Elk Point 6479:Battle Ax 6341:The Twins 6260:Rock Mesa 6161:Mount Ray 6030:Llao Rock 5991:Hogg Rock 5942:Egan Cone 5932:Dry Butte 5879:Cleetwood 5795:Volcanoes 5753:Goosenest 5466:Snow Peak 5451:Battle Ax 5300:Ives Peak 5280:Mount Aix 5270:Mount Wow 4756:April 23, 4663:131535726 4564:129588913 4499:129449784 4119:April 23, 3994:April 23, 3968:April 24, 3402:128954834 3394:0033-5894 3284:211038738 3276:1432-0819 3242:(3): 23. 2415:April 23, 2218:April 23, 1960:Citations 1600:Sagebrush 1397:mule deer 1325:red foxes 1237:hoary bat 1116:Lake Nyos 1087:landslide 1051:zirconium 1047:ytterbium 973:Greenland 969:degassing 757:tholeiite 642:tholeiite 413:Geography 148:Geography 50:Elevation 7782:Umatilla 7697:Kalapuya 7687:Coquille 7652:Atfalati 7595:Potlatch 7165:Hat Rock 6963:Big Hole 6344:The Wife 6239:Red Cone 6232:Redcloud 6025:Llao Bay 5698:Big Cave 5658:Shastina 5230:Mount Si 5190:Icy Peak 4950:37249361 4942:17808195 4710:36995938 4702:17790824 3197:March 4, 3002:cite web 2965:cite web 1910:See also 1808:Red Cone 1536:invasive 1500:mountain 1387:such as 1337:raccoons 937:subsided 728:Holocene 621:andesite 494:Moraines 270:Climbing 207:Topo map 8170:Portals 7916:Chatham 7787:Umpquat 7777:Tututni 7762:Takelma 7757:Siuslaw 7742:Santiam 7712:Latgawa 7702:Klamath 7682:Clatsop 7672:Chinook 7657:Bannock 6764:TV Hill 6235:Red Box 5040:Bibcode 5032:Geology 4969:Bibcode 4922:Bibcode 4913:Science 4891:Bibcode 4682:Bibcode 4673:Science 4643:Bibcode 4544:Bibcode 4479:Bibcode 4450:Bibcode 4403:Bibcode 4384:Sources 4371:May 24, 4342:May 24, 4313:May 24, 4284:May 24, 4255:May 24, 4146:May 24, 3837:May 24, 3805:May 24, 3773:May 24, 3683:May 23, 3648:May 22, 3568:May 22, 3458:July 1, 3426:May 22, 3374:Bibcode 3244:Bibcode 2550:May 22, 2189:May 24, 2048:May 24, 1714:Medford 1683:of the 1656:Mazamas 1605:Shamans 1577:Klamath 1569:Mazamas 1389:bobcats 1381:cougars 1349:ermines 1345:fishers 1341:martens 1321:coyotes 1152:Ecology 1043:yttrium 966:sulfate 914:granite 906:diabase 787:silicic 780:breccia 567:at the 545:Geology 516:fluvial 482:glacier 403:fishing 349:Klamath 337:caldera 317:volcano 299:) is a 297:Klamath 265:2850 BC 234:caldera 219:Geology 72:Listing 8114:Quadra 8042:People 7976:Places 7935:Events 7872:Topics 7772:Tolowa 7752:Siletz 7747:Shasta 7722:Molala 7667:Chetco 7662:Cayuse 7640:People 7614:Places 7573:Events 7545:Wapato 7498:Topics 7388:People 7357:No. 72 7352:No. 68 7212:& 6953:& 6454:& 5799:Oregon 5399:Oregon 5019: 4996: 4948: 4940: 4832:547408 4830: 4796: 4773: 4708: 4700: 4661: 4562: 4497: 3400: 3392: 3282: 3274: 2652:May 9, 2631:"8938" 2411:. 2013 2008:May 9, 1745:, and 1739:biking 1689:dacite 1668:Giiwas 1522:, and 1494:, and 1454:, and 1399:, and 1385:lynxes 1383:, and 1291:, and 1275:, and 1263:, and 1239:, and 1227:, and 1049:, and 1028:tephra 941:timber 933:piston 920:, and 918:aplite 857:tephra 795:phyric 759:, and 613:basalt 593:normal 508:cirque 487:glassy 395:biking 391:hiking 345:Giiwas 319:is in 315:. The 305:Oregon 182:, U.S. 136: 123:Naming 7717:Modoc 7647:Alsea 6474:Baldy 5612:Baldy 4946:S2CID 4868:(PDF) 4846:(PDF) 4724:(PDF) 4706:S2CID 4659:S2CID 4622:(PDF) 4596:(PDF) 4578:(PDF) 4560:S2CID 4513:(PDF) 4495:S2CID 4429:(PDF) 4361:(PDF) 4332:(PDF) 4303:(PDF) 4274:(PDF) 4245:(PDF) 4032:(PDF) 3958:(PDF) 3897:(PDF) 3398:S2CID 3280:S2CID 2405:(PDF) 1922:Notes 1357:minks 1062:Idaho 840:dikes 630:basin 617:mafic 539:algae 490:talus 329:magma 282:Drive 7692:Coos 5017:ISBN 4994:ISBN 4938:PMID 4852:and 4828:OCLC 4794:ISBN 4771:ISBN 4758:2018 4698:PMID 4373:2018 4344:2018 4315:2018 4286:2018 4257:2018 4148:2018 4121:2018 4078:2008 4066:USGS 4044:2018 3996:2018 3970:2018 3909:2018 3839:2018 3807:2018 3775:2018 3685:2018 3677:NASA 3650:2018 3570:2018 3460:2018 3428:2018 3390:ISSN 3272:ISSN 3199:2023 3192:USGS 3012:link 3008:link 2994:USGS 2975:link 2971:link 2957:USGS 2654:2018 2552:2018 2417:2018 2320:2018 2220:2018 2191:2018 2095:2020 2050:2018 2010:2018 1721:The 1584:Llao 1575:The 1510:and 1502:and 1311:and 1305:vole 1299:and 1039:soda 615:and 512:till 311:and 212:USGS 79:76th 5797:of 5048:doi 4977:doi 4930:doi 4918:144 4899:doi 4887:200 4732:doi 4690:doi 4678:147 4651:doi 4604:doi 4552:doi 4521:doi 4487:doi 4458:doi 4411:doi 3382:doi 3262:hdl 3252:doi 1393:Elk 1175:fir 8220:: 6363:, 6359:, 5046:. 5036:27 5034:. 5015:. 5011:. 4975:. 4965:98 4963:. 4944:. 4936:. 4928:. 4916:. 4897:. 4885:. 4870:. 4848:. 4826:. 4822:. 4792:. 4730:. 4726:. 4704:. 4696:. 4688:. 4676:. 4657:. 4649:. 4639:79 4637:. 4624:. 4602:. 4598:. 4580:. 4558:. 4550:. 4540:98 4538:. 4519:. 4515:. 4493:. 4485:. 4475:83 4473:. 4456:. 4446:18 4444:. 4431:. 4409:. 4399:31 4397:. 4363:. 4334:. 4305:. 4276:. 4247:. 4209:^ 4192:^ 4107:. 4064:. 4060:. 4034:. 4004:^ 3986:. 3960:. 3944:^ 3917:^ 3899:. 3883:^ 3829:. 3823:. 3797:. 3791:. 3765:. 3759:. 3732:^ 3705:^ 3675:. 3669:. 3658:^ 3640:. 3605:^ 3590:^ 3560:. 3547:^ 3506:^ 3485:^ 3468:^ 3450:. 3444:. 3418:. 3396:. 3388:. 3380:. 3370:81 3368:. 3364:. 3338:^ 3323:^ 3304:^ 3278:. 3270:. 3260:. 3250:. 3240:82 3238:. 3234:. 3222:^ 3207:^ 3190:. 3129:^ 3078:^ 3035:^ 3020:^ 3004:}} 3000:{{ 2992:. 2967:}} 2963:{{ 2955:. 2907:^ 2892:^ 2877:^ 2850:^ 2833:^ 2790:^ 2771:^ 2708:^ 2693:^ 2662:^ 2645:, 2641:, 2637:. 2633:. 2584:^ 2542:. 2531:^ 2464:^ 2425:^ 2407:. 2393:^ 2374:^ 2355:^ 2340:^ 2310:. 2304:. 2277:^ 2258:^ 2243:^ 2228:^ 2210:. 2199:^ 2182:. 2176:. 2148:^ 2131:^ 2086:. 2080:. 2041:, 2037:. 2031:. 2018:^ 2001:. 1995:. 1968:^ 1749:. 1616:. 1518:, 1490:, 1486:, 1482:, 1478:, 1474:, 1470:, 1466:, 1462:, 1450:, 1446:, 1442:, 1438:, 1434:, 1430:, 1426:, 1422:, 1395:, 1391:. 1379:, 1375:, 1371:, 1367:, 1363:, 1359:, 1355:, 1351:, 1347:, 1343:, 1339:, 1335:, 1331:, 1327:, 1323:, 1315:. 1287:, 1283:, 1271:, 1259:, 1255:, 1251:, 1247:, 1235:, 1223:, 1219:, 1215:, 1211:, 1207:, 1203:, 1185:. 1173:, 1045:, 1041:, 916:, 912:, 908:, 700:. 652:. 401:, 397:, 393:, 240:, 236:, 232:, 8172:: 7859:e 7852:t 7845:v 7485:e 7478:t 7471:v 7286:e 7279:t 7272:v 6367:) 6355:( 5787:e 5780:t 5773:v 5548:) 5544:( 5083:e 5076:t 5069:v 5054:. 5050:: 5042:: 5025:. 5002:. 4983:. 4979:: 4971:: 4952:. 4932:: 4924:: 4905:. 4901:: 4893:: 4874:. 4856:. 4834:. 4802:. 4779:. 4760:. 4738:. 4734:: 4712:. 4692:: 4684:: 4665:. 4653:: 4645:: 4628:. 4610:. 4606:: 4584:. 4566:. 4554:: 4546:: 4527:. 4523:: 4501:. 4489:: 4481:: 4464:. 4460:: 4452:: 4435:. 4417:. 4413:: 4405:: 4375:. 4346:. 4317:. 4288:. 4259:. 4150:. 4123:. 4080:. 4046:. 3998:. 3972:. 3911:. 3841:. 3809:. 3777:. 3687:. 3652:. 3572:. 3462:. 3430:. 3404:. 3384:: 3376:: 3286:. 3264:: 3254:: 3246:: 3201:. 3014:) 2996:. 2977:) 2959:. 2656:. 2554:. 2419:. 2322:. 2222:. 2193:. 2111:. 2097:. 2052:. 2012:. 793:- 343:( 291:( 142:) 138:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.