Mount Sinai (Bible)

2482: 905: 498: 2513: 2501: 253: 2581: 2538: 2550: 2628:"The years between the 1830s and the 1870s, which mark the highpoint of the Sinai controversy, witnessed the rise of European countries into worldwide economic and political prominence ... The 1856 Treaty of Paris ensured better access for Europeans into Ottoman territory and casual visitors collected intelligence alongside antiquities ... The peninsula was strategically situated on the sea route from the Mediterranean to India through the Suez Canal which opened to traffic in 1869, a few months after the conclusion of the Ordnance Survey" Manginis (2015) 2569: 35: 1873: 140: 172: 156: 76: 204: 108: 58: 92: 188: 124: 42: 2127: 1928:

pre-dynastic days of Egypt." She says the main center of Moon worship seems to have been concentrated in the southern Sinai peninsula which the Egyptians seized from the Semitic people who had built shrines and mining camps there. Robinson says that inscriptions with pictures of Moon worship objects are found all over the southern peninsula but are missing on Jabal Musa and Mount Catherine. This oddity may suggest religious cleansing.

1037: 2470: 2646:"The proponents of Jebel al-Lawz do not agree on the crossing site of the Red Sea in the Gulf of Akaba / Eilat. One group, consisting of R. Wyatt, J. Pinkoski, and L. Moller suggests that the Israelites crossed at Nuweiba. The other group, consisting of J. Irwin, R. Cornuke, L. Williams, R. Knuteson, K. Kluetz, and K. Durham argues for the Strait of Tiran." Franz (2007) § "Problems with the Gulf of Akaba / Eilat Crossings" 2637:"Now that Rameses is known to be located at Qantir in the Sharkiya province of the east Delta, this means that Beke's proposed site of ... Hermann Gunkel, Hugo Gressman, Martin Noth and Jean Koenig. They all thought that the biblical descriptions of the theophany at Mt. Sinai described volcanic activity, and since there was no evidence of volcanoes in Sinai, that northern Arabia was the more likely." Hoffmeier (2005) 4766: 2036:, which lies adjacent to Mount Catherine, to be the biblical mountain, and it is this mountain that local tour groups and religious groups presently advertise as the biblical Mount Sinai. Evidently this view was eventually taken up by Christian groups as well, as in the 16th century a church was constructed at the peak of this mountain, which was replaced by a Greek Orthodox chapel in 1954. 1911:(circa 4th century CE) wrote, "The whole mountain group looks as if it were a single peak, but, as you enter the group, there are more than one." The highest mountain peak is Mount Catherine, rising 2,610 metres (8,550 feet) above the sea and its sister peak, Jabal Musa (2,285 m ), is not much further behind in height, but is more conspicuous because of the open plain called 1996:

Presumably the Israelite dwellings and artifacts consisted only of perishable materials." Hoffmeier wrote, "None of the encampments of the wilderness wanderings can be meaningful if the Israelites went directly to either Kadesh or Midian ... a journey of eleven days from Kadesh to Horeb can be properly understood only in relationship to the southern portion of the Sinai Peninsula."

2282: 525:. In the story Sinai was enveloped in a cloud, it quaked and was filled with smoke, while lightning-flashes shot forth, and the roar of thunder mingled with the blasts of a trumpet; the account later adds that fire was seen burning at the summit of the mountain. In the biblical account, the fire and clouds are a direct consequence of the arrival of 2379:, and L. Williams. A. Kerkeslager believes that the archaeological evidence is too tenuous to draw conclusions, but has stated that "Jabal al Lawz may also be the most convincing option for identifying the Mt. Sinai of biblical tradition" and should be researched. A number of researchers support this hypothesis while others dispute it. 1887:

pilgrimages identified Jabal Musa as Mount Sinai and this identification was later adopted by the Christian pilgrims. R. K. Harrison states that, “Jabal Musa ... seems to have enjoyed special sanctity long before Christian times, culminating in its identification with Mt. Sinai." In the second and third centuries BCE

749:(סנה səneh) that Moses encountered at Mount Horeb in verses 3:1–6 of Exodus. He asserts that the similarity of Sînay (Sinai) and seneh (bush) is not coincidental; rather, the wordplay might derive "from the notion that the emblem of the Sinai deity was a tree of some sort." Deuteronomy 33:16 identifies 1980:

Edward Robinson insisted that the Plain of ar-Raaha adjacent to Jabal Musa could have accommodated the Israelites. Edward Hull stated that, "this traditional Sinai in every way meets the requirements of the narrative of the Exodus." Hull agreed with Robinson and stated he had no further doubts after

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provides some support for the ancient sanctity of Jabal Musa by writing that Arabian heathens were still celebrating moon feasts there in the 6th century. Lina Eckenstien states that some of the artifacts discovered indicate that "the establishment of the moon-cult in the peninsula dates back to the

1919:. The highest tops in the Tih desert to the north are not much over 1,200 m (4,000 ft). Those in Midian, East of Elath, rise only to 1,300 m (4,200 ft). Even Jabal Serbal, 30 kilometres (20 mi) west of Sinai, is at its highest only 2,050 m (6,730 ft) above the sea. 1902:

Josephus wrote that "Moses went up to a mountain that lay between Egypt and Arabia, which was called Sinai." Josephus says that Sinai is "the highest of all the mountains thereabout," and is "the highest of all the mountains that are in that country, and is not only very difficult to be ascended by

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Some modern biblical scholars explain Mount Sinai as having been a sacred place dedicated to one of the Semitic deities, even before the Israelites encountered it. Others regard the set of laws given on the mountain to have originated in different time periods from one another, with the later ones

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as Mount Sinai or Mount Sinai being located in the present day Sinai Peninsula are inconclusive. There is evidence that prior to 100 CE, well before the Christian monastic period, Jewish sages equated Jabal Musa with Mount Sinai. Graham Davies of Cambridge University argues that early Jewish

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was equatable with biblical Sinai. Other scholars have criticised this identification, as, in addition to being almost 1000 years too early, it also appears to require the wholesale relocation of the Midianites, Amalekites, and other ancient peoples, from the locations where the majority of

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inscriptions, the same as those found in Canaan, were discovered at Serabit el Khadim in the Southern Sinai. Several of these were dated in the later Bronze Age. These encampments provide evidence of miners from southern Canaan. The remote site of Serabit el-Khadem was used for a few months at a

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Some point to the absence of material evidence left behind in the journey of the Israelites but Dr. Beit-Arieh wrote, "Perhaps it will be argued, by those who subscribe to the traditional account in the Bible, that the Israelite material culture was only of the flimsiest kind and left no trace.

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argues that early Jewish pilgrimages identified Jabal Musa as Mount Sinai and this identification was later adopted by the Christian pilgrims. R.K. Harrison states that "Jebel Musa ... seems to have enjoyed special sanctity long before Christian times, culminating in its identification with

998:, who contributed to the erection of churches in Georgia and abroad as well. There were political, cultural, and religious motives for locating the church on Mount Sinai. Georgian monks living there were deeply connected with their motherland. The church had its own plots in 1903:

men, on account of its vast altitude but because of the sharpness of its precipices". The traditional Mount Sinai, located in the Sinai Peninsula, is actually the name of a collection of peaks, sometimes referred to as the Holy Mountain peaks, which consist of Jabal Musa,

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The southern Sinai Peninsula contains archaeological discoveries but to place them with the exodus from Egypt is a daunting task inasmuch as the proposed dates of the Exodus vary widely. The Exodus has been dated from the early Bronze Age to the late Iron Age II.

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had a different meaning, and wasn't even mined, before the Roman era. Unfortunately, the removal of the original peak has destroyed most other archaeological remains from the late Bronze Age (the standard dating of the Exodus) that might previously have been present.

2341:), a volcanic mountain at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba, with Horeb being argued to be a different mountain – the nearby Jebel Ertowa. Beke's suggestion has not found as much scholarly support as the suggestion that Mount Sinai is the el Jaww basin volcano 2431:

cult centre, with the surrounding plateau covered with shrines, altars, stone circles, stone pillars, and over 40,000 rock engravings; although the peak of religious activity at the site dates to 2350–2000 BCE, the exodus is dated 15 Nisan 2448

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F. W. Holland stated "With regard to water-supply there is no other spot in the whole Peninsula which is nearly so well supplied as the neighborhood of Jabal Musa. ... There is also no other district in the Peninsula which affords such excellent pasturage."

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Some scholars believe that Mount Sinai was of ancient sanctity prior to the ascent of Moses described in the Bible. Scholars have theorized that Sinai in part derived its name from the word for Moon which was "sin" (meaning "the moon" or "to shine").

2413:, and locating Sinai in Saudi Arabia would suggest Kadesh Barnea was skirted to the south, some scholars have wondered whether Sinai was much closer to the vicinity of Kadesh Barnea itself. Halfway between Kadesh Barnea and Petra, in the southwest 2015:, built a church to protect monks against raids from nomads. She chose the site for the church from the identification which had been handed down through generations through the Bedouins. She also reported the site was confirmed to her in a dream. 557:

argues that a hole was torn in the heavens, and Sinai was torn away from the earth and the summit pushed through the hole. "The heavens" could be a metaphor for clouds and the "lake of fire" could be a metaphor for the lava-filled crater. Several

2052:, considering it to be the biblical mountain, and in the 4th century a monastery was constructed at its base. Nevertheless, Josephus had stated that Mount Sinai was "the highest of all the mountains thereabout", which would imply that 1981:

studying the great amphitheater leading to the base of the granite cliff of Ras Sufsafeh, that here indeed was the location of the camp and the mount from which the laws of God was delivered to the encampment of Israelites below.

2453:(2012) Mount Hermon is actually the Mount Sinai mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, with the biblical story reminiscent of an ancient battle of the northern tribes with the Egyptians somewhere in the Jordan valley or Golan heights. 993:

in the fifth century, and a Georgian colony was formed there in the ninth century. Georgians erected their own churches in the area of the modern Mount Sinai. The construction of one such church was connected with the name of

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upon the mountain. According to the biblical story, Moses departed to the mountain and stayed there for 40 days and nights in order to receive the Ten Commandments and he did so twice because he broke the first set of the

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with "the one who dwells in the bush." Consequently, Levenson argues that if the use of "bush" is not a scribal error for "Sinai," Deuteronomy might support the connection between the origins of the word Sinai and tree.

2149:, a Kenite who was a Midianite priest, shortly before encountering Sinai, this suggests that Sinai would be somewhere near their territory in Saudi Arabia; the Kenites and Midianites appear to have resided east of the 2500: 2481: 1999:

Local Bedouins who have long inhabited the area have identified Jabal Musa as Mount Sinai. In the 4th century CE small settlements of monks set up places of worship around Jabal Musa. An Egyptian pilgrim named

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Egyptian pottery in the southern Sinai during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age I (Ramesside) periods has been discovered at the mining camps of Serabit el-Khadim and Timna. Objects which bore

1952:, noted that her guides, who were the local "holy men", pointed out these round or circular stone foundations of temporary huts, claiming the children of Israel used them during their stay there. 2512: 1149:

was still known with some certainty, as Elijah is described as travelling to Horeb on one occasion, but there are no later biblical references to it that suggest the location remained known;

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is carved into its base, the mountain top is covered with a number of different altars, and over 8 metres of the original peak were carved away to leave a flat surface with two 8 metre tall

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Qanoon-e-Islam: Or, The Customs of the Moosulmans of India; Comprising a Full and Exact Account of Their Various Rites and Ceremonies, from the Moment of Birth Till the Hour of Death

1965:

time, every couple of years at best, more often once in a generation. The journey to the mines was long, difficult and dangerous. Expeditions headed by Professor Mazar examined the

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The earliest references to Jabal Musa as Mount Sinai or Mount Sinai being located in the present-day Sinai peninsula are inconclusive. There is evidence that prior to 100

2026:(c. 2150–1990 BCE). He notes that this toponymn was located in the southern parts of the Sinai Peninsula, corresponding with the geographical location of Jabal Musa. 4104:

Toponymy on the Periphery: Placenames of the Eastern Desert, Red Sea, and South Sinai in Egyptian Documents from the Early Dynastic until the End of the New Kingdom

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Ewald, Hist. ii. 43, 45, 103; Di.; W. R. Smith, Rel. Sem. 2 p. 117 f.; Sayce, EHH. 188; DB. iv. 536b; Burney, Journal of Theol. Studies, ix. (1908), p. 343 f.

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sticking out of it; these obelisks, which frame the end of the path leading up to them, and are now only 6 metres tall, have led to the mountain being

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has traditionally been considered Sinai's location by Christians, although the peninsula gained its name from this tradition, and was not called that in

392: 2325:, among others. This possibility would exclude all the peaks on the Sinai peninsula and Seir, but would make a number of locations in north western 959:, at the mouth of an inaccessible gorge at the foot of modern Mount Sinai in Saint Catherine at an elevation of 1 550 meters. The monastery is 920:, at the foot of which a monastery was founded in the 4th century; it was only in the 6th century that the monastery moved to the foot of 2090:. A number of scholars and commentators have therefore looked towards the more central and northern parts of the Sinai peninsula for the mountain. 1646: 5539: 2549: 4264:"Gebel Khashm el Tarif [Jebel Hashem al Taref, Hashem el-Tarif, Mount Sinai (?)] Ancient Temple: The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map" 4877: 3539: 1111:

mainly being the result of natural evolution over the centuries of the earlier ones, rather than all originating from a single moment in time.

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seems to allude to rain having occurred at the time. According to the biblical account, God spoke directly to the Israelite nation as a whole.

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One of the most recent developments has been the release of a documentary which identifies a peak within the Jabal al-Lawz mountain range,

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The location of the Mount Sinai described in the Bible remains disputed. The high point of the dispute was in the mid-nineteenth century.

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The biblical description of God's descent seems to be in conflict with the statement shortly after that God spoke to the Israelites from

6125: 5028: 4827: 4285: 3409: 3377: 3310: 3393: 3361: 3342: 3326: 6120: 4988: 4887: 290: 6222: 5021: 4689: 974:/ Ref: 954) and website below, this monastery has been called the 'oldest working Christian monastery' in the world – although the 721:, which belongs to a desert plain in Sinai as well as to a Canaanite city in Syria and perhaps to a city in the northeast Delta of 497: 4872: 2857: 2293:'s assertion in the first century CE that Mount Sinai was in Arabia, although in Paul's time, the Roman administrative region of 271: 2580: 6202: 6063: 6033: 4501:

Bob Cornuke doesn't have a degree in archaeology; he holds a doctorate in Bible and theology from Louisiana Baptist University.

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Comprising a full and exact account of their various rites and ceremonies, from the moment of birth till the hour of death.

2966: 1722: 3224: 2240:. Archaeological artifacts discovered at the top of the mountain indicate that it was once covered by polished shiny blue 1915:("the wide"). Mount Catherine and Jabal Musa are both much higher than any mountains in the Sinaitic desert, or in all of 6053: 6028: 5532: 4237:

de Geus, C. H. J. (1977). "Kadesh Barnea: Some geographical and historical remarks". In Brongers, Hendrik Antonie (ed.).

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Mass-revelation at Mount Sinai in an illustration from a Bible card published by the Providence Lithograph Company, 1907

1668: 4526: 4090:(reprint ed.). New York, New York / Westwood, New Jersey: Harper & Row / Barbour & Company. pp. 7–10. 4030: 3471: 3444: 3018: 2904: 2094:, in the west-central part of the peninsula, was proposed to be the biblical Mount Sinai by Menashe Har-El, a biblical 3113: 1891:

were making pilgrimages there, which is indicated in part by inscriptions discovered in the area. In the 6th century,

610: 6187: 5211: 5092: 5084: 4246: 3089: 2161:, and seems to suggest that this equates with Mount Sinai; Mount Seir designates the mountain range in the centre of 2004:, who had in past times made various visits to the area, identified Jabal Musa as the Holy Mount in the 4th century. 1344: 598: 5108: 5068: 5060: 4892: 1057: 378: 295: 6217: 6192: 5487: 5447: 5124: 5116: 5076: 2996: 2722: 2436:; 1313 BCE), and the mountain appears to have been abandoned between 1950 and 1000 BCE, Anati proposed that 2214:. The Jebel al-Madhbah was evidently considered particularly sacred, as the well known ritual building known as 935:, well before the Christian monastic period, Jewish sages equated Jabal Musa with Mount Sinai. Graham Davies of 5711: 5525: 4902: 4820: 1892: 1876: 909: 899: 820:, meaning "with the teeth", and argued to refer to the sustenance of mankind through the virtue of the mountain 305: 3907:. Translated by Gingas, George E. New York, New York / Mahwah, New Jersey: The Newman Press. 1970. p. 57. 709:, the moon-god worshiped at Ur (in his form Nannar) and at Harran, since there is no indication that the name 517:

The biblical account of the giving of the instructions and teachings of the Ten Commandments was given in the

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as being identical to the biblical Mount Sinai; since then other scholars have also made the identification.

2157:, which some textual scholars consider one of the oldest parts of the Bible, portrays God as having dwelt at 1924: 713:

was ever employed by the Canaanites or the Semitic nomads of Palestine. It is much more likely that the name

671: 693:... there is nothing that requires us to explain Him as a modified moon-god. It is improbable that the name 5204: 4401:

The Miracles of Exodus: A scientist's discovery of the extraordinary natural causes of the biblical stories

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Instruction and Interpretation: Studies in Hebrew Language, Palestinian archaeology and biblical exegesis

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Beit-Arieh, Itzhaq (1987). "Canaanites and Egyptians at Serabit el-Khadim". In Rainey, Anson F. (ed.).

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was constructed at the base of this mountain at a site which is claimed to be the site of the biblical

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states, "These distances will not, however, allow of our placing Sinai farther East than Jabal Musa."

586: 6048: 5787: 4813: 4783: 3079: 2568: 236: 4311: 2920: 2844: 2832: 2817: 2805: 2793: 582: 6212: 5671: 4479:"Is Noah's Ark on mount[ain] in Iran? Man scours the world looking for religious artifacts" 4182: 590: 522: 2775: 2491: 733:), the name of a kind of bush where Moses is said to have first witnessed the theophany of Yahweh. 6182: 5805: 4169: 1763: 1711: 1658: 1494: 1441: 1389: 505: 562:

have indicated that the smoke and fire reference from the Bible suggests that Mount Sinai was a

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was actually the mountain in question, if Sinai was to be sited on the Sinai peninsula at all.

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but in wheel-burnished sherds typical of the Kingdom of Judah, belonging to Iron Age II.

5706: 5676: 5504: 5252: 4867: 2559: 2106:, in the north of the peninsula has also been proposed. Another northern Sinai suggestion is 1961: 960: 262: 6177: 5928: 5795: 4996: 4917: 4907: 4483: 4356: 4325: 3493: 1541: 978:, situated across the Red Sea in the desert south of Cairo, also lays claim to that title. 936: 567: 320: 310: 252: 146: 4488: 3756:. translators = editors. London, UK: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 2. 3080:

Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol A.; Perkins, Pheme, eds. (2001).

521:, primarily between chapters 19 and 24, during which Sinai is mentioned by name twice, in 8: 6156: 5747: 5390: 5227: 5185: 4955: 4897: 4056:(reprint ed.). London, UK & New York, New York: AMS Press. p. 99 , 178–179. 3001: 2322: 2099: 2001: 1060:. In particular, numerous references to the mount exist in the Quran, where it is called 995: 967: 780: 686: 448: 356: 300: 4719:

Ha-Shem: The secret numbers of the Hebrew Bible and the mystery of the Exodus from Egypt

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Egypt, Israel, Sinai: Archaeological and historical relationships in the Biblical period

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Egyptologist Julien Cooper has suggested that the name Sinai corresponds with a toponym

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would indicate that the Israelites journeyed in roughly a straight line from Egypt via

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the location where Moses had brought water from the ground, by striking it with his rod

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have been discovered in southern Sinai, creating a kind of ring around Jabal Musa. The

559: 542: 455:. "Sinai" and "Horeb" are generally considered by scholars to refer to the same place. 4741:

Ancient Israel in Sinai: The evidence for the authenticity of the wilderness tradition

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Aharoni, Yohanan (1962) . "Kadesh-Barnea and Mount Sinai". In Rothenberg, Beno (ed.).

2397:"monumental blunders" and others. G. Franz published a refutation of this hypothesis. 779:

out of jealousy, due to the Jews being the ones to receive the word of God. Classical

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Based on a number of local names and features, in 1927 Ditlef Nielsen identified the

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version of the Exodus narrative, the Israelites travel in a roughly straight line to

1546: 1333: 678:, and thus Sinai and Horeb would be the mountains of the moon and sun, respectively. 571: 4414: 4263: 3918:

Bimson, John J.; Livingston, David (September–October 1987). "Redating the Exodus".

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would have included both the modern Sinai peninsula and northwestern Saudi Arabia.

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The Old Testament: A Historical and Literary Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures

1130:'s time or earlier. (The Sinai was earlier inhabited by the Monitu and was called 6058: 6002: 5820: 5696: 4797: 3591: 3574: 3463:

Moses in the Holy Scriptures of Judaism, Christianity and Islam: A call for peace

3461: 3432: 3426: 2433: 2350: 2342: 2272: 2154: 2107: 2087: 2053: 1904: 1758: 1436: 1327: 1123: 1100: 1002:. Some of the Georgian manuscripts of Sinai remain there, but others are kept in 990: 956: 921: 742: 666: 638: 409: 210: 114: 82: 6197: 6115: 6100: 5868: 5852: 5837: 5815: 5737: 5552: 5457: 5412: 5369: 5272: 5100: 4967: 3632: 3367: 2992: 2961: 2424: 2294: 2146: 1872: 1182: 1154: 1053: 1049: 1007: 944: 614: 518: 440: 436: 3671: 3399: 2469: 2086:), and the detour via the south of the Sinai peninsula is only present in the 656:

Horeb is thought to mean "glowing/heat", which seems to be a reference to the

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Stalker, D. M. G. (1963). "Exodus". In Black, Matthew; Rowley, H. H. (eds.).

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Modern scholars differ as to the exact geographical position of Mount Sinai.

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argues that God had lowered the heavens and spread them over Sinai, and the

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The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical books

2988: 2556: 2450: 2330: 2326: 2314: 2290: 2049: 2023: 1896: 1859: 1810: 1590: 1384: 1276: 1224: 1166: 917: 746: 597:. Sinai was also mentioned once by name in the rest of the Hebrew Bible in 482: 467: 459: 444: 98: 1973:, of southern Sinai and discovered the site abounded not only in Nabatean 6105: 5898: 5893: 5878: 5767: 5482: 5422: 5395: 5385: 5178: 5043: 4948: 4943: 3519: 2437: 2428: 2394: 2383: 2376: 2346: 2103: 1966: 1883: 1706: 1488: 1377: 1219: 849: 833: 452: 194: 130: 48: 2752: 6141: 6110: 6084: 5941: 5842: 5782: 5641: 5575: 5417: 5333: 5257: 4972: 4960: 4385:

Koenig, Jean (1971). "Le site de Al-Jaw dans l'ancien pays de Madian".

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are considered by scholars to be unlikely to refer to the stone called

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were used over and over throughout the centuries for various purposes.

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narrative appears to suggest that when it was written, the location of

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Jarvis, C. S. (1938). "The forty years' wandering of the Israelites".

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Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer; Fabry, Heinz-Josef (eds.).

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is interpreted in rabbinical literature as here being a corruption of

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Landscapes of Interesting Localities Mentioned in the Holy Scriptures

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Wilson, John Marius; Finden, Edward Francis; Finden, William (eds.).

2372: 2367:(meaning 'mountain of almonds'). Advocates for Jabal al-Lawz include 2204: 2187: 1320: 982: 463: 4614:

Jameson, John H.; Ehrenhard, John E.; Finn, Christine, eds. (2003).

4130:"The Earliest Mention of the Placename Sinai: The Journeys of Khety" 2689: 725:. It has also been recognized that it may somehow be connected with 5981: 5976: 5971: 5918: 5847: 5721: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5292: 4805: 4651:

The riddle of Mount Sinai: Archaeological discoveries at Har Karkom

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Finding the Mountain of Moses: The Real Mount Sinai in Saudi Arabia

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Proceedings of the Multidisciplinary Conference on the Sinai Desert

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Proceedings of the Multidisciplinary Conference on the Sinai Desert

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have suggested that the description fits a storm especially as the

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Mumford, Gregory D. (2001). "Sinai". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

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Christians settled upon this mountain in the 3rd century CE.

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The earliest Christian traditions place this event at the nearby

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Mountain at which the Ten Commandments were given to Moses by God

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The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts & Sciences

470:(1873), have suggested may literally describe the mountain as a 466:

at Mount Sinai in terms which a minority of scholars, following

5691: 5437: 5432: 5338: 5302: 5297: 5282: 5262: 5143: 4765: 3287: 3285: 3283: 2361:

A possible candidate within the Arabia theory has been that of

2237: 2207: 2115: 1916: 1178: 1158: 1142: 1092: 1084: 1041: 1011: 999: 964: 809: 538: 526: 4590: 3952:. Tel Aviv, Israel: Tel Aviv University Press. pp. 63–65. 2690:"Pillar of Fire or Dust? Jabal Mūsā in the nineteenth century" 2305:

A suggested possible naturalistic explanation of the biblical

796:), meaning "the mountain of God" or "the mountain of the gods" 5956: 5777: 5646: 5636: 5590: 5364: 5307: 5247: 5242: 5153: 4933: 3858:

Containing an account of their manners and customs and rites.

3405: 3389: 3373: 3357: 3338: 3322: 3306: 2414: 2406: 2241: 2179: 2131: 2111: 1974: 1970: 1602: 1170: 1162: 1153:

specifies that it was "between Egypt and Arabia", and within

1019: 948: 869: 722: 630: 578: 486: 432: 351: 4003:. New York, New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons. p. 166. 3353: 3351: 3280: 2289:

Some have suggested a site in Saudi Arabia, also noting the

4663: 2162: 2022:, attested in the itinerary of an Egyptian official of the 1078: 750: 675: 3869:

See also Deut. 12: 2–3, II Chron. 34:3–7 and Exodus 32:20.

3176:

Qanoon-e-Islam: Or, the Customs of the Moosulmans of India

545:

argue that these passages are from different sources, the

4418:

The Exodus Case: New discoveries of the historical Exodus

3247: 3245: 2750: 2543:

Mount Sinai depicted on late medieval Georgian manuscript

2281: 2196: 2039: 657: 577:

Sinai is mentioned by name in ten other locations in the

4883:

Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain

4555:(documentary film). Doubting Thomas Research Foundation. 4300:

The Site of the Biblical Mount Sinai – a claim for Petra

3824: 3822: 504:, showing the approach to Mount Sinai, 1839 painting by 4913:

Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour

3576:

The Site of the Biblical Mount Sinai: A claim for Petra

3428:

Stories of the Prophets: [قصص الأنبياء [انكليزي

2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 3242: 2145:

Since Moses is described by the Bible as encountering

884:), is another term that means, "The Mountain of Moses" 534:

after returning from the mountain for the first time.

511:

The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia

4433:"In Search of Noah's Ark: Wyatt's quest, Part 8" 3819: 3633:"Pharaoh's war with the Israelites: The untold story" 2983: 451:, these events are described as having transpired at 4613: 3843:

Dr. Robinson’s Biblical Researches, vol. i., p. 188.

2746: 2744: 2704: 2696:. Multidisciplinary Conference on the Sinai Desert. 2461: 2389:

Jabal al-Lawz has been rejected by scholars such as

1177:

are even more vague, specifying only that it was in

4459:

The Mountain of Moses: The discovery of Mount Sinai

3717:"Mount Sinai (and the Peak of Mount Musa or Mousa)" 3655: 477:Mount Sinai is one of the most sacred locations in 3415: 3034: 2185:The valley in which Petra resides is known as the 4547: 4545: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3528:(English ed.). Wien. pp. 215 & 298. 3487: 3485: 3483: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3059:. New York, New York: HarperOne. pp. 20–21. 2916: 2914: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2828: 2826: 2741: 2329:reasonable candidates. In 1873, C. Beke proposed 6169: 3917: 3292:Harrison, R. K. (n.d.). Hoffmeier, J. K. (ed.). 3203:"The World is My Village: A Novel with an Index" 2789: 2787: 2082:", but considered traditionally to refer to the 1076:(both meaning "the Mount"). As for the adjacent 4519:Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt 2427:excavated, and discovered to have been a major 1988:Calculating the travels of the Israelites, the 775:, in reference to the other nations hating the 5226: 4878:Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image 4542: 4335: 3760: 3736: 3480: 3425:(2013-01-01). al-Ahmad, Mohammad Hilmi (ed.). 3136: 3057:Sinai and Zion: An entry into the Jewish Bible 2911: 2884: 2823: 2811: 2777:The World is My Village: A Novel with an Index 970:. According to the UNESCO report (60 100 5533: 5212: 4821: 3751: 3267: 3265: 3263: 2784: 2678:. Oxford University Press, USA, 2017: p. 108. 386: 4620:. University of Alabama Press. p. 179. 4199:The Sinai Journeys: The Route of the Exodus. 4071:. New York, New York: Doubleday. p. 58. 3752:McClure, M. L.; Feltoe, C. L., eds. (1919). 3453: 3276:. Social Science. University of Texas Press. 2773: 879: 863: 843: 827: 803: 791: 766: 689:, an American biblical scholar, had stated: 620: 139: 4512: 3658:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament 3592:The Sinai Journeys: The Route of the Exodus 3566: 3562:– via Internet Archive (archive.org). 2769: 2767: 2244:, fitting with the biblical description of 2059: 227:Possible locations of biblical Mount Sinai 6126:With a strong hand and an outstretched arm 5540: 5526: 5219: 5205: 4828: 4814: 4051: 4028: 3947: 3828: 3538:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3421: 3260: 2349:in the early 20th century, J. Koenig, and 2309:is that Sinai could have been an erupting 783:mentions the mountain having other names: 393: 379: 6121:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy 4888:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy 4734: 4398: 2717: 761:tradition, the name "Sinai" derives from 745:discusses the link between Sinai and the 5022:Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain 4456: 4262:The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map. 4154:. New Advent, The Catholic Encyclopedia. 3965:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 3810: 3460:Elhadary, Osman (2016-02-08). "11, 15". 3459: 3291: 3054: 3032: 2950: 2764: 2727:. Oxford University Press. p. 133. 2687: 2280: 2125: 1871: 1035: 903: 855:Also mentioned in most Islamic sources: 496: 171: 155: 75: 4873:Thou shalt have no other gods before me 4617:Ancient Muses: Archaeology and the arts 4515:"Jewish Pilgrimage and Jewish Identity" 4236: 4066: 3998: 3962: 3579:. P. Geuthner – via Google Books. 3572: 3015: 1165:, the Sinai Peninsula and northwestern 888: 629:, the name "Sinai" is only used in the 492: 203: 107: 6170: 4687: 4476: 4384: 4283: 4209: 4127: 4100: 4001:God's Wilderness: Discoveries in Sinai 3251: 3172: 2956: 2064:According to textual scholars, in the 2044:In early Christian times, a number of 2040:Mount Serbal, Southern Sinai Peninsula 1157:(a Roman Province encompassing modern 1114: 5521: 5200: 5014:Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law 5006:Moses and his Ethiopian wife Zipporah 4809: 4713: 4430: 3932: 3773:"Bible Map: Mount Sion (Mount Sinai)" 3627: 3625: 3603: 3518: 3272:Hobbs, Joseph J. (19 February 2014). 3271: 3201:Abbas, Khwaja Ahmad (19 March 1984). 3200: 3050: 3048: 3022:(2nd ed.). Thomas Nelson. §178c. 3009: 2979: 2977: 697:is derived from that of the Sumerian 57: 4992:(Sistine Chapel, 1481-1482 painting) 4835: 4688:Shanks, Hershel (March–April 2014). 4369: 4082: 4029:Beit-Arieh, Itzhaq (May–June 1988). 3695: 3676:Sinai Monastery (sinaimonastery.com) 3552: 2751:Sharīf, J.; Herklots, G. A. (1832). 2519:God Appears to Elijah on Mount Horeb 2266: 1087:of Tuwa), it is considered as being 872:, and it means, "The mount of Sinai" 832:), meaning "the mountain as pure as 566:; despite the absence of ash. Other 91: 6054:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai 4477:Wilson, Jennifer (11 August 2006). 4013: 3981:. Archaeology.tau.ac.il. 2012-08-05 3935:The Bible and the Ancient Near East 3437:دَار الْـكُـتُـب الْـعِـلْـمِـيَّـة 3436: 2449:According to contested research by 1104: 880: 868:), is the term that appears in the 864: 844: 828: 804: 792: 767: 413: 187: 123: 41: 19:For other uses of Mount Sinai, see 13: 5547: 4413: 4088:Great Women of the Christian Faith 3622: 3045: 3033:Albright, William Foxwell (1957). 2974: 664:may have derived from the name of 587:Leviticus 7:38; 25:1; 26:46; 27:34 14: 6234: 4759: 2462:Unidentified or imagined location 1048:The peninsula is associated with 717:is connected with the place-name 316:Thou shalt not bear false witness 4893:Honour thy father and thy mother 4764: 4707: 4681: 4656: 4643: 4634: 4607: 4583: 4559: 4128:Cooper, Julien (February 2023). 2640: 2579: 2567: 2548: 2536: 2511: 2499: 2480: 2468: 2356: 1181:, which at the time referred to 741:, American Hebrew Bible scholar 296:Honour thy father and thy mother 251: 202: 186: 170: 154: 138: 122: 106: 90: 74: 56: 40: 33: 6223:Theophanies in the Hebrew Bible 5488:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion 4728: 4640:Ex. 16:1, 7, 13; Tal. Kid. 38a. 4517:. In Frankfurter, David (ed.). 4506: 4470: 4450: 4424: 4407: 4392: 4378: 4363: 4348: 4317: 4305: 4292: 4277: 4255: 4230: 4212:Palestine Exploration Quarterly 4203: 4191: 4176: 4158: 4144: 4121: 4094: 4076: 4060: 4045: 4022: 4007: 3992: 3971: 3956: 3941: 3926: 3922:. pp. 40–48, 51–53, 66–68. 3911: 3897: 3872: 3863: 3846: 3837: 3745: 3730: 3709: 3689: 3664: 3649: 3597: 3583: 3546: 3512: 3500: 3217: 3194: 3166: 3106: 3073: 3026: 3019:Peake's Commentary on the Bible 2938: 2926: 2905:Peake's commentary on the Bible 2875: 2850: 2838: 2799: 2757:. Parbury, Allen, and Company. 2529: 2444: 2441:scholars currently place them. 2121: 893: 4903:Thou shalt not commit adultery 3114:"Breslov – Judaism with Heart" 3037:From Stone Age to Christianity 2881:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, p. 41. 2681: 2668: 2659: 2631: 2622: 1095:), and a part of it is called 609:referred directly to Sinai in 306:Thou shalt not commit adultery 277:No graven images or likenesses 1: 6203:Sacred mountains of West Asia 4372:Sinai in Arabia and of Median 3905:Egeria: Diary of a pilgrimage 3559:Sinai in Arabia and of Median 3179:. Parbury, Allen, and Company 2653: 2523:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld 2313:; this has been suggested by 2195:, and at the entrance to the 2009: 1950: the 4th/5th century CE 1946: 1867: 1022:, or in private collections. 943:Saint Catherine's Monastery ( 672:ancient Mesopotamian religion 4465:The Discovery of Mount Sinai 4431:Kelly, Mark (17 June 2005). 3815:. Vol. 25. p. 139. 3811:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (n.d.). 3777:Bible Atlas (bibleatlas.org) 3660:. Vol. 10. p. 235. 2615: 2400: 2300: 2246:paved work of sapphire stone 924:, following the guidance of 912:from the trail to the summit 808:), meaning "the mountain of 21:Mount Sinai (disambiguation) 7: 4744:. Oxford University Press. 4694:Biblical Archaeology Review 4521:. Brill. pp. 212–213. 4513:Kerkeslager, Allen (1998). 4134:The Ancient Near East Today 4107:. BRILL. pp. 254–255. 4035:Biblical Archaeology Review 3967:. Vol. 3. p. 288. 3920:Biblical Archaeology Review 3856:. Ulan Press. p. 352. 3702:The Antiquities of the Jews 3431:. Dar al Kotob al Ilmiyah ( 2960:(1902). "Sinai, Mount". In 2605:Law given to Moses at Sinai 2598: 1893:Saint Catherine's Monastery 1882:The earliest references to 1877:Saint Catherine's Monastery 1056:, who are also regarded as 910:Saint Catherine's Monastery 900:Saint Catherine's Monastery 10: 6239: 4787:– via NewAdvent.org. 4052:Eckenstein, Lina (1980) . 3187:– via Google Books. 2405:While equating Sinai with 2393:who details what he calls 2270: 2110:, some 30 km west of 1029: 976:Monastery of Saint Anthony 951:Μονὴ τῆς Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης 949: 897: 18: 6134: 6093: 6072: 6049:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael 6021: 5995: 5927: 5861: 5788:Pillars of fire and cloud 5730: 5629: 5563: 5496: 5378: 5347: 5326: 5235: 5136: 5053: 4981: 4926: 4860: 4843: 4784:The Catholic Encyclopedia 4630:– via Google-books. 4457:Williams, Larry (1997) . 4399:Humphreys, Colin (n.d.). 4241:. Leiden: Brill Archive. 4117:– via Google Books. 4031:"The route through Sinai" 3829:Eckenstien, Lina (1921). 3754:The Pilgrimage of Etheria 3213:– via Google Books. 2967:A Dictionary of the Bible 2737:– via Google Books. 2700:– via Academia.edu. 2688:Manginis, George (2015). 2456: 2248:; biblical references to 2210:stated that Ain Musa was 2199:is the Ain Musa, meaning 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1193: 1190: 621:Etymology and other names 414: 6188:Disputed biblical places 5000:(c. 1513–1515 sculpture) 4990:Descent from Mount Sinai 4224:10.1179/peq.1938.70.1.25 4183:Richard Elliott Friedman 3705:. II, xii, 1; III, v, 1. 3573:Nielsen, Ditlef (1927). 3041:. Doubleday Anchor Book. 2203:; the 13th century Arab 2078:(literally meaning "the 2060:Northern Sinai Peninsula 1194:Original identification 1107:, "The Blessed Place"). 1105:ٱلْبُقْعَة ٱلْمُبَارَكَة 1025: 291:Remember the sabbath day 5008:(c. 1645-1650 painting) 4170:Antiquities of the Jews 4101:Cooper, Julien (2020). 4067:Bentley, James (1986). 3252:Davies, Graham (1979). 3173:Sharīf, Jaʻfar (1832). 2724:Ancient Israel in Sinai 2674:Coogan, Michael David. 1790:29.669217°N 34.633411°E 1521:28.539417°N 33.975417°E 1416:28.646389°N 33.651667°E 1303:28.654167°N 35.305833°E 737:Similarly, in his book 272:No other gods before me 6218:Stations of the Exodus 6193:Hebrew Bible mountains 5889:Stations of the Exodus 4370:Beke, Charles (1878). 4343:Mount Sinai, a Volcano 4286:"The Real Mount Sinai" 4069:Secrets of Mount Sinai 3055:Levenson, Jon (1985). 2780:. Ajanta Publications. 2610:Stations of the Exodus 2286: 2142: 1879: 1097:Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah 1045: 1032:Holiest sites in Islam 913: 735: 627:Documentary hypothesis 554:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer 514: 6064:In Antebellum America 6029:Sources and parallels 5677:High Priest of Israel 5505:The Sign and the Seal 5478:Cathedral of Chartres 5253:High Priest of Israel 5078:Les Dix Commandements 4868:I am the Lord thy God 4773:at Wikimedia Commons 4341:Charles Beke (1873), 4016:Recovery of Jerusalem 3205:. Ajanta Publications 2774:Abbas, K. A. (1984). 2560:Alain Manesson Mallet 2417:desert in Israel, is 2284: 2176:mountain of the Altar 2129: 2032:tradition considered 1875: 1629:30.321944°N 35.4475°E 1573:29.59911°N 35.14342°E 1468:28.511667°N 33.9525°E 1251:28.59674°N 35.33549°E 1039: 907: 860:Tūr Sīnāʾ / Tūr Sīnīn 691: 591:Numbers 1:1; 3:1; 9:1 500: 5391:Biblical Mount Sinai 5149:In Catholic theology 5126:The Ten Commandments 5110:The Ten Commandments 5094:The Ten Commandments 5086:The Ten Commandments 5070:The Ten Commandments 5062:The Ten Commandments 4939:Biblical Mount Sinai 4918:Thou shalt not covet 4908:Thou shalt not steal 4484:Deseret Morning News 4357:Moses and Monotheism 4326:Encyclopedia Biblica 4284:Jacobovici, Simcha. 4187:Who wrote the Bible? 3637:Azure (azure.org.il) 3494:Encyclopedia Biblica 3162:Jewish Encyclopedia. 2555:Published by French 2488:Moses on Mount Sinai 2333:which he called the 2258:in modern times, as 2153:. Additionally, the 1795:29.669217; 34.633411 1738:30.653°N 34.028861°E 1542:Jabal Ahmad al Baqir 1526:28.539417; 33.975417 1421:28.646389; 33.651667 1308:28.654167; 35.305833 1169:with its capital in 1136:Country of Turquoise 937:Cambridge University 889:Religious traditions 645:is only used by the 493:Biblical description 367:In Catholic theology 321:Thou shalt not covet 311:Thou shalt not steal 147:Jabal Ahmad al Baqir 6157:Zipporah at the inn 5919:Yam Suph (Reed Sea) 5748:Ark of the Covenant 5228:Ark of the Covenant 5186:Ethics in the Bible 4956:Ark of the Covenant 4898:Thou shalt not kill 4793:"The Lost Mountain" 4771:Mount Sinai (Bible) 4736:Hoffmeier, James K. 3979:"Serabit el-Khadem" 3933:Rendsburg, Gary A. 3525:Im nördlichen Hegaz 3002:Jewish Encyclopedia 2945:Deuteronomy 4:10–12 2719:Hoffmeier, James K. 2323:Immanuel Velikovsky 2100:Tel Aviv University 1842:33.4162°N 35.8570°E 1838: / 1786: / 1734: / 1680: / 1625: / 1569: / 1517: / 1464: / 1412: / 1356: / 1299: / 1247: / 1115:Suggested locations 968:World Heritage Site 781:rabbinic literature 687:William F. Albright 462:texts describe the 449:Book of Deuteronomy 439:, according to the 357:Ark of the Covenant 301:Thou shalt not kill 6034:Textual variations 5874:Massah and Meribah 5792:Priestly clothing 5712:Pharaoh's daughter 5169:Seven Laws of Noah 4738:(6 October 2005). 4323:Cheyne and Black, 4266:. Megalithic.co.uk 4054:A History of Sinai 3880:"Centre for Sinai" 3831:A History of Sinai 3491:Cheyne and Black, 3294:Bible Encyclopedia 2521:, 1860 woodcut by 2345:, as advocated by 2287: 2143: 1907:and Ras Sufsafeh. 1880: 1634:30.321944; 35.4475 1578:29.59911; 35.14342 1473:28.511667; 33.9525 1256:28.59674; 35.33549 1161:, southern modern 1046: 914: 685:deity assumption, 583:Exodus 31:18; 34:2 523:Exodus 19:2; 24:16 515: 415:הַר סִינַי‬ 6165: 6164: 5914:Wilderness of Sin 5904:Battle of Refidim 5801:golden head plate 5717:Shiphrah and Puah 5515: 5514: 5194: 5193: 5174:Great Commandment 5096:(2006 miniseries) 4769:Media related to 4751:978-0-19-988260-1 4668:www.harkarkom.com 4627:978-0-8173-1274-9 4114:978-90-04-42221-6 3854:The Jewish Nation 3697:Josephus, Flavius 3606:"Hashem El Tarif" 3256:. pp. 23–24. 3066:978-0-06-254828-3 2958:Harris, J. Rendel 2734:978-0-19-515546-4 2339:mountain of light 2267:Arabian Peninsula 2138:, at the foot of 1865: 1864: 1743:30.653; 34.028861 1684:29.671°N 32.961°E 1547:Aqaba Governorate 1334:Al Madinah Region 996:David the Builder 940:Mt. Sinai." 908:View down to the 865:طور سيناء / سينين 625:According to the 543:biblical scholars 403: 402: 6230: 6152:Ten Commandments 6147:Plagues of Egypt 6022:Textual analysis 5773:Incense offering 5743:Ark of bulrushes 5542: 5535: 5528: 5519: 5518: 5468:Dome of the Rock 5360:Ten Commandments 5355:Tablets of Stone 5221: 5214: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5164:613 commandments 5040:(1968 sculptures 5032:(1962 sculpture) 4854:Ritual Decalogue 4846:Tablets of Stone 4837:Ten Commandments 4830: 4823: 4816: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4788: 4768: 4755: 4723: 4722: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4660: 4654: 4649:Emmanuel Anati, 4647: 4641: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4487:. Archived from 4474: 4468: 4462: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4367: 4361: 4352: 4346: 4339: 4333: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4298:Ditlef Nielsen, 4296: 4290: 4289: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4207: 4201: 4197:Menashe Har-El, 4195: 4189: 4180: 4174: 4165:Flavius Josephus 4162: 4156: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4080: 4074: 4072: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3882:. Archived from 3876: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3799: 3796: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3769: 3758: 3757: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3601: 3595: 3589:Menashe Har-El, 3587: 3581: 3580: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3537: 3529: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3489: 3478: 3477: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3438: 3419: 3413: 3403: 3397: 3387: 3381: 3371: 3365: 3355: 3346: 3336: 3330: 3320: 3314: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3289: 3278: 3277: 3269: 3258: 3257: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3170: 3164: 3159: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3120:. Archived from 3110: 3104: 3103: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2909: 2901: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2782: 2781: 2771: 2762: 2761: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2715: 2702: 2701: 2685: 2679: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2583: 2571: 2552: 2540: 2515: 2503: 2492:Jean-Léon Gérôme 2484: 2472: 2277:Midian Mountains 2171:Jebel al-Madhbah 2140:Jebel al-Madhbah 2130:The Siq, facing 2092:Mount Sin Bishar 2014: 2011: 1969:, the principal 1951: 1948: 1925:Antoninus Martyr 1853: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1847:33.4162; 35.8570 1843: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1654:Mount Sin Bishar 1640: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1598:Jebel al-Madhbah 1584: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1188: 1187: 1175:Pauline Epistles 1106: 954: 953: 952: 883: 882: 867: 866: 847: 846: 831: 830: 807: 806: 795: 794: 770: 769: 739:Sinai & Zion 607:Paul the Apostle 595:Deuteronomy 33:2 532:tablets of stone 429:Ten Commandments 418: 416: 395: 388: 381: 342:Ritual Decalogue 337:Tablets of Stone 329:Related articles 285: 266: 255: 245:Ten Commandments 232: 231: 206: 205: 190: 189: 179:Mount Sin Bishar 174: 173: 163:Jebel al-Madhbah 158: 157: 142: 141: 126: 125: 110: 109: 94: 93: 78: 77: 68: 60: 59: 44: 43: 37: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6213:Sinai Peninsula 6168: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6130: 6089: 6068: 6059:Song of the Sea 6017: 5991: 5923: 5857: 5726: 5697:Nadab and Abihu 5625: 5559: 5558: 5546: 5516: 5511: 5492: 5374: 5343: 5322: 5231: 5225: 5195: 5190: 5132: 5049: 5016:(1659 painting) 4977: 4922: 4856: 4839: 4834: 4791: 4777: 4762: 4752: 4731: 4726: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4597: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4571:Sinai in Arabia 4565: 4564: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4511: 4507: 4494: 4492: 4475: 4471: 4463:Reprint title: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4429: 4425: 4412: 4408: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4379: 4368: 4364: 4354:Sigmund Freud, 4353: 4349: 4340: 4336: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4293: 4282: 4278: 4269: 4267: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4235: 4231: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4181: 4177: 4163: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4099: 4095: 4081: 4077: 4065: 4061: 4050: 4046: 4027: 4023: 4014:Holland, F. W. 4012: 4008: 3997: 3993: 3984: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3961: 3957: 3946: 3942: 3931: 3927: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3827: 3820: 3809: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3771: 3770: 3761: 3750: 3746: 3735: 3731: 3722: 3720: 3719:. Touregypt.net 3715: 3714: 3710: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3654: 3650: 3641: 3639: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3614: 3612: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3584: 3571: 3567: 3551: 3547: 3531: 3530: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3490: 3481: 3474: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3420: 3416: 3404: 3400: 3388: 3384: 3372: 3368: 3356: 3349: 3337: 3333: 3321: 3317: 3305: 3301: 3290: 3281: 3270: 3261: 3250: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3199: 3195: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3092: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3053: 3046: 3031: 3027: 3014: 3010: 2982: 2975: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2933:Exodus 20:18–19 2931: 2927: 2919: 2912: 2902: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2862:www.sefaria.org 2856: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2785: 2772: 2765: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2716: 2705: 2686: 2682: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2601: 2594: 2584: 2575: 2572: 2563: 2553: 2544: 2541: 2532: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2504: 2495: 2485: 2476: 2473: 2464: 2459: 2447: 2434:Hebrew calendar 2403: 2391:J. K. Hoffmeier 2359: 2351:Colin Humphreys 2303: 2279: 2273:Hijaz Mountains 2269: 2201:spring of Moses 2193:valley of Moses 2155:Song of Deborah 2124: 2108:Hashem el-Tarif 2088:Priestly Source 2062: 2054:Mount Catherine 2042: 2012: 1949: 1905:Mount Catherine 1870: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1759:Hashem el-Tarif 1742: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1720: 1701:Menashe Har-El 1688: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1437:Mount Catherine 1420: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1336:, Saudi Arabia 1307: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1279:, Saudi Arabia 1255: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1227:, Saudi Arabia 1124:Sinai peninsula 1117: 1034: 1028: 991:Sinai Peninsula 957:Sinai Peninsula 950: 922:Mount Catherine 902: 896: 891: 743:Jon D. Levenson 639:Priestly source 623: 572:Song of Deborah 495: 399: 286:'s name in vain 283: 264: 230: 229: 228: 226: 221: 220: 219: 218: 217: 216: 215: 214: 213: 211:Hashem el-Tarif 207: 199: 198: 197: 191: 183: 182: 181: 175: 167: 166: 165: 159: 151: 150: 149: 143: 135: 134: 133: 127: 119: 118: 117: 115:Mount Catherine 111: 103: 102: 101: 95: 87: 86: 85: 79: 71: 70: 69: 64: 61: 53: 52: 51: 45: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6236: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6183:Book of Exodus 6180: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6116:Eye for an eye 6113: 6108: 6103: 6101:I Am that I Am 6097: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5929:Torah readings 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5853:Temple menorah 5850: 5845: 5840: 5838:Staff of Moses 5835: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5553:Book of Exodus 5548: 5545: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5458:Kiriath-Jearim 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5413:Holy of Holies 5410: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5273:Tribe of Judah 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5224: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5114: 5106: 5098: 5090: 5088:(2004 musical) 5082: 5080:(2000 musical) 5074: 5066: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5034: 5026: 5018: 5010: 5002: 4994: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4968:Book of Exodus 4965: 4964: 4963: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4936: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4833: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4789: 4761: 4760:External links 4758: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4706: 4680: 4655: 4642: 4633: 4626: 4606: 4582: 4558: 4541: 4528:978-9004111271 4527: 4505: 4469: 4449: 4423: 4406: 4391: 4377: 4362: 4347: 4334: 4316: 4304: 4291: 4276: 4254: 4247: 4229: 4202: 4190: 4175: 4157: 4143: 4120: 4113: 4093: 4075: 4059: 4044: 4021: 4018:. p. 524. 4006: 3991: 3970: 3955: 3940: 3937:. p. 171. 3925: 3910: 3896: 3871: 3862: 3845: 3836: 3818: 3800: 3788: 3759: 3744: 3729: 3708: 3688: 3663: 3648: 3621: 3596: 3582: 3565: 3545: 3511: 3499: 3479: 3473:978-1483563039 3472: 3452: 3446:978-2745151360 3445: 3414: 3398: 3382: 3366: 3347: 3331: 3315: 3299: 3279: 3259: 3241: 3216: 3193: 3165: 3135: 3105: 3090: 3072: 3065: 3044: 3025: 3008: 2973: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2910: 2883: 2874: 2858:"Exodus 19:20" 2849: 2837: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2783: 2763: 2740: 2733: 2703: 2680: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2585: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2566: 2564: 2554: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2517: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2498: 2496: 2486: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2446: 2443: 2425:Emmanuel Anati 2402: 2399: 2358: 2355: 2307:devouring fire 2302: 2299: 2295:Arabia Petraea 2268: 2265: 2123: 2120: 2061: 2058: 2041: 2038: 2006:Empress Helena 1967:tell of Feiran 1962:Proto-Sinaitic 1869: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1689:29.671; 32.961 1664: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1647:Ditlef Nielsen 1644: 1641: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1448: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1360:27.25°N 37.2°E 1340: 1337: 1331: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1315: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1183:Arabia Petraea 1155:Arabia Petraea 1116: 1113: 1030:Main article: 1027: 1024: 1008:St. Petersburg 961:Greek Orthodox 955:) lies on the 895: 892: 890: 887: 886: 885: 873: 853: 852: 837: 821: 797: 681:Regarding the 622: 619: 611:Galatians 4:24 568:bible scholars 519:Book of Exodus 494: 491: 441:Book of Exodus 431:were given to 401: 400: 398: 397: 390: 383: 375: 372: 371: 370: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 331: 330: 326: 325: 324: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 282:Not take the L 279: 274: 269: 257: 256: 248: 247: 241: 240: 223: 222: 209: 208: 201: 200: 193: 192: 185: 184: 177: 176: 169: 168: 161: 160: 153: 152: 145: 144: 137: 136: 129: 128: 121: 120: 113: 112: 105: 104: 97: 96: 89: 88: 81: 80: 73: 72: 63: 62: 55: 54: 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 30: 29: 28: 27: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6235: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6044:Exodus Rabbah 6042: 6040: 6039:Covenant Code 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5826:undergarments 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5473:Well of Souls 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5288:Tribe of Levi 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5129: 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4520: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4491:on 2012-07-07 4490: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4460: 4453: 4438: 4437:Baptist Press 4434: 4427: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4402: 4395: 4387: 4381: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4295: 4287: 4280: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4248:90-04-05433-2 4244: 4240: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4153: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4070: 4063: 4055: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4010: 4002: 3995: 3980: 3974: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3914: 3906: 3900: 3886:on 2016-05-17 3885: 3881: 3875: 3866: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3840: 3832: 3825: 3823: 3814: 3807: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3755: 3748: 3741:. p. 36. 3740: 3733: 3718: 3712: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3659: 3652: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3626: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3578: 3577: 3569: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3541: 3535: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3515: 3508: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3456: 3448: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3295: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3255: 3248: 3246: 3230: 3226: 3225:"Daily Times" 3220: 3204: 3197: 3190: 3178: 3177: 3169: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3124:on 2015-09-23 3123: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3091:0-19-528478-X 3087: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3039: 3038: 3029: 3021: 3020: 3012: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2997:"Mount Horeb" 2994: 2990: 2989:Seligsohn, M. 2986: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2941: 2934: 2929: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2878: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2770: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2747: 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2076: 2071: 2070:Kadesh Barnea 2067: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2013: 330 CE 2007: 2003: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1874: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1491:(Jabal Musa) 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1272:Jabal al-Lawz 1270: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1197: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1016:New York City 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 989:moved to the 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 969: 966: 962: 958: 946: 941: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 911: 906: 901: 877: 874: 871: 861: 858: 857: 856: 851: 841: 838: 835: 825: 822: 819: 815: 811: 801: 798: 789: 786: 785: 784: 782: 778: 774: 764: 760: 757:According to 755: 752: 748: 744: 740: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 690: 688: 684: 679: 677: 674:deity of the 673: 669: 668: 663: 659: 654: 652: 651:Deuteronomist 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 603:New Testament 600: 599:Nehemiah 9:13 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 560:bible critics 556: 555: 550: 549: 544: 540: 535: 533: 528: 524: 520: 513: 512: 507: 506:David Roberts 503: 499: 490: 488: 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 427:at which the 426: 422: 411: 407: 396: 391: 389: 384: 382: 377: 376: 374: 373: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 347:Finger of God 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 333: 332: 328: 327: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 261: 260: 259: 258: 254: 250: 249: 246: 243: 242: 238: 234: 233: 225: 212: 196: 180: 164: 148: 132: 116: 100: 84: 67: 66:Jabal al-Lawz 50: 36: 22: 6080:Nash Papyrus 5883: 5763:Burning bush 5758:Bronze laver 5753:Asherah pole 5551: 5503: 5463:Temple Mount 5453:Beth Shemesh 5408:Jordan River 5159:Alternatives 5125: 5117: 5112:(2007 film) 5109: 5101: 5093: 5085: 5077: 5069: 5061: 5037: 5029: 5020: 5013: 5005: 4997: 4989: 4938: 4861:Commandments 4796: 4782: 4763: 4740: 4729:Bibliography 4718: 4709: 4697:. 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Retrieved 3609: 3599: 3590: 3585: 3575: 3568: 3558: 3548: 3524: 3514: 3507:1 Kings 19:8 3502: 3492: 3466:. BookBaby. 3462: 3455: 3427: 3417: 3401: 3385: 3369: 3334: 3318: 3302: 3293: 3273: 3253: 3232:. Retrieved 3228: 3219: 3207:. Retrieved 3196: 3188: 3181:. Retrieved 3175: 3168: 3161: 3126:. Retrieved 3122:the original 3117: 3108: 3081: 3075: 3056: 3036: 3028: 3017: 3011: 3000: 2965: 2962:Hastings, J. 2952: 2940: 2928: 2921:Judges 5:4–5 2903: 2877: 2865:. Retrieved 2861: 2852: 2845:Exodus 20:22 2840: 2833:Exodus 19:20 2818:Exodus 24:17 2813: 2806:Exodus 19:18 2801: 2794:Exodus 19:16 2776: 2758: 2753: 2723: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2675: 2670: 2661: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2586: 2574:16th century 2557:cartographer 2518: 2487: 2448: 2445:Mount Hermon 2418: 2404: 2388: 2381: 2362: 2360: 2343:Hala-'l Badr 2338: 2334: 2331:Jebel Baggir 2327:Saudi Arabia 2315:Charles Beke 2306: 2304: 2291:Apostle Paul 2288: 2259: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2233: 2229: 2226:colloquially 2217:The Treasury 2215: 2200: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2144: 2135: 2122:Edom/Nabatea 2073: 2063: 2050:Mount Serbal 2043: 2028: 2024:11th Dynasty 2019: 2017: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1958: 1954: 1938: 1932: 1930: 1921: 1912: 1901: 1897:burning bush 1881: 1860:Israel Knohl 1816:Anti-Lebanon 1811:Mount Hermon 1591:Charles Beke 1385:Mount Serbal 1328:Hala-'l Badr 1277:Tabuk Region 1225:Tabuk Region 1208:Coordinates 1167:Saudi Arabia 1146: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1121: 1118: 1109: 1096: 1088: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1047: 980: 942: 930: 918:Mount Serbal 915: 894:Christianity 875: 859: 854: 839: 824:Har Gebnunim 823: 817: 813: 812:"; however, 799: 788:Har HaElohim 787: 772: 762: 756: 747:burning bush 738: 736: 730: 726: 718: 714: 710: 706: 705:), Akkadian 702: 698: 694: 692: 682: 680: 665: 661: 655: 642: 624: 576: 552: 546: 536: 516: 509: 501: 483:Christianity 476: 468:Charles Beke 460:Hebrew Bible 457: 445:Hebrew Bible 420: 405: 404: 361: 224: 99:Mount Serbal 83:Hala-'l Badr 6178:Mount Sinai 6106:Baal-zephon 6073:Manuscripts 5899:Pi-Ramesses 5894:Pi-HaHiroth 5884:Mount Sinai 5879:Mount Horeb 5796:breastplate 5768:Golden calf 5738:Aaron's rod 5508:(1992 book) 5483:Tana Qirqos 5396:Mount Horeb 5386:Mount Sinai 5370:Aaron's rod 5179:Golden Rule 5128:(2016 film) 5120:(2010 film) 5104:(2007 film) 5072:(1956 film) 5064:(1923 film) 4949:Mount Horeb 4944:Mount Sinai 4595:Jabal Maqla 4495:19 December 4084:Deen, Edith 3672:"Home page" 3604:PeakVisor. 3274:Mount Sinai 3229:Daily Times 3118:breslov.org 2759:koh-e-toor. 2593:, 1570–1572 2587:Mount Sinai 2494:, 1895–1900 2438:Jabal Ideid 2429:Paleolithic 2384:Jabal Maqla 2371:as well as 2347:Alois Musil 2104:Mount Helal 2048:settled on 1990:Bible Atlas 1845: / 1793: / 1764:North Sinai 1741: / 1712:North Sinai 1707:Mount Helal 1687: / 1659:North Sinai 1632: / 1576: / 1524: / 1495:South Sinai 1489:Mount Sinai 1471: / 1442:South Sinai 1419: / 1390:South Sinai 1378:Alois Musil 1365:27.25; 37.2 1363: / 1306: / 1254: / 1220:Jabal Maqla 1205:Height (m) 850:Mount Horeb 834:goat cheese 771:), meaning 502:Mount Sinai 453:Mount Horeb 406:Mount Sinai 362:Mount Sinai 195:Mount Helal 131:Mount Sinai 49:Jabal Maqla 6172:Categories 6142:The Exodus 6111:El Shaddai 6085:Papyrus 18 5843:Tabernacle 5783:Mercy seat 5642:Israelites 5418:Tabernacle 5334:Mercy seat 5258:Israelites 4973:The Exodus 4600:2019-03-04 4576:2019-03-04 4442:3 December 4415:Möller, L. 4270:2014-12-01 3985:2014-12-01 3890:2014-12-01 3782:2014-12-01 3723:2014-12-01 3642:2021-01-06 3615:2023-12-12 3423:Ibn Kathir 3254:Wilderness 2993:Bacher, W. 2985:Jacobs, J. 2665:Exodus 19. 2654:References 2530:Jabal Musa 2420:Har Karkom 2377:R. Cornuke 2271:See also: 2232:, meaning 2230:Zibb 'Atuf 2205:chronicler 2191:, meaning 2159:Mount Seir 2096:geographer 2046:Anchorites 2034:Jabal Musa 1931:Groups of 1889:Nabataeans 1884:Jabal Musa 1868:Jabal Musa 1833:35°51′25″E 1830:33°24′58″N 1818:, Lebanon 1781:34°38′00″E 1778:29°40′09″N 1729:34°01′44″E 1726:30°39′11″N 1675:32°57′40″E 1672:29°40′16″N 1620:35°26′51″E 1617:30°19′19″N 1564:35°08′36″E 1561:29°35′57″N 1512:33°58′32″E 1509:28°32′22″N 1459:33°57′09″E 1456:28°30′42″N 1407:33°39′06″E 1404:28°38′47″N 1330:(volcano) 1294:35°18′21″E 1291:28°39′15″N 1242:35°20′08″E 1239:28°35′48″N 1044:at the top 898:See also: 876:Jabal Mūsa 829:הר גבנונים 800:Har Bashan 641:, whereas 263:I am the L 5962:Mishpatim 5952:Beshalach 5833:Showbread 5448:Philistia 5443:Eben-Ezer 5379:Locations 5318:Menelik I 4715:Knohl, I. 4218:: 25–40. 3610:PeakVisor 3534:cite book 3522:(1926) . 3520:Musil, A. 3378:7:103–156 2616:Footnotes 2401:The Negev 2395:Cornuke's 2369:L. Möller 2353:in 2003. 2337:(meaning 2301:A volcano 2228:known as 2188:Wadi Musa 2174:(meaning 2072:from the 1913:er Rachah 1605:, Jordan 1549:, Jordan 1321:Ron Wyatt 1191:Location 1066:Ṭūr Sīnīn 1062:Ṭūr Sīnā’ 985:from the 983:Georgians 963:and is a 840:Har Horeb 793:הר האלהים 601:. In the 464:theophany 447:. In the 423:) is the 421:Har Sīnay 6003:Priestly 5982:Vayakhel 5977:Ki Tissa 5972:Tetzaveh 5848:Tefillin 5722:Zipporah 5564:Chapters 5348:Contents 5293:Jeremiah 4717:(2012). 4699:28 March 4673:19 March 4086:(1959). 4041:(3): 37. 3681:19 March 3556:(1878). 3554:Beke, C. 3410:79:15–25 3234:19 March 3209:19 March 3183:19 March 3128:19 March 3100:46381226 2995:(1906). 2721:(2005). 2599:See also 2591:El Greco 2451:I. Knohl 2423:, which 2373:R. Wyatt 2260:sapphire 2255:sapphire 2250:sapphire 2222:obelisks 2136:Treasury 2080:Reed Sea 2075:Yam Suph 2002:Ammonius 1766:, Egypt 1714:, Egypt 1661:, Egypt 1497:, Egypt 1444:, Egypt 1392:, Egypt 1151:Josephus 1128:Josephus 1089:muqaddas 1074:al-Jabal 1058:Prophets 987:Caucasus 926:Josephus 881:جبل موسى 768:שִׂנְאָה 759:Rabbinic 660:, while 548:Mekhilta 541:. While 425:mountain 237:a series 235:Part of 6208:Shavuot 6094:Phrases 6013:Elohist 6008:Jahwist 5996:Sources 5987:Pekudei 5967:Terumah 5942:Va'eira 5731:Objects 5707:Pharaoh 5702:Oholiab 5682:Ithamar 5667:Gershom 5657:Eliezer 5652:Bezalel 5497:Related 5403:Jericho 5313:Solomon 5278:Oholiab 5268:Bezalel 5263:Levites 5248:Kohanim 5137:Related 5102:The Ten 4779:"Sinai" 4653:(2001). 4534:1 April 4360:(1939). 4331:Hoshen. 4302:(1927). 4173:, 2:12. 4152:"Sinai" 3394:20:9–99 3362:28:3–86 3343:2:63–93 2964:(ed.). 2867:Oct 14, 2311:volcano 2084:Red Sea 2030:Bedouin 1943:Etheria 1939:nawamis 1934:nawamis 1909:Etheria 1351:37°12′E 1348:27°15′N 1214:Author 1202:Region 1173:). 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