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importance on the
Mouride cultivators, the disciples do not have efficient ways of cultivating groundnuts, and their techniques are often destructive to the land. Rather than looking out for the best use of the land, the Mouride cultivators are more interested in a fast payback. The methods used by the marabout have led to a constant depletion of the forests in Senegal and have taken much of the nutrients out of the soil. Government agencies have made attempts to help the marabout become more efficient in groundnut production, such as providing incentives for the workers to slow down their production.
2232:
great value on the production labor which is performed in the service of God. Thus the
Mourides devoted themselves to prayer and unpaid agricultural labor in service to their religious leaders. They cultivated the marabout's fields for a decade, and then returned all land profits earned from the groundnut production. After ten years of dedicated work, laborers then received a share of land (large estates were divided up among the laborers). They continued to turn a share of their agricultural output over to their spiritual guide, as groundnut production was the community's only means of sustenance.
2371:
66:
2179:-inspired urban Reform movements which opposed the Mourdides’ collaboration with the colonial system and maraboutic influence. In line with these concerns, Dia had previously opposed the marabouts’ political influence through a number of agricultural reforms. Mouride leaders’ support lay squarely with Senghor, and Dia could muster little popular support among the rural population who followed their marabouts’ loyalties. This unwavering support of Senghor continued until Fallilou Mbacké’s death in 1968, after which relations with the government cooled.
697:
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between leaders and followers, the nature and sources of power and authority and the limits and constraints of the economy are all factors, which mediate and direct the impact of Islam on
Politics. Senegalese elites have not found appeals to ethnic solidarity a productive means of building a mass following. Common religious affiliation has played a role in defusing the potential for tensions that arise from other social cleavages. There however remains a potential for ethnic and caste divides to enter the Senegalese socio-political organization.
2267:
religion, whether between Muslim and non-Muslim or between Sufi orders, are also virtually non-existent. Within Muslim discourse we find constant reference to such concepts as
Islamic government, Islamic economics, or Islamic social order. The essential Islamic core lies in the shared belief in the fundamental unity of the Muslim world. The sense of belonging to a larger community, felt by many Muslims, is reinforced by the common use of Arabic as the language of prayer and religious learning.
2221:
2096:
2357:
2068:” by French colonial administrators, they opposed the marabouts, their cooperation with the French colonial system, and their authoritarian position inside Senegal’s religious system. The Mourides’ strong economic position and political influence (see below), system of unconditional submission to their marabouts, and focus on labour over prayer, made them a natural target of the reformers. The importance of marabouts and saints in Mouride thought was seen as
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context. The most distinctive institutional expression of
Mouride agro-religious innovation is the daara, an agricultural community of young men in the service of a marabout. These collective farms were largely responsible for the expansion of peanut cultivation. A Mouride peasant may submit to a marabout's organization of agricultural work because it is the best option available to him, independently of the ideology which supports it.
2275:
people seek the help of marabouts for protection from the evil spirits, to improve one's status (in terms of career, love or relationship, finances etc.), to obtain a cure or remedy for sickness, or even to curse an enemy. Marabouts are believed to have the ability to deal with the spirit world and seek the spirits’ help in things impossible for humans. The spirits’ help is sought since they are thought to be a source of much
25:
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2074:. This also extended to locations, with reformers opposing the central role of the holy city of Touba and the Mouride tradition of spending significant amounts of money to transport dead relatives to be buried in the city. On a more popular level, the eccentricities of the Baye Fall have also been associated with the Mourides as a whole and been used to criticise them by various non-Mourides.
2148:, whose successful campaign to the Chamber of Deputies in 1914 they subsidized. Together with the continued cooperation with the colonial administration, this successful partnership built the foundation for the future cooperation between the Senegalese government and the Mouride brotherhood. This was further strengthened by the close alliance with
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covered with pictures and sayings of their marabout, and they wear numerous amulets prepared by them. These acts are believed to bring them a better life and solve their problems as well. Even taxi and bus drivers fill their vehicles with stickers, paintings and photos of the marabouts of their particular brotherhoods.
2156:, vital to Mouride economic interests (see below) and promised to subsidize the completion of the Grand Mosque of Touba. In this way Senghor gained the electoral support of the Mourides while the order and the Grand Marabout benefitted from investments in Touba’s infrastructure and the symbolic power of state support.
2287:
intercessors or even intermediaries with god. This charismatic relationship is reinforced and complemented by a parallel clientelistic relationship between marabout and follower. The results is that marabouts are expected to provide certain material benefits to their follower in addition to the spiritual ones.
2336:, which documents his Mouride beliefs and retells the story of Amadou Bamba and the Mouridiya. His intent was devotional, and the album was received that way in the West, but local some Mourides mistook "Egypt" for pop music using Islamic prayers, and initially expressed displeasure, which frustrated Youssou.
2295:
marabout to follow, the level of attachment to that marabout, and the domains or situations in which to follow him. While there is a widespread belief in the marabout system in
Senegal and a strong commitment to it, it is not necessarily accompanied by an absolute attachment to any one living marabout.
2294:
In contrast to a vision of masses blindly manipulated by a religious elite, the ties of talibes to their marabouts are frequently far more contingent and tenuous than assumed. As a result, marabouts confront the problem of recruiting and retaining followers. People at times confront a choice of which
2286:
The marabout-talibe relationship in
Senegal is essentially a relationship of personal dependence. It can be a charismatic or a clientelistic relationship. In a charismatic relationship demonstrations of devotion and abnegation towards the marabouts can only explained because their talibes see them as
2124:
The
Mourides have wielded significant political influence on the national and local scale for most of their history. In a 1965 survey, elite Senegalese named Mouride Grand Marabout Fallilou Mbacké as the second most influential person in the country. Since then, the order has been described as having
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However, the central role of
Mourides in Senegal has meant that even some Salafist-inspired reform movements have, over time, softened anti-maraboutic stances in order to focus on other issues, at times even cooperating with notable Mourides in order to gain popular support and pursue goals appealing
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groups to tackle the issues of urban migrants but have since spread across the country to rural areas as well. Next to providing a community of like-minded
Mourides, they help facilitate the participation of members at important festivals and help raise funds for sudden expenses which individuals may
1577:
By 1912, policy shifted towards using the Senegalese Sufi orders – among them the Mourides – as assets in the colonial administration. This way, it was thought, the authority and power of the orders could instead be used to support colonial rule. In order to facilitate rapprochement and in an attempt
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However, Bamba's exile fueled legends about his miraculous ability to survive torture, deprivation, and attempted executions, and thousands more flocked to his organization. For example, on the ship to Gabon, forbidden from praying, Bamba is said to have broken his leg-irons, leapt overboard into the
2216:
are the third largest export from Senegal after fish and phosphates. The amount of groundnut crop which the Mourides produce has been estimated to range from one-third to three-quarters of Senegalese groundnut production, although others have now estimated it to equal around one-half of the national
2270:
Islam is a powerful mobilization instrument and provides the rhetoric for the formulation of ideological movements, and serves as a force for mobilizing people in the pursuit of goals defined by those movements. The role of local Islamic social structures, the nature of leadership and the relations
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In order to attain their support in elections, bribes and material incentives were given to marabouts from political parties and potential candidates. Many believed that no party could hope to attain political power if the marabouts were completely opposed to it, and any party who rose to power had
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Marabouts very rarely themselves participate directly in the political process. What is more common is to see them exert their influence over their followers and use this in return to gain a larger presence in the Senegalese politics. Such things as withholding seed from granaries, unless followers
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traditional order and incorporating modern media while calling for a return to a mythologised Mouride past of rejecting authority. These interactions and new movements highlight Islamic Studies professor Rüdiger Seeseman’s argument that rather than treating Sufism and reform Islam as unchanging and
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pilgrimages to Touba. Women usually are covered in draping coverings including their heads and occasionally are known to wear highly decorative handmade jewelry made from household or natural items. In modern times the hard labor is often replaced by members roaming the streets asking for financial
2235:
The large share of the Mouride's control over the groundnut production has placed them in the center of the nation's economy. The government's economic planners in turn have kept the brotherhood in their minds when establishing policies about groundnut production. Although the government places an
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Due to this high proportion of groundnut crop produced by the Mouride, the brotherhood has always seemed to have a large influence in the groundnut market and the economy. Economic involvement is in fact encouraged by the religious leaders to their disciples through the use of ideology that places
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are a unique institution of the Senegalese Sufi model which connect followers of a particular marabout or order in an association. They are often based on shared allegiances to a particular marabout or common geographical location, for example, a neighborhood or city-specific dahira. Other dahiras
2274:
The Senegalese have a mystical aspect to Islam, much like other Sufism brotherhoods. In Senegal, Islamic practice usually requires membership in religious brotherhoods that are dedicated to the marabouts of these groups. Marabouts are believed to be the mediators between Allah and the people. The
2282:
The marabouts of the Mouride Brotherhood devote less time to study and teaching than other brotherhoods. They devote most of their time to ordering their disciples’ work and making amulets for their disciples' work and making amulets for their followers. Devout Mourides’ homes and workplaces are
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was given in 1956, Senegal saw a rapid increase in the number of voters, almost triple the number just 10 years prior. This swift increase meant more power for the marabout whose outreach spread largely over the rural and peasant communities, which now had the opportunity to vote. Because of the
2186:
in 1980, who again allocated funds to infrastructure projects in Touba and afforded the city more autonomy. While the effects of this are contested, the Grand Marabout did issue a forceful njebbel in support of Diouf for the 1988 elections, according to which failure to vote for him amounted to
1602:
by the French. In 1928 the French colonial administration issued a deed recognizing the land of Bamba’s tomb and the Great Mosque as private property of the Mouride community. This marked the first step towards Touba’s autonomy from the wider Senegalese state which continued post-independence.
2290:
This patronage function has been important in the distribution of land, especially during periods of expanding peanut cultivation. Mouride social organization was developed in the context of the expanding peanut economy and its unique formulation was adapted to the economic imperatives of that
1557:
At the end of the 19th century, French colonial authorities began to worry about the growing power of the Mouride brotherhood and its potential to resist French colonialism. Bamba, who had converted various kings and their followers, could probably have raised an army against the French had he
2266:
Islam is central to the political sociology of Senegal: the religious elite carry great weight in national politics; political discourse is replete with references and appeals to Islam. There is virtually no opposition to the principle of the secular state, socio-political cleavages based on
2217:
total of groundnuts produced. This partnership between the Brotherhood and the government stems from the French colonial administrators, who had viewed the production of groundnuts by the Mourides as a means of economic advantage through the increasing production of crops for export.
1508:
There is only one surviving photograph of Amadou Bamba, in which he wears a flowing white kaftan and his face is mostly covered by a scarf. This picture is venerated and reproduced in paintings on walls, buses, taxis, and other private and public spaces all over modern-day Senegal.
1543:. Senegal enjoyed small measures of self-rule in many areas. However, French rule still discouraged the development of local industry, preferring to force the exchange of raw materials for European finished goods, and a large number of taxation measures were instituted.
2064:-influenced Islamic universities in the Middle East brought a new Islamic Reform movement to Senegal post-Second World War. As these movements rejected many of the Sufi traditions and foundations that marked Islam in West Africa, and had been linked to the idea of an “
2198:. Wade pledged financial support for the Mourides and included notable Mourides in his government, securing public support of notable Mourides – however not that of the Grand Marabout. This support allowed Wade to cultivate the Mourides as a solid bloc of support.
1597:
Bamba’s successors were increasingly cordial with the French administration, collaborating and receiving support against rivals and material benefits such as land and machinery in return. This led to the brotherhood’s authority becoming part of a form of
2205:, founded by Cheikh Ahmadou Kara Mbacké, a descendant of Cheick Amadou Bamba, marked the entry of an explicitly Mouride organisation into organised politics, with Kara reportedly also targeting a presidential run but being discouraged by his relatives.
2133:
purchase party cards, is a way that some marabouts exert their influence in the region to attain votes. Other marabout may actually seek out political office, but most prefer to use their influence as an intermediary of politics in Senegal.
2136:
As noted above, following a period of repression,, French colonial administrators recognized that the Mouride brotherhood was well-respected among the Senegalese and partnered with them to promote political and social order. Traditional
1799:
and considered work as a form of adoration. Fall was the one to introduce the conduct with which a disciple should interact with his Shaykh, based on the example of the Sahabas and concepts presented in the 49th chapter of the Quran
2239:
Because of their emphasis on work, the Mouride brotherhood is economically well-established in parts of Africa, especially in Senegal and the Gambia. In Senegal, the brotherhood controls significant sections of the nation's
1804:. Ibrahima Fall was responsible for guiding many of Bamba's more eccentric followers and new converts to Islam. His followers were the precursor to a subgroup of the Mouride brotherhood today referred to as the Baye Fall (
1819:
was one of the first of Amadou Bamba's disciples and one of the most illustrious. He catalysed the Mouride movement and led all the labour work in the Mouride brotherhood. Fall reshaped the relation between Mouride
2893:
2033:. Ahmadou Bamba said "If it's not in the Qur'an or Hadith, it's not from me". Mourides sometimes call their order the "Way of Imitation of the Prophet". Parents sometimes send their sons to live with the
1631:
Shaikh Amadou Bamba was buried in 1927 at the Great Mosque in Touba, the holy city of Mouridism and the heart of the Mouride movement. After his death Bamba has been succeeded by his descendants as
2021:
claim that their founders were such renewers. The Mouride beliefs are based on Quranic and Sufi traditions and influenced by the Qadiri and Tijani brotherhoods, as well as the works by the scholar
1830:, ("you reap what you sow"). Ibra Fall helped Amadou Bamba to expand Mouridism, in particular with Fall's establishment of the Baye Fall movement. For this contribution, Serigne Fallou, the second
2044:
Many Mourides consider the city of Touba as equally or even more important than Mecca. Pilgrims regularly come to Touba all year round, but the peak of the year is a mass pilgrimage called the
1570:
ocean, and prayed on a prayer rug that miraculously appeared on the surface of the water. In addition, when the French put him in a furnace, he is said to have simply sat down and had tea with
2144:
During the French colonial reign, the marabouts usually gave their support to politicians based upon their support of the brotherhood's leaders and interests. The most notable of these was
1618:
and their support of the proposed French Community. Their campaigning, supported by the French Administration, led to the overwhelming yes of nearly 98% being coined “the marabouts’ Yes.”
2129:, a loyal Mouride is ideologically required to follow his religious leaders’ instructions or risk of losing any material support that would have been given to him if he disregards them.
2187:
betrayal of Cheick Amadou Bamba’s will. However, this move was unpopular with many Mourides, and later led to a retreat from national politics by the position of the Grand Marabout.
1778:
2164:'marabouts' far reaching influence in Senegal, politicians made a considerable effort to attain the support from these religious leaders for their personal advancement.
2311:(Residence of the Master of Touba), a seat for the community which accommodates meetings and prayers while also being used as a provisional residence for newcomers. In
1760:, poems honoring Muhammad) as well as cultivating the land. Hence they have grown to be associations of Mourides, generally based on shared allegiance to a particular
1357:(literally "one who desires"), a term used generally in Sufism to designate a disciple of a spiritual guide.The beliefs and practices of the Mourides constitute
2141:
aristocrats had proven problematic as intermediaries for the colonial authorities, and they hoped that Mouride leaders would be more effective and legitimate.
1725:
bring together followers belonging to the same age, gender, occupation, or school, linking them across Senegal and even abroad. A key example of this is the
149:
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Säkularer Staat und Islamische Gesellschaft: Die Beziehungen zwischen Staat, Sufi-Bruderschaften und islamischer Reformbewegung in Senegal im 20. Jahrhundert
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Savishinsky, J. N. (1994) The Baye Fall of Senegambia: Muslim Rastas in the Promised Land? Africa: Journal International African Institute, 64, 211-219
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opposed, these movements interact and lead to new forms of thoughts which incorporate beliefs to best address the situations they find themselves in.
2078:
to most Muslims. Other types of reform have come from inside the Mouride order, with younger marabouts drawing inspirations from reformists and West
2576:
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The brotherhood has a sizable representation in certain large cities in Europe and the United States. Most of these cities with a large Senegalese
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3374:
Political Leadership in Africa; Post-Independence Generational Conflicts in Upper Volta, Senegal, Niger, Dahomey, and the Central African Republic
1854:("strong hair"), which they decorate usually with homemade beads, wire or string. They also carry clubs, and act as security guards in the annual
4120:
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1733:. Notably many Mouride dahiras name the Grand Marabout as their patron and thereby avoid allegiance to a specific marabout inside the order.
1465:. He is perhaps best known for his emphasis on work, and his disciples are known for their industriousness. Although he did not support the
3812:
2041:
rather than giving them a conventional education. These boys receive Islamic training and are instilled with the doctrine of hard work.
1381:. The Mouride make up around 40 percent of the total population, and their influence over everyday life can be seen throughout Senegal.
3981:
3046:
Les origines de Cheikh Ibra Fall (2000, December). Touba', Bimestriel Islamique d'Informations Générales. Retrieved May 25, 2007 from
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2319:, a number of the Mouride followers are small-scale street merchants. They often send money back to the brotherhood leaders in Touba.
1756:
or Quranic schools. They were originally founded by the shaykh, his descendants, or disciples to teach the Quran and the khassida (or
136:
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3213:
Seesemann, Rüdiger (2006). "African Islam or Islam in Africa?: Evidence from Kenya". In Loimeier, Roman; Seesemann, Rüdiger (eds.).
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played a major role in fostering consent for government policies, and as being important political power brokers. As part of the
3913:
2082:. They combine these inspirations with aspects of traditional Mouride beliefs, offering new forms of worship removed from the
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At the time of the foundation of the Mouride brotherhood in 1883, the French were in control of Senegal as well as most of
2194:
in 2000. A devout Mouride, Wade travelled to Touba the day after his election to seek the blessing of the Grand Marabout,
1834:(leader) after Amadou Bamba, named him "Lamp Fall" (the light of Mouridism). In addition, Ibrahima Fall earned the title
3676:
Coulon, Christian (April 1999). "The Grand Magal in Touba: A Religious Festival of the Mouride Brotherhood of Senegal".
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is a direct descendant of Amadou Bamba himself and is considered the spiritual leader of all Mourides. There are other
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2152:, who had courted the Mourides and other Sufi orders from early on. Senghor campaigned on stabilizing the price of
1275:
232:
1826:(disciples) and their guide, Amadou Bamba. Fall instituted the culture of work among Mourides with his concept of
2623:. World Faiths Development Dialogue. Georgetown University: Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
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2018:
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No such article exists on this webpage as of October 10, 2012 The Weekly Trust (Kaduna, Nigeria), May 8, 2000.
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The global worlds of the Swahili: interfaced of Islam, identity and space in 19th and 20th-century East Africa
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The public perception of Mourides’ involvement in the highest level of politics changed with the election of
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2849:"Generational Changes, Political Stagnation, and the Evolving Dynamics of Religion and Politics in Senegal"
1865:. Several Baye Fall are talented musicians. A prominent member of the Baye Fall is the Senegalese musician
1578:
to limit the appearance of Bamba as a freedom fighter, he was released from house arrest and moved back to
3923:
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1977:
Additionally to the Three Pillars of Mouridism, the Mourides follow what is called the Mouride Triangle:
434:
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3725:
539:
1418:, he is known as Aḥmad ibn Muhammad ibn Habīb Allāh or by the nickname "Khadīmu r-Rasūl" ("Servant of
4370:
4350:
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1812:), many of whom substitute hard labor and dedication to their marabout for the usual Muslim pieties.
1684:, (1925–2010), caliph from 2007 to 2010. He was the first grandson of Ahmadou Bamba to become caliph.
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sector and the peanut plantations. Ordinary followers donate part of their income to the Mouridiya.
3877:
74:
38:
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1923:) such as prayer, ablution, fasting, pilgrimage and giving charity. A Mouride aspires to achieve
257:
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1996:: With Love and Work over time follows divine light of Allah and knowledge directly to the heart
1586:. The Mouride doctrine of hard work served French economic interests, as addressed below. After
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1373:"spiritual guide" in order to become a Mouride. The Mouride brotherhood was founded in 1883 in
727:
557:
242:
91:
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that implies that God will send renewers of the faith every 100 years. The members of all the
1422:"). In Wolof he is called "Sëriñ Tuubaa" ("Holy Man of Touba"). He was born in the village of
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As in other parts of West Africa and the wider Muslim world, the return of students from the
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Ngom, Fallou (June 2002). "Linguistic Resistance in the Murid Speech Community in Senegal".
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The Mourides of Senegal: the political and economic organization of an Islamic brotherhood
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In summary, a Mouride aspires to achieve Islam by following the basic recommendations of
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1535:, French West Africa was managed relatively better than other African regions during the
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or "greater struggle," which fought not through weapons but through learning and fear of
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1614:. The leaders of the main Senegalese Sufi orders jointly announced their loyalty to
1497:"). Bamba's fame spread through his followers, and people joined him to receive the
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3143:"The Nation Turbaned? The Construction of Nationalist Muslim Identities in Senegal"
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The members of the Baye Fall dress in colorful ragged clothes, wear their hair in
1590:, the Mouride brotherhood was allowed to grow and in 1926 Bamba began work on the
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3240:"L'Islam ne se vend plus: The Islamic Reform Movement and the State in Senegal"
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Mouridism: a local re-invention of the modern Senegalese socio-economic order
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Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick
2920:"Reigning in the Marabouts? Democratization and Local Governance in Senegal"
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Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick
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1919:. This includes (but is not limited to) performing individual obligations (
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Mecca too far? Senegalese Muslims head for Touba By Daniel Flynn, Reuters.
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In the 1962 power clash between now-President Senghor and Prime Minister
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to comply with the Marabout's demands or lose their political support.
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3377:. Stanford: Hoover Institute on War, Revolution and Peace. p. 18.
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that he promised. Salvation, he said, comes through submission to the
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1566:(1903–1907) and confining him in house arrest in Senegal until 1912.
1558:
wanted. Fearful of his power, the French sentenced Bamba to exile in
1498:
1442:
1431:
1344:
1142:
1137:
1107:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1037:
1032:
1017:
1012:
972:
922:
917:
574:
522:
399:
3255:
3158:
1423:
4262:
4205:
3959:
2057:
2007:
1951:
1908:
1709:
1703:
1643:
and has his seat in Touba. The first five caliphs were all sons of
1579:
1574:. In a den of hungry lions, it is said the lions slept beside him.
1571:
1489:
1447:
1419:
1087:
987:
455:
322:
315:
3115:
1736:
Dahiras first appeared in urban areas as religious solidarity and
1678:(1915-2007), caliph from 1990 until his death on December 28, 2007
2241:
2175:, the Mourides again played a notable role. Dia was supported by
1965:
1456:
1374:
1332:
1233:
1132:
1127:
1042:
997:
942:
927:
907:
879:
844:
819:
784:
739:
351:
282:
3851:
3815:
No such article exists on this webpage as of October 10, 2012.,
3796:"And to the orthodox fundamentalist it's utter heresy. Bringing
127:
4174:
3817:
3772:
Industrious Senegal Muslims Run a 'Vatican' By Norimitsu Onishi
2013:
1960:
1932:
1822:
1777:
1461:
1415:
1389:
1370:
1328:
1323:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1092:
955:
889:
799:
764:
687:
569:
544:
478:
420:
413:
406:
332:
227:
3857:
1690:, caliph from July 1, 2010 until his death on January 9, 2018.
1610:
which determined whether Senegal would become part of the new
1394:
4052:
3398:
3396:
3321:"Modern Mouride Marabouts and their Young Disciples in Dakar"
2595:
2312:
2182:
Support for the government returned with Senghor’s successor
2100:
1945:
1904:
1889:
1583:
1559:
1494:
1469:, he did not wage outright war on them, as several prominent
1353:
1340:
912:
874:
814:
789:
774:
769:
749:
744:
734:
720:
680:
564:
486:
469:
292:
287:
3352:
1885:
Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba taught the Three Pillars of Mouridism:
1729:, which brought together Mouride students and alumni of the
4187:
3472:
3276:
2984:
2544:
1893:
1427:
884:
839:
824:
779:
482:
355:
327:
302:
297:
3745:. travelblog.org, November 10, 2007, retrieved 2007-11-13.
3448:
3436:
3393:
3288:
1402:
The Mouride brotherhood was founded in 1883 in Senegal by
337:
3863:
3557:
3545:
3521:
3460:
1365:
in Wolof and must undergo a ritual of allegiance called
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3533:
3381:
3300:
2960:
2948:
2556:
3899:
1741:
be unable to cover themselves, such as funeral costs.
3639:
Le Marabout et le Prince: Islam et Pouvoir au Senegal
3075:
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
3596:
3108:
3106:
3104:
2502:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 128.
2338:
2051:
1943:
and the Divine Decree. A Mouride aspires to achieve
1639:(leader) of the Mouride brotherhood is known as the
3509:
2972:
2532:
1594:in Touba, where he would be buried one year later.
3825:Inside the Holy City of Touba, by Kabiru A. Yusuf.
3421:
2768:"Serigne Muhammadu Lamine Bara Mbacke (2007-2010)"
3428:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.
3192:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 51.
3101:
2894:"The Mouride Dahira: Between Marseille and Touba"
2816:"Décès de Cheikh Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacké,"
1880:
1476:had done. He taught, instead, what he called the
1369:, as it is considered highly important to have a
4337:
2643:"Serigne Muhammadu Moustapha Mbacke (1927-1945)"
3703:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
1531:. Although it had shared in the horrors of the
2048:, which celebrates Bamba's return from exile.
2011:(renewer of Islam) by his followers, citing a
2000:
3975:
3885:
3813:Profiting from One's Prayers, by Joel Millman
3778:Published: May 2, 2002, retrieved 2007-11-13.
2496:"The Senegalese "Social Contract" Revisited'"
2025:. Amadou Bamba wrote more than 1000 books in
1269:
651:
3839:Senegal Society and Culture Complete Report.
3832:Political Topographies of the African State.
2668:"Serigne Muhammadu Fadal Mbacke (1945-1968)"
2607:
2468:"Khadim Rassoul Foundation of North America"
2298:
1835:
1390:Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba Mbacké Khadimou Rassoul
1312:
725:
3834:New York: Cambridge University Press. 46-67
3454:
3442:
3424:Political Topographies of the African State
3402:
3294:
3031:
2793:"Serigne Sidy Muqtar Mbacke (2010-current)"
2601:
2550:
2439:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3982:
3968:
3892:
3878:
2500:Tolerance, Democracy, and Sufis in Senegal
2029:, all of which are based on the Quran and
1696:, incumbent caliph since January 10, 2018.
1606:The Mourides played a central role in the
1276:
1262:
658:
644:
3563:
3358:
3336:
3318:
3212:
3140:
2581:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2435:
2433:
2431:
1990:: Work for Allâh and service for humanity
1608:1958 Senegalese constitutional referendum
1451:, a spiritual leader who wrote tracts on
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
3717:
3621:
3569:
3490:
3478:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3387:
3306:
3282:
3237:
3130:. Petaluma, CA: World Trade Press. 2010.
3040:
2990:
2954:
2846:
2574:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2219:
2094:
1927:by the Six Articles of Faith: Belief in
1776:
1545:
1393:
152:of all important aspects of the article.
73:This article includes a list of general
3754:in West Africa Review, Issue 8 (2005),
3370:
3189:Global Islam: A Very Short Introduction
2693:"Serigne Abdul Ahad Mbacke (1968-1989)"
2489:
2487:
2090:
1972:
1512:
4338:
3675:
3636:
3066:
2718:"Serigne Abdu Qadr Mbacke (1988-1989)"
2613:
2119:
148:Please consider expanding the lead to
3963:
3939:Serigne Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacké
3873:
3551:
3527:
3466:
3419:
3408:
3185:
2743:"Serigne Salihu Mbacke (1915 – 2007)"
2562:
2538:
2493:
2408:
2251:
2208:
1682:Serigne Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacké
3989:
3860:(audio of traditional Mouride poems)
3854:(texts of traditional Mouride poems)
3841:World Trade Press, Petaluma, CA, USA
3698:
3692:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008007
3539:
3515:
3072:
2978:
2966:
2917:
2891:
2484:
2440:O'Brien, Donal Brian Cruise (1971).
1955:(Sufism) through taking initiation (
1361:. Mouride disciples call themselves
1347:for the order. Adherents are called
121:
59:
18:
3914:Serigne Mouhamadou Moustapha Mbacké
3782:A song and a prayer. by Mark Hudson
3575:
2847:Villalón, Leonardo Alfonso (1999).
2575:Villalón, Leonardo Alfonso (2006).
1836:
1652:Serigne Mouhamadou Moustapha Mbacké
1313:
1305:
13:
4121:Ahmad At Tijânî Ibn Bâba Al 'Alawî
3919:Serigne Mouhamadou Fallilou Mbacké
3578:"Groundnut Production in Freefall"
3128:Senegal Society and Culture Report
2797:Murid Islamic Community in America
2772:Murid Islamic Community in America
2747:Murid Islamic Community in America
2722:Murid Islamic Community in America
2697:Murid Islamic Community in America
2672:Murid Islamic Community in America
2647:Murid Islamic Community in America
1795:, was known for his dedication to
1713:, each with a regional following.
1658:Serigne Mouhamadou Fallilou Mbacké
695:
79:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4387:
3845:
3495:. Hamburg: LIT. p. 148-151.
3217:. Münster: LIT. p. 231-233.
2052:Relationship with Reform Movement
1339:with headquarters in the city of
34:This article has multiple issues.
4286:
4276:
4275:
4183:Seydina Mouhammadou Limamou Laye
3002:
2383:
2369:
2355:
2341:
1984:: Love for Allâh and his Cheikhs
1647:, starting with his eldest son:
1245:
627:
209:
126:
64:
23:
16:Sufi mystic order in Sunni Islam
3484:
3364:
3312:
3231:
3206:
3179:
3134:
2996:
2911:
2885:
2840:
2810:
2785:
2760:
2735:
2710:
2685:
2660:
2635:
2614:Mbacke, Saliou (January 2016).
2203:Party for Truth and Development
1939:, the revealed Holy Books, the
1430:, the son of a Cheikh from the
140:may be too short to adequately
42:or discuss these issues on the
4005:Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal
3718:Villalón, Leonardo A. (1995).
2823:"Agence de Presse Sénégalaise"
2568:
2460:
2258:Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal
1881:The Three Pillars of Mouridism
1791:One famous disciple of Bamba,
1582:, close to the future site of
1467:French conquest of West Africa
726:
150:provide an accessible overview
1:
3743:Ukrainian Immigrants in Touba
3699:Sufi, Cheikh Ahmadou (2017).
3244:Journal of Religion in Africa
3147:Journal of Religion in Africa
2397:
2005:Amadou Bamba is considered a
1626:
1487:Bamba's followers call him a
3944:Serigne Sidi Moukhtar Mbacké
2892:Bava, Sophie (August 2001).
2322:In 2004 Senegalese musician
1901:by The Six Articles of Faith
1772:
1688:Serigne Sidi Moukhtar Mbacké
1621:
7:
4126:Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello
3866:(traditional Mouride poems)
3701:The Path of the Murid Sadiq
3371:Le Vine, Victor T. (1967).
2865:10.2979/AFT.1999.46.3-4.128
2498:. In Diouf, Mamadou (ed.).
2494:Babou, Cheick Anta (2013).
2279:"blessings, divine grace".
2001:Renewer of Islam (Mujaddid)
10:
4392:
3929:Serigne Abdou Khadr Mbacké
3837:World Trade Press. (2010)
3800:here would be like taking
3784:Interview and portrait of
3726:Cambridge University Press
3637:Coulon, Christian (1981).
3630:
2255:
1875:
1843:, "Gate of the Mourides."
1784:
1716:
1672:, caliph from 1989 to 1990
1670:Serigne Abdou Khadr Mbacké
1666:, caliph from 1968 to 1989
1660:, caliph from 1945 to 1968
1654:, caliph from 1927 to 1945
1516:
1441:Amadou Bamba was a Muslim
1384:
4271:
4245:
4224:
4211:Cherif Mohamed Aly Aidara
4196:
4173:
4149:
4076:
4023:
3997:
3924:Serigne Abdou Ahad Mbacké
3909:
3420:Boone, Catherine (2003).
3087:10.1080/01434630208666466
2936:10.1093/afraf/100.401.601
2299:Influence outside Senegal
1744:
1664:Serigne Abdou Ahad Mbacké
1410:name), commonly known as
1331:order) most prominent in
435:Sunni schools of theology
3949:Serigne Mountakha Mbacké
3830:Boone, Catherine. 2003.
3491:Loimeier, Roman (2001).
3319:Kingsbury, Kate (2018).
3238:Loimeier, Roman (2000).
2402:
1767:
1694:Serigne Mountakha Mbacké
1635:of the brotherhood. The
1533:pre-colonial slave trade
1309:aṭ-Ṭarīqat al-Murīdiyyah
3792:. Sunday May 23, 2004.
2918:Beck, Linda J. (2001).
2019:Senegalese brotherhoods
1351:, from the Arabic word
233:Prophets and Messengers
94:more precise citations.
4101:Ahmad Tijani Ali Cisse
3338:10.3138/anth.2018-0036
3141:van Hoven, Ed (2000).
2228:
2116:
2080:African Pentecostalism
1809:
1782:
1562:(1895–1902) and later
1554:
1399:
1297:
700:
501:Contemporary movements
316:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
243:Succession to Muhammad
4253:Shia Islam in Senegal
4237:Great Mosque of Touba
4232:Grand Mosque of Dakar
4063:Great Mosque of Touba
3934:Serigne Saliou Mbacké
3749:Thiam, Cheikh (2005)
2256:Further information:
2223:
2196:Serigne Saliou Mbacké
2098:
1780:
1676:Serigne Saliou Mbacké
1549:
1406:Aḥmadu Bàmba Mbàkke (
1397:
699:
4068:Grand Magal of Touba
3186:Green, Nile (2020).
2091:Influence in Senegal
1973:The Mouride Triangle
1861:donations for their
1513:French colonial rule
1434:, the oldest of the
283:Declaration of Faith
4361:Islam in the Gambia
4322:14.8667°N 15.8667°W
4318: /
4010:Religion in Senegal
3576:Adigbli, Koffigan.
2472:toubacincinnati.org
2446:. Clarendon Press.
2120:Political influence
2103:, Senegal, showing
2099:Mural on a wall in
1731:University of Dakar
1537:Scramble for Africa
1436:Muslim brotherhoods
1290:Mouride brotherhood
4346:French West Africa
4293:Senegal portal
4160:Abdul Qadir Gilani
4038:Mame Diarra Bousso
3584:on 15 January 2012
3554:, p. 135-136.
3542:, p. 612-613.
3530:, p. 134-135.
3481:, p. 172-173.
3469:, p. 130-131.
3361:, p. 246-247.
3285:, p. 192-193.
3049:"Cheikh Ibra Fall"
3007:. N/A, Manuscript.
2993:, p. 158-159.
2969:, p. 606-607.
2604:, p. 275-276.
2565:, p. 128-129.
2309:Keur Serigne Touba
2307:population have a
2252:Cultural influence
2244:, for example the
2229:
2209:Economic influence
2161:universal suffrage
2117:
1783:
1633:hereditary leaders
1555:
1551:French West Africa
1519:French West Africa
1400:
705:Abdul Qadir Gilani
701:
540:Neo-traditionalism
4356:Islamic mysticism
4327:14.8667; -15.8667
4301:
4300:
4048:Sokhna Magat Diop
3957:
3956:
3768:Mon Mar 12, 2007.
3724:. Cambridge, UK:
3502:978-0-231-16262-3
3224:978-3-8258-9769-7
3112:Sufi, Cheikh p: #
2617:The Mouride Order
2526:10.7312/diou16262
2517:978-0-231-16262-3
2508:10.7312/diou16262
2453:978-0-19-821662-9
1850:which are called
1616:Charles de Gaulle
1286:
1285:
728:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
668:
667:
513:Deobandi movement
185:
184:
177:
167:
166:
120:
119:
112:
57:
4383:
4371:Sufism in Africa
4351:Islam in Senegal
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4278:
4216:Darou Hidjiratou
4136:Shaikh Amadou Ba
4091:Omar Saidou Tall
3991:Islam in Senegal
3984:
3977:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3739:
3714:
3695:
3686:(391): 195–210.
3672:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3652:
3625:
3619:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3580:. Archived from
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3427:
3417:
3406:
3400:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3113:
3110:
3099:
3098:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3051:. Archived from
3044:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3003:Fall, Ibrahima.
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2930:(401): 606–607.
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2825:. Archived from
2820:, July 1, 2010.
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2553:, p. 69-71.
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2437:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2262:Islam in Senegal
2224:Interior of the
2027:Classical Arabic
1839:
1838:
1727:Hizbut-Tarqiyyah
1612:French Community
1414:(1850–1927). In
1316:
1315:
1307:
1306:الطريقة المريدية
1278:
1271:
1264:
1252:Islam portal
1250:
1249:
1248:
1183:Topics in Sufism
855:Sufi metaphysics
731:
730:
690:
684:
683:
670:
669:
660:
653:
646:
634:Islam portal
632:
631:
630:
508:Barelvi movement
474:
473:
387:
386:
213:
204:
198:
197:
187:
186:
180:
173:
162:
159:
153:
130:
122:
115:
108:
104:
101:
95:
90:this article by
81:inline citations
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4385:
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4380:
4336:
4335:
4326:
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4320:
4317:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4267:
4241:
4220:
4192:
4169:
4145:
4106:Maba Diakhou Bâ
4086:Ahmad al-Tijani
4072:
4019:
4015:Islam in Africa
3993:
3988:
3958:
3953:
3905:
3900:Caliphs of the
3898:
3852:Khassida en PDF
3848:
3821:magazine, 1996.
3806:Day of the Dead
3804:to the Mexican
3793:
3736:
3711:
3679:African Affairs
3664:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3633:
3628:
3620:
3597:
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3574:
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3489:
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3289:
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3256:10.2307/1581799
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3159:10.2307/1581802
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3001:
2997:
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2977:
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2965:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2924:African Affairs
2916:
2912:
2903:
2901:
2898:ISIM Newsletter
2890:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2845:
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2832:
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2811:
2801:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2518:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2438:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2301:
2264:
2254:
2211:
2150:Léopold Senghor
2122:
2093:
2054:
2003:
1975:
1949:by the path of
1941:Day of Judgment
1883:
1878:
1872:
1841:Bab al-Murīdīna
1789:
1775:
1770:
1747:
1719:
1629:
1624:
1521:
1515:
1505:and hard work.
1493:(a "renewer of
1392:
1387:
1282:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1118:Haqqani Anjuman
958:
948:
947:
903:
895:
894:
870:Sufi psychology
860:Sufi philosophy
716:
708:
707:, Baghdad, Iraq
686:
685:
674:
673:
664:
628:
626:
621:
620:
599:Kutub al-Sittah
588:
580:
579:
560:
550:
549:
503:
493:
492:
467:
466:
437:
427:
426:
384:
383:
358:
343:
342:
318:
308:
307:
278:
268:
267:
223:
200:
199:
191:
190:
181:
170:
169:
168:
163:
157:
154:
147:
135:This article's
131:
116:
105:
99:
96:
86:Please help to
85:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4389:
4379:
4378:
4376:Touba, Senegal
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4283:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:Mahmadu Lamine
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3847:
3846:External links
3844:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3822:
3810:
3786:Youssou N'Dour
3779:
3776:New York Times
3769:
3763:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3715:
3709:
3696:
3673:
3647:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3595:
3568:
3566:, p. 474.
3564:Kingsbury 2018
3556:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3518:, p. 612.
3508:
3501:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3457:, p. 267.
3447:
3445:, p. 264.
3435:
3407:
3405:, p. 266.
3392:
3390:, p. 135.
3380:
3363:
3359:Seesemann 2006
3351:
3325:Anthropologica
3311:
3309:, p. 137.
3299:
3297:, p. 158.
3287:
3275:
3230:
3223:
3205:
3198:
3178:
3133:
3114:
3100:
3081:(3): 214–226.
3065:
3039:
3030:
3021:|website=
2995:
2983:
2981:, p. 606.
2971:
2959:
2957:, p. 138.
2947:
2910:
2884:
2839:
2809:
2784:
2759:
2734:
2709:
2684:
2659:
2634:
2606:
2594:
2587:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2541:, p. 128.
2531:
2516:
2483:
2459:
2452:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2380:
2366:
2352:
2349:Senegal portal
2330:winning album
2324:Youssou N'Dour
2300:
2297:
2253:
2250:
2246:transportation
2210:
2207:
2192:Abdoulaye Wade
2121:
2118:
2113:Serigne Fallou
2092:
2089:
2053:
2050:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1974:
1971:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1896:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1746:
1743:
1718:
1715:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1641:Grand Marabout
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1517:Main article:
1514:
1511:
1478:jihād al-akbar
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1166:Notable modern
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
959:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
904:
901:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
850:Sufi cosmology
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
723:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
702:
692:
691:
666:
665:
663:
662:
655:
648:
640:
637:
636:
623:
622:
619:
618:
617:
616:
605:
604:
603:
602:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
572:
567:
561:
556:
555:
552:
551:
548:
547:
542:
537:
532:
531:
530:
525:
515:
510:
504:
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
464:
463:
453:
438:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
381:
380:
375:
370:
365:
359:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
335:
330:
325:
319:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
279:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
260:
258:Predestination
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
224:
219:
218:
215:
214:
206:
205:
183:
182:
165:
164:
158:September 2016
144:the key points
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4388:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4334:
4331:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Ibrahim Niass
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:Ibrahima Fall
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3735:0-521-46007-7
3731:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3716:
3712:
3710:9781541399518
3706:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3658:
3650:
3648:2-233-00100-1
3644:
3641:. A. Pedone.
3640:
3635:
3634:
3623:
3622:Villalón 2006
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3560:
3553:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3524:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3479:Loimeier 2000
3475:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3388:Villalón 1999
3384:
3376:
3375:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3307:Villalón 1999
3303:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3283:Loimeier 2000
3279:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3199:9780190917234
3195:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3055:on 2007-07-08
3054:
3050:
3043:
3034:
3026:
3014:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2991:Villalón 2006
2987:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2955:Villalón 1999
2951:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2829:on 2012-04-26
2828:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2590:
2588:9780511598647
2584:
2580:
2579:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2392:
2381:
2378:
2377:Africa portal
2367:
2364:
2363:Gambia portal
2353:
2350:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2326:released his
2325:
2320:
2318:
2317:New York City
2314:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:Blaise Diagne
2142:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2114:
2110:
2109:Ibrahima Fall
2106:
2102:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2084:gerontocratic
2081:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1817:Ibrahima Fall
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1793:Ibrahima Fall
1788:
1787:Ibrahima Fall
1781:Ibrahima Fall
1779:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1600:indirect rule
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1343:, which is a
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1321:) is a large
1320:
1319:al-Murīdiyyah
1310:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:Notable early
1159:
1158:
1155:List of sufis
1152:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
957:
952:
951:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
899:
898:
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4246:Other topics
4165:Kunta family
4116:Hassan Cissé
4033:Amadou Bamba
4024:
3901:
3858:Khassida MP3
3838:
3831:
3816:
3795:
3790:The Observer
3750:
3720:
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3683:
3677:
3638:
3586:. Retrieved
3582:the original
3571:
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3523:
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3474:
3462:
3455:O'Brien 1971
3450:
3443:O'Brien 1971
3438:
3423:
3403:O'Brien 1971
3383:
3373:
3366:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3328:
3324:
3314:
3302:
3295:O'Brien 1971
3290:
3278:
3267:. Retrieved
3247:
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3214:
3208:
3188:
3181:
3170:. Retrieved
3150:
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3068:
3057:. Retrieved
3053:the original
3042:
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3005:Jazbul Murid
3004:
2998:
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2950:
2939:. Retrieved
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2859:(3/4): 134.
2856:
2853:Africa Today
2852:
2842:
2831:. Retrieved
2827:the original
2817:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2796:
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2771:
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2646:
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2625:. Retrieved
2616:
2609:
2602:O'Brien 1971
2597:
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2570:
2558:
2551:O'Brien 1971
2546:
2534:
2499:
2475:. Retrieved
2471:
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2391:Islam portal
2331:
2328:Grammy Award
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2212:
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2105:Amadou Bamba
2076:
2069:
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2055:
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2012:
2006:
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1993:
1987:
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1916:
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1884:
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1837:باب المريدين
1831:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1790:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
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1735:
1726:
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1645:Amadou Bamba
1640:
1636:
1630:
1605:
1596:
1592:Great Mosque
1576:
1568:
1556:
1553:around 1913.
1541:colonial era
1539:and ensuing
1529:North Africa
1522:
1507:
1502:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1460:
1459:, work, and
1446:
1445:and ascetic
1440:
1438:in Senegal.
1412:Amadou Bamba
1403:
1401:
1398:Amadou Bamba
1379:Amadou Bamba
1366:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1289:
1287:
1098:Ni'matullāhī
1063:Sülaymaniyya
1057:
1048:Maizbhandari
597:
528:Ahl-i Hadith
468:In terms of
465:
419:
412:
405:
398:
391:
382:
276:Five Pillars
171:
155:
139:
137:lead section
106:
97:
78:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
4366:Sufi orders
4325: /
3998:Main topics
3904:brotherhood
3802:Ian Paisley
3665:|work=
2627:October 28,
2184:Adbou Diouf
2173:Mamadou Dia
2046:Grand Màgal
1857:Grand Magal
1828:Dieuf Dieul
1588:World War I
1420:the Prophet
1298:yoonu murit
1229:Persecution
956:Sufi orders
865:Sufi poetry
614:Persecution
450:Ahl al-Ra'y
202:Sunni Islam
92:introducing
4340:Categories
4313:15°52′00″W
4310:14°52′00″N
4258:Hamallayya
4078:Tijaniyyah
3864:e-Khassida
3794:On Touba:
3588:6 November
3552:Babou 2013
3528:Babou 2013
3467:Babou 2013
3331:(2): 468.
3269:2024-04-25
3250:(2): 172.
3172:2024-04-25
3153:(2): 233.
3059:2007-06-14
2941:2024-04-21
2904:2011-09-19
2878:2024-04-21
2833:2011-12-08
2563:Babou 2013
2539:Babou 2013
2477:2018-07-10
2398:References
2214:Groundnuts
2154:groundnuts
2066:Islam noir
2023:al-Ghazali
1848:dreadlocks
1802:Al-Hujurat
1785:See also:
1738:mutual aid
1627:Leadership
1564:Mauritania
1453:meditation
1337:The Gambia
1311:or simply
1224:Sufi music
993:Suhrawardi
983:Naqshbandi
593:Literature
558:Holy sites
446:Maturidism
303:Pilgrimage
238:Holy books
75:references
39:improve it
4151:Qadiriyya
4141:Tivaouane
4096:Malick Sy
4058:Porokhane
3798:bin Laden
3760:1525-4488
3667:ignored (
3657:cite book
3540:Beck 2001
3516:Beck 2001
3095:143133134
3023:ignored (
3013:cite book
2979:Beck 2001
2967:Beck 2001
2305:immigrant
2177:Salafiyya
2062:Wahhabist
1994:Knowledge
1959:) with a
1867:Cheikh Lô
1810:Baay Faal
1773:Baye Fall
1754:madrassas
1710:marabouts
1622:Structure
1499:salvation
1432:Qadiriyya
1359:Mouridism
1345:holy city
1128:Issawiyya
1103:Qalandari
1068:Salihiyya
963:Ba 'Alawi
923:Muraqabah
902:Practices
575:Jerusalem
535:Modernism
523:Wahhabism
483:al-Wijdan
442:Ash'arism
142:summarize
100:June 2013
45:talk page
4281:Category
4263:Marabout
4206:Mozdahir
4153:(Xaadir)
3344:25 April
2058:Salafist
2035:marabout
2008:mujaddid
1952:Tasawwuf
1937:prophets
1921:Fard Ayn
1911:(Sufism)
1909:Tasawwuf
1863:marabout
1762:marabout
1704:Marabout
1580:Diourbel
1572:Muhammad
1490:mujaddid
1448:marabout
1349:Mourides
1314:المريدية
1088:Shattari
1053:Malamati
1003:Khalwati
988:Shadhili
968:Bektashi
938:Whirling
908:Anasheed
835:Qalandar
703:Tomb of
677:a series
675:Part of
518:Salafism
487:al-Kashf
456:Atharism
323:Abu Bakr
194:a series
192:Part of
4225:Mosques
4025:Mouride
3902:Mouride
3631:Sources
3264:1581799
3167:1581802
2873:4187287
2242:economy
2127:njebbel
2039:talibes
1988:Service
1966:Tariqat
1963:of the
1917:Shariat
1876:Beliefs
1852:ndiange
1823:talibes
1815:Sheikh
1758:xassida
1722:Dahiras
1717:Dahiras
1457:rituals
1385:History
1375:Senegal
1367:njebbel
1363:taalibé
1333:Senegal
1234:Ziyarat
1219:History
1209:Ma'rifa
1171:Singers
1133:Jerrahi
1123:Inayati
1083:Mevlevi
1078:Kubrawi
1073:Azeemia
1058:Mouridi
1043:Jelveti
1038:Bayrami
1028:Darqawi
1008:Rahmani
978:Chishti
943:Ziyarat
928:Qawwali
880:Tazkiah
845:Silsila
820:Murshid
805:Ma'rifa
785:Karamat
740:Dervish
609:History
378:Hanbali
373:Shafi'i
352:schools
298:Fasting
293:Charity
221:Beliefs
88:improve
4175:Layene
3818:Forbes
3758:
3732:
3707:
3645:
3499:
3262:
3221:
3196:
3165:
3093:
2871:
2802:Nov 5,
2777:Nov 5,
2752:Nov 5,
2727:Nov 5,
2702:Nov 5,
2677:Nov 5,
2652:Nov 5,
2585:
2524:
2514:
2450:
2277:baraka
2159:After
2031:Hadith
2014:hadith
1961:Sheikh
1935:, the
1933:angels
1931:, his
1832:Caliph
1750:Daaras
1745:Daaras
1702:Grand
1637:caliph
1503:cheikh
1474:cheikh
1471:Tijani
1462:tafsir
1443:mystic
1424:Mbacké
1416:Arabic
1404:Shaykh
1371:sheikh
1324:tariqa
1302:Arabic
1204:Haqiqa
1199:Tariqa
1194:Sharia
1189:Tawhid
1143:Zahedi
1138:Madari
1113:Galibi
1108:Akbari
1093:Uwaisi
1033:Senusi
1023:Tijani
1018:Desuqi
1013:Badawi
998:Rifa`i
973:Qadiri
890:Yaqeen
800:Manzil
795:Lataif
765:Haqiqa
688:Sufism
570:Medina
545:Farahi
421:Jariri
414:Laythi
407:Thawri
400:Awza'i
393:Zahiri
385:Others
368:Maliki
363:Hanafi
350:Sunni
333:Uthman
288:Prayer
263:Sahaba
248:Angels
77:, but
4053:Touba
3430:46–67
3260:JSTOR
3163:JSTOR
3091:S2CID
2869:JSTOR
2621:(PDF)
2522:JSTOR
2403:Notes
2333:Egypt
2313:Paris
2139:Wolof
2101:Dakar
2071:shirk
1957:Bayat
1946:Ihsan
1905:Ihsan
1890:Islam
1806:Wolof
1768:Sects
1584:Touba
1560:Gabon
1495:Islam
1408:Wolof
1354:murīd
1341:Touba
1294:Wolof
918:Haḍra
913:Dhikr
875:Salik
815:Murid
810:Maqam
790:Kashf
775:Irfan
770:Ihsan
750:Fakir
745:Dhawq
735:Baqaa
721:Abdal
715:Ideas
681:Islam
587:Lists
565:Mecca
481:(Ahl
479:Sufis
470:Ihsan
4198:Shia
4188:Yoff
3756:ISSN
3730:ISBN
3705:ISBN
3669:help
3643:ISBN
3590:2011
3497:ISBN
3346:2024
3219:ISBN
3194:ISBN
3025:help
2804:2019
2779:2019
2754:2019
2729:2019
2704:2019
2679:2019
2654:2019
2629:2019
2583:ISBN
2512:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2315:and
2260:and
2201:The
2111:and
2060:and
1982:Love
1925:Iman
1899:Iman
1894:Fiqh
1752:are
1700:The
1527:and
1525:West
1428:Baol
1335:and
1329:Sufi
1288:The
933:Sama
885:Wali
840:Qutb
825:Nafs
780:Ishq
755:Fana
444:and
328:Umar
3688:doi
3333:doi
3252:doi
3155:doi
3083:doi
2932:doi
2928:100
2900:: 7
2861:doi
2818:APS
2504:doi
2037:as
1929:God
1907:by
1892:by
1797:God
1482:God
1426:in
1377:by
1214:Art
830:Nūr
760:Hal
679:on
485:wa
356:law
354:of
338:Ali
228:God
4342::
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3774:,
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