6103:
3839:
2380:
4971:
2392:
57:
2400:
364:
7743:
7015:
6298:
233:
660:
2237:
555:. The language has seven noun cases and employs a left-branching structure with adjectives preceding nouns and postpositions instead of prepositions. Georgian lacks grammatical gender and articles, with definite meanings established through context. Georgian's rich derivation system allows for extensive noun and verb formation from roots, with many words featuring initial consonant clusters.
404:
2122:
According to Borise, Georgian has fixed initial word-level stress cued primarily by greater syllable duration and intensity of the initial syllable of a word. Georgian vowels in non-initial syllables are pronounced with a shorter duration compared to vowels in initial syllables.
547:, dominant in modern usage, corresponds closely to Georgian phonemes and has no case distinction, though it employs a capital-like effect called Mtavruli for titles and inscriptions. Georgian is an agglutinative language with a complex verb structure that can include up to eight
2477:('title' or 'heading'), is achieved by modifying the letters so that their vertical sizes are identical and they rest on the baseline with no descenders. These capital-like letters are often used in page headings, chapter titles, monumental inscriptions, and the like.
504:, with standard Georgian based on the Kartlian dialect, and all dialects are mutually intelligible. The history of Georgian spans from Early Old Georgian in the 5th century, to Modern Georgian today. Its development as a written language began with the
6102:
4331:
In
Georgian many nouns and adjectives begin with two or more contiguous consonants. This is because syllables in the language often begin with two consonants. Recordings are available on the relevant Wiktionary entries, linked to below.
4821:
2114:
in
Georgian involves stress, intonation, and rhythm. Stress is very weak, and linguists disagree as to where stress occurs in words. Jun, Vicenik, and Lofstedt have proposed that Georgian stress and intonation are the result of
574:
No claimed genetic links between the
Kartvelian languages and any other language family in the world are accepted in mainstream linguistics. Among the Kartvelian languages, Georgian is most closely related to the so-called
4822:
3958:. Numbers greater than 20 and less than 100 are described as the sum of the greatest possible multiple of 20 plus the remainder. For example, "93" literally translates as 'four times twenty plus thirteen' (
558:
The
Georgian writing system has evolved from ancient scripts to the current Mkhedruli, used for most purposes. The language has a robust grammatical framework with unique features such as syncope in
613:
dialect. Over the centuries, it has exerted a strong influence on the other dialects. As a result, they are all, generally, mutually intelligible with standard
Georgian, and with one another.
5821:
4870:
Q’vela adamiani ibadeba tavisupali da tanasts’ori tavisi ghirsebita da uplebebit. Mat minich’ebuli akvt goneba da sindisi da ertmanetis mimart unda iktseodnen dzmobis sulisk’vetebit.
3749:
Each postposition (whether a suffix or a separate word) requires the modified noun to be in a specific case. This is similar to the way prepositions govern specific cases in many
3613:. Certain prefixes and suffixes can be joined in order to build a verb. In some cases, one verb can have up to eight different morphemes in it at the same time. An example is
4859:ყველა ადამიანი იბადება თავისუფალი და თანასწორი თავისი ღირსებითა და უფლებებით. მათ მინიჭებული აქვთ გონება და სინდისი და ერთმანეთის მიმართ უნდა იქცეოდნენ ძმობის სულისკვეთებით.
2131:
Georgian contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (voiced, aspirated, or ejective) that are pronounced with only a single release; e.g.
4885:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
4823:
4570:
5604:
6015:
Gives the name, pronunciation of each letter, and example words. Shows the stroke order of each letter. Permits drawing practice and has a quiz to learn the letters.
6286:
5704:
6264:
4792:
4770:
4716:
4592:
2423:
has 33 letters in common use; a half dozen more are obsolete in
Georgian, though still used in other alphabets, like Mingrelian, Laz, and Svan. The letters of
3860:
system. By using a root, and adding some definite prefixes and suffixes, one can derive many nouns and adjectives from the root. For example, from the root -
477:
and the native or primary language of 88% of its population. Its speakers today amount to approximately 3.8 million. Georgian is written with its own unique
6530:
7353:
5059:
2190:
2176:
4743:
8400:
5766:
1104:
5037:
3973:
7976:
6431:
5805:
3621:. Each morpheme here contributes to the meaning of the verb tense or the person who has performed the verb. The verb conjugation also exhibits
3983:). It consists of eight volumes and about 115,000 words. It was produced between 1950 and 1964, by a team of linguists under the direction of
7863:
7858:
7850:
7599:
2442:, in the 3rd century BC. The first examples of a Georgian script date from the 5th century AD. There are now three Georgian scripts, called
7823:
6279:
4685:
4663:
4641:
4619:
3713:. An interesting feature of Georgian is that, while the subject of a sentence is generally in the nominative case and the object is in the
4000:
Georgian has a word derivation system, which allows the derivation of nouns from verb roots both with prefixes and suffixes, for example:
8360:
7366:
6550:
6062:
8268:
7879:
5975:
5004:
7788:
1799:
7783:
7711:
5341:
3838:
3721:. In the past tense of the transitive verbs, and in the present tense of the verb "to know", the subject is in the ergative case.
3717:(or dative), one can find this reversed in many situations (this depends mainly on the character of the verb). This is called the
8410:
8205:
8047:
7839:
6523:
6272:
4548:
4526:
4504:
6294:
8235:
8022:
7833:
7721:
7655:
7346:
5544:
1825:
8211:
8063:
7727:
5735:
5627:
5581:
4832:
1055:
1886:
after voiceless consonants it is also voiceless and has been interpreted either as labialization of the preceding consonant
8190:
7961:
7813:
7701:
3791:) word order is common in idiomatic expressions and when the focus of a sentence is on the object. A subject–verb–object (
566:
Georgian's vocabulary is highly derivational, allowing for diverse word formations, while its numeric system is vigesimal.
7828:
7818:
3848:
1833:
1817:
1696:
1086:
1011:
421:
383:
5715:
1135:
symbols, and on the right are the corresponding letters of the modern
Georgian alphabet, which is essentially phonemic.
7803:
7778:
7768:
7645:
6516:
6424:
5927:
5640:
Studies on
Iranian, Semitic and Georgian Linguistics, Wiesbaden 2010 (in German, English, Russian and Georgian summary)
4478:
4451:
4363:
4341:
1511:
8300:
8222:
8095:
7949:
7929:
7614:
7495:
7339:
5117:
5093:
2379:
922:
866:
6030:
8440:
8430:
8012:
7954:
1557:
1110:
6025:
4711:
Some extreme cases also exist in
Georgian. For example, the following word begins with six contiguous consonants:
8445:
8257:
8170:
7971:
7944:
7890:
7665:
7552:
7542:
6456:
6211:
6055:
2036:
1870:
1081:
By the 11th century, Old
Georgian had developed into Middle Georgian. The most famous work of this period is the
1049:, a Roman grammarian from the 2nd century AD. The first direct attestations of the language are inscriptions and
630:
373:
8415:
8230:
8057:
7934:
7751:
7630:
7315:
6302:
4284:'to blush, to make one blush' is derived. This kind of derivation can be done with many adjectives in Georgian.
937:
354:
3795:) word order is common when the focus is on the subject, or in longer sentences. Object-initial word orders (
3772:
language; both subject and object pronouns are frequently omitted except for emphasis or to resolve ambiguity.
2158:
417:
8405:
8195:
7917:
7260:
6954:
6626:
6417:
6012:
5689:. Georgian inscriptions of antique.- Bulletin of ENIMK, vol. X, Tbilisi, 1941, pp. 411–427 (in Georgian)
2435:
1629:
1470:
908:
271:
5166:
302:
289:
8425:
8420:
8353:
8078:
8052:
8000:
7939:
7640:
7374:
5054:
3041:
This is the Georgian standard keyboard layout. The standard Windows keyboard is essentially that of manual
2051:
1897:
1878:
1859:
1843:
1603:
1544:
987:
812:
2417:
script is almost completely dominant; the others are used mostly in religious documents and architecture.
2100:
1959:
1939:
1929:
1921:
1914:
1721:
8037:
8027:
7763:
7706:
7537:
7515:
7394:
6790:
3829:, however, it is possible to establish the meaning of the definite article through use of some particles.
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
2305:
2001:
1583:
1498:
1067:
831:
505:
245:
2208:
and suggests this may be one cue distinguishing ejectives from their aspirated and voiced counterparts.
1962:, not necessarily affricates) are variously described as apical dental, laminal alveolar, and "dental".
8435:
8395:
8369:
8262:
8200:
8175:
7696:
7449:
6048:
5085:
5032:
2073:
932:
927:
821:
8305:
7986:
7966:
7604:
7577:
6539:
6451:
1908:
word-initially before the vowel /u/ and sometimes before other consonants it may be deleted entirely.
1895:
1887:
1876:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1616:
1570:
1457:
626:
5519:
4970:
2403:"Mshrali khidi" (dry bridge) bilingual construction signboard in Georgian (Mtavruli) and Italian in
8374:
8017:
7716:
7562:
7520:
7505:
7439:
7250:
6637:
6161:
6142:
4429:
4407:
4385:
3857:
3803:) are also possible, but less common. Verb-initial word orders including both subject and object (
3735:
3036:
2459:
2016:
917:
348:
17:
5948:
8320:
8042:
7567:
7490:
7399:
7310:
7078:
7023:
5372:
5109:
3750:
1305:
1292:
1046:
1004:
563:
5866:
Testelets, Yakov G. (2020), "Kartvelian (South Caucasian) Languages", in Polinsky, Maria (ed.),
7465:
6683:
6398:
5970:
3610:
3599:
2338:
1738:
1642:
1359:
1346:
1162:
5936:
5106:
Georgia in Antiquity; a History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 B.C. – A.D. 562
7572:
7293:
3056:
3052:
2439:
2357:
2111:
1951:
The glottalization of the ejectives is rather light, and in fact Georgian transliterates the
1807:
1791:
1666:
1203:
1190:
1099:
1029:
532:
4996:
7981:
7475:
7305:
7210:
6981:
6563:
6440:
6337:
6206:
6127:
6092:
4914:
3172:
2333:
2312:
2220:
1765:
1387:
1320:
963:
880:
836:
622:
143:
6002:
3825:. Therefore, for example, "guest", "a guest" and "the guest" are said in the same way. In
1024:
The history of the Georgian language is conventionally divided into the following phases:
535:
involves weak stress, with disagreements among linguists on its placement. The language's
8:
8155:
8132:
7793:
7635:
7609:
7532:
7485:
7389:
7320:
6607:
6573:
6488:
6461:
6357:
6199:
6166:
5692:
5399:
3784:
3780:
3718:
3638:
3625:; a verb may potentially include morphemes representing both the subject and the object.
3156:
3116:
2350:
2323:
2300:
2288:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2096:
Shosted transcribed one speaker's pronunciation more-or-less consistently with , , , , .
1531:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1374:
1266:
1251:
1238:
1231:
458:
148:
6035:
8180:
7675:
7660:
7589:
7557:
7547:
7510:
7480:
7470:
7108:
6991:
6779:
6253:
5896:
5846:
5429:
4934:
3815:
2328:
2317:
2283:
2256:
1339:
1157:
1066:
The emergence of Georgian as a written language appears to have been the result of the
997:
871:
702:
580:
250:
5643:"Great discovery" (about the expedition of Academician Levan Chilashvili).- Newspaper
2173:, sometimes involving more than six consonants in a row, as may be seen in words like
340:
8250:
8245:
8110:
7742:
7584:
7525:
7500:
7429:
7362:
7245:
7169:
7124:
7054:
7034:
6935:
6910:
6857:
6678:
6673:
6660:
6362:
6297:
6225:
6171:
6137:
6132:
5918:
5900:
5799:
5760:
5731:
5623:
5577:
5478:
5470:
5433:
5421:
5113:
5089:
4929:
4919:
4909:
4904:
3892:
3822:
3702:
2434:
in the 11th century, the first Georgian script was created by the first ruler of the
2170:
1688:
1285:
1177:
1075:
1053:
dating to the 5th century, and the oldest surviving literary work is the 5th century
894:
861:
841:
683:
604:
540:
474:
470:
462:
453:
238:
184:
90:
79:
5850:
5548:
379:
8310:
8115:
8090:
7798:
7691:
7409:
7404:
7220:
7215:
7160:
7141:
7134:
7129:
7103:
7095:
7059:
7042:
6964:
6893:
6869:
6830:
6774:
6750:
6735:
6700:
6669:
6655:
6372:
6342:
6194:
6122:
6117:
6079:
5888:
5836:
5460:
5411:
5380:
4924:
3984:
3762:
3595:
3066:
2374:
2370:
1952:
1172:
1152:
1147:
1060:
899:
889:
846:
826:
588:
544:
478:
425:
210:
205:
67:
4614:
A few words in Georgian that begin with four contiguous consonants. Examples are:
2411:
Georgian has been written in a variety of scripts over its history. Currently the
2391:
8332:
7808:
7670:
7650:
7594:
7444:
7268:
7202:
7177:
7064:
6986:
6974:
6906:
6902:
6881:
6803:
6740:
6730:
6725:
6713:
6708:
6645:
6583:
6332:
6235:
6230:
6178:
6007:
5686:
5633:
5063:
5041:
5008:
3955:
3951:
3843:
3826:
3754:
3714:
3686:
3634:
3622:
2458:. The first two are used together as upper and lower case in the writings of the
2295:
2278:
1184:
1167:
1092:
968:
559:
552:
135:
125:
595:
is a more distant relative that split off much earlier, perhaps 4000 years ago.
8127:
7287:
7187:
7182:
6999:
6969:
6915:
6844:
6825:
6808:
6769:
6758:
6664:
5922:
3758:
3731:
3706:
2431:
1225:
851:
195:
120:
100:
5892:
5841:
5755:, Tbilisi: The Georgian Society for Cultural Relations with Compatriots Abroad
1754:
The uvular ejective stop is commonly realised as an uvular ejective fricative
8389:
8290:
8185:
8162:
8120:
8032:
7903:
7192:
7070:
6919:
6852:
6718:
6690:
6650:
6616:
6597:
6497:
6478:
6382:
6377:
6347:
5914:
5474:
5425:
3739:
3710:
3698:
3690:
3076:
2251:
1983:
1889:
1082:
973:
592:
591:
studies indicate that it split from the latter approximately 2700 years ago.
576:
516:
497:
466:
6508:
6003:
Georgian fonts, compliant with Unicode 4.0, also available for MAC OS 9 or X
5980:
1114:. These were meant to help western Catholic missionaries learn Georgian for
8315:
8148:
8100:
7240:
7146:
6940:
6874:
6813:
6784:
6602:
6589:
6483:
6471:
6367:
6352:
6216:
5482:
5465:
5448:
4899:
3743:
3162:
3106:
3096:
2345:
2205:
2116:
2093:
Aronson describes their realizations as , , (but "slightly fronted"), , .
1905:
whether it is realized as labialization after voiced consonants is debated.
1773:
942:
634:
584:
536:
528:
493:
171:
56:
5416:
4958:
2399:
788:
324:
8285:
5949:
Reference grammar of Georgian by Howard Aronson (SEELRC, Duke University)
5384:
5077:
3694:
3575:
3560:
3530:
3523:
3298:
3294:
3176:
3086:
2444:
2228:
1995:
1978:
798:
763:
758:
307:
294:
5612:
Natural phonetics and tonetics: Articulatory, auditory, & functional
2204:
Vicenik has observed that Georgian vowels following ejective stops have
1045:
The earliest extant references to Georgian are found in the writings of
8327:
6409:
4963:
3653:
in the last syllable, this vowel is, in most words, lost. For example,
3166:
3152:
3142:
3132:
3122:
3112:
3102:
3092:
3082:
3072:
3062:
3042:
2099:
Allophonically, may be inserted to break up consonant clusters, as in
2065:
1988:
1115:
1050:
947:
803:
743:
738:
728:
363:
2473:, there is no case. Sometimes, however, a capital-like effect, called
1102:
authored the first printed books written (partially) in Georgian, the
8240:
7773:
7083:
7014:
5400:"Disentangling word stress and phrasal prosody: A view from Georgian"
3947:
3908:
3641:
is a common phenomenon. When a suffix (especially the plural suffix -
3553:
3545:
3507:
3421:
3402:
3312:
3136:
3126:
2413:
2030:
753:
733:
718:
697:
647:
524:
520:
512:
489:
333:
317:
281:
263:
110:
6040:
5984:
5377:
6th International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages (TAL 2018)
8295:
7898:
7331:
7047:
6542:
5971:
English-Georgian, German-Georgian and Russian-Georgian dictionaries
5953:
5913:
5876:
3769:
3567:
2450:
1132:
978:
768:
548:
482:
391:
5129:
659:
7868:
7424:
7419:
6863:
6087:
4703:
3916:
3617:('you should've built '). The verb can be broken down to parts:
3538:
3197:
2404:
1751:
argues that they range from velar to uvular according to context.
1658:
1071:
748:
501:
387:
5537:
2090:
Per Canepari, the main realizations of the vowels are , , , , .
8105:
7873:
7434:
7414:
5990:
856:
793:
610:
5937:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Georgian language
5857:
Skopeteas, Stavros; Féry, Caroline; Asatiani, Rusudan (2009),
2236:
2119:
on the first syllable of a word and near the end of a phrase.
7255:
5080:, "Early Georgian", pp. 145–6, in: Woodard, Roger D. (2008),
4264:
Likewise, verbs can be derived from adjectives, for example:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3146:
2427:
correspond closely to the phonemes of the Georgian language.
783:
778:
773:
723:
5449:"Perception of illusory clusters: the role of native timing"
4326:
531:
consists of five vowels with varying realizations. Georgian
4336:
Some examples of words that begin with two consonants are:
6036:
Learn how to write Georgian hand-written letters correctly
5965:
4827:
Recording of a middle-aged male speaker reading Article 1.
390:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3738:
precede possessions, objects normally precede verbs, and
1070:
in the mid-4th century, which led to the replacement of
3971:
One of the most important Georgian dictionaries is the
3645:-) is attached to a word that has either of the vowels
488:
Georgian is most closely related to the Zan languages (
5753:
Teach Yourself Georgian for English Speaking Georgians
5747:, Tbilisi, 1997, 150 pp (in Georgian, English summary)
4868:
4801:
4779:
4752:
4725:
4694:
4672:
4650:
4628:
4601:
4579:
4557:
4535:
4513:
4487:
4460:
4438:
4416:
4394:
4372:
4350:
4313:
4307:
4294:
4288:
4275:
4269:
4251:
4245:
4228:
4222:
4210:
4204:
4192:
4186:
4168:
4158:
4152:
4139:
4133:
4120:
4114:
4102:
4096:
4075:
4069:
4056:
4050:
4037:
4031:
4011:
4005:
3779:
concluded that Georgian word order tends to place the
443:
61:
6031:
Summer School of Georgian at Tbilisi State University
6008:
A keyboard for typing georgian characters for firefox
5932:. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
5856:
5777:, Tbilisi, 1982, 107 pp (in Georgian, French summary)
5703:
Jun, Sun-Ah; Vicenik, Chad; Lofstedt, Ingvar (2007),
5531:
2430:
According to the traditional account written down by
1848:
is realized in most contexts as a bilabial fricative
5966:
Georgian English, English Georgian online dictionary
5789:
5653:
The typology of subordination in Georgian and Abkhaz
5274:
4237:'to eat a little breakfast' is derived; the preverb
5751:Kraveishvili, M. & Nakhutsrishvili, G. (1972),
5349:. 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.
4473:Many words begin with three contiguous consonants:
3852:
illustrating the appearance of the Georgian script.
3783:of a sentence immediately before the verb, and the
5702:
5359:
5881:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
5829:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
5682:. Pontypridd, Wales: Language Information Centre.
5044:, The ARMAZI project. Retrieved on March 28, 2007
8387:
5868:The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus
5819:
5370:
5327:
5208:
5191:
5153:
4303:'to become blind, to blind someone' are derived.
4181:It is also possible to derive verbs from nouns:
3927:is a particle of nobility, comparable to French
3517:
3415:
3306:
3191:
3047:
1105:Alphabetum Ibericum sive Georgianum cum Oratione
5981:Georgian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words
5877:"An acoustic study of Georgian stop consonants"
5371:Borise, Lena; Zientarski, Xavier (2018-06-18).
3974:Explanatory dictionary of the Georgian language
1955:in foreign words and names with the ejectives.
1867:before voiceless consonants, it is realized as
5820:Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),
4857:
4790:
4768:
4741:
4714:
4683:
4661:
4639:
4617:
4590:
4568:
4546:
4524:
4502:
4476:
4449:
4427:
4405:
4383:
4361:
4339:
3978:
3959:
3013:
2997:
2981:
2965:
2949:
2933:
2917:
2901:
2885:
2869:
2853:
2837:
2821:
2805:
2789:
2773:
2757:
2741:
2725:
2709:
2693:
2677:
2661:
2645:
2629:
2613:
2597:
2581:
2565:
2549:
2533:
2517:
2501:
2188:
2174:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2078:
2056:
2041:
2021:
2006:
1943:
1933:
1701:
1671:
1647:
1634:
1621:
1608:
1588:
1575:
1562:
1549:
1516:
1503:
1475:
1462:
1434:
1421:
1392:
1379:
1364:
1351:
1325:
1310:
1297:
1271:
1256:
1243:
1208:
1195:
1038:Middle Georgian: 11th/12th–17th/18th centuries
437:
45:
38:
7347:
6538:
6524:
6425:
6280:
6056:
5790:Putkaradze, Tariel; Mikautadze, Maia (2014),
5149:
5147:
3734:language, in which adjectives precede nouns,
1005:
469:for speakers of related languages. It is the
5775:The graphical basis of the Georgian Alphabet
5765:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5750:
5446:
4738:While the following word begins with seven:
5792:Phonetics of the Georgian literary language
5447:Kwon, Harim; Chitoran, Ioana (2023-11-29).
5373:"Word Stress and Phrase Accent in Georgian"
7354:
7340:
6531:
6517:
6432:
6418:
6287:
6273:
6063:
6049:
5804:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5783:An Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe
5680:Georgian: The Kartvelian Literary Language
5647:, Tbilisi, April 21–27, 2003 (in Georgian)
5144:
4765:And the following words begin with eight:
4241:- in Georgian adds the meaning 'a little'.
3787:before the focus. A subject–object–verb (
2235:
1041:Modern Georgian: 17th/18th century–present
1035:Classical Old Georgian: 9th–11th centuries
1012:
998:
609:Standard Georgian is largely based on the
362:
55:
6019:
5865:
5840:
5464:
5415:
5262:
5073:
5071:
4327:Words that begin with multiple consonants
515:system, including aspirated, voiced, and
6439:
5662:Georgian: a structural reference grammar
5609:
5599:(second ed.), Columbus, OH: Slavica
5315:
4819:
3837:
2398:
2390:
2378:
1830:before back vowels, it is pronounced as
8401:Languages attested from the 5th century
5874:
5816:, Tbilisi, 1980, 600 pp. (in Georgian).
5725:
5594:
5572:Abuladze, Lia; Ludden, Andreas (2011).
5507:
5495:
5303:
5250:
5220:
3864:-, the following words can be derived:
3677:in the last syllable of the word stem.
2395:Road sign in Mtavruli and Latin scripts
1744:
422:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
384:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
8388:
5677:
5668:
5659:
5650:
5605:The consonant phonotactics of Georgian
5397:
5286:
5235:
5068:
5020:
4995:Central Intelligence Agency. (2016). "
4983:
1748:
7335:
6512:
6413:
6268:
6070:
6044:
6026:About Georgia – Language and Alphabet
5859:Word order and intonation in Georgian
5780:
5699:, Tbilisi, 1949, 500 pp (in Georgian)
5591:, Tbilisi, 1968, 150 pp (in Georgian)
5339:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5246:
5244:
5231:
5229:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5167:"Native Phonetic Inventory: georgian"
5056:From the history of Standard Georgian
5026:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4833:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1720:Opinions differ on the aspiration of
1056:Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik
452:
78:
7361:
5743:Korneli Danelia, Zurab Sarjveladze.
5728:Beginner's Georgian with 2 Audio CDs
5705:"Intonational Phonology of Georgian"
5620:Die ältesten georgischen Inschriften
5532:Skopeteas, Féry & Asatiani (2009
3923:(Eastern Georgia), etc. The ending -
3673:) means 'friends', with the loss of
1864:, but has the following allophones.
5991:Georgian Verb Conjugator/Dictionary
5159:
5082:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor
3980:ქართული ენის განმარტებითი ლექსიკონი
3818:; even the pronouns are ungendered.
1838:in the environment of front vowels.
1727:Opinions differ on how to classify
511:Georgian phonology features a rich
24:
7646:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
7292:Languages between parentheses are
5928:World Atlas of Language Structures
5576:. Second edition. Hamburg: Buske,
5545:"About Georgia: Georgian Alphabet"
5360:Jun, Vicenik & Lofstedt (2007)
5292:
5280:
5268:
5256:
5241:
5226:
5197:
5053:Manana Kock Kobaidze (2004-02-11)
4947:
4260:'to relocate, to move' is derived.
3995:
3628:
3030:
1924:may be devoiced and aspirated to .
25:
8457:
7496:Unification of the Georgian realm
5907:
5745:Questions of Georgian Paleography
5275:Putkaradze & Mikautadze (2014
5130:"Georgian and Italian Dictionary"
5014:
4322:'to become beautiful' is derived.
2211:
2169:'water'. There are also frequent
2072:
2050:
2035:
2015:
2000:
1917:are pronounced as weakly voiced .
1695:
1665:
1641:
1628:
1615:
1602:
1582:
1569:
1556:
1543:
1510:
1497:
1469:
1456:
1428:
1415:
1386:
1373:
1358:
1345:
1319:
1304:
1291:
1265:
1250:
1237:
1202:
1189:
569:
7741:
7615:Absorption by the Russian Empire
7013:
6296:
6101:
5976:English-Georgian HTML Dictionary
5712:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
5574:Lehrbuch der georgischen Sprache
5343:Harmony and Sonority in Georgian
4969:
3849:The Knight in the Panther's Skin
1111:Dittionario giorgiano e italiano
1087:The Knight in the Panther's Skin
658:
402:
231:
6013:Learn Georgian Alphabet Now app
5959:
5566:
5525:
5513:
5501:
5489:
5440:
5391:
5364:
5353:
5333:
5321:
5309:
5214:
5185:
3685:Georgian has seven noun cases:
2126:
1796:is realised as an alveolar tap
1747:classifies them as post-velar,
8411:Languages of Georgia (country)
7631:Democratic Republic of Georgia
7296:of the language on their left.
5603:Butskhrikidze, Marika (2002).
5404:Phonological Data and Analysis
5122:
5098:
5047:
4989:
4977:
4869:
4815:
3878:('the Georgian language') and
13:
1:
5671:Georgian: a Learner's Grammar
5328:Shosted & Chikovani (2006
5209:Shosted & Chikovani (2006
5192:Shosted & Chikovani (2006
5154:Shosted & Chikovani (2006
4940:
3833:
3680:
3604:
1786:, they are in free variation.
1126:
7891:Russian-occupied territories
7722:Timeline of Georgian history
5714:(106): 41–57, archived from
3903:'child' (Eastern Georgia), -
3888:('the country of Georgia').
1948:), leaving only the latter.
1121:
457:) is the most widely spoken
27:Official language of Georgia
7:
5996:
5942:
5664:, Amsterdam: John Benjamins
5597:Georgian: a reading grammar
5595:Aronson, Howard I. (1990),
5398:Borise, Lena (2023-02-13).
5062:September 27, 2007, at the
4893:
4802:
4780:
4753:
4726:
4695:
4673:
4651:
4629:
4602:
4580:
4558:
4536:
4514:
4488:
4461:
4439:
4417:
4395:
4373:
4351:
4314:
4308:
4295:
4289:
4276:
4270:
4252:
4246:
4229:
4223:
4211:
4205:
4193:
4187:
4169:
4159:
4153:
4140:
4134:
4121:
4115:
4103:
4097:
4076:
4070:
4057:
4051:
4038:
4032:
4012:
4006:
3990:
1822:is pronounced as velarized
1724:, as it is non-contrastive.
1068:Christianization of Georgia
631:Proto-Georgian–Zan language
598:
543:and harmonic clusters. The
506:Christianization of Georgia
444:
62:
46:
10:
8462:
7450:Christianization of Iberia
5638:Georgica et Irano-Semitica
5610:Canepari, Luciano (2007),
5086:Cambridge University Press
4218:'to eat lunch' is derived.
4148:'refrigerator' is derived.
3899:'son' (Western Georgia), -
3593:
3589:
3034:
2368:
2106:
620:
616:
602:
123:: 3.76 million (2020)
8347:
8278:
8221:
8086:
8077:
8008:
7999:
7925:
7916:
7889:
7849:
7759:
7750:
7739:
7684:
7623:
7605:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
7578:Principality of Mingrelia
7458:
7382:
7373:
7278:
7233:
7201:
7168:
7159:
7117:
7094:
7033:
7022:
7011:
6953:
6928:
6892:
6843:
6749:
6699:
6636:
6625:
6562:
6549:
6447:
6391:
6325:
6309:
6246:
6187:
6151:
6110:
6099:
6078:
5893:10.1017/s0025100309990302
5842:10.1017/S0025100306002659
5781:Price, Glanville (1998),
5651:Hewitt, Brian G. (1987),
5340:McCoy, Priscilla (1999).
5173:. George Mason University
4858:
4835:in Georgian and English:
4791:
4769:
4742:
4715:
4684:
4662:
4640:
4618:
4591:
4569:
4547:
4525:
4503:
4477:
4450:
4428:
4406:
4384:
4362:
4340:
4200:'to wage war' is derived.
4092:'similarity' are derived.
3979:
3960:
3724:
3543:
3504:
3418:
3400:
3014:
2998:
2982:
2966:
2950:
2934:
2918:
2902:
2886:
2870:
2854:
2838:
2822:
2806:
2790:
2774:
2758:
2742:
2726:
2710:
2694:
2678:
2662:
2646:
2630:
2614:
2598:
2582:
2566:
2550:
2534:
2518:
2502:
2481:Modern Georgian alphabet
2189:
2175:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2079:
2057:
2042:
2022:
2007:
1965:
1944:
1934:
1920:In word-final positions,
1812:occurs in free variation.
1702:
1687:
1672:
1657:
1648:
1640:
1635:
1622:
1609:
1589:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1550:
1530:
1517:
1504:
1476:
1463:
1435:
1422:
1402:
1393:
1380:
1365:
1352:
1326:
1311:
1298:
1272:
1257:
1244:
1224:
1209:
1196:
1183:
1143:
690:Ancient Kartvelian people
627:Proto-Kartvelian language
438:
370:
361:
347:
331:
315:
279:
261:
256:
244:
226:Official language in
224:
219:
192:
178:
164:
132:
116:
106:
96:
86:
74:
54:
39:
37:
32:
7859:Administrative divisions
7600:Shah Abbas I's invasions
7563:Principality of Abkhazia
7506:First Kingdom of Kakheti
7251:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
5814:The Georgian Asomtavruli
5730:, New York: Hippocrene,
5726:Kiziria, Dodona (2009),
5618:Fähnrich, Heinz (2013).
5614:, München: Lincom Europa
5520:Georgian Keyboard Layout
4844:Romanization of Georgian
4312:- 'beautiful', the verb
4074:- 'resemble', the words
3572:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3334:
3327:
3317:
3309:
3292:
3285:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3194:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3150:
3140:
3130:
3120:
3110:
3100:
3090:
3080:
3070:
3060:
3050:
3037:Georgian keyboard layout
2462:and together are called
2460:Georgian Orthodox Church
1958:The coronal occlusives (
918:Georgian Orthodox Church
496:) and more distantly to
454:[ˈkʰartʰuliˈena]
80:[ˈkʰartʰuliˈena]
8441:Agglutinative languages
8431:Languages of Azerbaijan
7568:Principality of Svaneti
7491:Kingdom of the Iberians
7395:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
7311:Languages of Azerbaijan
5861:, University of Potsdam
5132:. World Digital Library
5110:Oxford University Press
4046:'broadcast' is derived.
3871:('a Georgian person'),
3751:Indo-European languages
3580:
2385:The American Cyclopædia
2383:Georgian alphabet from
1047:Marcus Cornelius Fronto
500:. Georgian has various
8446:Georgian-Zan languages
7466:Principality of Iberia
6399:Georgian Sign Language
6020:Literature and culture
5875:Vicenik, Chad (2010),
5678:Hiller, P. J. (1994).
5669:Hewitt, B. G. (1996),
5660:Hewitt, B. G. (1995),
5466:10.1515/phon-2023-2005
5104:Braund, David (1994),
4828:
4227:'breakfast', the verb
4177:'takeoff' are derived.
4110:'building' is derived.
3853:
3611:agglutinative language
3600:Georgian verb paradigm
2490:National transcription
2408:
2396:
2388:
1913:In initial positions,
564:left-branching syntax.
410:This article contains
372:This article contains
355:– bac 42-CAB-baa – bac
8416:Languages of Abkhazia
7610:1795 Persian Invasion
7573:Principality of Guria
5985:Swadesh-list appendix
5417:10.3765/pda.v5art1.43
4826:
4027:'writer' are derived.
4010:- 'write', the words
3841:
3811:) are extremely rare.
3775:A study by Skopeteas
2454:'small letters', and
2402:
2394:
2382:
1100:Nikoloz Cholokashvili
1095:in the 12th century.
621:Further information:
8406:Kartvelian languages
8206:World Heritage Sites
7789:Environmental issues
7316:Languages of Georgia
7306:Languages of Armenia
6441:Kartvelian languages
6303:Languages of Georgia
6207:Kartvelian languages
5773:Elene Machavariani.
5697:Georgian Paleography
5655:, Berlin: De Gruyter
5385:10.21437/TAL.2018-42
5379:. pp. 207–211.
4915:Georgian calligraphy
4850:English translation
4306:From the adjective -
4287:From the adjective -
4268:From the adjective -
4209:- 'lunch', the verb
4101:- 'build', the word
3950:numeric system like
3856:Georgian has a rich
3742:are used instead of
3619:a-g-e-shen-eb-in-a-t
623:Kartvelian languages
508:in the 4th century.
483:alphabetical systems
8426:Languages of Turkey
8421:Languages of Russia
7656:Independent Georgia
7486:Kingdom of Abkhazia
7400:Kura–Araxes culture
7390:Prehistoric Georgia
7321:Languages of Russia
6167:Georgian Supplement
5983:(from Wiktionary's
5923:"Georgian language"
5822:"Standard Georgian"
5693:Ivane Javakhishvili
5673:, London: Routledge
4293:'blind', the verbs
4250:- 'home', the verb
4157:- 'fly', the words
4138:- 'cold', the word
4119:- 'bake', the word
4036:- 'give', the word
3719:dative construction
2482:
2466:'priest alphabet'.
1972:
1762:but it can also be
1140:
1098:In 1629, a certain
1032:: 5th–8th centuries
642:Part of a series on
589:glottochronological
485:of unclear origin.
461:; it serves as the
459:Kartvelian language
8048:Telecommunications
7676:Russo-Georgian War
7590:Kingdom of Kakheti
7558:Kingdom of Imereti
7553:Turkmen incursions
7548:Samtskhe atabegate
7511:Kingdom of Georgia
7481:Emirate of Tbilisi
7471:Bagrationi dynasty
6791:Caucasian Albanian
6457:Proto-Georgian–Zan
6326:Minority languages
6254:Georgian Knowledge
6212:Proto-Georgian–Zan
5919:Haspelmath, Martin
5870:, pp. 491–528
5040:2016-03-04 at the
5007:2021-02-04 at the
5001:The World Factbook
4935:Georgian profanity
4829:
4274:- 'red', the verb
4191:- 'war', the verb
4129:'cake' is derived.
4065:'exam' is derived.
4055:- 'try', the word
3966:otkhmotsdatsamet’i
3915:(Western Georgia,
3907:(Western Georgia,
3854:
3842:The last verse of
3816:grammatical gender
2480:
2409:
2397:
2389:
2187:'you peel us' and
2171:consonant clusters
1970:
1938:) has merged with
1138:
988:History of Georgia
541:consonant clusters
251:Cabinet of Georgia
8436:Languages of Iran
8396:Georgian language
8383:
8382:
8343:
8342:
8236:Ethnic minorities
8165:
8158:
8151:
8144:
8073:
8072:
7995:
7994:
7977:Political parties
7940:Foreign relations
7912:
7911:
7737:
7736:
7641:Red Army invasion
7585:Kingdom of Kartli
7543:Timur's invasions
7526:Battle of Didgori
7501:Kingdom of Hereti
7430:Kingdom of Iberia
7329:
7328:
7288:extinct languages
7229:
7228:
7155:
7154:
7009:
7008:
6949:
6948:
6506:
6505:
6407:
6406:
6310:Official language
6262:
6261:
6226:Georgian dialects
6172:Georgian Extended
6072:Georgian language
5915:Dryer, Matthew S.
5812:Ramaz Pataridze.
5737:978-0-7818-1230-6
5628:978-90-04-24921-9
5622:. Leiden: Brill,
5589:Epistoleta Tsigni
5582:978-3-87548-620-9
5034:Georgian Dialects
4967:(27th ed., 2024)
4930:Georgian numerals
4920:Georgian calendar
4910:Georgian alphabet
4905:Georgian dialects
4891:
4890:
4847:IPA transcription
4841:Georgian original
4831:Article 1 of the
4824:
4760:), 'you train us'
3893:Georgian surnames
3587:
3586:
3516:
3515:
3414:
3413:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3190:
3189:
3028:
3027:
2495:IPA transcription
2436:Kingdom of Iberia
2367:
2366:
2088:
2087:
1717:
1716:
1599:
1538:
1492:
1451:
1410:
1342:
1288:
1234:
1076:literary language
1022:
1021:
964:St George's Cross
605:Georgian dialects
471:official language
463:literary language
418:rendering support
398:
397:
380:rendering support
376:phonetic symbols.
246:Regulated by
185:Georgian dialects
16:(Redirected from
8453:
8363:
8356:
8161:
8154:
8147:
8140:
8084:
8083:
8006:
8005:
7923:
7922:
7864:Cities and towns
7799:Greater Caucasus
7757:
7756:
7745:
7707:Military history
7692:Names of Georgia
7538:Mongol invasions
7410:Colchian culture
7405:Trialeti culture
7380:
7379:
7356:
7349:
7342:
7333:
7332:
7166:
7165:
7031:
7030:
7017:
6634:
6633:
6560:
6559:
6540:Languages of the
6533:
6526:
6519:
6510:
6509:
6452:Proto-Kartvelian
6434:
6427:
6420:
6411:
6410:
6343:Western Armenian
6301:
6300:
6289:
6282:
6275:
6266:
6265:
6195:Proto-Kartvelian
6105:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6042:
6041:
5954:Georgian Grammar
5933:
5903:
5871:
5862:
5853:
5844:
5826:
5809:
5803:
5795:
5786:
5770:
5764:
5756:
5740:
5722:
5720:
5709:
5683:
5674:
5665:
5656:
5615:
5600:
5587:Zaza Aleksidze.
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5547:. Archived from
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5468:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5419:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5368:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5239:
5233:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5126:
5120:
5102:
5096:
5075:
5066:
5051:
5045:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4956:
4925:Georgian grammar
4872:
4871:
4861:
4860:
4838:
4837:
4825:
4809:), 'you tear us'
4808:
4799:
4798:
4787:), 'you peel us'
4786:
4777:
4776:
4759:
4750:
4749:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4701:
4692:
4691:
4679:
4670:
4669:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4586:
4577:
4576:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4542:
4533:
4532:
4520:
4511:
4510:
4498:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4445:
4436:
4435:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4357:
4348:
4347:
4321:
4311:
4302:
4292:
4283:
4273:
4259:
4249:
4236:
4226:
4217:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4176:
4167:'aeroplane' and
4166:
4156:
4147:
4137:
4128:
4118:
4109:
4100:
4083:
4073:
4064:
4054:
4045:
4035:
4018:
4009:
3985:Arnold Chikobava
3982:
3981:
3963:
3962:
3954:and (partially)
3827:relative clauses
3821:Georgian has no
3814:Georgian has no
3661:means 'friend';
3596:Georgian grammar
3518:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3416:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3339:
3332:
3322:
3307:
3293:
3290:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3192:
3048:
3017:
3016:
3001:
3000:
2985:
2984:
2969:
2968:
2953:
2952:
2937:
2936:
2921:
2920:
2905:
2904:
2889:
2888:
2873:
2872:
2857:
2856:
2841:
2840:
2825:
2824:
2809:
2808:
2793:
2792:
2777:
2776:
2761:
2760:
2745:
2744:
2729:
2728:
2713:
2712:
2697:
2696:
2681:
2680:
2665:
2664:
2649:
2648:
2633:
2632:
2617:
2616:
2601:
2600:
2585:
2584:
2569:
2568:
2553:
2552:
2537:
2536:
2521:
2520:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2375:Georgian Braille
2371:Georgian scripts
2239:
2216:
2215:
2197:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2165:
2164:
2151:
2150:
2139:
2138:
2102:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1901:
1893:
1882:
1874:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1742:
1734:
1723:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1536:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1490:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1408:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1230:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1141:
1137:
1131:On the left are
1061:Iakob Tsurtaveli
1014:
1007:
1000:
662:
653:
639:
638:
545:Mkhedruli script
539:include complex
479:Georgian scripts
456:
451:
447:
441:
440:
426:Georgian letters
424: instead of
406:
405:
366:
357:
343:
327:
320:
311:
305:
298:
292:
284:
275:
274:
266:
237:
235:
234:
211:Georgian Braille
198:
138:
128:: 150,000 (2014)
82:
65:
59:
49:
42:
41:
30:
29:
21:
8461:
8460:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8386:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8366:
8359:
8352:
8339:
8274:
8217:
8191:Public holidays
8069:
8033:Lari (currency)
7991:
7962:Law enforcement
7908:
7885:
7845:
7824:Protected areas
7809:Lesser Caucasus
7746:
7733:
7680:
7671:Rose Revolution
7666:War in Abkhazia
7651:April 9 tragedy
7619:
7595:Safavid Georgia
7454:
7445:Sasanian Iberia
7369:
7360:
7330:
7325:
7299:
7274:
7269:Shirvani Arabic
7225:
7197:
7178:Karachay-Balkar
7151:
7113:
7090:
7025:
7018:
7005:
6957:
6945:
6924:
6888:
6839:
6745:
6695:
6629:
6621:
6584:Judaeo-Georgian
6566:
6553:
6545:
6537:
6507:
6502:
6443:
6438:
6408:
6403:
6387:
6321:
6305:
6295:
6293:
6263:
6258:
6242:
6236:Judaeo-Georgian
6183:
6179:Mac OS Georgian
6147:
6106:
6097:
6074:
6069:
6022:
5999:
5962:
5945:
5921:, eds. (2013).
5910:
5824:
5797:
5796:
5758:
5757:
5738:
5718:
5707:
5687:Pavle Ingorokva
5634:Farshid Delshad
5569:
5564:
5563:
5554:
5552:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5518:
5514:
5506:
5502:
5494:
5490:
5445:
5441:
5396:
5392:
5369:
5365:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5338:
5334:
5326:
5322:
5314:
5310:
5302:
5293:
5285:
5281:
5273:
5269:
5263:Testelets (2020
5261:
5257:
5249:
5242:
5234:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5207:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5176:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5152:
5145:
5135:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5103:
5099:
5076:
5069:
5064:Wayback Machine
5052:
5048:
5042:Wayback Machine
5031:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5009:Wayback Machine
4994:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4957:
4948:
4943:
4896:
4887:
4880:
4874:
4863:
4820:
4818:
4496:
4329:
4244:From the noun -
4221:From the noun -
4203:From the noun -
4185:From the noun -
4151:From the root -
4132:From the root -
4113:From the root -
4095:From the root -
4068:From the root -
4049:From the root -
4030:From the root -
4004:From the root -
3998:
3996:Word formations
3993:
3946:Georgian has a
3858:word-derivation
3844:Shota Rustaveli
3836:
3727:
3715:accusative case
3683:
3635:morphophonology
3631:
3629:Morphophonology
3623:polypersonalism
3609:Georgian is an
3607:
3602:
3594:Main articles:
3592:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3526:
3511:
3510:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3335:
3328:
3318:
3315:
3297:
3286:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3185:
3184:
3175:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3135:
3125:
3115:
3105:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3055:
3039:
3033:
3031:Keyboard layout
2494:
2489:
2377:
2369:Main articles:
2363:
2362:
2247:
2214:
2129:
2109:
1971:Vowel phonemes
1968:
1156:
1129:
1124:
1093:Shota Rustaveli
1018:
969:Grapevine cross
928:Catholic Church
673:
669:
665:
651:
650:
637:
619:
607:
601:
572:
560:morphophonology
553:polypersonalism
449:
431:
430:
429:
416:Without proper
407:
403:
378:Without proper
353:
339:
323:
316:
301:
300:
299:
288:
287:
280:
270:
269:
262:
232:
230:
227:
220:Official status
215:
206:Georgian script
199:
194:
174:
167:
160:
139:
136:Language family
134:
124:
70:
68:Georgian script
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8459:
8449:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8372:
8365:
8364:
8357:
8349:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8282:
8280:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8254:
8253:
8248:
8238:
8233:
8227:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8167:
8166:
8159:
8152:
8145:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8124:
8123:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8087:
8081:
8075:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8067:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8043:Stock Exchange
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8009:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7989:
7987:Prime Minister
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7926:
7920:
7914:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7906:
7901:
7895:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7855:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7819:National parks
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7760:
7754:
7748:
7747:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7688:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7627:
7625:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7518:
7516:Byzantine wars
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7386:
7384:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7359:
7358:
7351:
7344:
7336:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7297:
7290:
7280:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7248:
7243:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7207:
7205:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7174:
7172:
7163:
7157:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7132:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7100:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7039:
7037:
7028:
7020:
7019:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6961:
6959:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6913:
6899:
6897:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6867:
6855:
6849:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6806:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6761:
6755:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6711:
6705:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6667:
6658:
6653:
6642:
6640:
6631:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6586:
6570:
6568:
6557:
6547:
6546:
6536:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6513:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6459:
6454:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6414:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6395:
6393:
6392:Sign languages
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6306:
6292:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6269:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6084:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5988:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5909:
5908:External links
5906:
5905:
5904:
5872:
5863:
5854:
5835:(2): 255–264,
5817:
5810:
5787:
5778:
5771:
5748:
5741:
5736:
5723:
5700:
5690:
5684:
5675:
5666:
5657:
5648:
5645:Kviris Palitra
5641:
5631:
5616:
5607:
5601:
5592:
5585:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5536:
5524:
5512:
5500:
5488:
5459:(2): 153–184.
5439:
5390:
5363:
5352:
5332:
5320:
5316:Canepari (2007
5308:
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5267:
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4285:
4262:
4261:
4242:
4219:
4201:
4179:
4178:
4149:
4130:
4111:
4093:
4084:'similar' and
4066:
4047:
4028:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3961:ოთხმოცდაცამეტი
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3819:
3812:
3773:
3768:Georgian is a
3766:
3747:
3732:left-branching
3730:Georgian is a
3726:
3723:
3682:
3679:
3630:
3627:
3606:
3603:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3573:
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3566:
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3506:
3503:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3462:
3455:
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3420:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3401:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3333:
3326:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3291:
3284:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3169:
3159:
3149:
3139:
3129:
3119:
3109:
3099:
3089:
3079:
3069:
3059:
3035:Main article:
3032:
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3026:
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3023:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2993:
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2906:
2898:
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2890:
2882:
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2879:
2874:
2866:
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2863:
2858:
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2847:
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2802:
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2799:
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2770:
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2527:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2432:Leonti Mroveli
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2315:
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2309:
2308:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2213:
2212:Writing system
2210:
2128:
2125:
2108:
2105:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2048:
2046:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2013:
2011:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1967:
1964:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1884:
1839:
1813:
1787:
1752:
1745:Aronson (1990)
1725:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1639:
1626:
1613:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1580:
1567:
1554:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1508:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1467:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1384:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1317:
1315:
1302:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1263:
1261:
1248:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1200:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1002:
994:
991:
990:
984:
983:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
958:
957:
953:
952:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
912:
911:
905:
904:
903:
902:
897:
892:
890:Writing system
884:
883:
877:
876:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
816:
815:
809:
808:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
713:
712:
708:
707:
706:
705:
700:
692:
691:
687:
686:
680:
679:
675:
674:
663:
655:
654:
644:
643:
618:
615:
603:Main article:
600:
597:
571:
570:Classification
568:
517:ejective stops
420:, you may see
408:
401:
400:
399:
396:
395:
382:, you may see
368:
367:
359:
358:
351:
345:
344:
337:
329:
328:
321:
313:
312:
285:
277:
276:
267:
259:
258:
257:Language codes
254:
253:
248:
242:
241:
228:
225:
222:
221:
217:
216:
214:
213:
208:
202:
200:
196:Writing system
193:
190:
189:
188:
187:
180:
176:
175:
170:
168:
165:
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:
156:
142:
140:
133:
130:
129:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
101:South Caucasus
98:
94:
93:
88:
87:Native to
84:
83:
76:
72:
71:
60:
52:
51:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8458:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8362:
8358:
8355:
8351:
8350:
8346:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8326:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8291:Bolnisi cross
8289:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8224:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8164:
8160:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8146:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8076:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7998:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7905:
7904:South Ossetia
7902:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7842:
7841:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7749:
7744:
7730:
7729:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7683:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7622:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7457:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7357:
7352:
7350:
7345:
7343:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7295:
7291:
7289:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7232:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7200:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7158:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7021:
7016:
7002:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6921:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6748:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6692:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6618:
6615:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6534:
6529:
6527:
6522:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6499:
6496:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6299:
6290:
6285:
6283:
6278:
6276:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6104:
6094:
6093:Verb paradigm
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6066:
6061:
6059:
6054:
6052:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5938:
5935:
5931:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5911:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5793:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5754:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5733:
5729:
5724:
5721:on 2012-06-16
5717:
5713:
5706:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5551:on 2010-12-02
5550:
5546:
5540:
5533:
5528:
5521:
5516:
5509:
5508:Vicenik (2010
5504:
5497:
5496:Aronson (1990
5492:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5361:
5356:
5345:
5344:
5336:
5329:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5305:
5304:Aronson (1990
5300:
5298:
5296:
5288:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5264:
5259:
5252:
5251:Aronson (1990
5247:
5245:
5237:
5232:
5230:
5222:
5221:Aronson (1990
5217:
5210:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5193:
5188:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5155:
5150:
5148:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5118:0-19-814473-3
5115:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5094:0-521-68496-X
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5072:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5029:
5022:
5017:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4946:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4865:
4862:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4807:
4805:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4785:
4783:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4721:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4646:
4644:
4638:
4636:), 'murderer'
4634:
4632:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4531:
4529:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4493:
4491:
4483:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4446:), 'mountain'
4444:
4442:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4320:
4318:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4258:
4256:
4248:
4243:
4240:
4235:
4233:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4175:
4173:
4165:
4163:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4082:
4080:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4019:'letter' and
4017:
4015:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3988:
3986:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3740:postpositions
3737:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:ageshenebinat
3612:
3601:
3597:
3577:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3525:
3519:
3509:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3423:
3417:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2406:
2401:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:pitch accents
2113:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1894:or simply as
1891:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1749:Hewitt (1995)
1746:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1644:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1163:Post-alveolar
1161:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
995:
993:
992:
989:
986:
985:
980:
977:
975:
974:Bolnisi cross
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
959:
955:
954:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
910:
907:
906:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
885:
882:
879:
878:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
818:
817:
814:
811:
810:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
714:
710:
709:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
693:
689:
688:
685:
682:
681:
677:
676:
672:
668:
661:
657:
656:
649:
646:
645:
641:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
614:
612:
606:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:Zan languages
567:
565:
561:
556:
554:
551:, exhibiting
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:lingua franca
464:
460:
455:
446:
435:
427:
423:
419:
415:
413:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
375:
369:
365:
360:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
336:
335:
330:
326:
322:
319:
314:
309:
304:
296:
291:
286:
283:
278:
273:
268:
265:
260:
255:
252:
249:
247:
243:
240:
229:
223:
218:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
201:
197:
191:
186:
183:
182:
181:
177:
173:
169:
163:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
146:
145:
141:
137:
131:
127:
122:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
75:Pronunciation
73:
69:
64:
58:
53:
50:
48:
36:
31:
19:
8316:Saint George
8301:Coat of arms
8267:
8223:Demographics
8210:
8141:
8096:Architecture
8062:
8018:Central bank
7950:Human rights
7930:Constitution
7878:
7851:Subdivisions
7838:
7726:
7636:Armenian War
7283:
7267:
7241:Kalmyk Oirat
7147:Pontic Greek
7069:
6998:
6862:
6789:
6590:Old Georgian
6588:
6578:
6567:(Kartvelian)
6554:
6472:Old Georgian
6466:
6368:Pontic Greek
6316:
6217:Old Georgian
6143:Romanization
6071:
5960:Dictionaries
5926:
5887:(1): 59–92,
5884:
5880:
5867:
5858:
5832:
5828:
5813:
5791:
5782:
5774:
5752:
5744:
5727:
5716:the original
5711:
5696:
5679:
5670:
5661:
5652:
5644:
5637:
5630:(in German).
5619:
5611:
5596:
5588:
5584:(in German).
5573:
5567:Bibliography
5553:. Retrieved
5549:the original
5539:
5527:
5515:
5503:
5491:
5456:
5452:
5442:
5407:
5403:
5393:
5376:
5366:
5355:
5342:
5335:
5323:
5311:
5287:Hewitt (1987
5282:
5270:
5258:
5236:Hewitt (1995
5216:
5187:
5175:. Retrieved
5170:
5161:
5134:. Retrieved
5124:
5105:
5100:
5081:
5078:Tuite, Kevin
5055:
5049:
5033:
5028:
5021:Hiller (1994
5016:
5000:
4991:
4984:Hiller (1994
4979:
4962:
4900:Old Georgian
4884:
4878:
4867:
4856:
4830:
4803:
4793:
4781:
4771:
4754:
4744:
4733:), 'trainer'
4727:
4717:
4696:
4686:
4674:
4664:
4652:
4642:
4630:
4620:
4603:
4593:
4587:), 'painful'
4581:
4571:
4559:
4549:
4537:
4527:
4515:
4505:
4489:
4479:
4462:
4452:
4440:
4430:
4418:
4408:
4396:
4386:
4380:), 'correct'
4374:
4364:
4352:
4342:
4330:
4316:
4297:
4278:
4263:
4254:
4238:
4231:
4212:
4194:
4180:
4171:
4161:
4142:
4123:
4104:
4087:
4085:
4078:
4059:
4040:
4022:
4020:
4013:
3999:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3847:
3776:
3744:prepositions
3703:instrumental
3684:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3633:In Georgian
3632:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3040:
3020:
3004:
2988:
2972:
2956:
2940:
2924:
2908:
2892:
2876:
2860:
2844:
2828:
2812:
2796:
2780:
2764:
2748:
2732:
2716:
2700:
2684:
2668:
2652:
2636:
2620:
2604:
2588:
2572:
2556:
2540:
2524:
2508:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2448:'capitals',
2443:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2384:
2206:creaky voice
2203:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2166:
2159:
2155:'life', and
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2127:Phonotactics
2121:
2110:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
1957:
1953:tenuis stops
1950:
1927:
1130:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1085:
1080:
1065:
1054:
1044:
1030:Old Georgian
1023:
943:Saint George
923:Christianity
867:Architecture
754:Lechkhumians
670:
666:
635:Old Georgian
608:
573:
557:
537:phonotactics
529:vowel system
510:
487:
433:
432:
411:
409:
371:
349:Linguasphere
332:
172:Old Georgian
153:
44:
8258:Health care
8013:Agriculture
7784:Earthquakes
7521:Seljuk wars
7211:Azerbaijani
6338:Azerbaijani
6128:Calligraphy
5785:, Blackwell
5410:(1): 1–37.
4816:Sample text
3939:or Polish -
3846:'s romance
3576:Control key
3524:Control key
3043:typewriters
2445:Asomtavruli
2229:Calligraphy
2201:'trainer'.
2199:mts’vrtneli
1722:/t͡sʰ,t͡ʃʰ/
1409:(aspirated)
1139:Consonants
1116:evangelical
1091:written by
1051:palimpsests
837:Calligraphy
799:Khevsurians
769:Mtiuletians
764:Meskhetians
759:Mingrelians
445:kartuli ena
439:ქართული ენა
386:instead of
66:written in
47:kartuli ena
40:ქართული ენა
8390:Categories
8328:Saint Nino
8156:Mingrelian
8137:Languages
7972:Parliament
7945:Government
7533:Golden Age
6982:Circassian
6638:Avar–Andic
6608:Mingrelian
6489:Mingrelian
6358:Mingrelian
5555:2010-11-10
5108:, p. 216.
4964:Ethnologue
4941:References
4680:), 'drunk'
4609:), 'north'
4565:), 'sweet'
4521:), 'green'
4468:), 'horse'
4358:), 'water'
3834:Vocabulary
3736:possessors
3687:nominative
3681:Inflection
3605:Morphology
2339:Vietnamese
2185:gvprtskvni
2153:tskhovreba
1127:Consonants
1118:purposes.
948:Saint Nino
804:Javakhians
744:Kakhetians
739:Tushetians
729:Imeretians
667:Kartvelian
652:ქართველები
525:fricatives
521:affricates
450:pronounced
166:Early form
144:Kartvelian
8241:Georgians
8231:Education
8181:Mythology
8058:Transport
8023:Companies
7982:President
7935:Elections
7834:Volcanoes
7774:Black Sea
7752:Geography
7661:Civil War
7476:Arab rule
7440:Roman era
7294:varieties
7286:indicate
7109:Ukrainian
7084:Judeo-Tat
6992:Kabardian
6955:Northwest
6800:Southern
6780:Tabasaran
6630:(Caspian)
6627:Northeast
6574:Karto-Zan
6551:Caucasian
6462:Karto-Zan
6333:Abkhazian
6200:Karto-Zan
6188:Genealogy
5901:143120834
5794:, Tbilisi
5522:Microsoft
5475:1423-0321
5453:Phonetica
5434:256858909
5426:2642-1828
5177:24 August
4804:gvbrdghvn
4782:gvprtskvn
4755:gvts’vrtn
4702:), 'row,
4658:), 'dead'
4543:), 'nose'
4424:), 'hair'
4402:), 'milk'
3948:vigesimal
3935:, German
3909:Samegrelo
3707:adverbial
3663:megobrebi
3554:AltGr key
3546:Space bar
3508:Shift key
3422:Shift key
3403:Enter key
3313:Caps lock
2471:Mkhedruli
2456:Mkhedruli
2440:Pharnavaz
2425:Mkhedruli
2421:Mkhedruli
2414:Mkhedruli
2358:Mongolian
2246:By script
2143:'sound',
1537:voiceless
1532:Fricative
1404:Affricate
1232:aspirated
1122:Phonology
1083:epic poem
881:Languages
872:Mythology
794:Kartlians
789:Pshavians
719:Adjarians
711:Subgroups
698:Colchians
648:Georgians
581:Megrelian
549:morphemes
513:consonant
490:Megrelian
334:Glottolog
318:ISO 639-3
282:ISO 639-2
264:ISO 639-1
149:Karto-Zan
111:Georgians
107:Ethnicity
8370:Category
8296:Borjgali
8251:Diaspora
8196:Religion
8142:Georgian
8133:Gambling
8091:Alphabet
7967:Military
7918:Politics
7899:Abkhazia
7794:Glaciers
7697:Monarchs
7685:By topic
7367:articles
7302:See also
7256:Assyrian
7246:Lomavren
7125:Armenian
7055:Ossetian
7048:Kurmanji
7026:European
6958:(Pontic)
6936:Khinalug
6911:Khwarshi
6896:(Didoic)
6822:Western
6766:Eastern
6679:Chamalal
6674:Godoberi
6661:Bagvalal
6579:Georgian
6543:Caucasus
6467:Georgian
6363:Ossetian
6317:Georgian
6162:Georgian
6158:Unicode
6152:Encoding
6138:Numerals
6133:Keyboard
5997:Software
5943:Grammars
5851:53481687
5800:citation
5761:citation
5483:38012049
5060:Archived
5038:Archived
5005:Archived
4959:Georgian
4894:See also
4794:გვბრდღვნ
4772:გვფრცქვნ
4728:mts’vrtn
4495:), 'you
4271:ts’iteli
3991:Examples
3931:, Dutch
3895:end in -
3823:articles
3770:pro-drop
3753:such as
3711:vocative
3699:genitive
3691:ergative
3568:Menu key
3512: ↑
3426: ↑
2475:Mtavruli
2464:Khutsuri
2451:Nuskhuri
2334:Japanese
2313:Georgian
2296:Cyrillic
2221:a series
2219:Part of
2178:გვფრცქვნ
2167:ts’q’ali
1960:/tʰtʼdn/
1491:ejective
1340:ejective
1158:Alveolar
1108:and the
979:Borjgali
909:Religion
895:Dialects
862:Calendar
784:Rachians
774:Mokheves
703:Iberians
611:Kartlian
599:Dialects
502:dialects
434:Georgian
412:Georgian
392:Help:IPA
341:nucl1302
179:Dialects
154:Georgian
117:speakers
33:Georgian
18:Mtavruli
8354:Outline
8279:Symbols
8116:Cuisine
8079:Culture
8053:Tourism
8001:Economy
7874:Regions
7869:Tbilisi
7814:Mammals
7779:Climate
7764:Borders
7717:Battles
7425:Colchis
7420:Diauehi
7375:History
7363:Georgia
7284:Italics
7221:Turkmen
7216:Turkish
7170:Kipchak
7135:Western
7130:Eastern
7104:Russian
7060:Persian
7043:Kurdish
7035:Iranian
6870:Chechen
6864:Arshtin
6858:Vainakh
6831:Tsakhur
6736:Kubachi
6670:Botlikh
6656:Akhvakh
6555:(areal)
6373:Russian
6231:Adjaran
6123:Braille
6118:Scripts
6111:Writing
6088:Screeve
6080:Grammar
5223::17–18)
5171:gmu.edu
4997:Georgia
4745:გვწვრთნ
4704:screeve
4697:mts’k’r
4584:ivneuli
4574:ივნეული
3917:Svaneti
3763:Russian
3639:syncope
3590:Grammar
3583:
3561:Win key
3539:Alt key
3531:Win key
3198:Tab key
3186:
2486:Letter
2405:Tbilisi
2351:Western
2324:Chinese
2320:-based
2301:Serbian
2289:Tibetan
2279:Brahmic
2272:Persian
2267:Turkish
2262:Islamic
2112:Prosody
2107:Prosody
2077:
2055:
2040:
2020:
2005:
1984:Central
1928:Former
1922:/b,d,ɡ/
1915:/b,d,ɡ/
1804:though
1700:
1689:Lateral
1670:
1659:Vibrant
1646:
1633:
1620:
1607:
1598:voiced
1587:
1574:
1561:
1548:
1515:
1502:
1474:
1461:
1433:
1420:
1391:
1378:
1363:
1350:
1324:
1309:
1296:
1270:
1255:
1242:
1207:
1194:
1178:Glottal
1144:
1074:as the
1072:Aramaic
956:Symbols
938:Judaism
900:Grammar
847:Cuisine
813:Culture
749:Ingiloy
734:Gurians
684:Georgia
617:History
533:prosody
475:Georgia
388:Unicode
306: (
293: (
239:Georgia
91:Georgia
63:Kartuli
8375:Portal
8286:Anthem
8201:Sports
8111:Cinema
8106:Chokha
8038:Mining
8028:Energy
7829:Rivers
7702:States
7624:Modern
7459:Middle
7435:Lazica
7415:Mushki
7365:
7261:Bohtan
7234:Others
7161:Turkic
7142:German
7118:Others
7096:Slavic
7065:Talysh
6987:Adyghe
6975:Abkhaz
6965:Abazgi
6929:Others
6916:Hinukh
6907:Hunzib
6903:Bezhta
6894:Tsezic
6882:Ingush
6804:Budukh
6775:Lezgin
6763:Samur
6751:Lezgic
6741:Mehweb
6731:Kaitag
6726:Itsari
6714:Dargwa
6709:Chirag
6701:Dargin
6684:Karata
5930:Online
5899:
5849:
5734:
5626:
5580:
5481:
5473:
5432:
5424:
5136:3 July
5116:
5092:
4999:". In
4718:მწვრთნ
4606:iloeti
4596:ილოეთი
4309:lamazi
4279:ts’itl
4247:sakhli
4224:sauzme
4206:sadili
3956:French
3952:Basque
3901:shvili
3777:et al.
3755:German
3725:Syntax
3695:dative
3581:
3574:
3552:
3537:
3522:
3505:
3419:
3406:
3310:
3195:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3131:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3071:
3061:
3051:
2387:, 1879
2329:Korean
2284:Indian
2257:Arabic
2252:Arabic
2192:მწვრთნ
2149:ოვრება
2101:/dɡas/
1966:Vowels
1450:voiced
1286:voiced
1173:Uvular
1153:Dental
1148:Labial
1028:Early
857:Chokha
852:Dances
842:Cinema
678:Nation
671:people
633:, and
562:and a
527:. Its
523:, and
236:
97:Region
8361:Index
8333:cross
8321:cross
8311:Motto
8263:Women
8186:Names
8176:Music
8171:Media
8128:Dance
7804:Lakes
7769:Birds
7383:Early
7203:Oghuz
7188:Nogai
7183:Kumyk
7071:Kilit
7024:Indo-
7000:Ubykh
6970:Abaza
6826:Rutul
6809:Kryts
6770:Aghul
6759:Archi
6719:Kadar
6665:Tindi
6646:Andic
6564:South
6247:Other
5897:S2CID
5847:S2CID
5825:(PDF)
5719:(PDF)
5708:(PDF)
5534::2–5)
5430:S2CID
5347:(PDF)
5330::262)
5318::385)
5265::497)
5211::261)
5194::256)
5156::263)
4653:mk’vd
4631:mk’vl
4582:mt’k’
4560:t’k’b
4538:tskhv
4516:mts’v
4497:(pl.)
4353:ts’q’
4317:lamaz
4255:sakhl
4232:sauzm
4213:sadil
4164:inavi
4160:tvitm
4023:ts’er
4014:ts’er
4007:ts’er
3891:Most
3785:topic
3781:focus
3761:, or
3759:Latin
3667:megob
3655:megob
2346:Latin
2318:Hanzi
2141:bgera
1996:Close
1979:Front
1900:]
1896:[
1892:]
1888:[
1881:]
1877:[
1873:]
1869:[
1862:]
1858:[
1854:]
1850:[
1836:]
1832:[
1828:]
1824:[
1810:]
1806:[
1802:]
1798:[
1784:]
1780:[
1778:, or
1776:]
1772:[
1768:]
1764:[
1760:]
1756:[
1185:Nasal
1168:Velar
933:Islam
832:Sport
827:Media
822:Music
779:Svans
724:Dvals
414:text.
8306:Flag
8269:more
8246:List
8212:more
8163:Svan
8121:Wine
8064:more
7955:LGBT
7880:more
7840:more
7728:more
7712:Wars
7193:Urum
6920:Tsez
6875:Aukh
6853:Bats
6845:Nakh
6691:Avar
6651:Andi
6617:Svan
6498:Svan
6383:Urum
6378:Svan
6348:Bats
5806:link
5767:link
5732:ISBN
5624:ISBN
5578:ISBN
5510::87)
5498::33)
5479:PMID
5471:ISSN
5422:ISSN
5306::18)
5289::19)
5277::53)
5253::15)
5238::21)
5179:2019
5138:2013
5114:ISBN
5090:ISBN
4687:მწკრ
4675:mtvr
4665:მთვრ
4643:მკვდ
4621:მკვლ
4604:chrd
4463:tskh
4375:sts’
4300:veba
4298:brma
4290:brma
4253:gada
4239:ts’a
4230:ts’a
4143:tsiv
4135:tsiv
4126:vari
4124:tskh
4116:tskh
4105:shen
4098:shen
4090:seba
4058:gamo
4052:tsda
4039:gada
3919:), -
3911:), -
3885:velo
3883:kart
3873:Kart
3868:veli
3866:Kart
3862:kart
3709:and
3671:rebi
3598:and
2373:and
2306:Vyaz
2066:Open
1989:Back
1930:/qʰ/
1735:and
1512:t͡ʃʼ
1499:t͡sʼ
1430:t͡ʃʰ
1417:t͡sʰ
1226:Stop
664:The
593:Svan
583:and
498:Svan
492:and
8149:Laz
8101:Art
7079:Tat
6941:Lak
6814:Jek
6785:Udi
6603:Laz
6598:Zan
6484:Laz
6479:Zan
6353:Laz
5889:doi
5837:doi
5461:doi
5412:doi
5381:doi
5023::2)
4986::1)
4961:at
4730:eli
4720:ელი
4699:ivi
4689:ივი
4677:ali
4667:ალი
4655:ari
4645:არი
4633:eli
4623:ელი
4594:ჩრდ
4572:მტკ
4562:ili
4552:ილი
4550:ტკბ
4540:iri
4530:ირი
4528:ცხვ
4518:ane
4508:ანე
4506:მწვ
4490:tkv
4480:თქვ
4465:eni
4455:ენი
4397:rdz
4377:ori
4367:ორი
4355:ali
4345:ალი
4319:eba
4281:eba
4257:eba
4234:eba
4188:omi
4174:ena
4145:ari
4122:nam
4107:oba
4088:gav
4079:gav
4071:gav
4060:tsd
4043:ema
4033:tsa
4025:ali
4016:ili
3968:).
3941:ski
3937:von
3933:van
3925:eli
3921:uri
3913:ani
3897:dze
3875:uli
3809:VOS
3807:or
3805:VSO
3801:OVS
3799:or
3797:OSV
3793:SVO
3789:SOV
3649:or
2973:ch’
2957:ts’
2469:In
2194:ელი
2162:ალი
2137:ერა
2031:Mid
1940:/x/
1875:or
1856:or
1782:qχʼ
1471:d͡ʒ
1458:d͡z
1133:IPA
1059:by
587:);
585:Laz
494:Laz
473:of
465:or
374:IPA
325:kat
303:kat
290:geo
8392::
5925:.
5917:;
5895:,
5885:40
5883:,
5879:,
5845:,
5833:36
5831:,
5827:,
5802:}}
5798:{{
5763:}}
5759:{{
5710:,
5695:.
5636:.
5477:.
5469:.
5457:81
5455:.
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5428:.
5420:.
5406:.
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5375:.
5294:^
5243:^
5228:^
5199:^
5169:.
5146:^
5112:,
5088:,
5084:.
5070:^
5003:.
4949:^
4492:en
4482:ენ
4453:ცხ
4441:mt
4431:მთ
4419:tm
4409:თმ
4387:რძ
4365:სწ
4343:წყ
4315:ga
4296:da
4277:ga
4215:ob
4197:ob
4195:om
4172:pr
4162:pr
4154:pr
4141:ma
4086:ms
4081:si
4077:ms
4041:ts
3987:.
3964:,
3943:.
3929:de
3905:ia
3881:Sa
3757:,
3705:,
3701:,
3697:,
3693:,
3689:,
3659:ri
3643:eb
3637:,
3045:.
2989:kh
2941:dz
2925:ts
2909:ch
2893:sh
2877:q’
2861:gh
2797:t’
2749:zh
2733:p’
2653:k’
2438:,
2223:on
2160:წყ
2147:ცხ
2135:ბგ
2103:.
1770:,
1766:qʼ
1758:χʼ
1743:;
1388:qʼ
1375:kʼ
1360:tʼ
1347:pʼ
1267:kʰ
1252:tʰ
1239:pʰ
1078:.
1063:.
629:,
625:,
519:,
481:,
448:,
442:,
272:ka
126:L2
121:L1
7355:e
7348:t
7341:v
6918:–
6909:–
6905:–
6672:–
6663:–
6532:e
6525:t
6518:v
6433:e
6426:t
6419:v
6288:e
6281:t
6274:v
6064:e
6057:t
6050:v
5987:)
5891::
5839::
5808:)
5769:)
5558:.
5485:.
5463::
5436:.
5414::
5408:5
5387:.
5383::
5181:.
5140:.
5011:.
4806:i
4800:(
4796:ი
4784:i
4778:(
4774:ი
4757:i
4751:(
4747:ი
4724:(
4706:'
4693:(
4671:(
4649:(
4627:(
4600:(
4578:(
4556:(
4534:(
4512:(
4499:'
4486:(
4459:(
4443:a
4437:(
4433:ა
4421:a
4415:(
4411:ა
4399:e
4393:(
4389:ე
4371:(
4349:(
4170:a
4062:a
4021:m
3977:(
3765:.
3746:.
3675:a
3669:Ø
3665:(
3657:a
3651:e
3647:a
3501:ჵ
3497:ჰ
3490:ბ
3483:ქ
3476:ტ
3470:ჲ
3466:ი
3459:მ
3452:ს
3445:ყ
3438:ჩ
3431:ჭ
3409:↵
3396:ჟ
3389:დ
3382:ლ
3375:ო
3368:რ
3361:პ
3354:ა
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