2293:. To them, it is the human intellect that guides a human to know God, his attributes, and the very basics of morality. Once this foundational knowledge is attained and one ascertains the truth of Islam and the Divine origins of the Qur'an, the intellect then interacts with scripture such that both reason and revelation come together to be the main source of guidance and knowledge for Muslims. Harun Nasution in the Mu'tazila and Rational Philosophy, translated in Martin (1997), commented on Mu'tazili extensive use of rationality in the development of their religious views saying: "It is not surprising that opponents of the Mu'tazila often charge the Mu'tazila with the view that humanity does not need revelation, that everything can be known through reason, that there is a conflict between reason and revelation, that they cling to reason and put revelation aside, and even that the Mu'tazila do not believe in revelation. But is it true that the Mu'tazila are of the opinion that everything can be known through reason and therefore that revelation is unnecessary? The writings of the Mu'tazila give exactly the opposite portrait. In their opinion, human reason is not sufficiently powerful to know everything and for this reason humans need revelation in order to reach conclusions concerning what is good and what is bad for them."
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they should be rejected: they relied on both faulty human memory and bias, neither of which could be trusted to transmit what is true. Al-Naẓẓām bolstered his strong refutation of the trustworthiness of ḥadīths narrated by Abu
Hurayra within the larger claim that his ḥadīths circulated and thrived to support polemical causes of various theological sects and jurists, and that no single transmitter could by himself be held above suspicion of altering the content of a single report. Al-Naẓẓām's skepticism involved far more than excluding the possible verification of a report narrated by Abu Hurayra, be it single or mutawātir. His stance also excluded the trustworthiness of consensus, which proved pivotal to classical Mu'tazilite criteria devised for verifying the single report (see below). Indeed, his shunning of both consensus and tawātur as narrated by Abu Hurayra earned him a special mention for the depth and extent of his skepticism.
2444:(700–748 CE, by many accounts a founder of the Mu'tazilite school of thought), held that there was evidence for the veracity of a report when it had four independent transmitters. His assumption was that there could be no agreement between all transmitters in fabricating a report. Wāṣil's acceptance of tawātur seems to have been inspired by the juridical notion of witnesses as proof that an event did indeed take place. Hence, the existence of a certain number of witnesses precluded the possibility that they were able to agree on a lie, as opposed to the single report which was witnessed by one person only, its very name meaning the "report of one individual" (khabar al-wāḥid). Abū l-Hudhayl al-ʿAllāf (died 227/841) continued this verification of reports through tawātur, but proposed that the number of witnesses required for veracity be twenty, with the additional requirement that at least one of the transmitters be a believer.
2323:), 'Abd al-Jabbar replied: Because he knows the immorality of all unethical acts and that he is self-sufficient without them...For one of us who knows the immorality of injustice and lying, if he knows that he is self-sufficient without them and has no need of them, it would be impossible for him to choose them, insofar as he knows of their immorality and his sufficiency without them. Therefore, if God is sufficient without need of any unethical thing it necessarily follows that he would not choose the unethical based on his knowledge of its immorality. Thus every immoral thing that happens in the world must be a human act, for God transcends doing immoral acts. Indeed, God has distanced himself from that with his saying: "But Allah wills no injustice to his servants" (Qur'an 40:31), and his saying: "Verily Allah will not deal unjustly with humankind in anything" (
2213:, in the sense of moving away from the literal meaning, is not justified. If a contradiction results from adopting the literal meaning, such as a literal understanding of the "hand" of God that contravenes his transcendence and the Qur'anic mention of his categorical difference from all other things, then an interpretation is warranted. In the above quote, Justice 'Abd al-Jabbar emphatically mentioned that if there are two possible interpretations, both capable of resolving the apparent contradiction created by literal understanding of a verse, then the interpretation closer to the literal meaning should take precedence, for the relationship between the interpretations, close and distant, becomes the same as the literal understanding and the interpretation.
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him. And you know that he sees visible things, and perceives perceptibles, and that he does not have need of sense organs. And you know that he is eternally past and in future sufficient and it is not possible for him to be in need. And you know that he is not like physical bodies, and that it is not possible for him to get up or down, move about, change, be composite, have a form, limbs and body members. And you know that he is not like the accidents of motion, rest, color, food or smells. And you know that he is One throughout eternity and there is no second beside him, and that everything other than he is contingent, made, dependent, structured, and governed by someone/thing else. Thus, if you know all of that you know the oneness of God.
2189:(When a text cannot be interpreted according to its truth and apparent meaning, and when (in this case) two metaphoric interpretations are possible, one being proximal and the other being distal; then, in this case, we are obligated to interpret the text according to the proximal metaphoric interpretation and not the distal, for (the relationship between) the distal to the proximal is like unto (the relationship between) the metaphor to the truth, and in the same way that it is not permissible, when dealing with the word of God, to prefer a metaphoric interpretation when a discernment of the truth is possible, it is also not permissible to prefer the distal interpretation over the proximal interpretation)
2101:(i.e. rejecter; non-believer), for this entails, inter alia, denying the Creator—something not necessarily done by a committer of a grave sin. The fate of those who commit grave sins and die without repentance is Hell. Hell is not considered a monolithic state of affairs but as encompassing many degrees to accommodate the wide spectrum of human works and choices, and the lack of comprehension associated to The Ultimate Judge (one of the other names in Islam of God.) Consequently, those in the intermediate position, though in Hell, would have a lesser punishment because of their belief and other good deeds. Mu'tazilites adopted this position as a middle ground between
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something exists rather than nothing. If one realises that there is a being who caused this universe to exist, not reliant on anything else and absolutely free from any type of need, then one realizes that this being is all-wise and morally perfect. If this being is all-wise, then his very act of creation cannot be haphazard or in vain. One must then be motivated to ascertain what this being wants from humans, for one may harm oneself by simply ignoring the whole mystery of existence and, consequently, the plan of the
Creator. This paradigm is known in
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2138:, Mu'tazilites give them a specific interpretation in the sense that, even though God enjoins what is right and prohibits what is wrong, the use of reason allows a Muslim in most cases to identify for himself what is right and what is wrong, even without the help of revelation. Only for some acts is the revelation necessary to determine whether a certain act is right or wrong. This is discussed in further details
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1933:: "God does not order/give the soul of any of his creation, that which is beyond its capacity." This entailed the existence of an "act of god" to serve a greater good, or the existence of evil acts to prevent a far greater evil. In conclusion, it comprised life is an ultimate "fair test" of coherent and rational choices, having a supremely just accountability in one's current state, as well as the hereafter.
2010:) for it, nor does he impose upon a human what he is unable to do, but he only gives to the unbeliever to choose unbelief on his own part, not on the part of God. And you know that God does not will, desire or want disobedience. Rather, he loathes and despises it and only wills obedience, which he wants and chooses and loves. And you know that he does not punish the children of polytheists (
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2033:) so that we could avoid it. So, whoever perishes does so only after all this has been made clear. And you know that every benefit we have is from God; as he has said: "And you have no good thing that is not from Allah" (Qur'an 16:53); it either comes to us from him or from elsewhere. Thus, when you know all of this you become knowledgeable about justice from God.
1006:, the basics of Islam were their starting point and ultimate reference. The accusations leveled against them by rival schools of theology that they gave absolute authority to extra-Islamic paradigms reflect more the fierce polemics between various schools of theology than any objective reality. For instance, most Mu'tazilis adopted the doctrine of creation
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adversaries, were for that reason called muʿtazila. He even drew the conclusion that the theological Mu'tazilism of Wasil and his successors was merely a continuation of this initial political Mu'tazilism; in reality, there does not seem to have been the least connection between one and the other. But, in its principle, this explanation is probably valid."
2117:) and not a believer, nor is his case the same that of believers with respect to praise and attributing greatness, since he is to be cursed and disregarded. Nonetheless, he is not an unbeliever who cannot be buried in our Muslim cemetery, or be prayed for, or marry a Muslim. Rather, he has an intermediate position, in contrast to the Seceders (
1951:
deprived and trivialized. The inequalities in human fortunes and the calamities that befell them are, thus, an integral part of the test of life. Everyone is being tested. The powerful, the rich, and the healthy are required to use all their powers and privileges to help those who suffer and to alleviate their suffering. In the
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Wasil's time on the crucial issue with which the Muʿtazilah and their adversaries grappled.... good and evil are not conventional or arbitrary concepts whose validity is rooted in the dictates of God, as the
Traditionists and later the Ashʿarites held, but are rational categories which can be established through unaided reason
2069:) to those who follow. His warning is looked at as a conscious decision by a human submitting themselves, and choosing a varying principle which he had given a clear warning to. He will not go back on his word, nor can he act contrary to his promise and warning, nor lie in what he reports, in contrast to what the Postponers (
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punishment would have been meaningless, as man performed the will of God no matter what he did. Mu'tazilis did not deny the existence of suffering that goes beyond human abuse and misuse of their free will granted to them by God. In order to explain this type of "apparent" evil, Mu'tazilis relied on the
Islamic doctrine of
2480:. The "majority of the Mu'tazila rejected categorically" the idea that God had already created the Garden and the Fire on the grounds that "the physical universe does not allow for their existence yet". They also argued that because the Qur'an described everything in the universe except God being destroyed (the great
2186:إن الكلام متى لم يمكن حمله على ظاهره و حقيقته، و هناك مجازان أحدهما أقرب و الآخر أبعد، فإن الواجب حمله على المجاز الأقرب دون الأبعد، لأن المجاز الأبعد من الأقرب كالمجاز مع الحقيقة، و كما لا يجوز فى خطاب الله تعالى أن يحمل على المجاز مع إمكان حمله على الحقيقة، فكذلك لا يحمل على المجاز الأبعد و هناك ما هو أقرب منه
2097:). The reason behind this is that a mu’min is, by definition, a person who has faith and conviction in and about God, and who has their faith reflected in their deeds and moral choices. Any shortcoming on any of these two fronts makes one, by definition, not a mu’min. On the other hand, one does not become a
1192:(847–861), "who sought to reestablish the traditional Muslim's faith" (he intentionally wanted to restore his legitimacy due to the backlash towards Ahmad ibn Hanbal's persecution under previous Caliphs), Mu'tazilite doctrine was repudiated and Mu'tazilite professors were persecuted in the Abbasid Caliphate;
2025:) and that he only causes sickness and illness in order to turn them to advantage. Whoever says otherwise has allowed that God is iniquitous and has imputed insolence to him. And you know that, for their sakes, he does the best for all of his creatures, upon whom he imposes moral and religious obligations (
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Mu'tazilis believed that the first obligation on humans, specifically adults in full possession of their mental faculties, is to use their intellectual power to ascertain the existence of God, and to become knowledgeable of his attributes. One must wonder about the whole existence, that is, about why
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of the past and present and that ignorance is not possible for him. And you know that he knows everything that was, everything that is, and how things that are not would be if they were. And you know that he is eternally in the past and future living, and that calamities and pain are not possible for
1909:
the knowledge that God, being unique, has attributes that no creature shares with him. This is explained by the fact that you know that the world has a creator who created it and that: he existed eternally in the past and he cannot perish while we exist after being non-existent and we can perish. And
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For
Ibrahim an-Nazzam (c. 775 – c. 845), both the single and the mutawātir hadith reports as narrated by Abu Hurayra, the most prolific hadith narrater, could not be trusted to yield knowledge. He recounted contradictory ḥadīth from Abu Hurayra and examined their divergent content (matn) to show why
2318:
In the above formulation, a problem emerged, which is rendering something obligatory on the Divine being—something that seems to directly conflict with Divine omnipotence. The Mu'tazili argument is predicated on absolute Divine power and self-sufficiency, however. Replying to a hypothetical question
889:
asked about the legal state of a sinner: is a person who has committed a serious sin a believer or an unbeliever? Hasan answered the person remains a Muslim. Wasil dissented, suggesting that a sinner was neither a believer nor an unbeliever and withdrew from the study circle. Others followed to form
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in Arabic) are created with an innate need in their essence to submit themselves to something. Also, it is seen as an innate need of all humans to pursue an inner peace and contentment within the struggles of an imperfect world. Knowledge of God, truth, and choices, in relation to one's innate need
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reflected in their moral choices, deeds, and relationship with God, fellow humans, and all of the creation in this world. If everyone is healthy and wealthy, then there will be no meaning for the obligations imposed on humans to, for example, be generous, help the needy, and have compassion for the
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Mu'tazilite atomism however did not imply determinism. Since God was ultimately responsible for manipulating the particles, his actions were not bound by the material laws of the universe. This radically sovereign God entailed an occasionalist theology: God could intervene directly in the world to
1966:
The test of life is specifically for adults in full possession of their mental faculties. Children may suffer, and are observed to suffer, given the nature of life but they are believed to be completely free from sin and liability. Divine justice is affirmed through the theory of compensation. All
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in the world, the Mu'tazilis pointed at the free will of human beings, so that evil was defined as something that stems from the errors in human acts. God does nothing ultimately evil, and he demands not from any human to perform any evil act. If man's evil acts had been from the will of God, then
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Thus according to a leading Mu'talite authority of the end of the ninth century, five basic tenets make up the strict Mu'tazilite creed: monotheism, justice and unity, the inevitability of the threats and promises of God, the intermediary position, the injunction of right and the prohibition of
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literature, it denotes some sort of abstinence from sexual activity, from worldly pleasures, or, more generally, from sin. Ibn Manzur, Lisan al-'Arab, s.v oy.':/ : wensirck, Concordance a indices de la tradition musulmatle, vol Iv, p. 11)7. 'Amr taught his followers to be "the party which
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The early Muslim theologians had naturally been unanimous in denying that God could be unjust, but the problem of reconciling the justice of God and the glaring reality of evil in the world does not appear to have disturbed them particularly. And it was precisely this problem that became, from
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would designate a position of neutrality in the face of opposing factions. Nallino drew support for the argument from the fact that at the time of the first civil war, some of the
Companions ('Abd Allah b. 'Umar, Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas, etc.), who had chosen to side neither with ʿAli nor with his
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The thrust of ʿAbd al-Jabbar's argument is that acting immorally or unwisely stems from need and deficiency. One acts in a repugnant way when one does not know the ugliness of one's deeds, i.e., because of lack of knowledge, or when one knows but one has some need, material, psychological, or
2339:
The conflict between Mu'tazilis and Ash'aris concerning this point was a matter of focus. Mu'tazilis focused on divine justice, whereas the Ashʿaris focused on divine omnipotence. Nevertheless, Divine self-restraint in Mu'tazili discourse is part of divine omnipotence, not a negation of it.
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No sin may be ordered by God as it is wrong and forbidden, and no sin shall be permitted by God, as they are wrong by themselves. To know about it and believe otherwise, and all that God commands is good for the ordered and all that it is not permissible except to order it is good for
766:", arguing that since God is just and wise, he cannot command what is contrary to reason or act with disregard for the welfare of His creatures; consequently evil must be regarded as something that stems from errors in human acts, arising from man's divinely bestowed
2133:
These two tenets, like the "intermediate position", follow logically (according to scholar Majid Fakhry) from the basic Mu'tazilite concepts of divine unity, justice and free will, of which they are the logical conclusion. Even though they are accepted
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is absolutely self-sufficient (a result from the cosmological "proof" of his existence), all-knowing, and all-powerful, he is categorically free from any type of need and, consequently, he never does anything that is ridiculous, unwise, ugly, or evil.
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2308:كل معصية كان يجوز أن يأمر الله سبحانه بها فهي قبيحة للنهي، وكل معصية كان لا يجوز أن يبيحها الله سبحانه فهي قبيحة لنفسها كالجهل به والاعتقاد بخلافه، وكذلك كل ما جاز أن لا يأمر الله سبحانه فهو حسن للأمر به وكل ما لم يجز إلا أن يأمر به فهو حسن لنفسه
1955:(Judgment Day), they will be questioned about their response to Divine blessings and bounties they enjoyed in their lives. The less fortunate are required to patiently persevere and are promised a compensation for their suffering that, as the
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an obligation even if one does not encounter a fellow human being claiming to be a messenger from the
Creator, and even if one does not have access to any alleged God-inspired or God-revealed scripture. On the other hand, the obligation of
2494:) will be part of the reward of the faithful in paradise. However, the Mu'tazila, aside from their skepticism of ḥadīth, argued that if "God was an immaterial substance", as they believed he was, He was "by definition" not visible.
1023:
Mu'tazili theology faced implacable opposition from
Hanbali and Zahiri traditionalists, on the one hand, and from the Ash'ari school (founded by a former Mu'tazili, Abu al Hasan al-Ash'ari) and Maturidi theologians on the other.
1114:
of the later
Umayyad period. The Mu'tazilites also maintained that justice and reason must form the foundation of the action God takes toward men. Both of these doctrines were repudiated by the later orthodox school of the
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3161:
3357:, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands (1999): "It is an explanation of this kind which today, in particular as a result of the studies undertaken by Nallino ("Sull'origine del nome dei Mu'taziliti", in
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produce contingent events at will. This radical freedom was possible precisely because the world was composed solely of inert matter rather than an immaterial spirit with an independent vital force of its own.
2092:
That is, Muslims who commit grave sins and die without repentance are not considered as mu’minīn (believers), nor are they considered kafirs (non-believers), but in an intermediate position between the two,
1848:
According to a "leading Mu'tazilite authority" of the end of the ninth century (al-Khayyat), and "clearly enunciated for the first time by Abu al-Hudhayl", five basic tenets make up the Mu'tazilite creed:
1157:) were punished, imprisoned, or even killed unless they conformed to Mu'tazila doctrine. The policy lasted for 18 years (833–851 CE) as it continued through the reigns of al-Ma'mun's immediate successors,
1179:
school of thought was a victim of al-Ma'mun's Mihna. Due to his rejection of al-Ma'mun's demand to accept and propagate the Mu'tazila creed, ibn Hanbal was imprisoned and tortured by the
Abbasid rulers.
2017:) in Hellfire because of their fathers' sin, for he has said: "Each soul earns but its own due" (Qur'an 6:164); and he does not punish anyone for someone else's sin because that would be morally wrong (
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Almost all authorities agree that the speculation of the Muʿtazilah centers around the two crucial concepts of divine justice and unity, of which they claim to be the exclusive, genuine exponents.
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were termed the Mu'tazila. By the 10th century CE the term had also come to refer to an Islamic school of speculative theology (kalām) that flourished in Basra and Baghdad (8th–10th century).
2456:
Mu'tazilite ideas of God were underpinned by the doctrine of atomism. This is the belief that all things and processes are reducible to fundamental physical particles and their arrangements.
762:
schools) which argued that with God being all-knowing, his knowledge of the Quran must have been eternal, hence uncreated just like him. The school also worked to resolve the theological "
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The persecution campaign, nonetheless, cost them their theology and generally, the sympathy of the Muslim masses in the Abbasid state. As the number of Muslims increased throughout the
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2029:), and that He has indicated to them what he has imposed upon them and clarified the path of truth so that we could pursue it, and he has clarified the path of falsehood (
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18:16, 19:48 and 4:90). According to Sarah Siroumsa, "The verb i'tazala means "to withdraw", and in its most common use, as given in the dictionaries and attested in
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4360:
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2618:, "Mu'tazilite" is used as an epithet by rival groups hoping to undermine each other's credibility. The North African "Institute for the Faith Brigades" denounced
2060:). According to 'Abd al-Jabbar, The doctrine of irreversible Divine promises and warnings, is fashioned out the Islamic philosophy of human existence. Humans, (or
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2230:, i.e., the obligation to use one's speculative reasoning to attain ontological truths. About the "first duty," ʿAbd al-Jabbar said it is "speculative reasoning (
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2484:) "between the trumpet blasts" before Judgement Day, it would be more sensible to assume that the two abodes of the afterlife would be created after the great
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was their most striking characteristic. They were given the name "Mu'tazila" in reference to their pious asceticism, and they were content with this name,"
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938:, the third caliph, in 656 CE. Those who would neither condemn nor sanction Ali or his opponents but took a middle position were termed the Muʿtazilah."
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from 800 to 909, also adhered to Mu'tazilism, which they imposed as the state doctrine of Ifriqiya. Similarly, the leading elite figures of the
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2434:(died 1245 CE), al-Ansari (died 1707 CE), and Ibn ‘Abd al-Shakur (died 1810 CE) found "no more than eight or nine" hadiths that fell into the
2006:) and thus strays from the doctrine of justice. And you know that God does not impose faith upon the unbeliever without giving him the power (
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According to Racha El Omari, early Mu'tazilites believed that hadith were susceptible to "abuse as a polemical ideological tool"; that the
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1131:, and in reaction to the excesses of this newly imposed rationalism, theologians began to lose ground. The problem was exacerbated by the
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where religious scholars were punished, imprisoned, or even killed unless they conformed to Mu'tazila doctrine, until it was reversed by
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argued that the theological Mu'tazilism of Wasil and his successors was merely a continuation of this initial political Mu'tazilism.
963:. Those who would neither condemn nor sanction Ali or his opponents but took a middle position between him and his opponents at the
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is also used to designate a neutral party in a dispute (as in "withdrawing" from a dispute between two factions). According to the
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1074:, is considered the theologian who systematized and formalized Mu'tazilism in Basra. Another branch of the school found a home in
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2109:. In the words of ʿAbd al-Jabbar, the doctrine of the intermediate position is the knowledge that whoever murders, or commits
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3377:"Different views on human freedom – Mu'tazilites and Asharites – Authority in Islam – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – OCR"
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2711:"Different views on human freedom – Mu'tazilites and Asharites – Authority in Islam – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – OCR"
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The Mu'tazilis had a nuanced theory regarding reason, Divine revelation, and the relationship between them. They celebrated
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Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia to the Streets of the Modern Muslim World
934:, "The name first appears in early Islāmic history in the dispute over Ali's leadership of the Muslim community after the
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Lia, Brynjar (2011). "Jihadis divided between strategists and doctrinarians". In Moghadam, Assaf; Fishman, Brian (eds.).
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you know that he was and is eternally all-powerful and that impotence is not possible for him. And you know that he is
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One of the "most sharply defined" issues where the Mu'tazila disagreed with "their theological opponents" was whether
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sufferers will be compensated. This includes non-believers and, more importantly, children, who are destined to go to
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Abu al-Hudhayl al-'Allaf (died 235 AH/849 AD), who lived a few generations after Wāṣil ibn ʿAtāʾ (واصل بن عطاء) and
722:, partly influenced by ancient Greek and Indian philosophy, based around three fundamental principles: the oneness (
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rationalism, but believed that human intelligence and reason allowed Man to understand religious principles; that
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Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).
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the reputed founder of Mu'tazila, the movement uses the mantle of the Mu'tazila primarily as an identity marker.
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2414:(single-isnad hadith, i.e. almost all hadith) and their importance from the legal theoretician's point of view,
824:(r. 961–976) were followers of the Mu'tazila. Mu'tazilism also flourished to some extent during the rule of the
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Nawas, J. A. (1994). "A Rexamination of Three Current Explanations for al-Ma'mun's Introduction of the Mihna".
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5794:
5430:
1862:
the intermediary position (i.e. Muslims who die without repentance after committing a grave sin are neither
974:
According to Sunni sources, Mu'tazili theology originated in the eighth century in Basra (now in Iraq) when
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17:
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1573:
1487:
1013:
991:
360:
274:
6605:
2300:(died 324 AH/935 AD), the eponym of the Ashʿari school of theology, attributed to the Mu'tazili scholar
1978:
in the words of ʿAbd al-Jabbar: It is the knowledge that God is removed from all that is morally wrong (
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in 1899, he attempted to adapt Islam to the modern times and to introduce changes in the teachings at
930:
12071:
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11503:
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11028:
10750:
10713:
10362:
9463:
8097:
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6182:
5926:
5899:
5709:
3326:
1626:
1249:
413:
36:
9375:
4681:
750:"must have preceded his own speech". This went against the orthodox Sunni position (followed by the
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were followers of the Mu'tazila. Mu'tazilism also flourished to some extent during the rule of the
999:
995:
193:
12051:
894:. Hasan's remark, "Wāṣil has withdrawn from us", is said to be the origin of the movement's name.
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2548:, although he himself does not seem to have called himself a Mu'tazilite. After he was appointed
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1314:
1096:
935:
230:
101:
10790:
2385:—ought to be scrutinized for doctrine and clarity; that for hadith to be valid they ought to be
2368:, was also critical of those who followed such Hadiths, referring to his Hadithist opponents as
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on the one hand or emptying scriptural references to those attributes of all concrete meaning.
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On the Boundaries of Theological Tolerance in Islam: Abu Hamid al-Ghazali's Faysal al-Tafriqa
4646:
Rationalism in Exegesis: A Study of the Problem of Metaphor in the Writing of the Mutazilites
3247:
1482:
1321:
1146:
939:
794:
269:
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673:) is an Islamic theological school that appeared in early Islamic history and flourished in
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The difference between Mu'tazilis and other Muslim theologians is that Mu'tazilis consider
1823:
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instituted by the 'Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun in AD 833 in which religious scholars (such as
610:
1266:
681:. Its adherents, the Mu'tazilites, were known for their neutrality in the dispute between
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8:
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5704:
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3242:
The physical theory of Kalām : atoms, space, and void in Basrian Muʻtazilī cosmology
2573:
2553:
1309:
743:
96:
4067:
Theological Approaches to Quranic Exegesis: A Practical Comparative-Contrastive Analysis
2021:), and God is far removed from such. And you know that he does not transgress his rule (
1859:
the inevitability of the threats and promises of God (or "the warning and the promise"),
1062:, so that even the Qur'an was "to be interpreted in the light of , and not vice versa."
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Religion and Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite
3033:
Religion and Politics Under the Early ?Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite
2907:
2259:
1902:
1891:
1299:
86:
10985:
9291:
4968:
Nawas, J. A. (1996). "The Mihna of 218 A.H./833 A. D. Revisited: An Empirical Study".
4844:
Gimaret, D. (1979). "Les Usul al-Hamsa du Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar et leurs commentaires".
4705:
Fault Lines in Global Jihad : Organizational, Strategic, and Ideological Fissures
2296:
The Mu'tazili position on the roles of reason and revelation is well captured by what
1901:
The doctrine of Tawhīd, in the words of the prominent Mu'tazili scholar Chief Justice
812:(800–909 CE) also adhered to Mu'tazilism, which they imposed as the state doctrine of
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Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...
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2255:
1687:
1671:
1499:
1128:
1003:
786:
474:
458:
286:
8499:
4279:
Racha El-Omari, "Accommodation and Resistance: Classical Muʿtazilites on Ḥadīth" in
3347:
2234:) which leads to knowledge of God, because he is not known by the way of necessity (
1082:(died 210 AH/825 AD); the instigators thought it was the Caliph's own scheme: under
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5674:
5440:
5275:
4977:
4948:
4853:
4475:
4194:
3653:
Adamson, Peter. "Al-Kindi and Mu'tazila: Divine Attributes, Creation and Freedom."
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6913:
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5869:
5864:
5819:
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5265:
5260:
4998:
3689:
3354:
3318:
3223:
3118:
The Formation of al-Andalus, Part 2: Language, Religion, Culture and the Sciences
3073:
2843:
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2615:
2596:
1988:). This is explained by the fact that you know that all human acts of injustice (
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1816:
1766:
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1418:
1035:
968:
864:
763:
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313:
205:
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12030:
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9949:
9773:
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7031:
6964:
6957:
6947:
6795:
6532:
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6297:
6157:
6090:
6006:
5799:
5775:
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5735:
5270:
5151:
4914:
Defenders of Reason in Islam: Mu'tazilism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol
4615:
Defenders of Reason in Islam: Muʿtazilism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol
2608:
2581:
2564:(1865–1935 C.E), 'Abduh would become the chief source of inspiration for later
2537:
2171:
2002:). Whoever attributes that to him has ascribed to him injustice and insolence (
1938:
1776:
1721:
1650:
1561:
1477:
1374:
1158:
1051:
979:
882:
563:
508:
437:
348:
264:
161:
9361:
9168:
8360:
4952:
4386:. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillian Reference USA. p. 6322.
2681:
12045:
11933:
11760:
11610:
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11112:
11087:
10924:
10192:
10093:
9685:
9590:
9325:
9255:
9235:
9197:
8821:
8806:
8570:
Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
8377:
8302:
8112:
8073:
8060:
8035:
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7702:
7579:
7533:
7451:
7150:
7051:
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6800:
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6673:
6403:
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6387:
6375:
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5587:
5521:
4722:
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2649:
2585:
2511:
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1960:
1761:
1679:
1666:
1655:
1362:
1189:
1166:
1071:
975:
891:
886:
881:
The name is derived from the founder's "withdrawal" from the study circle of
805:
775:
708:
548:
466:
453:
442:
149:
9287:
2899:
12020:
11945:
11595:
11447:
11325:
11041:
10890:
10875:
10589:
10407:
10312:
10302:
10202:
10167:
10147:
10088:
10016:
9901:
9804:
9751:
9353:
9282:
9070:
Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
9010:
8988:
8979:
8879:
8356:
8172:
8107:
7800:
7697:
7688:
7594:
7348:
7016:
6935:
6866:
6730:
6227:
6167:
6142:
6123:
5879:
5824:
5648:
5577:
5333:
5318:
5156:
4857:
4294:
RMaha Elkaisy-Friemuth, "God and Humans in Islamic Thought Abd Al-Jabbar",
2529:
2431:
2194:
2057:
1806:
1781:
1289:
1197:
1193:
1139:
1083:
959:'s leadership of the Muslim community after the death of the third caliph,
861:
851:
801:
735:
697:
had come to refer to a distinctive Islamic school of speculative theology (
593:
568:
76:
9020:
8518:
8138:
5511:
4479:
2401:(chains of oral transmitters), each beginning with a different Companion.
1543:
1145:
The movement reached its political height during the Mihna, the period of
330:
11572:
11062:
10970:
10870:
10757:
10385:
10297:
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10118:
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6883:
6715:
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6522:
6437:
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6152:
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5664:
5470:
4356:
A Euro-American 'Ulama? Mu 'tazilism, (Post)Modernity, and Minority Islam
2577:
2561:
2415:
2361:
2201:(verse) is consistent with the rest of scripture, the main themes of the
2167:
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framework. They, as the majority of Muslim jurist-theologians, validated
2159:
1786:
1771:
1596:
1224:
821:
719:
573:
558:
383:
2430:
hadith can. However, these mutawir were extremely scarce. Scholars like
2426:
hadith is only probable and can not reach the level of certainty that a
11875:
10957:
10914:
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10292:
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6418:
6383:
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6232:
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5669:
5572:
5491:
5406:
5250:
5022:
Aqeedah 11, An Exposition of Some Schools, Movements and Sects of Islam
4877:. Studies in Islamic Philosophy, V.1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4206:
4099:
4018:. Translated by Michael E. Marmura. 2nd ed, Provo Utah, 2000, pp.116–7.
3726:
William Thomson, "The Moslem World", in William L. Langer (1948), ed.,
3338:
3212:
2155:
2118:
2102:
1911:
1379:
751:
166:
6768:
Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)
6627:
Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī
4989:
4141:
The Sunna and its Status in Islamic Law: The Search for a Sound Hadith
1116:
11580:
11011:
10953:
10900:
10768:
10113:
9944:
9835:
9632:
9617:
9600:
9595:
9575:
9239:
9227:
9205:
9136:
9049:
Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī
9040:
8946:
8891:
8816:
8470:
8465:
8391:
8335:
8081:
7936:
7929:
7805:
7716:
7630:
7610:
7455:
7396:
6908:
6876:
6831:
Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
6719:
6597:
6512:
6507:
6317:
6282:
6177:
6172:
5730:
5618:
5552:
5496:
5445:
5313:
5255:
5245:
5054:
2619:
2419:
2387:
2324:
2290:
2202:
2128:
2065:
of submission is seen in Islam as the promise and recompense of God (
1956:
1726:
1699:
1695:
1616:
1606:
1208:
1162:
1136:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1079:
1008:
809:
767:
513:
486:
482:
403:
393:
9230:
4198:
3792:(second ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 46.
2934:(second ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 47.
2770:(second ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 46.
955:
The Mu'tazili appeared in early Islāmic history in the dispute over
742:. The Mu'tazilites are best known for rejecting the doctrine of the
11923:
11419:
11277:
11229:
11023:
10929:
10880:
10608:
10465:
10098:
9680:
9627:
9528:
9424:
9391:
9246:
9131:
9123:
8917:
8322:
8253:
8176:
8159:
7990:
7977:
7810:
7756:
7538:
6986:
6777:
6610:
6202:
5918:
5567:
5506:
5501:
5425:
5323:
4981:
2627:
2473:
2365:
2274:
2122:
2106:
2070:
1968:
1942:, secure faith and conviction in and about God, and do good works,
1751:
1731:
1611:
1586:
1581:
1384:
1216:
1059:
1017:
813:
778:
are rational categories that could be "established through unaided
755:
730:
704:
538:
518:
398:
373:
368:
171:
5003:
The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy
4894:
Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking Toward the Third Resurrection
2397:
699:
11938:
11534:
11222:
11102:
10980:
10975:
10962:
10946:
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10934:
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10455:
10157:
10068:
9916:
9863:
9799:
9693:
9429:
9409:
9370:
9215:
9062:
Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī
9006:
8963:
8810:
8800:
8525:
8474:
8428:
8266:
8163:
8064:
8043:
7922:
7917:
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7671:
7620:
7341:
7220:
6893:
6707:
6639:
6029:
5348:
5328:
5199:
5118:
2503:
2476:) had already been created or if their existence was waiting for
2357:
2349:
2053:
2013:
1952:
1757:
1716:
1711:
1691:
1506:
1458:
1453:
1328:
1201:
1176:
1092:
1089:
1075:
1020:, believed in the eternity of the world in some form or another.
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678:
544:
503:
498:
478:
293:
245:
240:
115:
3217:
http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~stroums/files/MuTazila_Reconsidered.pdf
2360:
called the Nazzamiyya that rejected the authority of Hadiths by
11452:
11426:
11385:
11346:
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11176:
11097:
10999:
10909:
10840:
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9434:
9414:
9295:
9259:
8448:
8351:
8288:
8167:
8010:
7964:
7444:
6753:
Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)
6711:
6658:
6082:
5993:
5378:
5219:
4095:
3203:
2742:
Many Peoples, Many Faiths: Women and Men in the World Religions
2469:
2286:
2151:
1984:
1742:
1511:
1472:
1367:
1257:
1232:
1228:
1150:
1055:
960:
833:
825:
798:
779:
759:
724:
690:
686:
529:
298:
259:
154:
44:
6618:
Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī
4611:
Martin, Richard C.; Woodward, Mark R.; Atmaja, Dwi S. (1997).
4586:
On Being a Muslim: Finding a Religious Path in the World Today
4122:
see: Ḍirār b. ʿAmr (died 728/815) In his al-Taḥrīsh wa-l-irjāʾ
2521:, widely recognised by his peers as an authority on Islam and
2197:
methodology proceeds as follows: if the literal meaning of an
1886:
All Muslim schools of theology faced the dilemma of affirming
956:
11701:
11526:
11480:
11468:
11270:
11256:
11215:
10992:
10830:
10687:
10673:
10594:
10557:
9959:
9809:
9700:
9675:
9570:
9419:
8460:
8085:
7886:
7874:
6676:
6651:
6622:
6011:
5383:
5373:
5368:
5338:
4507:(15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. p.
3199:
2557:
2545:
2410:
2223:
1746:
1536:
1521:
1516:
1438:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1343:
1333:
1154:
1132:
790:
747:
746:, asserting that if the Quran is the literal word of God, he
739:
715:
674:
533:
323:
308:
303:
225:
220:
210:
200:
130:
120:
5050:
Association pour la renaissance de l'Islam mutazilite (ARIM)
3337:
were neutral in the dispute between ʿAlī and his opponents (
2739:
Ellwood, Robert S.; McGraw, Barbara A. (30 September 2022).
2052:
This comprised questions of the Last day, or in Arabic, the
1054:
and his principle that the final authority of Islam was the
11367:
11339:
11289:
11236:
11181:
10694:
10187:
9970:
9840:
9497:
9113:
Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī
6662:
6657:
Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-
6587:
5714:
5608:
5363:
5353:
5343:
5166:
4776:
Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (1969). M. M. 'Abd al-Hamid (ed.).
4775:
3524:
Loyola Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review
2377:
2254:
to other Muslim theologians materializes upon encountering
2198:
2110:
2022:
1990:
1531:
1428:
1348:
1212:
829:
318:
215:
135:
9073:
Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī
2560:
establishment as well as his immediate successors such as
2490:
A number of ḥadīth promise that viewing that face of God (
2242:). Thus, he must be known by reflection and speculation."
1870:(non-believers), but in an intermediate position known as
10327:
9814:
9714:
7021:
5049:
3946:
3113:
2882:
Islamic philosophy and theology : an extended survey
2536:, was noted for embracing Mu'tazilite views. His student
2332:
2319:
as to why God does not do that which is ethically wrong (
1975:
682:
6763:
Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī
4673:
4466:
H. Al-Rahim, Ahmed (January 2006). "Islam and Liberty".
4179:"The Authenticity of Prophetic Ḥadîth: A Pseudo-Problem"
3285:"Mengenal 7 Aliran dengan Pandangan Berbeda dalam Islam"
2544:
that contributed to a revival of Mu'tazilite thought in
5025:. West Coast Demarara, Guyana: Guyana Islamic Institute
5044:
4917:. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications. p. 27.
4027:
For Ibn Rushd's response, see Khalid, Muhammad A. ed.
4008:
3934:
1877:
the injunction of right, and the prohibition of wrong.
1086:(813–833) "Mu'tazilism became the established faith."
6815:
Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)
6778:
Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī
4034:
3588:
3554:
3552:
3090:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
2601:
Association pour la renaissance de l’Islam mutazilite
785:
The movement reached its political height during the
9045:
Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī
6648:
Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī
4911:
Martin, R. C.; M. R. Woodward; D. S. Atmaja (1997).
4739:'Abd al-Jabbar (1965). 'Abd al-Karim 'Uthman (ed.).
4610:
4046:
3958:
3922:
3910:
3873:
3612:
3415:
3413:
3029:
2593:
Association for the Renaissance of Mu'tazilite Islam
2556:. Although his reforms were disputed by traditional
1095:
who were known for supporting the Mu'tazila include
922:
911:
898:
873:
855:
845:
668:
648:
4780:(in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahdah al-Misriyah.
3822:
3264:
2540:(1849–1905) was one of the key founding figures of
982:after a theological dispute regarding the issue of
909:, "people of monotheism and justice") and the name
738:, human freedom of action, and the creation of the
9089:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī
9037:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī
6756:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)
4997:Walzer, R. (1967). "Early Islamic Philosophy". In
4738:
4583:
4177:
3730:, rev. edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 189.
3549:
3479:
3398:
3109:
3107:
2129:5. The enjoining of right and prohibiting of wrong
1050:are remembered in Islamic history as opponents of
978:(died 131 AH/748 AD) left the teaching lessons of
8582:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)
4501:Kerr, Malcolm H. (2010). Hoiberg, Dale H. (ed.).
3893:"Message Of Quran By Muhammad Asad 039 – WikiMir"
3706:. Oxford: The Islamic Texts Society. p. 47.
3695:
3674:, rev. edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p.189.
3576:
3564:
3410:
2036:
12043:
7511:
6745:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām
5401:
5045:Mu'tazila: The use of reason in Islamic theology
2630:'s juridical committee, of being a Mu'tazilite.
2076:
8909:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī
6759:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī
4330:
4314:
4309:The Cosmological Argument from Plato to Leibniz
3600:
3463:
3114:Julio Samsó; Maribel Fierro (23 October 2019).
3104:
3015:Studies in Modern Islamic Law and Jurisprudence
685:and his opponents after the death of the third
4751:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought
4382:Van Ess, Joseph (2005). Jones, Lindsay (ed.).
3488:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought
3472:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought
3088:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
2786:"The Mu'tazila in Islamic History and Thought"
1106:The Mu'tazilites maintained man's creation of
816:. Similarly, the leading elite figures of the
10542:
9513:
7490:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam
6840:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)
5934:
5070:
4137:"3. Concept of Sunna in Mu'tazilite Thought."
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3783:
3781:
3508:
3025:
3023:
2925:
2923:
2738:
2679:
2644:
2642:
2113:, or commits serious sins is a grave sinner (
1824:
1135:, the inquisition launched under the Abbasid
611:
4941:International Journal of Middle East Studies
4778:Maqalat al-Islamiyin wa Ikhtilaf al-Musallin
4559:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
4285:, Vol. 71, No. 2 (October 2012), pp. 234–235
3618:
3307:
3305:
2607:) was founded in France in February 2017 by
904:
868:
8588:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)
4465:
4130:
4128:
3517:"Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht"
2675:
2673:
2671:
2352:dynasty, the poet, theologian, and jurist,
2145:
2121:) who say that he is an unbeliever, or the
1998:), and the like cannot be of his creation (
1165:, and the first four years of the reign of
878:"to separate (oneself); to withdraw from".
10549:
10535:
9979:
9520:
9506:
8609:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)
5961:
5941:
5927:
5077:
5063:
4789:. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications.
4658:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4064:
3800:
3778:
3020:
2920:
2912:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2639:
2525:, was deeply influenced by the Mu'tazila.
2502:Today, Mu'tazilism persists mainly in the
2182:(The Explication of the Five Principles):
2139:
1982:) and that all his acts are morally good (
1831:
1817:
897:The group later referred to themselves as
744:Quran as uncreated and co-eternal with God
618:
604:
27:Early Islamic rationalist theological sect
4784:
4353:Byrd, Anthony Robert (27 November 2007).
4346:
3970:
3594:
3302:
3282:
3085:
2837:
2835:
2783:
2162:operated in the service of scripture and
1065:
10263:
8211:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
6750:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm
4970:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4643:
4556:
4459:
4125:
3666:William Thomson, "The Moslem World", in
2759:
2668:
2269:
2265:
2150:Mu'tazila relied on a synthesis between
714:The later Mu'tazila school developed an
8434:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī
4891:
4872:
4843:
4531:
4381:
4029:Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings
3828:
3701:
3237:
2216:
1959:puts it in 39:10, and as translated by
1046:were forerunners of the Mu'tazili. The
14:
12044:
9540:
7791:
7434:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
5084:
4996:
4910:
4787:Al-Ma'mun (Makers of the Muslim World)
4421:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4265:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4175:
4052:
4040:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3879:
3865:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3787:
3770:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3558:
3404:
3325:. Accessed 13 March 2014. Some of the
3270:
3184:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2929:
2832:
2765:
1843:
1175:, the Sunni jurist and founder of the
1038:describes the Mu'tazila as "the later
11787:
11555:
11171:
10530:
10252:
9539:
9501:
7510:
6583:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
5960:
5922:
5400:
5058:
4967:
4938:
4896:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4803:
4684:from the original on 22 December 2017
4581:
4437:"Chapter 74: Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani"
4134:
4089:
4069:. London: Routledge. pp. 33–34.
3976:
3582:
3570:
3514:
3431:
3419:
3233:
3231:
2841:
2381:(content) of the hadith—not just the
2343:
990:). Though Mu'tazilis later relied on
867:"separate, segregate, retire", as in
793:", an 18-year period (833–851 CE) of
11556:
11172:
5948:
4808:. USA: Wipf & Stock Publishers.
4666:
4648:(4 ed.). Beirut and Casablanca.
4500:
4352:
4169:
4157:from the original on 14 October 2021
3438:. Infobase Publishing. p. 512.
3135:from the original on 14 October 2021
3121:. Taylor & Francis. p. 27.
2879:
2506:among those who call themselves the
1936:Humans are required to have belief,
1919:
8222:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi
4822:
4743:(in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat Wahba.
4702:
4590:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4447:from the original on April 11, 2021
4016:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
3635:from the original on 8 January 2021
3606:
905:
869:
658:
638:
24:
5005:. UK: Cambridge University Press.
3537:from the original on 20 April 2018
3228:
3007:
2622:'s "misguided errors" and accused
2572:scholars and philosophers such as
1221:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
1169:, who reversed the policy in 851.
818:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
25:
12083:
10085:Attributes of God in Christianity
8594:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)
5038:
4829:. USA: Harvard University Press.
4747:
4707:. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis.
4363:from the original on 8 March 2021
4336:
4320:
3485:
3469:
2819:
2209:, and the well-known facts, then
917:was first used by its opponents.
885:over a theological disagreement:
12026:
12025:
12014:
11535:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
10725:Timeline of the history of Islam
10556:
10512:
8612:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)
6834:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard
6706:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-
6384:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit
4826:The Flowering of Muslim Theology
4534:Les Nouveaux Penseurs de l'Islam
4216:from the original on 10 May 2016
3728:An Encyclopedia of World History
3672:An Encyclopedia of World History
3361:, vii ), is generally accepted:
2802:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x
2422:(1233–1277) argued that any non-
1881:
1800:
1265:
988:a position between two positions
984:al-Manzilah bayna al-Manzilatayn
587:
52:
11886:List of ex-Muslim organisations
10143:Great Architect of the Universe
9159:United Submitters International
8443:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir
7821:Alid dynasties of northern Iran
7174:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
4806:The Kalam Cosmological Argument
4732:
4696:
4637:
4604:
4575:
4550:
4525:
4494:
4429:
4404:from the original on 2021-10-14
4390:
4375:
4301:
4288:
4282:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
4273:
4248:from the original on 2020-11-09
4228:
4116:
4083:
4058:
3997:from the original on 2020-12-27
3885:
3848:from the original on 2021-08-17
3834:
3790:A History of Islamic Philosophy
3753:from the original on 2021-08-30
3733:
3720:
3677:
3660:
3647:
3495:
3452:from the original on 2021-10-14
3425:
3387:from the original on 2021-06-21
3369:
3283:Damayanty, Putry (2023-09-01).
3276:
3192:
3167:from the original on 2021-08-30
3147:
3079:
3061:
3050:from the original on 2019-12-17
2994:
2981:
2968:
2955:
2942:
2932:A History of Islamic Philosophy
2862:from the original on 2021-02-25
2808:from the original on 2021-07-19
2768:A History of Islamic Philosophy
2721:from the original on 2021-06-21
2692:from the original on 2011-11-20
2580:(born 1959), and in particular
2281:followed laws that God created.
2125:who say that he is a believer.
1027:
693:. By the 10th century the term
9453:Sunni schools of jurisprudence
8471:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād
7184:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
7179:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
6837:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)
6458:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
5019:
4754:. Cambridge University Press.
4090:Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1997).
4014:For al-Ghazali's argument see
3655:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
3503:An Introduction to Islamic Law
3323:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2873:
2777:
2732:
2703:
2463:
2037:3. The Promise and the Threat
13:
1:
12057:Islamic philosophical schools
9922:Trinity of the Church Fathers
8885:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi
7211:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid
5850:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
5840:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
5431:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
3030:Muhammad Qasim Zaman (1997).
2633:
2517:The Arab Islamic philosopher
2304:(died 231 AH/845 AD) (1969):
2077:4. The Intermediate Position
1963:, is "beyond all reckoning".
1183:
11871:Apostasy in Islam by country
11738:Liberalism and progressivism
10253:
9527:
8573:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)
8514:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
8495:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi
7513:Islamic schools and branches
6348:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
6253:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
5517:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
4619:. Oxford: Oneworld. p.
4065:Abdul-Raof, Hussein (2012).
4031:, Cambridge UK, 2005, p.162)
3895:. 2010-09-26. Archived from
3622:Handbook of Leaving Religion
3432:Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009).
3207:abstains" (i.e., from evil:
2880:Watt, W. Montgomery (1985).
2174:whenever necessary. Justice
1926:problem of existence of evil
839:
7:
10173:Phenomenological definition
8505:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin
7201:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam
6558:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi
6493:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi
4785:Cooperson, Michael (2005).
4561:. Oxford University Press.
4139:. In Duderija, Adis (ed.).
3983:macmillan. pp. 118–9.
3505:(1964), supra note 5, at 47
3036:. BRILL. pp. 106–112.
2827:The Qur'an: an introduction
2784:Campanini, Massimo (2012).
2418:notes the medieval scholar
1016:who, with the exception of
923:
912:
899:
874:
856:
846:
669:
649:
10:
12088:
11788:
9256:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir
8701:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī
8454:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī
8132:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani
7616:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
6872:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
6503:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
6463:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
6288:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
5795:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
5695:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
5609:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
3702:Siddiqi, Muhammad (1993).
2682:"Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila"
2451:
2205:, the basic tenets of the
1905:(died 415 AH/1025 AD) is:
1238:
945:
797:instituted by the Abbasid
12009:
11894:
11861:
11801:
11797:
11783:
11710:
11677:
11649:Geography and cartography
11624:
11571:
11567:
11551:
11377:
11299:
11246:
11195:
11191:
11167:
11037:
10861:
10821:
10704:
10656:
10580:
10576:
10565:
10510:
10479:
10441:
10394:
10371:
10259:
10248:
10201:
10077:
10029:
9935:
9862:
9823:
9787:
9724:
9713:
9666:
9561:
9552:
9548:
9535:
9447:
9400:
9352:
9306:
9196:
9183:
9122:
9019:
8962:
8945:
8832:
8780:
8771:
8710:
8627:
8561:
8538:
8485:
8405:
8390:
8320:
8187:
8030:
7894:
7869:
7845:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects
7782:
7682:
7532:
7523:
7519:
7506:
7480:
7425:
7372:
7268:
7261:
7219:
7189:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine
7149:
7007:
6904:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
6852:
6822:
6729:
6697:
6638:
6596:
6417:
6371:
6358:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
6333:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi
6183:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
6122:
6113:
6081:
6053:
6020:
5992:
5985:
5981:
5956:
5784:
5723:
5657:
5596:
5543:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
5535:
5484:
5418:
5414:
5396:
5306:
5231:
5096:
5092:
4953:10.1017/S0020743800061134
4748:Brown, Daniel W. (1996).
3246:. Leiden: Brill. p.
3086:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
2848:. macmillan. p. 77.
2497:
2408:(multi-isnād Hadith) and
994:and different aspects of
950:
11968:Islamic view of miracles
9927:Trinitarian universalism
8874:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī
7749:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
7363:The Moderation in Belief
7244:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
6982:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi
6553:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
6483:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
4532:Benzine, Rachid (2008).
4384:Encyclopedia of Religion
4143:. Springer. p. 65.
3515:Forte, David F. (1978).
3238:Dhanani, Alnoor (1994).
2745:. Taylor & Francis.
2662:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2291:human intellectual power
2146:Theory of interpretation
1500:Theology of the Ismailis
1466:Theology of the Twelvers
1122:
1000:ancient Greek philosophy
996:early Islamic philosophy
900:Ahl al-Tawḥīd wa al-ʿAdl
890:a new circle, including
770:. The Mu'tazila opposed
287:Theology of the Ismailis
253:Theology of the Twelvers
11723:Creationism (evolution)
10129:Godhead in Christianity
9331:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
8727:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān
8645:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī
8417:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād
7356:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi
7314:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah
7169:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
6573:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
6478:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
6468:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
6308:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani
6263:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
6198:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini
5527:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
5476:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
5436:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
4892:Jackson, S. A. (2005).
4873:Jackson, S. A. (2002).
4741:Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa
4644:Abu Zayd, Nasr (1998).
4557:Esposito, John (1995).
4296:Ibn Sina and Al-Ghazali
3977:Kadri, Sadakat (2012).
2842:Kadri, Sadakat (2012).
2534:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
2298:Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari
2180:Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa
2178:(935–1025) said in his
1894:, without falling into
1449:Forbidding what is evil
1444:Commanding what is just
1204:were also persecuted.
1097:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
1078:under the direction of
936:assassination of Uthman
931:Encyclopædia Britannica
758:and the traditionalist
236:Forbidding what is evil
231:Commanding what is just
11983:Persecution of Muslims
11881:List of former Muslims
10730:Succession to Muhammad
9003:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu
8585:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)
8078:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
7573:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
7234:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd
7229:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani
7164:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani
7124:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi
7109:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
6789:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri
6784:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar
6543:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
6453:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
6448:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
6433:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
6303:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
6268:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
6193:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
5860:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
5810:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
5771:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
5639:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
5466:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
5288:Transcendent theosophy
4858:10.3406/anisl.1979.979
4846:Annales Islamologiques
3788:Fakhry, Majid (1983).
3344:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3327:Companions of Muhammad
2978:Istanbul, 1928, pp.26f
2930:Fakhry, Majid (1983).
2766:Fakhry, Majid (1983).
2680:NEAL ROBINSON (1998).
2626:, a leading figure in
2600:
2372:("the contemptible").
2364:. His famous student,
2316:
2282:
2191:
1917:
1562:Theology of the Ibadis
1544:Theology of the Zaydis
1142:(died 218 AH/833 AD).
1066:Historical development
1012:, contrary to certain
349:Theology of the Ibadis
331:Theology of the Zaydis
11767:Conversion to mosques
11634:Alchemy and chemistry
9955:Fate of the unlearned
9907:Shield of the Trinity
9272:Wallace Fard Muhammad
8229:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya
7736:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
7485:Early Muslim scholars
7293:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
6563:Rahmatullah Kairanawi
6313:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi
6223:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
5644:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
4804:Craig, W. L. (2000).
4582:Esack, Farid (1999).
4480:10.1353/jod.2006.0002
4443:. September 3, 2015.
4339:Islamic Understanding
4323:Islamic Understanding
4176:Hallaq, Wael (1999).
4135:Ghani, Usman (2015).
3628:. Brill. p. 82.
3435:Encyclopedia of Islam
3209:al-firqa al-muʿtazila
2624:Abu Hafs al Mawritani
2306:
2273:
2266:Reason and revelation
2238:) nor by the senses (
2184:
1907:
1407:Basic Tenets of Faith
1322:Five Pillars of Islam
1147:religious persecution
1080:Bishr ibn al-Mu'tamir
940:Carlo Alfonso Nallino
795:religious persecution
194:Basic Tenets of Faith
109:Five Pillars of Islam
11493:Ma malakat aymanukum
11068:Association football
10967:Moderate Kharijites
8923:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya
8718:Al-Harith ibn Surayj
7908:Theology of Twelvers
7753:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
7300:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
7099:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
6498:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
6488:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
6473:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani
6293:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
6258:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
6248:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
6243:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
6218:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
5875:Reza Davari Ardakani
5751:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
5685:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
5634:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
5548:Afdal al-Din Kashani
4468:Journal of Democracy
4337:Smith & Haddad,
4321:Smith & Haddad,
4307:William Lane Craig,
3819:, Beirut, 1957, p.93
2991:, London, 1892, p.31
2686:muslimphilosophy.com
2611:and Faker Korchane.
2562:Muhammad Rashid Rida
2550:Grand Mufti of Egypt
2523:comparative religion
2391:, i.e. supported by
2217:The first obligation
1888:divine transcendence
1283:Six Articles of Iman
1223:during the reign of
1215:dynasty centered in
850:is derived from the
820:during the reign of
70:Six Articles of Iman
10489:Slavic Native Faith
9912:Trinitarian formula
9849:Father of Greatness
9732:Abrahamic religions
9152:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez
8899:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī
8871:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
8669:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī
8331:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah
7638:Other Salafi trends
7467:Musta'li Isma'ilism
7383:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya
6774:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr
6538:Anwar Shah Kashmiri
6188:Zakariyya al-Ansari
5835:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
5756:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
5746:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
5705:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
5215:Medieval psychology
5187:Natural philosophy
4823:Ess, J. V. (2006).
3331:Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas
2989:al-Milal wa'l-Nihal
2987:Al-Shahrastani, M.,
2554:Al-Azhar University
2321:la yaf`alu al-qabih
2164:Islamic theological
1844:The Five Principles
1356:Schools of theology
1014:Muslim philosophers
906:اهل التوحيد و العدل
862:triconsonantal root
852:reflexive stem VIII
143:Schools of theology
11988:Quran and miracles
11902:Criticism of Islam
11606:Geometric patterns
11458:Gender segregation
11029:Non-denominational
10451:Abrahamic prophecy
10381:Ayyavazhi theology
10153:Apophatic theology
9542:Conceptions of God
9451:Other scholars of
9342:Islamic modernists
9316:Modernist Salafism
8972:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar
8931:Abdullah ibn Saba'
8866:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar
8751:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf
8739:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr
8730:Muhārīb ibn Dithār
8661:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī
7983:Astarabadi (Naimi)
7713:Abdullah al-Harari
7667:Muhammad bin Dawud
7600:Syed Nazeer Husain
7335:Tabsirat al-Adilla
7249:Al-Mansur al-Qasim
7084:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
6931:Syed Nazeer Husain
6854:Salafi Theologians
6606:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham
6578:Muhammad Abu Zahra
6363:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
6213:Abdul Qadir Gilani
5845:Abdolkarim Soroush
5690:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
5604:Hajji Bektash Wali
5140:medieval astronomy
5086:Islamic philosophy
3955:, p. 82, 106.
3815:Al-Khayyat, A.H.,
3688:2021-06-14 at the
3353:2010-04-25 at the
3317:2010-02-02 at the
3222:2011-06-10 at the
3072:2021-06-14 at the
2974:Al-Baghdadi, A.Q.,
2655:2018-06-21 at the
2344:Validity of hadith
2283:
2277:insisted that all
1994:), transgression (
1903:Qadi Abd al-Jabbar
1856:justice and unity,
1782:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
1310:The Last Judgement
1042:", suggesting the
703:). This school of
569:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
97:The Last Judgement
12062:Abbasid Caliphate
12039:
12038:
12005:
12004:
12001:
12000:
11973:Domestic violence
11963:Islamic terrorism
11958:Islamic extremism
11779:
11778:
11775:
11774:
11547:
11546:
11543:
11542:
11333:Marriage contract
11163:
11162:
11123:Political aspects
10852:Story of Prophets
10621:Prophets of Islam
10524:
10523:
10506:
10505:
10502:
10501:
10244:
10243:
10240:
10239:
10135:Latter Day Saints
10104:Divine simplicity
10025:
10024:
9882:Consubstantiality
9858:
9857:
9709:
9708:
9653:Theistic finitism
9495:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9487:
9486:
9443:
9442:
9252:Muhammad Jaunpuri
9179:
9178:
9105:Sumāma ibn Ashras
8941:
8940:
8792:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî
8767:
8766:
8637:Gaylān ibn Marwān
8534:
8533:
8386:
8385:
8049:Abdallah al-Aftah
7865:
7864:
7778:
7777:
7762:Necmettin Erbakan
7604:Siddiq Hasan Khan
7568:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la
7502:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7476:
7475:
7416:Tajrid al-I'tiqad
7410:Tashih al-I'tiqad
7321:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
7257:
7256:
7239:Al-Qasim al-Rassi
7206:Idris Imad al-Din
7159:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
7134:Ruhollah Khomeini
7114:Zurarah ibn A'yan
7089:Sharif al-Murtaza
7077:Muhammad al-Mahdi
7062:Muhammad al-Jawad
7042:Muhammad al-Baqir
6943:Siddiq Hasan Khan
6919:Rabee al-Madkhali
6568:Murtada al-Zabidi
6343:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
6109:
6108:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5761:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
5700:Mahmud Shabistari
5680:Jalaladdin Davani
5629:Nasir al-Din Tusi
5451:Abu Hatim al-Razi
5392:
5391:
4714:978-0-203-81492-5
4543:978-2-226-29040-3
4518:978-1-59339-837-8
4109:978-9-00410-678-9
4076:978-0-41544-958-8
3704:Hadith Literature
3668:William L. Langer
3445:978-1-4381-2696-8
3335:Abdullah ibn Umar
3128:978-1-351-88957-5
3043:978-90-04-10678-9
2542:Islamic Modernism
2404:In writing about
2354:Ibrahim an-Nazzam
2331:otherwise. Since
2302:Ibrahim an-Nazzam
2279:natural phenomena
2158:. That is, their
1974:The doctrine of '
1920:2. Divine justice
1892:divine attributes
1866:(believers), nor
1841:
1840:
1129:Abbasid Caliphate
1004:Indian philosophy
828:(934–1062 CE) in
787:Abbasid Caliphate
667:
647:
628:
627:
16:(Redirected from
12079:
12072:Islamic branches
12029:
12028:
12021:Islam portal
12019:
12018:
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11799:
11798:
11791:
11785:
11784:
11626:Medieval science
11569:
11568:
11559:
11553:
11552:
11210:Economic history
11193:
11192:
11169:
11168:
11155:Islam by country
10940:Bektashi Alevism
10578:
10577:
10569:Outline of Islam
10551:
10544:
10537:
10528:
10527:
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9872:Athanasian Creed
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8754:Nusayr ibn Yahyā
8736:Awn ibn Abdullāh
8723:Sa'id ibn Jubayr
8693:Ubayd al-Mūktaib
8559:
8558:
8403:
8402:
8372:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus
8341:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī
8310:Khashabiyya Shia
8246:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān
8204:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān
7987:Imadaddin Nasimi
7892:
7891:
7789:
7788:
7660:Salafi Modernism
7563:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
7530:
7529:
7521:
7520:
7508:
7507:
7404:Awail Al Maqalat
7286:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
7266:
7265:
7196:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
7151:Isma'ili Shi'ism
7139:Wilayat al-faqih
7119:Hisham ibn Hakam
7104:Allamah Al-Hilli
6328:Muhammad Mayyara
6120:
6119:
5990:
5989:
5983:
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5958:
5957:
5950:Islamic theology
5943:
5936:
5929:
5920:
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5890:Hasanzadeh Amoli
5885:Mostafa Malekian
5855:Taha Abdurrahman
5830:Ismail al-Faruqi
5788:
5710:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī
5441:Abu Bakr al-Razi
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5210:Medieval science
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4547:
4536:. Albin Michel.
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4441:www.al-islam.org
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3817:Kitab al-Intisar
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2829:. 2008, page 203
2825:Abdullah Saeed.
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2614:In contemporary
2584:(1919–1998) and
2519:Ismail al-Faruqi
2224:Islamic theology
2089:
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2048:
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1896:anthropomorphism
1833:
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1807:Islam portal
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11108:Moral teachings
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10823:Religious texts
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9526:
9496:
9483:
9439:
9396:
9367:Ahmed Raza Khan
9348:
9302:
9292:Fethullah Gülen
9267:Nation of Islam
9188:
9185:
9175:
9118:
9095:Ahmad ibn Hābīt
9023:
9015:
8953:
8949:
8937:
8858:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā
8828:
8763:
8748:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb
8706:
8623:
8552:
8549:
8546:
8542:
8530:
8481:
8394:
8382:
8316:
8190:
8183:
8151:Hassan-i Sabbah
8034:
8026:
7898:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7861:
7826:Hasan al-Utrush
7774:
7740:Ahmed Raza Khan
7686:
7678:
7585:Dawud al-Zahiri
7536:
7515:
7494:
7472:
7421:
7368:
7328:Kitab al-Tawhid
7253:
7215:
7145:
7072:Hasan al-Askari
7047:Ja'far al-Sadiq
7009:Twelver Shi'ism
7003:
6975:Salafi Jihadism
6970:Osama bin Laden
6953:Safar Al-Hawali
6914:Saleh Al-Fawzan
6848:
6818:
6811:Sahib ibn Abbad
6806:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid
6771:Ja'far ibn Harb
6736:Wasil ibn 'Ata'
6733:
6725:
6693:
6654:ī (Muqātilīyya)
6634:
6592:
6548:Shah Abdul Aziz
6421:
6413:
6367:
6353:Ahmad al-Dardir
6238:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
6126:
6105:
6077:
6049:
6016:
5977:
5976:
5952:
5947:
5917:
5904:
5870:Fouad Zakariyya
5865:Mohammed Arkoun
5820:Frithjof Schuon
5786:
5780:
5766:Qazi Sa’id Qumi
5719:
5653:
5592:
5531:
5480:
5410:
5388:
5302:
5261:Illuminationism
5227:
5221:
5203:
5188:
5171:(jurisprudence)
5170:
5160:
5123:
5112:
5088:
5083:
5041:
5028:
5026:
5013:
4999:A. H. Armstrong
4929:
4927:
4925:
4904:
4885:
4837:
4816:
4797:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4735:
4730:
4715:
4701:
4697:
4687:
4685:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4651:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4504:'Abduh Muhammad
4499:
4495:
4464:
4460:
4450:
4448:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4414:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4398:"Archived copy"
4396:
4395:
4391:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4351:
4347:
4335:
4331:
4319:
4315:
4306:
4302:
4293:
4289:
4278:
4274:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4236:"Archived copy"
4234:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4199:10.2307/1596086
4187:Studia Islamica
4182:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4151:
4133:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4026:
4022:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3998:
3991:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3943:, p. 65-6.
3939:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3858:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3842:"Archived copy"
3840:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3814:
3801:
3786:
3779:
3763:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3741:"Archived copy"
3739:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3700:
3696:
3690:Wayback Machine
3682:
3678:
3665:
3661:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3500:
3496:
3484:
3480:
3468:
3464:
3455:
3453:
3446:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3355:Wayback Machine
3319:Wayback Machine
3310:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3291:(in Indonesian)
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3236:
3229:
3224:Wayback Machine
3197:
3193:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3155:"Archived copy"
3153:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3129:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3084:
3080:
3074:Wayback Machine
3066:
3062:
3053:
3051:
3044:
3028:
3021:
3013:Oussama Arabi.
3012:
3008:
2999:
2995:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2943:
2928:
2921:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2856:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2782:
2778:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2678:
2669:
2657:Wayback Machine
2647:
2640:
2636:
2616:Salafi jihadism
2510:. Referring to
2500:
2466:
2454:
2442:Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭāʾ
2346:
2287:power of reason
2268:
2219:
2148:
2136:by most Muslims
2131:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2058:Day of Judgment
2050:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
1922:
1884:
1846:
1837:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1767:Sulaymani Bohra
1736:
1705:
1676:
1660:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1622:Nation of Islam
1576:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1497:
1463:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1353:
1319:
1279:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1186:
1125:
1072:ʿAmr ibn ʿUbayd
1068:
1036:Daniel W. Brown
1032:
976:Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭā'
969:battle of Jamal
953:
948:
892:ʿAmr ibn ʿUbayd
887:Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭā'
842:
764:problem of evil
728:) and justice (
707:was founded by
624:
588:
586:
584:
582:
579:
554:Sulaymani Bohra
523:
492:
463:
447:
429:
420:
419:
418:
409:Nation of Islam
363:
353:
352:
345:
335:
334:
328:
284:
250:
190:
180:
179:
178:
140:
106:
66:
43:
42:
34:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12085:
12075:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12037:
12036:
12034:
12033:
12023:
12010:
12007:
12006:
12003:
12002:
11999:
11998:
11996:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11954:
11953:
11943:
11942:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11921:
11916:
11915:
11914:
11909:
11898:
11896:
11895:Related topics
11892:
11891:
11889:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11867:
11865:
11859:
11858:
11856:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11829:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11807:
11805:
11795:
11794:
11781:
11780:
11777:
11776:
11773:
11772:
11770:
11769:
11764:
11757:
11752:
11751:
11750:
11740:
11735:
11730:
11725:
11720:
11714:
11712:
11708:
11707:
11705:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11683:
11681:
11675:
11674:
11672:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11630:
11628:
11622:
11621:
11619:
11618:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11577:
11575:
11565:
11564:
11549:
11548:
11545:
11544:
11541:
11540:
11538:
11537:
11532:
11531:
11530:
11518:
11516:Sources of law
11513:
11508:
11507:
11506:
11496:
11489:
11484:
11477:
11472:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11423:
11416:
11415:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11394:
11389:
11381:
11379:
11375:
11374:
11372:
11371:
11364:
11357:
11350:
11343:
11336:
11329:
11321:
11319:
11317:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11300:
11297:
11296:
11294:
11293:
11286:
11281:
11274:
11267:
11260:
11252:
11250:
11244:
11243:
11241:
11240:
11233:
11226:
11219:
11212:
11207:
11201:
11199:
11189:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11179:
11173:
11165:
11164:
11161:
11160:
11158:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11140:Social welfare
11137:
11132:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11054:
11052:
11050:
11049:
11044:
11038:
11035:
11034:
11032:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11020:
11019:
11009:
11004:
11003:
11002:
10997:
10996:
10995:
10990:
10989:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10965:
10951:
10950:
10949:
10944:
10943:
10942:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10912:
10907:
10906:
10905:
10904:
10903:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10867:
10865:
10859:
10858:
10856:
10855:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10827:
10825:
10819:
10818:
10816:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10766:
10761:
10754:
10747:
10745:Historiography
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10721:
10719:
10717:
10716:
10711:
10705:
10702:
10701:
10699:
10698:
10691:
10684:
10677:
10670:
10662:
10660:
10654:
10653:
10651:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10617:
10616:
10606:
10599:
10598:
10597:
10586:
10584:
10574:
10573:
10566:
10563:
10562:
10554:
10553:
10546:
10539:
10531:
10522:
10521:
10511:
10508:
10507:
10504:
10503:
10500:
10499:
10497:
10496:
10491:
10485:
10483:
10477:
10476:
10474:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10447:
10445:
10439:
10438:
10436:
10435:
10430:
10428:Predestination
10425:
10420:
10415:
10410:
10400:
10398:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10388:
10383:
10377:
10375:
10369:
10368:
10366:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10283:Biblical canon
10280:
10275:
10269:
10267:
10257:
10256:
10246:
10245:
10242:
10241:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10208:
10206:
10199:
10198:
10196:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10139:
10138:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10081:
10079:
10078:Other concepts
10075:
10074:
10072:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10035:
10033:
10027:
10026:
10023:
10022:
10020:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9983:
9981:
9974:
9973:
9964:
9963:
9962:
9952:
9950:Apocalypticism
9947:
9941:
9939:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9868:
9866:
9864:Trinitarianism
9860:
9859:
9856:
9855:
9853:
9852:
9838:
9833:
9827:
9825:
9821:
9820:
9818:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9791:
9789:
9785:
9784:
9782:
9781:
9779:Zoroastrianism
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9755:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9728:
9726:
9719:
9711:
9710:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9703:
9698:
9697:
9696:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9664:
9663:
9661:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9614:
9613:
9611:Urmonotheismus
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9556:
9546:
9545:
9533:
9532:
9525:
9524:
9517:
9510:
9502:
9493:
9492:
9489:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9406:
9404:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9394:
9389:
9388:
9387:
9382:
9373:
9358:
9356:
9350:
9349:
9347:
9346:
9345:
9344:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9321:Muhammad Abduh
9312:
9310:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9298:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9264:
9263:
9262:
9244:
9243:
9242:
9225:
9224:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9202:
9200:
9191:
9181:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9173:
9172:
9171:
9166:
9164:Rashad Khalifa
9156:
9155:
9154:
9149:
9147:Muhammad Iqbal
9139:
9134:
9128:
9126:
9120:
9119:
9117:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9096:
9090:
9087:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9075:
9074:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9055:
9054:
9053:
9052:
9051:
9046:
9038:
9031:
9029:
9017:
9016:
9014:
9013:
9000:
8998:Bektashi Order
8991:
8982:
8968:
8966:
8957:
8943:
8942:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8935:
8934:
8933:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8910:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8894:
8889:
8888:
8887:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8869:
8868:
8867:
8861:
8860:
8859:
8851:
8850:
8849:
8847:Abu al-Khattab
8838:
8836:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8805:Abū Hulmān al-
8798:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8786:
8784:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8761:
8760:Amr ibn Murrah
8758:
8757:Ahmad ibn Hārb
8755:
8752:
8749:
8746:
8745:Salm ibn Sālem
8743:
8740:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8725:
8720:
8714:
8712:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8696:
8695:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8677:Sāleh ibn Umar
8672:
8671:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8654:
8653:Gassān al-Kūfī
8648:
8647:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8638:
8631:
8629:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8610:
8607:
8604:
8601:
8598:
8595:
8592:
8589:
8586:
8583:
8580:
8577:
8574:
8567:
8565:
8556:
8536:
8535:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8528:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8511:
8502:
8500:Jābir ibn Zayd
8497:
8491:
8489:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8479:
8478:
8477:
8468:
8458:
8457:
8456:
8446:
8445:
8444:
8438:
8437:
8436:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8418:
8411:
8409:
8400:
8388:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8368:Tawussite Shia
8365:
8364:
8363:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8333:
8327:
8325:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8299:
8298:
8293:
8292:
8291:
8286:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8248:
8247:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8231:
8223:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8195:
8193:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8170:
8157:
8143:
8142:
8141:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8071:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8040:
8038:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8022:
8013:
7999:
7998:
7997:
7980:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7927:
7926:
7925:
7920:
7904:
7902:
7889:
7867:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7852:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7838:Imams of Yemen
7835:
7833:Yahya ibn Umar
7830:
7829:
7828:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7797:
7795:
7786:
7780:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7759:
7746:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7705:
7694:
7692:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7635:
7634:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7587:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7544:
7542:
7527:
7517:
7516:
7504:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7470:
7459:
7448:
7441:Kitab al-Majmu
7437:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7419:
7412:
7407:
7400:
7393:
7386:
7378:
7376:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7279:Asas al-Taqdis
7274:
7272:
7263:
7259:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7225:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7192:
7191:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7155:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7141:
7131:
7129:Ja'far Sobhani
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7032:Husayn ibn Ali
7029:
7024:
7013:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6967:
6965:Salman al-Ouda
6962:
6961:
6960:
6958:Sahwa movement
6950:
6948:Zubair Ali Zai
6945:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6869:
6864:
6858:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6828:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6796:Al-Zamakhshari
6793:
6792:
6791:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6741:
6739:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6703:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6671:
6655:
6644:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6602:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6533:Ahmad Sirhindi
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6401:
6394:Malik ibn Anas
6391:
6380:
6378:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6158:Al-Shahrastani
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6134:
6132:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6087:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5998:
5996:
5987:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5966:
5962:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5923:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5800:Muhammad Iqbal
5797:
5791:
5789:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5776:Hādī Sabzavārī
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5736:Mir Fendereski
5733:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5461:Ikhwan al-Safa
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5412:
5411:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5293:Traditionalist
5290:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5197:
5192:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5164:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5127:
5116:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5090:
5089:
5082:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5040:
5039:External links
5037:
5036:
5035:
5017:
5011:
4994:
4982:10.2307/605440
4976:(4): 698–708.
4965:
4947:(4): 615–629.
4936:
4924:978-1851681471
4923:
4908:
4902:
4889:
4883:
4870:
4841:
4835:
4820:
4814:
4801:
4795:
4782:
4773:
4760:
4745:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4713:
4695:
4678:mutazilisme.fr
4665:
4636:
4629:
4603:
4596:
4574:
4567:
4549:
4542:
4524:
4517:
4493:
4474:(1): 166–169.
4458:
4428:
4389:
4374:
4345:
4329:
4313:
4300:
4287:
4272:
4227:
4168:
4149:
4124:
4115:
4108:
4102:. p. 55.
4082:
4075:
4057:
4045:
4043:, p. 187.
4033:
4020:
4007:
3989:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3933:
3921:
3909:
3884:
3872:
3833:
3821:
3799:
3777:
3732:
3719:
3712:
3694:
3676:
3659:
3646:
3611:
3599:
3595:Cooperson 2005
3587:
3575:
3563:
3548:
3507:
3494:
3478:
3462:
3444:
3424:
3409:
3397:
3368:
3301:
3275:
3263:
3257:978-9004098312
3256:
3227:
3191:
3146:
3127:
3116:"&pg=PR27
3103:
3096:
3078:
3060:
3042:
3019:
3006:
2993:
2980:
2967:
2954:
2941:
2919:
2890:
2872:
2854:
2831:
2818:
2776:
2758:
2751:
2731:
2702:
2667:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2582:Harun Nasution
2538:Muhammad Abduh
2532:revolutionary
2499:
2496:
2465:
2462:
2453:
2450:
2345:
2342:
2267:
2264:
2240:bi l-mushahada
2228:wujub al-nazar
2218:
2215:
2211:interpretation
2176:ʿAbd al-Jabbar
2147:
2144:
2130:
2127:
2078:
2075:
2038:
2035:
1921:
1918:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1777:Hebtiahs Bohra
1774:
1769:
1764:
1755:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1688:Ja'fari school
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1672:Shafi'i school
1669:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1651:Hanbali school
1647:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:Other variants
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1315:Predestination
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1240:
1237:
1185:
1182:
1124:
1121:
1067:
1064:
1031:
1026:
980:Hasan al-Basri
952:
949:
947:
944:
883:Hasan al-Basri
841:
838:
626:
625:
623:
622:
615:
608:
600:
597:
596:
581:
580:
578:
577:
571:
566:
564:Hebtiahs Bohra
561:
556:
551:
542:
536:
526:
524:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
495:
493:
491:
490:
475:Ja'fari school
471:
469:
464:
462:
461:
459:Shafi'i school
456:
450:
448:
446:
445:
440:
438:Hanbali school
434:
431:
422:
421:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
364:
361:Other variants
359:
358:
355:
354:
346:
341:
340:
337:
336:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
256:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
197:
191:
186:
185:
182:
181:
177:
176:
175:
174:
169:
159:
158:
157:
146:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
112:
105:
104:
102:Predestination
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
67:
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12084:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12049:
12047:
12032:
12024:
12022:
12012:
12011:
12008:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11952:
11949:
11948:
11947:
11944:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11934:Post-Islamism
11932:
11930:
11927:
11926:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11904:
11903:
11900:
11899:
11897:
11893:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11868:
11866:
11864:
11860:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11827:
11826:Protestantism
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11813:
11812:
11809:
11808:
11806:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11786:
11782:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11762:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11749:
11746:
11745:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11715:
11713:
11709:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11684:
11682:
11680:
11676:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11664:Ophthalmology
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11631:
11629:
11627:
11623:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11578:
11576:
11574:
11570:
11566:
11562:
11554:
11550:
11536:
11533:
11529:
11528:
11524:
11523:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11505:
11502:
11501:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11494:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11482:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11470:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11428:
11424:
11422:
11421:
11417:
11413:
11412:Death penalty
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11387:
11383:
11382:
11380:
11378:Other aspects
11376:
11370:
11369:
11365:
11363:
11362:
11358:
11356:
11355:
11351:
11349:
11348:
11344:
11342:
11341:
11337:
11335:
11334:
11330:
11328:
11327:
11323:
11322:
11320:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11301:
11298:
11292:
11291:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11279:
11275:
11273:
11272:
11268:
11266:
11265:
11261:
11259:
11258:
11254:
11253:
11251:
11249:
11245:
11239:
11238:
11234:
11232:
11231:
11227:
11225:
11224:
11220:
11218:
11217:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11198:
11194:
11190:
11183:
11182:Jurisprudence
11180:
11178:
11175:
11174:
11170:
11166:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11130:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11039:
11036:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11018:
11015:
11014:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11001:
10998:
10994:
10991:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10973:
10972:
10969:
10968:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10960:
10959:
10955:
10952:
10948:
10945:
10941:
10938:
10937:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10902:
10899:
10898:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10873:
10872:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10864:
10863:Denominations
10860:
10854:
10853:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10828:
10826:
10824:
10820:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10776:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10759:
10755:
10753:
10752:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10703:
10697:
10696:
10692:
10690:
10689:
10685:
10683:
10682:
10678:
10676:
10675:
10671:
10669:
10668:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10659:
10655:
10649:
10648:Holiest sites
10646:
10644:
10643:Judgement Day
10641:
10639:
10638:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10615:
10612:
10611:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10604:
10600:
10596:
10593:
10592:
10591:
10588:
10587:
10585:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10571:
10570:
10564:
10559:
10552:
10547:
10545:
10540:
10538:
10533:
10532:
10529:
10519:
10515:
10509:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10486:
10484:
10482:
10478:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10461:Denominations
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10446:
10444:
10440:
10434:
10433:Last Judgment
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10405:
10402:
10401:
10399:
10397:
10393:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10374:
10370:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10270:
10268:
10266:
10262:
10258:
10251:
10247:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10200:
10194:
10193:Unmoved mover
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10136:
10132:
10131:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10094:Binitarianism
10092:
10090:
10086:
10083:
10082:
10080:
10076:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10036:
10034:
10032:
10028:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9982:
9978:
9972:
9968:
9965:
9961:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9940:
9938:
9934:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9869:
9867:
9865:
9861:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9822:
9816:
9815:Supreme Being
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9786:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9734:
9733:
9730:
9729:
9727:
9723:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9702:
9699:
9695:
9692:
9691:
9690:
9687:
9686:Gender of God
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9665:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9612:
9609:
9608:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9591:Kathenotheism
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9523:
9518:
9516:
9511:
9509:
9504:
9503:
9500:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9454:
9450:
9449:
9446:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9407:
9405:
9403:
9402:Other beliefs
9399:
9393:
9390:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9377:
9376:Hilmi Tunahan
9374:
9372:
9368:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9355:
9351:
9343:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9326:Muhammad Asad
9324:
9322:
9319:
9318:
9317:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9305:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9286:
9285:
9284:
9281:
9277:
9273:
9270:
9269:
9268:
9265:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9248:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9236:Sabbatai Zevi
9234:
9233:
9232:
9229:
9226:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9208:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9182:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9160:
9157:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9121:
9112:
9111:
9109:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:Ali al-Aswarī
9085:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9072:
9071:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9061:
9060:
9059:
9056:
9050:
9047:
9044:
9043:
9042:
9039:
9036:
9035:
9033:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9022:
9018:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8948:
8944:
8932:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8913:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8903:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8881:
8878:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8865:
8864:
8863:Muʿāmmarīyya
8862:
8857:
8856:
8855:
8852:
8848:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8831:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8803:
8802:
8799:
8796:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8783:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8770:
8759:
8756:
8753:
8750:
8747:
8744:
8741:
8738:
8735:
8732:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8709:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8626:
8617:
8614:
8611:
8608:
8605:
8602:
8599:
8596:
8593:
8590:
8587:
8584:
8581:
8578:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8560:
8557:
8554:
8548:
8541:
8537:
8527:
8524:
8520:
8517:
8516:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8484:
8476:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8462:
8459:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8447:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8430:
8427:
8422:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8408:
8404:
8401:
8398:
8393:
8389:
8379:
8378:Waqifite Shia
8376:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8319:
8311:
8308:
8304:
8303:Ishaq al-Turk
8301:
8297:
8294:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8275:
8272:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8252:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8212:
8209:
8205:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8186:
8178:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8144:
8140:
8137:
8133:
8130:
8126:
8123:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8061:Hamdan Qarmat
8059:
8058:
8057:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8021:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8005:
8004:
8003:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7966:
7963:
7959:
7958:Safavid Islam
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7942:Sheikh Haydar
7940:
7939:
7938:
7935:
7931:
7928:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7843:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7767:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7727:
7724:
7718:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7685:
7681:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7661:
7658:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7639:
7636:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7556:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7535:
7534:Ahl al-Hadith
7531:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7509:
7505:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7479:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7401:
7399:
7398:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7387:
7385:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7371:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7344:
7343:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7260:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7221:Zaydi Shi'ism
7218:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7148:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7052:Musa al-Kazim
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7037:Ali al-Sajjad
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7027:Hasan ibn Ali
7025:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7006:
6998:Post-Salafism
6997:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6862:Ibn Taymiyyah
6860:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6843:Mustadrakīyya
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6801:Amr ibn Ubayd
6799:
6797:
6794:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6732:
6728:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6420:
6416:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5939:
5937:
5932:
5930:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5783:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5588:Shams Tabrizi
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:Nasir Khusraw
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:Ibn Miskawayh
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5068:
5066:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5012:0-521-04054-X
5008:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4926:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4905:
4903:0-19-518081-X
4899:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4884:0-19-579791-4
4880:
4876:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4836:0-674-02208-4
4832:
4828:
4827:
4821:
4817:
4815:1-57910-438-X
4811:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4796:1-85168-386-0
4792:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4763:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4683:
4680:(in French).
4679:
4675:
4674:"Mutazilisme"
4669:
4661:
4655:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4630:9781851681471
4626:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4607:
4599:
4597:1-85168-146-9
4593:
4588:
4587:
4578:
4570:
4568:9780195148039
4564:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4520:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4424:
4418:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4385:
4378:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4349:
4342:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4304:
4297:
4291:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4268:
4262:
4244:
4237:
4231:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4193:(89): 75–90.
4192:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4156:
4152:
4150:9781137369925
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4129:
4119:
4111:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4055:, p. 96.
4054:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4030:
4024:
4017:
4011:
3996:
3992:
3990:9780099523277
3986:
3982:
3981:
3973:
3967:, p. 90.
3966:
3961:
3954:
3949:
3942:
3937:
3931:, p. 93.
3930:
3925:
3919:, p. 58.
3918:
3913:
3899:on 2010-09-26
3898:
3894:
3888:
3882:, p. 92.
3881:
3876:
3868:
3862:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3796:
3791:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3767:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3729:
3723:
3715:
3713:0-946621-38-1
3709:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3670:(1948), ed.,
3669:
3663:
3656:
3650:
3631:
3624:
3623:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3591:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3560:
3555:
3553:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3498:
3491:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3473:
3466:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3406:
3401:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3198:For example,
3195:
3187:
3181:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3026:
3024:
3016:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2990:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2964:
2961:Al-Baghdadi,
2958:
2951:
2945:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2891:0-85224-487-8
2887:
2884:. Edinburgh.
2883:
2876:
2861:
2857:
2855:9780099523277
2851:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2752:9780429844584
2748:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2588:(1943–2010).
2587:
2586:Nasr Abu Zayd
2583:
2579:
2576:(1919–1988),
2575:
2574:Fazlur Rahman
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2512:Wasil ibn Ata
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:Judgement Day
2475:
2471:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:Islamic creed
2204:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2085:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2034:
2032:
2031:tariq l-batil
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1961:Muhammad Asad
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1916:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:1. Monotheism
1876:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Dawoodi Bohra
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1680:Hanafi school
1678:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:Maliki school
1665:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1656:Zahiri school
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:Ahl al-Hadith
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:al-Mutawakkil
1188:Under Caliph
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:al-Mutawakkil
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1110:, as did the
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
943:
941:
937:
933:
932:
927:
925:
918:
916:
914:
901:
895:
893:
888:
884:
879:
876:
866:
863:
858:
853:
848:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:al-Mutawakkil
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
776:good and evil
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:
727:
726:
721:
717:
712:
710:
709:Wasil ibn Ata
706:
702:
701:
696:
695:al-muʿtazilah
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
665:
656:
651:
645:
636:
632:
621:
616:
614:
609:
607:
602:
601:
599:
598:
595:
585:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:Dawoodi Bohra
546:
543:
540:
537:
535:
531:
528:
527:
525:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
494:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:
472:
470:
468:
467:Hanafi school
465:
460:
457:
455:
454:Maliki school
452:
451:
449:
444:
443:Zahiri school
441:
439:
436:
435:
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150:Ahl al-Hadith
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55:
51:
50:
46:
38:
32:
31:
19:
11946:Islamophobia
11811:Christianity
11759:
11692:Contemporary
11586:Architecture
11525:
11491:
11479:
11467:
11425:
11418:
11384:
11366:
11361:Nikah mut'ah
11359:
11352:
11345:
11338:
11331:
11324:
11288:
11276:
11269:
11262:
11255:
11235:
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11221:
11214:
11127:
10850:
10774:
10756:
10749:
10693:
10686:
10679:
10672:
10665:
10658:Five Pillars
10635:
10601:
10590:God in Islam
10567:
10328:Hamartiology
10313:Ecclesiology
10303:Pneumatology
10212:Christianity
10203:Names of God
10178:Philo's view
10168:Personal god
10148:Great Spirit
10087: /
10044:Christianity
9902:Perichoresis
9805:Emanationism
9747:Christianity
9737:Baháʼí Faith
9715:Singular god
9688:
9648:Spiritualism
9385:Other orders
9290: /
9283:Nur movement
9254: /
9211:Mirza Ghulam
9142:Tolu-e-Islam
9011:Galibi Order
9009: /
8994:Balım Sultan
8989:Babai revolt
8980:Qalandariyya
8978: /
8880:Mufaḍḍaliyya
8789:Jawārībīyya
8742:Umar ibn Zar
8711:Other Murjīs
8440:Bayhasīyyah
8357:Nuqta-yi Ula
8173:Pir Sadardin
8166: /
8080: /
8076: /
7993: /
7985: /
7972: /
7952: /
7948: /
7944: /
7801:Zayd ibn Ali
7751: /
7738: /
7689:Ilm al-Kalam
7602: /
7595:Ahl-i Hadith
7463:Umm al-kitab
7461:
7450:
7439:
7432:
7414:
7409:
7402:
7395:
7388:
7381:
7361:
7354:
7349:Fihi Ma Fihi
7347:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7277:
7017:Twelve Imams
6936:Ahl-i Hadith
6867:Ibnul Qayyim
6747:(Nazzāmīyya)
6228:Ibn al-Jawzi
6168:Al-Taftazani
6143:Al-Baqillani
5900:Partawi Shah
5895:Javadi Amoli
5880:Ahmad Fardid
5825:Martin Lings
5675:Hajji Bayram
5649:Ibn Taymiyya
5578:Omar Khayyám
5563:Ayn-al-Quzat
5558:Ahmad Yasavi
5471:Ibn Masarrah
5405:by century (
5403:Philosophers
5298:Contemporary
5200:
5167:
5157:
5120:
5109:
5029:16 September
5027:. Retrieved
5021:
5002:
4973:
4969:
4944:
4940:
4930:28 September
4928:. Retrieved
4913:
4893:
4874:
4849:
4845:
4825:
4805:
4786:
4777:
4765:. Retrieved
4750:
4740:
4733:Bibliography
4704:
4698:
4686:. Retrieved
4677:
4668:
4645:
4639:
4614:
4606:
4585:
4577:
4558:
4552:
4533:
4527:
4503:
4496:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4449:. Retrieved
4440:
4431:
4406:. Retrieved
4392:
4383:
4377:
4365:. Retrieved
4355:
4348:
4338:
4332:
4322:
4316:
4308:
4303:
4295:
4290:
4280:
4275:
4250:. Retrieved
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4190:
4186:
4171:
4159:. Retrieved
4140:
4118:
4091:
4085:
4066:
4060:
4048:
4036:
4028:
4023:
4015:
4010:
3999:. Retrieved
3979:
3972:
3960:
3948:
3936:
3924:
3912:
3901:. Retrieved
3897:the original
3887:
3875:
3850:. Retrieved
3836:
3829:Jackson 2005
3824:
3816:
3793:
3789:
3755:. Retrieved
3735:
3727:
3722:
3703:
3697:
3679:
3671:
3662:
3654:
3649:
3637:. Retrieved
3621:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3539:. Retrieved
3527:
3523:
3510:
3502:
3501:J. SCHACHT,
3497:
3487:
3481:
3471:
3465:
3454:. Retrieved
3434:
3427:
3400:
3389:. Retrieved
3381:BBC Bitesize
3380:
3371:
3362:
3358:
3342:
3293:. Retrieved
3289:liputan6.com
3288:
3278:
3273:, p. ?.
3266:
3241:
3208:
3194:
3169:. Retrieved
3149:
3137:. Retrieved
3117:
3087:
3081:
3063:
3052:. Retrieved
3032:
3017:. page 27–28
3014:
3009:
3001:
3000:al-Ash'ari,
2996:
2988:
2983:
2976:Usul al Din,
2975:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2935:
2931:
2881:
2875:
2864:. Retrieved
2844:
2826:
2821:
2810:. Retrieved
2793:
2789:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2741:
2734:
2723:. Retrieved
2715:BBC Bitesize
2714:
2705:
2694:. Retrieved
2685:
2660:
2613:
2604:
2592:
2590:
2530:pan-Islamist
2527:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2467:
2458:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2435:
2432:Ibn al-Salah
2427:
2423:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2295:
2284:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2170:readings of
2149:
2132:
2114:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2030:
2027:yukallifuhum
2026:
2018:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:min khalqihi
1999:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1908:
1900:
1885:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1847:
1796:
1639:
1638:
1627:Unaffiliated
1601:
1560:
1542:
1498:
1464:
1405:
1354:
1320:
1281:
1231:in Iraq and
1206:
1194:Shia Muslims
1187:
1171:
1144:
1126:
1105:
1088:
1069:
1048:ahl al-kalām
1047:
1044:ahl al-kalām
1043:
1040:ahl al-kalām
1039:
1033:
1029:Ahl al-kalām
1028:
1022:
1007:
987:
983:
973:
954:
929:
921:
919:
910:
896:
880:
843:
789:during the "
784:
729:
723:
713:
698:
694:
650:al-muʿtazila
630:
629:
583:
426:
425:
414:Unaffiliated
388:
347:
329:
285:
251:
192:
141:
107:
68:
12067:Rationalism
12052:Mu'tazilism
11816:Catholicism
11711:Other areas
11702:Theological
11697:Eschatology
11654:Mathematics
11591:Calligraphy
11521:Theological
11475:Inheritance
11392:Cleanliness
10764:Shi'a Imams
10758:Ahl al-Bayt
10386:Krishnology
10363:Soteriology
10318:Eschatology
10298:Christology
10163:Open theism
10119:Exotheology
10017:Zoroastrian
9980:By religion
9937:Eschatology
9892:Homoiousian
9845:Ahura Mazda
9623:Panentheism
9586:Hermeticism
9336:Rashid Rida
9184:Independent
9169:Edip Yüksel
9132:Ahle Qur'an
9083:Nazzāmīyya
9080:Ikhshīdiyya
9067:Huzaylīyya
9058:Bahshamiyya
9034:Mā’marīyya
9026:Rationalism
8976:Malamatiyya
8896:Mānsūrīyya
8842:Khaṭṭābiyya
8773:Mu'shabbiha
8733:Sābit Kutna
8666:Sawbānīyya
8650:Gassānīyya
8634:Gaylānīyya
8628:Other sects
8423:Sa'labīyyah
8420:Maymunīyyah
8397:Arbitration
8279:Khurramites
8243:Sam‘ānīyya
8016:Bābā Rexheb
7946:Shah Ismail
7766:Millî Görüş
7684:Ahl ar-Ra'y
7626:Al-Uthaymin
7547:Kullabiyya
7525:Sunni Islam
7426:Independent
7270:Sunni books
7094:Shaykh Tusi
7067:Ali al-Hadi
7057:Ali al-Rida
6994:Yasir Qadhi
6899:Al-Uthaymin
6889:Rashid Rida
6884:Al-Shawkani
6780:(Jāhizīyya)
6765:(Jubbāīyya)
6669:Jawālikīyya
6523:Ali al-Qari
6438:Al-Sarakhsi
6424:Al-Maturidi
6298:Al-Sha'rani
6278:Ibn Khaldun
6153:Al-Qushayri
6115:Theologians
6096:Metaphysics
6002:Eschatology
5969:Theologians
5815:René Guénon
5805:Gohar Shahi
5741:Mulla Sadra
5665:Ibn Khaldun
5276:metaphysics
5222:(mysticism)
5204:(education)
5182:Metaphysics
5161:(dialectic)
5147:Eschatology
5124:(intellect)
4053:Martin 1997
4041:Martin 1997
3965:Martin 1997
3953:Martin 1997
3941:Martin 1997
3929:Martin 1997
3917:Martin 1997
3880:Martin 1997
3559:Martin 1997
3405:Walzer 1967
3271:Martin 1997
2963:Usul al Din
2609:Eva Janadin
2578:Farid Esack
2464:Eschatology
2416:Wael Hallaq
2362:Abu Hurayra
2348:During the
2195:hermeneutic
2168:allegorical
2160:rationalism
1924:Facing the
1853:monotheism,
1787:Qutbi Bohra
1772:Alavi Bohra
1375:Ahl al-Ra'y
1225:al-Hakam II
1159:al-Mu'tasim
822:al-Hakam II
720:rationalism
653:, singular
631:Mu'tazilism
574:Qutbi Bohra
559:Alavi Bohra
162:Ahl al-Ra'y
12046:Categories
11876:Ex-Muslims
11761:Shu'ubiyya
11755:Psychology
11743:Literature
11733:Inventions
11679:Philosophy
11487:Leadership
11463:Honorifics
11118:Philosophy
10925:Isma'ilism
10886:Maturidism
10769:Caliphates
10740:Golden Age
10631:Revelation
10471:Philosophy
10358:Sophiology
10338:Philosophy
10333:Messianism
10293:Paterology
9897:Hypostasis
9887:Homoousian
9718:theologies
9658:Theopanism
9643:Polytheism
9606:Monotheism
9581:Henotheism
9380:Süleymancı
9288:Said Nursî
9247:Mahdavīyya
9198:Messianism
9102:Sumamīyya
9092:Hābītīyya
8985:Baba Ishak
8927:Saba'īyya
8914:Mukhāmmīsa
8905:Mughīrīyya
8892:Ghurābīyya
8854:Bāzīghiyya
8822:Bārāq Bābā
8801:Hulmānīyya
8698:Ziyādīyya
8690:Ubaydīyya
8682:Shamrīyya
8674:Sālehīyya
8658:Tūmanīyya
8642:Yūnusīyya
8603:Sauwāqīyya
8579:Hakāiqīyya
8563:Karrāmīyya
8553:Hanafiyyah
8407:Kharijites
8345:Nuktawiyya
8296:al-Muqanna
8274:Muḥammirah
8262:Abu Muslim
8258:Rezāmīyya
8233:Hārithīyya
8225:Janāhiyya
8215:Hashimiyya
8189:Kaysanites
8136:Badakhshan
8069:Qarmatians
8056:Batiniyyah
8036:Isma'ilism
8007:Demir Bābā
8002:Baktāshism
7995:Bektashism
7974:ibn Nusayr
7970:al-Khaṣībī
7954:Kul Nesîmî
7950:Pir Sultan
7855:Khalafiyya
7850:Dukayniyya
7784:Shia Islam
7726:Maturidism
7648:Madkhalism
7551:Ibn Kullab
7374:Shia books
6924:Madkhalism
6824:Najjārīyya
6714:al-Qībtī (
6688:Karramiyya
6684:Ibn Karram
6640:Mu'jassimā
6528:Al-Maydani
6518:Ali Qushji
6443:Al-Bazdawi
6419:Maturidism
6404:Al-Shafi'i
6273:Al-Baydawi
6233:Qadi Ayyad
6208:Ibn Tumart
6163:Al-Ghazali
6148:Al-Juwayni
6138:Al-Bayhaqi
6129:al-Ash'ari
6101:Philosophy
6022:Philosophy
5670:Yunus Emre
5614:Ibn Sab’in
5583:Suhrawardi
5573:Ibn Tufail
5492:Al-Ghazali
5446:Apharabius
5281:psychology
5251:Avicennism
5113:(theology)
4761:0521570778
4408:2020-12-13
4252:2020-12-12
4100:E.J. Brill
4001:2020-10-27
3903:2021-02-04
3852:2021-03-25
3757:2020-10-29
3583:Nawas 1996
3571:Nawas 1994
3456:2021-10-14
3420:Craig 2000
3391:2021-06-19
3339:Muawiyah I
3312:Muʿtazilah
3295:2024-03-26
3213:asceticism
3171:2020-10-29
3139:14 October
3097:0521337674
3054:2019-05-03
2866:2015-09-16
2812:2021-01-09
2725:2021-06-19
2696:2012-11-05
2650:Muʿtazilah
2634:References
2492:wajh Allah
2472:and hell (
2438:category.
2356:founded a
2156:revelation
2119:Kharijites
2103:Kharijites
1946:, to have
1944:amal saleh
1912:omniscient
1640:Including:
1592:Mujassimah
1300:Holy books
1198:Christians
1184:Post-Mihna
1117:Ashʿarites
1052:Al-Shafi‘i
427:Including:
379:Mujassimah
87:Holy books
11993:Symbolism
11951:Incidents
11929:Criticism
11821:Mormonism
11718:Astrology
11644:Cosmology
11639:Astronomy
11581:Arabesque
11448:Etiquette
11407:Blasphemy
11197:Economics
11012:Ahmadiyya
10954:Muhakkima
10901:Wahhabism
10891:Mu'tazili
10876:Ash'arism
10348:Practical
10343:Political
10308:Cosmology
10265:Christian
10124:Holocaust
10114:Egotheism
10069:Goddesses
10064:Mormonism
9992:Christian
9945:Afterlife
9831:Sustainer
9638:Polydeism
9633:Pantheism
9618:Mysticism
9601:Monolatry
9596:Nontheism
9576:Dystheism
9308:Modernism
9240:Sabbatean
9228:Kabbalist
9206:Ahmadiyya
9137:Kala Kato
9110:Kā‘bīyya
9041:Bishriyya
9021:Muʿtazila
8954:al-Juhani
8947:Qadariyah
8817:Kalandars
8797:Hāshwīyya
8685:Abū Shamr
8618:Zarībīyya
8615:Wāhidīyya
8606:Sūramīyya
8600:Razīnīyya
8576:Dhīmmīyya
8545:Hasan ibn
8519:Wahbiyyah
8466:Abu Qurra
8392:Muhakkima
8336:Hurufiyya
8323:Mahdiists
8238:Riyāhīyya
8219:Hārbīyya
8160:Aga Khans
8155:Assassins
8118:Sulaymani
8082:ad-Darazi
8020:Hārābātīs
7937:Qizilbash
7930:Shaykhism
7806:Jarudiyya
7717:Al-Ahbash
7698:Ash'arism
7631:Al-Albani
7611:Wahhabism
7456:Ahmadiyya
7397:Al-Khisal
7307:Al-Irshad
7262:Key books
6909:Al-Albani
6877:Wahhabism
6731:Mu'tazila
6720:Qadariyah
6598:Mu'attila
6513:Ibn Kemal
6508:Khidr Bey
6388:Hanafiyah
6323:Al-Bahūtī
6318:Ibn Ashir
6283:Ibn Arafa
6178:Ibn Furak
6173:Al-Maziri
6124:Ash'arism
6091:Cosmology
6068:Cosmology
6063:Astronomy
6035:Education
5731:Mir Damad
5724:17th–19th
5658:14th–16th
5624:al-Abharī
5619:Ibn Arabi
5553:Ahi Evren
5512:Bahmanyār
5271:cosmology
5256:Averroism
5189:(physics)
5135:astrology
5130:Cosmology
4961:159973328
4866:259055137
4852:: 47–96.
4723:797919202
4654:cite book
4488:154412966
4451:March 11,
3639:6 January
3492:: p.13-15
2965:, pp.150f
2908:cite book
2796:: 41–50.
2620:Bin Laden
2570:reformist
2566:modernist
2508:Wasiliyah
2436:mutawatir
2428:mutawatir
2424:mutawatir
2420:Al-Nawawi
2406:mutawatir
2388:mutawatir
2370:al-nabita
2260:scripture
2236:daruratan
2172:scripture
2067:al-thawab
2014:mushrikin
1864:mu'mineen
1727:Qizilbash
1617:Ahmadiyya
1612:Quraniyya
1607:Qadariyya
1602:Mu'tazila
1556:Muhakkima
1209:Aghlabids
1163:al-Wathiq
1140:al-Ma'mun
1112:Qadarites
1108:free will
1101:Yazid III
1084:al-Ma'mun
1009:ex nihilo
920:The verb
913:Mu'tazili
860:) of the
847:Mu'tazili
844:The name
840:Etymology
810:Aghlabids
802:al-Ma'mun
768:free will
748:logically
670:muʿtazilī
664:romanized
644:romanized
514:Qizilbash
404:Ahmadiyya
399:Quraniyya
394:Qadariyya
389:Mu'tazila
343:Muhakkima
18:Muʿtazila
12031:Category
11924:Islamism
11907:Muhammad
11863:Apostasy
11838:Hinduism
11728:Feminism
11659:Medicine
11499:Military
11453:Gambling
11402:Apostasy
11397:Criminal
11309:Marriage
11278:Tayammum
11230:Murabaha
11103:Madrasas
11093:Holidays
11083:Clothing
11078:Children
11073:Calendar
11024:Quranism
10958:Khawarij
10930:Alawites
10881:Atharism
10775:Rashidun
10614:In Islam
10609:Muhammad
10466:Kabbalah
10413:Prophets
10288:Glossary
10254:By faith
10217:Hinduism
10099:Demiurge
10089:in Islam
10049:Hinduism
10039:Buddhism
10031:Feminist
9987:Buddhist
9795:Absolute
9788:Concepts
9764:Hinduism
9759:Buddhism
9725:By faith
9689:and gods
9681:Divinity
9667:Concepts
9628:Pandeism
9529:Theology
9425:Tawakkul
9392:Tawassul
9354:Taṣawwuf
9276:doctrine
9124:Quranism
8918:Namiriya
8547:Muḥāmmad
8540:Murji'ah
8254:Rawendis
8177:Satpanth
8098:Musta'li
8093:Fatimids
7991:Hurufism
7978:Alawites
7883:Sects in
7875:Mahdiist
7811:Batriyya
7757:Deobandi
7708:Shafi'is
7643:Jihadism
7590:Salafism
7558:Hanbalis
7539:Atharism
7452:Malfūzāt
7390:Al-Amali
6987:Hazimism
6699:Murji'ah
6623:Jahmīyya
6611:Mu'jbira
6203:Ibn Aqil
5568:Averroes
5507:Ibn Hazm
5502:Avicenna
5456:Al Amiri
5426:Al-Kindi
5419:9th–10th
5329:ʼIjtihād
5314:ʻAṣabīya
5307:Concepts
5246:Farabism
5201:Madrasah
4682:Archived
4445:Archived
4417:cite web
4402:Archived
4361:Archived
4261:cite web
4243:Archived
4220:30 March
4211:Archived
4161:29 March
4155:Archived
3995:Archived
3861:cite web
3846:Archived
3766:cite web
3748:Archived
3686:Archived
3630:Archived
3607:Ess 2006
3541:19 April
3532:Archived
3450:Archived
3385:Archived
3351:Archived
3329:such as
3315:Archived
3220:Archived
3180:cite web
3162:Archived
3133:Archived
3070:Archived
3048:Archived
2952:, p.31 f
2950:al-Milal
2900:13360530
2860:Archived
2806:Archived
2719:Archived
2690:Archived
2653:Archived
2628:Al-Qaeda
2474:Jahannam
2470:Paradise
2395:or many
2366:Al-Jahiz
2327:10:44).
2275:Averroes
2256:prophets
2247:al-nazar
2232:al-nazar
2123:Murjites
2107:Murjites
2073:) hold.
2071:Murjites
2008:al-qudra
1969:Paradise
1752:Satpanth
1722:Bektashi
1582:Jabriyya
1483:Prophecy
1385:Maturidi
1295:Prophets
1250:a series
1248:Part of
1217:Ifriqiya
1060:Muhammad
1034:Scholar
1018:al-Kindi
967:and the
924:iʿtazala
875:iʿtazala
857:iftaʿala
814:Ifriqiya
756:Māturīdī
718:type of
705:theology
639:المعتزلة
539:Satpanth
509:Bektashi
369:Jabriyya
270:Prophecy
172:Maturidi
82:Prophets
37:a series
35:Part of
11978:Nursing
11939:Qutbism
11853:Sikhism
11848:Judaism
11843:Jainism
11833:Druzism
11669:Physics
11616:Pottery
11601:Gardens
11596:Carpets
11511:Slavery
11433:Divorce
11420:Dhabiĥa
11248:Hygiene
11223:Takaful
11205:Banking
11135:Science
11129:Qurbani
11098:Mosques
11058:Animals
11047:Culture
10981:Nukkari
10976:Azzabas
10963:Azariqa
10947:Zaydism
10935:Alevism
10811:Ottoman
10801:Almohad
10796:Fatimid
10791:Córdoba
10786:Abbasid
10781:Umayyad
10714:Leaders
10709:History
10667:Shahada
10582:Beliefs
10456:Aggadah
10404:Oneness
10396:Islamic
10278:Outline
10273:History
10232:Judaism
10227:Jainism
10183:Process
10158:Olelbis
10059:Judaism
10002:Islamic
9917:Trinity
9800:Brahman
9774:Sikhism
9769:Jainism
9742:Judaism
9694:Goddess
9474:Shafi'i
9464:Hanbali
9430:Tewafuq
9410:Sadaqah
9371:Barelvi
9362:Ṭarīqah
9216:Qadiani
9189:beliefs
8964:Alevism
8811:Dimashq
8597:Nūnīyya
8591:Maʿīyya
8551:ibn al-
8526:Azzabas
8487:Ibadism
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8414:Ajardi
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8267:Sunpadh
8199:Mukhtār
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8139:Alevism
8113:Dawoodi
8103:Tayyibi
8065:Sevener
8044:Fathite
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7913:Ja'fari
7900:Twelver
7879:Shi'ite
7816:Imamate
7793:Zaydism
7744:Barelvi
7731:Hanafis
7703:Malikis
7672:Maqrizi
7621:Ibn Baz
7580:Zahiris
7342:Masnavi
6894:Ibn Baz
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6408:Shafi‘i
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6073:Physics
6055:Science
5787:present
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5233:Schools
5220:Sufism
5104:Alchemy
5001:(ed.).
4688:23 July
4311:, 2001.
4207:1596086
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3470:Brown,
3363:i'tizal
3321:at the
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2504:Maghreb
2452:Atomism
2393:tawātur
2358:madhhab
2350:Abbasid
2313:himself
2054:Qiyamah
1953:Qiyamah
1758:Mustali
1700:Shaykhi
1696:Akhbari
1507:Walayah
1493:Qiyamah
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1454:Tawalla
1380:Ash'ari
1329:Shahada
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1177:Hanbali
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716:Islamic
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10626:Angels
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10560:topics
10494:Wiccan
10443:Jewish
10423:Angels
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10323:Ethics
10012:Taoist
10007:Jewish
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9824:God as
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10222:Islam
10054:Islam
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4509:20–21
4484:S2CID
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2004:safah
1980:qabih
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1712:Alawi
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870:اعتزل
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11042:Life
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3641:2021
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3141:2021
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1991:zulm
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