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2513:, swords, shields, and sometimes also rifle. Materials of the Mughal cavalry armour was made up of steel or leather, heavy chainmail, lamellar, or half-plate armor, while their horses also worn similar type of protection. The full set of their armour consisted of two layers; the first consisting of steel plates and helmets to secure the head, breast, and limbs. Underneath this steel network of armour was worn an upper garment of cotton or linen quilted thick enough to resist a sword or a bullet, which came down as far as the knees. There was also a custom among the riders to cover the body in protective garments until little beyond a man's eyes could be seen. Above all, they wore the traditional dress of their tribes, such as silken pants as the lower garment and a pair of
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3046:'s reign, when the Mughal throne was not sufficiently consolidated, the harem was mobile, following wherever the Emperor went next. Accordingly, it was necessary to have the range of trustworthy female guards and thus, the army of Urdubegis were constituted. They also followed the harem during excursions and sieges, and kept guard in the palace mansions were the Emperor's male soldiers were prohibited from entering. Many of these warriors, ascended the ranks, with time, or were granted a promotion by the Emperor in return for a favour. For instance, Bibi Fatima, the only known Urdubegi, was first a wet-nurse in Humayun's period, but was promoted to the rank of an Urdubegi by his son
1260:
2069:, the dynasty was ruling the wealthiest empire in the world, with also the largest military on earth. Mughals had approximately 24 percent share of world's economy and a military of millions rgularly paid soldiers. J. C. Sharman, Political scientist, has viewed the Mughal empire as centralized power of Indian region as one of Asian great power like Ming in context of population, riches, and military power that were unheard of in comparison with the contemporary European powers at their time. Stephen Rosen calculated that even thhe highly conservative estimation version for Indian peninsula military available bodies were at least rivalled the contemporary Europe at the end of the
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Askari concluded that the lack of priority of
Aurangzeb to afford his naval project due to his conflicts against the Marathas has hindered him to do so. Andrew de la Garza stated other reason of the Mughal navy did not evolve into a high seas fleet during the 17th century was technological inferiority of Indian blast furnaces in comparation with the European counterparts, who capable of generating the temperatures required to manufacture cast iron cannon in quantity. Nevertheless, Syed maintained that Mughal was largely not independent to control the rampart piracy and European naval incursions, and instead resorted to depend on the strength of friendly Arab forces from
905:, a thinly populated, hilly area in central India that was of interest to the Mughals because of its herd of wild elephants. Akbar did not personally lead the campaign because he was preoccupied with the Uzbek rebellion, leaving the expedition in the hands of Asaf Khan, the Mughal governor of Kara. Durgavati committed suicide after her defeat at the Battle of Damoh, while Raja Vir Narayan was slain at the Fall of Chauragarh, the mountain fortress of the Gonds. The Mughals seized immense wealth, including an uncalculated amount of gold and silver, jewels, and 1,000 elephants. Kamala Devi, a younger sister of Durgavati, was sent to the Mughal harem.
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All administration and governance was carried out within, while the Mughal
Emperors spent a significant portion of their ruling period within these camps. Akbar's entourage included small camps for journeys or hunting and large camps for royal tours and military campaigns, where it could accommodate 300000 people. It is estimated the large camp were travelling in 16 km perday. however, another estimation has the camp rarely traveled more than 6 km per day and was preceded by agents, scouts and workers who prepared roads and bridges, campsites, arranged the purchase of foodstuffs and fuel and assured the cooperation of local rulers.
2874:. Meaning "sword-wielders" or "gladiators", or swordsmen. The Shamsherbaz were elite heavy infantry companies of highly skilled swordsmen. As their name implies, a few of them were assigned to the court to serve as palace guards, or participate in mock-battles of exhibitions of skill. However, tens of thousands of them were assigned to army units by the Mansabdars around the Mughal Empire. The Shamsherbaz were frequently used in siege warfare, where they would be unleashed to deal with the resistance once the walls were breached with explosives or artillery. There are several class of Shamsherbaz unit within the mughal army:
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muds in the region that they learned from the local
Bengalese fortress construction techniques. Soon, the imperial naval strategy focusing the mobilities of the ships which tracks were defended by those river forts. Grand vizier Mir Jumla also constructing land-based defensensive installations put on those floating river forts, which constructed by lashing ships, and large rafts to enable the Mughal soldiers to fight on water. Heavy artillery pieces brought on board rafts to supplement the existing ones, while wagons lashed to decks and stacks of crates and bales of straw or cotton formed makeshift fortification.
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Scandinavia, Britain, European Russia, Spain, and the
Balkans). He also states that the actual numbers may be closer to ten times the inci- denceofsoldierspercapitainEuropeduringthatwar.Furthermore,insharp contrast to European states, the Mughals controlled only a small propor- tion of the total military forces in India. The Ain-i-Akbari gives the empire's total number of soldiers in the 1590s as 4.4 million, which includes local militia, consisting mainly of foot soldiers outside of Mughal control. This represents 3 percent of an estimated population of 135 million in 1600.
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Such troops were known by the Hindi name of chela (a slave). They were fed, clothed, and lodged by their employer, had mostly been brought up and trained by him, and had no other home than his camp. They were recruited chiefly from children taken in war or bought from their parents during times of famine. The great majority were of Hindu origin, but they always converted to Islam after joined the Chela unit. This slave-originated units were the only troops on which a man could place entire reliance as being ready to follow his fortunes in both foul and fair weather.
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2789:. The Zamburaks or camel units with mounted swivel guns were though as Mughal innovation, as were first mentioned by Bernier, who reports that Aurangzeb took two to three hundred camel- guns with him on his expedition to Kashmir. Its mobility compared to their Gajnal Elephant counterpart were considered pivotal, as those weapons which size are double of normal musket could be shot on top of the camels. Each of two Zamburaks usually attached to the saddle of a camel and the ordnance measured in two haths and forty - six liva.
2532:(imperial mark) which branded on the side of the horse. The cavalry troops of the Mughals also required to possess extra mounts as spare Well-bred horses were either imported from Arabia, Iran or Central Asia, or bred in Sindh, Rajasthan and parts of Punjab. Emperors at times also issued firman or imperial mandates on regular intervals addressing officials like mansabdars, kotwals, zamindars and mutasaddis for the remission of taxes for promoting the horse trade. Meanwhile, the emperor and the high-ranking commanders using
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parts. However, the elephants which rode by high ranking figures such as rulers who could affort usually has their elephant fully protected with chainmail, steel plates, sewn-scale or brigandines armor sets, although its not casual regularity even among high-ranking commanders of the army. From the earliest time of warfare in India, war elephants which assigned to the frontline usually used as shock troops which charge was unstoppable by most kind of enemies, except heavily disciplined infantry columns.
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1135:, which was considered the centre of the revolt. Jahangir arrived with a force of 12,000 after many ferocious encounters and finally subdued the Bundela and ordered Vir Singh Deo to surrender. After tremendous casualties and the start of negotiations between the two, Vir Singh Deo handed over 5000 Bundela infantry and 1000 cavalry, but he feared Mughal retaliation and remained a fugitive until his death. The victorious Jahangir, at 26 years of age, ordered the completion of the
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3290:. some of these ships carried thirty to forty pieces of cannons. This Siddi navy has armed with rare huge vessels of certain craft which weighted between 300 and 400 tonnage with heavy ordnance on row boats, where few matchlock gunner and spear men cramped. The use of hand-driven pumps to dispose excessive water from boats was already used by Indian shipmasters in the seventeenth century. However, larger imperial ships also operated by Mughal such
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3061:. It is interesting, how in all other biographies, written by male authors, we do not find exclusive mention of an Urdubegi. In the wake of the colonial gaze interpreting history, the harem became a definite orientalist, and exotic space, from wherein the mention of the Urdubegis were removed. The harem came to largely symbolise the Mughal monarch's sexual playground, and its complexities were reduced under such a biased historical analysis.
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8459:...Mughal historiographical tradition has depicted the encampment as an example of its central Asian legacy.... He also created new revenue collection systems known as the khalisa... 21 Nevertheless, these centralizing policies also coincided with Akbar's .... Akbar's entourage included small camps for journeys or hunting and large camps for royal ...The emperor and his administration ruled the expanding Mughal empire from these camps.
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and know their conduct in action, I see that they have no order or discipline and that their kings from pride of birth and station do not personally superintend the government and leave all the affair and business of the state to their nobles and ministers, in whose sayings and doings they put perfect confidence. These grandees act on corrupt motives in every case whether it be of a soldier or a cultivator, or of a rebellious zamindar.
2292:. They were found mostly in the Mughal-influenced Northern and Central India. Two types of Toradar exist: one has a very slim, from 3 feet (91 cm) to 6 feet (180 cm) long, straight stock with pentagonal-shaped section, and a light barrel; the other type is always between 5 feet (150 cm) to 6 feet (180 cm) long, has a curved stock with diamond-shaped section and a very heavy barrel, much enlarged at the breech.
1993:, Zoroastrian texts such Vendidad and Yasna, and the Book of Genesis was implied in the pavilion structure of those gardens. The pavilions like structures in different Persian type and names used in this mobile encampment, such as emarat, khaneh, qasr, moshkuy, sarai, shabistan tagh, iwan, and kakh, while on the other side, it also contain some permanent structures, and also tents with different sizes and complexities such as
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their horses to stand on their hind legs and jumping forward. The adversaries of the
Mughals such as the Uzbek employed their own cavalry archers to counter the Mughal heavy cavalry from closing in. Meanwhile, the Mughal also possessed their own cavalry archer units which quality even more effective than a rifle armed cavalry. This particularly on their ability to shooting their arrows repeatedly on top of their horse.
2288:, the adoption of muskets and gunpowder weapons in Mughal empire became widespread particularly during the time of emperor Akbar. When the Portuguese reached India in 1498, they brought with them firearms, among them the matchlock musket. However, expert armorers were already plentiful in India, and native craftsmen began to copy the weapons and adapting them for their own needs. These indigenous matchlocks were called
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logistical task of maintain the huge needs to ensure the camp sustain its inhabitants, the Mughal established an exchange bill credit institution to bridge the noble's military camps with the local Indian markets. Gommans also noted due to the nature of already wealth of Mughal empire, they did not consider it was necessary to always moving their encampment site, in comparison with the contemporary
European kingdoms.
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1925:), or imperial bodyguards, which regarded as the most trusted and faithful part of the troops, being directly in the pay of the Emperor. They also serve as cavalrymen, similar to Ahadis. They were chiefly, if not entirely, men who had been attached to the Emperor from his youth and had served him while he was only a prince and were thus marked out in a special manner as his personal attendants and household troops.
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he advanced. The rationale of military strategy and political necessity—surrounded by raiding nomadic empires was such of mobile technology that allowed Babur to remain elusive to his opponents. Regardless of his defeats in battle, Babur maintained control by monopolizing control of his subjects' movements, deciding which paths they would take as they maneuvered around
Hindustan in their struggle for power.
2478:, Battle of Dharmatpur, and in eyewitness accounts such as Father Monserrate, which primarily featured the use of traditional Turko-Mongol horse archer tactics rather than gunpowder. The cavalrymen of Mughal were usually hailed high-class caste and were better paid than foot soldiers and artillerymen, and had to possess at least two of their own horses and good equipment. The regular horseman was called a
722:, which fell to the Afghan forces in April 1538. With these victories, Sher Shah held his first coronation. However, Humayun did not wish to leave Bengal in the hands of a hostile state. Following this, Humayun began his march to Bengal against Sher Shah, however the march of the Mughal army would be overwhelmed from poor weather conditions, with rains causing the loss of his baggage between
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had some of each of these divisions. The exception to this rule was the artillery, which was a specialized corps with its own designated commander, and was not part of the mansabdari troops. The
Mughals also carried on the tradition of harsh execution of mutineers by strapping them into the mouth of cannon and blowing them apart by the cannon shot. This brutal tradition was copied by the
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During their height of their military domination in India region, the adversaries of the Mughal empire rarely dared to confront them in frontal battles; the
Maratha confederation, Ahmadnagar Sultanates, or the Rajput kingdoms generally powerless against the Mughals who possessed provisioned cities and camps which defended with artilleries. They usually resorted to guerilla warfare or
2907:. Furthermore, many of Rajput tribesmens also entered service of the Mughal Shamserbaz unit either as regular soldier or mercenary. Mughal chronicler Abul Fazl recorded there were around 1,000 gladiators or Shamsherbaz within the Mughal royal palace alone, while approximately around 100,000 gladiator infantries total was employed by the empire of Mughal across their territories.
832:, 50 miles (80 km) north of Delhi. Soon after the battle, Mughal forces occupied Delhi and then Agra. Akbar made a triumphant entry into Delhi, where he stayed for a month. Then, he and Bairam Khan returned to Punjab to deal with Sikandar Shah Suri, who had become active again. In the next six months, the Mughals won another major battle against Sikander, who fled east to
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1576:. The Mughals were now struggling on both fronts and became overburdened by the ongoing siege against Adil Shahi and the roving Maratha forces. Things worsened when a Bijapuri cannonball struck a Mughal gunpowder position causing a massive explosion into the trenches that killed 500 infantrymen. After 18 months, In 1686, the Mughal managed to annexed Bijapur, after
1957:", were used for military expeditions and royal tours, also served as a mobile, "de facto" administrative capital and also imperial army headquarters, where it is manned hundreds of thousands of people and the 50,000 horses and oxen required to transport tents, baggage and equipment as its challenge. Vincent Smith further writes that the Mughal Camp was like
1332:. In 1615, Khurram presented Kunwar Karan Singh, Amar Singh's heir to Jahangir. Khurram was sent to pay homage to his mother and stepmothers and was later awarded by Jahangir. The same year, his mansab was increased from 12,000/6,000 to 15,000/7,000, practically making his rank equal with his brother Parvez. was further increased to 20000/10000 in 1616.
1979:"Each encampment required for its carriage 100 elephants, 500 camels, 400 carts and 100 bearers. It is escorted by 500 troopers, mansabdars, Ahadis besides, there are employed a thousand Farrashes, native of Iran, Turan and Hindustan, 500 pioneers, 100 water-carriers, 50 carpenters, tent makers and torch bearers, 50 workers in leather and 150 sweepers."
3373:, and grand son of Isa khan, former enemies of the Mughal empire in Bengal during the reign of Akbar. Masum served as the Mughal army General during the Hughly invasion in 1632. The English company, which under admiral Nicholson, who had been granted permission by the emperor to sail about 10 warships, The objectives of the company was to seize
1580:, after Aurangzeb paying every soldiers with gold coins for each bucket of muds thrown into the moat, filling it with even corpses of men and animals, allowing the Mughal forces to storm the fortress. To celebrate this victory, Aurangzeb spread his coins, mounting the throne of Adil Shahi sultan, and also carving the great cannon
3438:. This ensuing conflict in Chittagong were documented as largest Early Modern galley battles fought which nvolved more than 500 ships. and the number of were more than 40,000 bodies. After the Mughals took Chittagong, the Portuguese moved to the Ferengi Bazaar in Dhaka. Descendants of the Portuguese still reside in these places.
10029:..elephants significance to Mughal leadership's right to rule, depicting how cultural symbols are co opted and repurposed and thus underscoring the dynamic nature of culture and power....In South Asia, elephants have been a symbol of power and reverence since the ancient Vedic times, as shown in the Arthashastra and Manusmriti
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part of his army. Babur's empire did not last long and the mughal empire collapsed with the expulsion of
Humayun, and the mughal empire founded by Akbar in 1556 proved more stable and enduring. Although it was true that the Mughal has their origin as nomadic civilization, they became more sendentarized as the time passed.
3042:, and were proficient in weapons combat, specifically lance, and archery. Mughal emperors spent a great deal of their leisure time in the zenana, and slept there at night, therefore the women assigned to protect the women's quarters were also part of the larger system in place to protect the emperor. During Babur, and
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Mir-i-Atish commander great influence. They were somewhat risky to be used in the battlefield, since they exploded sometimes, killing the crew members. Light artillery was the most useful in the battle field. They were mainly made up of bronze and drawn by horses. This also included swivel guns born by camels called
1146:(administrative unit). However, on 5 September, Durjan Singh was killed and the Mughal forces were defeated. Both the army and navy of the Mughal-Koch Bihar alliance were either routed or captured. Sometimes after the battle, Isa Khan his submission, Akbar assigned 22 parganas administrative units under his control.
1247:, one thousand picked cavalry of Islam Khan I, one hundred imperial war elephants and the fleet of Musa Khan and his confederates, who had surrendered to the Mughals the previous year. Bayazid's side consisted of the forces sworn to him and his brother Yaqub, as well as several hill-tribe chieftains (likely
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and manned by 6 or 7 British fugitives under a captain named John Durson. Furthermore, Mir Jumla also employing a British named Thomas Pratt to construct boats and making ammunition for riverine warfare During the tenure of Mughal general Mir Jumla in Bengal, he employs Portuguese, English, and Dutch
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The Mughal musket infantry line was known to be able to break the enemy's elephant charge without help from cavalry units, as it was shown in the battle of Haldigathi against the Rajput kingdom of Mewar. This feat was also shown in the battle of Tukaroi against huge cavalry and elephant charge of the
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knights was the ability of the Mughal cavalryman to comfortably sat in relaxed fashion on their saddles during the top speed of their horse charge. Historian Jos Gommans recorded how the Mughals mocked the "European style" of cavalry charge. The regular cavalry troopers were directly recruited by the
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From the time of Babur, cavalry archery has become a staple of the Mughal army. By the time of emperor Jahangir, it was recorded the Mughal empire has maintained in total of 342,696 cavalry troopers. The Mughal army performances depended heavily with their animal's performances such as war elephants,
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census were too conservative it its method as it does not cover the military population of the southern India. Thus, Peter Rosen suggested the realistic number of the overall Mughal military power were above 4,4 millions, which about 4 percents of Indian population of that time. Far higher estimation
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The Mughal army generally divided into four branches: the cavalry (Aswaran), the infantry (Paidgan), the artillery (Topkhana) and the navy. These were not divisions with their own commanders, instead they were branches or classes that were distributed individually amongst the Mansabdars, each of whom
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left the Mughal court along with a few Muslim Mansabdar supporters and joined Muslim rebels in the Deccan. Aurangzeb in response moved his court to Aurangabad and took over command of the Deccan campaign. The rebels were defeated and Akbar fled south to seek refuge with Sambhaji, Shivaji's successor.
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In 1657, on March, the Maratha's forces under Shivaji raided the Mughal army's barracks and made away with battle-hardened Arabian horses and plenty of loot. This was responded by Aurangzeb by sending his general Nasiri Khan to let the punitive campaign, where he manage to inflict defeat to Shivaji's
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sermon read, and other Islamic rituals performed. Further mark of Jahangir departure from Akbar secular policy were recorded Terry, a traveller, who came and observed India region between 1616-1619, where he found the mosques full of worshippers, the exaltation of Quran and Hadith practical teaching,
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riflemens, one thousand picked cavalry of Islam Khan I, 100 imperial war elephants and the fleet of Musa Khan and his confederates, who had surrendered to the Mughals the previous year. The intense conflict rages between the alliance with the Mughal force, until Khwaja Usman slain in one of clashes.
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played an important part in politically in resisting the increasing influence of Mughals in Afghan region as they gained popular supports from the Afghanis. Pir Roshan spent his life in conflict with the Mughals until his death in 1572. His successors continued his struggle against the Mughals,
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If luck and fortune favor me I will very shortly expel the Mughals from Hind, for the Mughals are not superior to the Afghans in battle or single combat, but the Afghans have let the Empire of Hindo slip from their hands on account of their internal dissensions. Since I have been amongst the Mughals,
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The massive army of Mughals were known for their highly disciplined fashion, while also maintain a characteristic of multiethnicities among its personnels. They have absorbed almost entire northern and central south Asia except for some geographically isolated, or strategically insignificant regions.
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islands. Aurangzeb were said to possess four huge vessels at Surat and port of southern Gujarat. Aurangzeb's Vizier, Jafar Khan, blames the Mughal lack of ability to establish an effective navy not due to lack of resources and money, but to the lack of men to direct (the vessels). Thus Syed Hassan
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For the two decades in the end of the 16th century of their operation in Bengal, The Mughal empire with faced difficulties when it dealing with the rainy climate and the geography of Bengal region which contain large portions of Ganges rivers delta, as any attempts for military conquests practically
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Aside from its military purpose, Vikram Aggarwal recorded historical accounts and religious lore together to illustrate elephants significance to Mughal leadership's right to rule, co-opting cultural symbols and repurpose it and thus underscoring the dynamic nature of culture and power in India, As
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never had more than 3,000 elephants at any time, the Mughals were much more interested in maintaining war elephants than their predecessors. They fully supported changing their war tactics to also include elephants as Akbar is known as the biggest proponent of elephant warfare in the Mughal Dynasty.
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officer worked for the government who was responsible for recruiting and maintaining his quota of horsemen, where practically most of Mughal armies were under Mansabdar officers. The rank of Mansabdars were based on the horsemen he provided, which ranged from 10(the lowest), up to 5000. A prince had
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was not stemmed from the sophisticated British empire's military organization, technology, or fighting skill. but it was rather due to the British Raj could offer political stability with their civil administrations after the decline of Mughal authority in India . Adapted to fighting pitched battles
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and their Maratha forces fought individual battles against the forces of the Mughal Empire. Territory changed hands repeatedly during the years (1689–1707) of interminable warfare. As there was no central authority among the Marathas, Aurangzeb was forced to contest every inch of territory, at great
1514:, in order to avenge his father Gokula's death, plundered Akbar's tomb of its gold, silver and fine carpets, opened Akbar's grave and dragged his bones and burned them in retaliation. Jats also shot off the tops of the minarets on the gateway to Akbar's Tomb and melted down two silver doors from the
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near Khizirpur and attacked Sonargaon, Katrabo and Egarasindhur. and pursued the defeated Pathan forces under Masum Kabuli up to Bikrampur in Dhaka, the cunning Isa then deluded negotiation of surrender and delayed the attack of Mughal general for several months. However, in 1584, Isa and Masum Khan
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for refuge, leaving behind his harem, treasure, and war elephants. Despite initial success, Akbar was ultimately displeased with the aftermath of the campaign; his foster brother retained all of the spoils and followed through with the Central Asian practice of slaughtering the surrendered garrison,
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was horse-oriented. The ranks and pay of the officers were based on the horses they retained. Babur's army was small and inherited the Timurid military traditions of central Asia. It would be wrong to assume that Babur introduced a gunpowder warfare system, because mounted archery remained the vital
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The Mughal amphibious forces also operated in muddy terrains, such as when Ghiyas Khan led the poeration against Udayaditya from Jessore kingdom. To further improving their operations in wet terrains, the Mughals constructed some economical river dedicated fortress which built with the abundance of
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Another Mughal warships characteristics were their strength and their size, due to the shipbuilding skills of their Bengalis shipbuilder. Contrary to the naval forces in Bengal which relied mostly on riverine fitted Gharb warships, the naval forces of Janjira state which given subsidy and sponsored
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were slave soldiers in the Mughal army. As a counterpoise to the mercenaries in their employ, over whom they had a very loose hold, commanders were in the habit of getting together, as the kernel of their force, a body of personal dependents or slaves, who had no one to look to except their master.
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in the army payrolls. Their matchlocks were thrice as slow as the mounted archers. Chronicles hardly mention them in battle accounts. Indian Muslims usually enlisted in the cavalry and seldom recruited in the infantry, as they regarded fighting with muskets with contempt. The Banduqchis were mainly
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which weighed 118 kg. However, it was also reported that the war elephants was vulnerable to firearm based weapons. The elephants which used in war by the Mughals bore well ornamented and good armour. The clad of armor sets which protected the war elephants mostly only protected the head and trunks
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In the battle against Hemu, the Mughal army led by Ali Quli Khan Shaibani with three sections of cavalry vanguard with the centre composed of 10,000 cavalry. This formation included Bairam Khan's detachment of Turks. There are unique characteristics among horse-cavalry troopers under the command of
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With the nomadic steppe culture in mind, it is recorded this model of military administration by focusing on highly mobile imperial tourage of their soldiers and followers camps as a way to gain the prestige and loyalty. Babur himself wrote frequently about pitching his camp throughout Hindustan as
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This mobile military capital were constructed by more than 2,000 personnel and labourers sent on ahead of the main imperial party. From the time of Akbar, Mughal military camps were huge in scale, accompanied by numerous personages associated with the royal court, as well as soldiers and labourers.
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and fought off all attempts to relieve it. Foreseeing defeat, Shivaji agreed to terms. Jai Singh persuaded Shivaji to visit Aurangzeb at Agra, giving him a personal guarantee of safety. Their meeting at the Mughal court did not go well, however. Shivaji felt slighted at the way he was received, and
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of Bengal, was among the most powerful leaders of the Eastern Afghani Confederates, independently ruling its eastern half with his capital in Pratapgarh. continuing the struggle against Mughal expansion of the previous generation under Isa Khan. Bayazid was among those who had been granted lands as
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and consolidate its interests. However, The English were defeated as the Mughal counterattack under Shaista Khan towards Hooghly proved too much. In 1572, Akbar unsuccessfully tried to obtain compact artillery pieces from Purtuguese, hence became the reason why the Mughal could not establish their
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The infantry was recruited either by Mansabdars, or by the emperor himself. The emperor's own infantry was called Ahsam. They were normally ill-paid and ill-equipped, and also lacked discipline. This group included bandukchi or gun bearers, swordsmen, as well as servants and artisans. They used a
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One of the most phenomenal aspect, yet somewhat unusual for its era, of Mughal military was their mastery logistical system, which according to historians such as Stephen Rosen was comparable with the ancient Rome army or modern time US Army in term of military brute force. While Historian Jeremy
1972:
As army mansabdars, royal household, domestic servants and others presented a picture of a well-planned city, moving from one place to another place, traveller Niccolao Manucci who witnessed the grandeur has written that the grandeur of Mughal rulers entourage far greater than any European rulers.
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stated the classifications of 3 zones of military cultures in India, he divided pre British colonial era India into a three regions, where southern India based on fortress and light infantries, western India such as Marathas basing their military forces with light cavalry, then the Mughal, and by
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work that the raw number of potential bodies of Mughal military personnels, included with the auxiliary forces, has reached an astronomical numbers of 26,000,000 (Twenty six million) military personnels. Eraly further added the reflection of massive numbers of this Mughal military expenses in the
950:, the Portuguese, recognising the superior strength of the Mughal army, chose to pursue diplomacy to resolve their conflict. The Portuguese Governor, upon the request of Akbar, sent him an ambassador to establish friendly relations. Next year at the close of 1573, Akbar sent an armed forces under
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In 1581, Catalan Jesuit Antoni de Montserrat recorded that Akbar has brought around 500 elephants and 28 field cannons in his battle against Mirza Hakim,his brother. Montserrat also further described the supporting role of war elephant units in the formation of the Mughal army during the battle.
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Tactically speaking, the Mughals characterized by their frontal-combat oriented, and shock-charge tactics of the heavy cavalry armed with swords and lances was popular in Mughal armies. The Mughal cavalry also trained in a special maneuver to attack enemy's war elephant, where they could control
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costs to employ the camp followers such as accountants, bankers, and merchants who accompanying the massive expedition and covering the logistical needs for months and even years. This is due to necessity of remittance from hundred of Mughal nobles to supply their needs. To facilitate such heavy
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to pacify the rebellion in Gujarat. The rebels under viceroy Muzaffar soundly defeated and fled to Cambay (Khambhat), as Abdúr-Rahím Khán had been joined by Naurang Khán and other nobles with the Mughal army from Málwa, Thus prompting Muzaffar to fled to Rajpipla. As the conquest of Gujarát was
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saw an opportunity to wrest control of Agra from the Mughals. Humayun, faced with the rising threat of the Afghans in the east led by Mahmud Lodi, defeated a force of them at Dadrah in 1532, and besieged Chunar following this in September 1532, which was under the control of Sher Shah. The siege
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and manned by 6 or 7 British fugitives under a captain named John Durson. Furthermore, Mir Jumla also employing a British named Thomas Pratt to construct boats and making ammunition for riverine warfare After the death of Mir Jumla, Shaista Khan launched conquest of Chittagong in 1666, where he
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in their rear formations, the Mughals army placing their wagon in front of enemy centers with. Chains connected the wagons to each other to impeded enemy cavalry charges. This wagon forts provided cover for the slow-loading of the Indian rifles. while also protected Heavy cavalry who positioned
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The ground army logistic department also proven pivotal in supporting the naval fleets, as the land army logistical units clearing the jungles on the coastal area, building roads and canals, allowing the navy units to advances such as during the Mughal naval operations in Assam by Mir Jumla and
770:
river. Humayun crossed the river and began skirmishing with Sher Shah's army. Amidst the fighting, Humayun's army saw many nobles hiding their insignia to prevent them from being recognized by the Afghans, with many nobles also fleeing from the battle. The Mughal army was defeated, which led to
2686:. Commanders of Mughal army always command their troops from the top of their elephant, as they the elephant ride gave them high ground of vantage to give them good vision for giving orders The elephant rider unit of the Mughal army consisted of two riders atop of single elephant was known as
2150:
chronicle has recorded an estimation of 4 million total number soldier of the Mughal empire, which includes local auxiliaries, which consisted of infantries outside of Mughal controlled territories. According to Indian historian Pradeep Barua, this means 3 percent of Indian population in 1600.
1851:
soldiers. According to Jos Gommans, the assessment and appointment of Mansabdar officers were done personally by the emperor. This administrative policies were aimed to govern the heterogenous population of India which consisted with various backgrounds of social strata, ethnics, and religious
3683:
Stephen Rosen's calculations show that even the most conservative figures for Indian soldiers percapita are at least as high as those for Europe at the end of the Thirty Years' War (1650), that is, 550,000, or 0.5 percent of a population of some 105 million (Europewest of the Urals, including
2172:
Other estimation came from historian Abdul-Hamid Lahori recorded the Mughal military strength in 1647 are 200,000 stipendiary cavalry, 185,000 other cavalry, and 40,000 garrisoned musketeers and gunners.. Andrew de la Garza added that these great number of infantry troopers were not simply an
669:
In 1535 Humayun was made aware that the Sultan of Gujarat was planning an assault on the Mughal territories in Bayana with Portuguese aid. Humayun gathered an army and marched on Bahadur. However, instead of pressing his attack, Humayun ceased the campaign and consolidated his newly conquered
807:
on 22 June 1555, the armies of Sikandar Shah Suri were decisively defeated and the Mughal Empire was reestablished. After Sirhind, most towns and villages chose to welcome the invading army as it made its way to the capital. On 23 July 1555, Humayun once again sat on Babur's throne in Delhi.
2089:
has been calculated by Streissand who translated that the Mughal empire military could support about 342,696 cavalry and 4,039,097 (Four million thirty nine thousand ninety seven) infantry in total, While F. Valentijn estimate higher numbers than 4,000,000 (four million) in 1707. It further
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units. The artillery was a specialized corps with its own designated commander, the Mir-i-Atish. The office of Mir-i-Atish grew in importance during the time of the later Mughals. Being in charge of the defense of the Imperial Palace Fort and being in personal contact with the Emperor, the
3513:
He also owned large ships which weighed 300–400 tons. According to records, these ships were unsuitable for fighting on the open sea against European warships, but their size allowed for transporting soldiers for amphibious operations. Reports from travellers has noted that Mughal general
1985:, who accompanied Emperor Akbar on a Kabul expedition, gives a detailed account of the magnitude of the Imperial Camp. The military marches was travelled in intervals, as the imperial army adopted the Persian traditions of gardens and large and extravagant tents. Persian texts such as
3465:, where the Janjira and Mughal naval forces always comes victorious. English letters In 1672 has recorded that Aurangzeb has sent 30 small frigates to assist the Siddis in Danda-Rajapuri. The resulting battle has caused Shivaji naval forces to be burned and lost 50 ships. Meanwhile,
1510:. By the year 1670 20,000 Jat rebels were quelled and the Mughal Army took control of Tilpat, Gokula's personal fortune amounted to 93,000 gold coins and hundreds of thousands of silver coins. In the end, Gokula was caught and executed. But the Jats once again attempted rebellion.
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Similar the Timurids and other Mongol-derived armies, and unlike other Islamic states, the Mughal empire did not use slave soldiers as their regular army. The Chela soldiers were mainly served the role as menial labor, footmen and low-level officers rather than regular units like
2920:
officer, they usually received higher salary between 120-180 dāms. During the final years of emperor Akbar's rule, the proportion of infantry archers with musketeers in Mughal army was about 3 to 1. Archer units of Mughal army mainly filled a similar role with musketeer units.
218:
in the 16th century and expanded it to its greatest extent at the beginning of the 18th century. Although its origins, like the Mughals themselves, were in the cavalry-based armies of central Asia, its essential form and structure was established by the empire's third emperor,
2881:: a class of Shamsherbaz who was armed with single handed weapon and a shield on the other hand. Yak-hath soldier originated from the south Indian region usually carrying large shield which could cover an entire horsemen, while some from other regions carrying smaller shield.
2261:) sword, a european style straight sword; Many classical image depictions of Mughal nobles holding firangis, or accompanied by retainers carrying their masters' firangis, which suggested that this kind sword became a symbol of martial virtue and power, and was used until the
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The massive mobile military encampment administration of emperor Akbar, which followed by his successors, were coincided with the centralization policies which were practiced by the nomadic military style of his predecessor of Central Asian conquerors, such as the Mongols of
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Aside from the high quality purebreed Arabian, Iraq, Khurasan, and Central Asia steeds, the Mughal also bred lower quality warhorses. The systematic classification of horse quality in Mughal empire was started in 1595, it is generally divided into several classes such as:
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has recorded that previously, once the fleet of Mughal during the era of Shah Jahan once inflicted heavy losses to the Maratha naval forces and causing 200 being captured while 100 casualties, an event which fuelled the rivalry of the Siddis with the Maratha in the sea.
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or the ruler of the Maratha Kingdom in 1674. However, the Mughal's punitive campaign against the Marathas under Shivaji were interrupted by the civil war between Aurangzeb with his brothers due to the succession issue of the Mughal emperor after the death of Shah Jahan.
2694:. The riders were consisted of natives of desert areas in India like Rajasthan. Female elephants usually trained and tasked to carry or dragging baggage and siege cannons, while the male ones were trained to fight in melee combat to destroy the enemy infantry troopers.
730:. Humayun eventually reached Gauda and seized it without any opposition on 8 September 1538. Humayun remained at Gaur for months, stuck there due to the weather as he restored order into the city, while at the same time Sher Shah drove deep into his territory, seizing
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Sir Thomas Herbert, Bart: Travels in Africa, Persia, and Asia the Great : Some Years Travels Into Africa and Asia the Great, Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Hindustan, as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Oriental Indies, 1627-30, the 1677
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continued for over four months to no avail. As a result, Sher Shah offered his loyalty to the Mughals on the condition that he remained in control of Chunar, also sending one of his sons as hostage. Humayun accepted and lifted the siege in December 1532, returning to
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3341:, the annals of Akbar's reign.It identifies the navy's primary objectives including the maintenance of transport and combat vessels, the retention of skilled seamen, protection of civilian commerce and the enforcement of tolls and tariffs. Akbar were recorded in
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André Wink opined that the cavalry warfare came to replace the logistically difficult elephant warfare and chaotic mass infantry tactics. Rajputs were co-opted by converting them into cavalry despite their traditions of fighting on foot. This was similar to the
2305:, the martial act of dismounting from their horses and fighting on foot until they died rather than retreat. Mughal armour was not as heavy as contemporary European armour, due to the heat climate of the region, but was heavier than the south Indian outfits.
1078:, was slain in battle. Akbar learned about the disaster 2 days after the battle, and dispatched an army under Rajah Todar Mal on 19 February to exact retribution against the Yusufzais, killing a large number of them and selling many the survivors as slave to
8140:, p. 85)... Mughal emperor contained a great many persons . The only one of its kind , this elite mahallah served as the model ... walashahis ( belonging to the king ) or mansabdaran - i khassa ( special officeholders ) , were found in the emperor's ...
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The Indian Muslims during the rule of Mughal has maintained the dominance of artillery in India, and even after the fall of the empire, various other non-Islamic Indian kingdoms continued to recruit Hindustani Muslims as artillery officers in their armies.
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case of Aurangzeb, who has brought about 170,000 cavalry troopers and similar number of infantry and non-combatant personnels, for a campaign in Deccan alone. Eraly also quoted Aurangzeb predecessor, Shah Jahan, who has boasted about 900,000 army command.
714:. Humayun reached the fort in November 1537 and laid siege to it. The siege would last over six months until the fort finally fell despite the attempts from Rumi Khan to make quick work of the city. Sher Shah then led a second invasion into Bengal, seizing
1599:, for 8 months. At the end of the siege, Aurangzeb and the Mughals entered Golconda victorious, resulted in the Qutb Shahis of Golconda and the ruler Abul Hasan Qutb Shah submitted to Aurangzeb and handing over several precious gems to the latter such as
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Kabuli, deploying musket and gunpowder artilleries, launched a counterattack which finally defeated Shahbaz Khan in the naval and land battles of Egarasindur and Bhawal, and even killing one of Mughal general, forcing Shahbaz Khan to retreat into Tandah.
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alone, emperor Akbar could muster 50,000 cavalry, 500 war elephants and camels, along with "countless number of infantry". de Montserrat also provided information that the Mughal army under Akbar consisted of multiethnicities, such as Persians, Turkmen,
803:, where Bairam Khan employed a tactic whereby he engaged his enemy in open battle but then retreated quickly in apparent fear. When the enemy followed after them, they were surprised by entrenched defensive positions and were easily annihilated. At the
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and Mir Murtaza to take the land route, while the overall command was given to Buzurg Ummed Khan, a son of Shaista Khan. The Mughals and the Portuguese held sway in the following naval battle. The conquered territory to the western bank of Kashyapnadi
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warships of Mughals in Bengal regions were Ghurab warships which were outfitted with 14 guns. the personnels were numbered around 50 to 60 crews. The officers of those ships were conscripted from Dutch, Portuguese, British, and Russian naval officers.
1560:", which fired cannonballs 69 cm in diameter. Instead of capturing territories on open ground, the Mughals dug long trenches and carefully placed their artillery but made no further advancements. The Mughals could not cross through the deep 10-ft
10046:, pp. 125, 128)(zamburak, shutarnal, shahin) that was attached to the saddle of the dromedary. These zamburaks were first mentioned by Bernier, who reports that Aurangzeb took two to three hundred camel- guns with him on his expedition to Kashmir
3092:. Since Mughal rule, Indian Muslims maintained the dominance of artillery in India, and even after the fall of the Mughal empire, various non-Muslim Indian kingdoms continued to recruit Hindustani Muslims as artillery officers in their armies.
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The theoretical potential manpower of Mughal empire in 1647 according to Kaushik Roy from Jadavpur University, could reached 911,400 cavalry and infantry. However, Kaushik Roy also quoted the accumulation the imperial revenue of 12,071,876,840
8746:... Mughals paid insufficient attention to the quality of their firearms, they nevertheless maintained a formidable mixed-arms army. In 1647, the historian Abdul Hamid Lahori listed Mughal military strength as 200,000 stipendiary cavalry ...
1735:
in the northern Indian plains, The Mughal as empire has their army as cavalry based society which sustain itself with huge volume of nutritious grasses supply to feed their mounts, which produced from its vast territories under their rule.
1283:. A large number of the Koli chieftains were massacred and the rest were hunted far away to the mountains and deserts. 169 heads of such Koli chiefs killed in battle by Nur-ul-llah Ibrahim, commander of 'Bollodo'. In the same year after the
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from England appointed as Mansabdar. Hawkins himself has provided records about the details about the administrations of Mansabdar, where during his life, he has recorded about 41 names of Mansabdar officers who commanded about 3,000-5,000
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8152:... walashahis, the most trusted bodyguard of the emperor and often associated with the ahadi contingent.49 Indeed, for any European observer, the precise difference between slaves and free retainers must have been rather obscure. For ...
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while scaling the walls. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting, Bidar was captured by the Mughals. Thus, wealthy city of Bidar has annexed by Mughal.
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The Mughal emperors themselves maintained a small standing army, Instead the officers called mansabdars provided the bulk of the Mughal armed forces. Under Akbar, there are as many as 1,600 Mansabdars employed. While during the reign of
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from the late 16th century after he conquered Bengal and Gujarat. Emperor Akbar reorganized the imperial navy from a collections of civilian vessels with more professional institutions of Naval administration which is detailed in the
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where two more sons of Guru Gobind were slain. Then in 1706, another military operation undergoes in Khidrana or Muktsar in effort to further suppress the rebellion, which followed with Guru Gobind move to Talwandi Sabo or Dam Dama.
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between 1660-1663. The Navy's main duty was controlling piracy, sometimes used in war. It is known from the standard survey of maritime technology in 1958, that the Bengalis expertize on shipbuilding were duplicated by The British
3425:, while also assisted by about 40 Portuguese vessels. Ibn Hussain, Shaista Khan's admiral, was asked to lead the navy, while the subahdar himself took up the responsibility of supplying provisions for the campaign. He also ordered
2391:, artisans, and others, has resulted in multi tasking armed forces which could operated freely in any seasons or terrains. Jeremy Black also focusing the role of Mughal logistical capabilities from the time of Akbar to Aurangzeb.
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After Sher Shah Suri successor Islam Shah, died in 1554, Humayun gathered a vast army with the help Safavid role in Humayun's army, which its vast majority of the army of the Shi'a faith, as one Shaikh Ahmad described to Humayun,
828:. Urged by Bairam Khan, who re-marshalled the Mughal army before Hemu could consolidate his position, Akbar marched on Delhi to reclaim it. His army, led by Bairam Khan, defeated Hemu and the Sur army on 5 November 1556 at the
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Infantry archer in the Mughal empire was called dākhilī troops. The emperor employ them by assigning them under the command of manṣabdār officers. They usually has salary about 100-120 dāms. A captain of 10 archers was called
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military confederacy, where they responsible for the shipbuildings, commercial trades, slave raidings, and military protections. The Mughals assign these local warlords in naval position and also uncultivated lands for them.
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660:. Sher Shah, who at first remained in Agra and observed Mughal military organization, as well as their administration, once recorded about how the Mughal empire military. While conversing with a friend, Sher Shah remarked:
1556:, hwhich was well-defended by 30,000 men led by Sikandar Adil Shah and his commander Sarza Khan. at first, the bombards by Mughal cannon batteries were repulsed by the large and heavy Bijapur guns, such as the famous "
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illustrated that during Shah Jahan reign, in 1647 the Mughal army composed of about 911,400 infantry and cavalry, while for span of 1627-58, there are 47,000 mounted musketeers, foot musketeers, gunners, and archers.
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It is said in the Ahkam 'Alamgiri record that the commander of British navy, Sir John Child, has concluded peace with the Mughal empire in 1689 due to his fear towards the "Mughal navy" force of Janjira which let by
1305:. When the Portuguese officially refused to return the ship and the passengers, the outcry at the Mughal court was unusually severe, with Jahangir himself was outraged and ordered the seizure of the Portuguese town
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were employing the services the sailors from British, the Dutch, and the Portuguese, along their ships. In August, 1660, he employed 6 or 7 British sailors of a small vessel carrying Trevisa, the English Agent, to
2440:. The officer also had to maintain his quota of horses, elephants and cots for transportation, as well as foot soldiers and artillery. Soldiers were given the option to be paid either in monthly/annual payments or
263:
was reflected the Asiatic military development in the 17th century. Black's evaluation contrasted other modern military historians who opined that the Asian empires military during 17 century were influenced by in
2858:
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Afghan sultanate, although with combined arms fashion with cavalry and artillery units in Tukaroi. They are most useful in rural level operations to subdue local peasant-based insurrections against the empire.
1256:
The death of Khwaja Usman greatly demoralized the Afghan, prompting Bayazid to surrender. Soon after, Anwar Khan also submitted, thus bringing Sylhet for the first time under the control of the Mughal empire.
3244:
in the 1760s, which leading to significant improvements in seaworthiness and navigation for European ships during the Industrial Revolution. Among them, there are 923 Portuguese sailors in service of Akbar.
2300:
or steel bows. The composite bows were made of animal horn and sinews with the length around four feet. When facing difficult situation, the Muslim Mughals cavalrymen would perform a type of fighting called
1227:, dispatched an imperial force against Bayazid so as to prevent the latter from providing aid. Ghiyas Khan was appointed to lead the expedition, though due to his diffidence, command was later entrusted to
3222:
alone, the Amla-e-Nawara fleet contains 768 ships with 933 foreigner crews of Portuguese origin and of 8,112 artillery personnel in the eastern part. To support the maritime operations, Mughal grand vizier
870:. However, Akbar's disputes with his regent, Bairam Khan, temporarily put an end to the expansion. Akbar dismissed Bairam Khan following a dispute at court in the spring of 1560 and ordered him to leave on
321:
alone, the Amla-e-Nawara fleet contains 768 ships with 933 foreigner crews of Portuguese origin and of 8,112 artillery personnel in the eastern part. They maintained fleets of warships and transport ships.
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turn into amphibious operations. Their opponents were the local warlords which owned large quantities of Warships. Those locals also assisted by the pirates from Portuguese from Goa region and also some
3138:
while scaling the walls. Some miscellaneous rocket artillery engine also employed by the Mughal artillery corps, such as one which recorded by chronicler Abul Fazl, which description was resembling German
2295:
Regarding the tactics and equipment of the Mughal cavalry, from the time of the rise of Babur, the cavalry troopers wore heavy chain mail armour, and also acted as cavalry archers as they were armed with
11291:
Akbar supposedly possessed 3000 vessels or boats. Later on, the amount was decreased to 768 armed cruisers ; (1618–1707) is said to have possessed four great vessels at Surat, the southern Gujarati
3421:, where in December 1665, Aurangzeb dispatched Shaista Khan, his governor of Bengal to command 288 vessels and more than 20,000 men to pacify the pirate activities within Arakan territory and to capture
232:
During the 17th century, the Mughal empire possessed the largest military on earth, with its strength numbering 911,400-4,039,097 infantry and 342,696 cavalry. Alternatively, according to the census by
878:.He was defeated by the Mughal army in the Punjab and forced to submit. Akbar forgave him and gave him the option of either continuing in his court or resuming his pilgrimage; Bairam chose the latter.
6454:
3107:. This mortar was capable firing a cannonball weighed over 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg). Another recorded mortar usage also recorded in 1659 during the conflict between Aurangzeb against his brother,
1142:
In 1597, on August, The Mughal engaged Isa Khan and his ally, Masum Khan Kabuli, in the final battle of their long conflict. At first Isa faced defeat with the Mughals attacking Katrabo, one of Isa's
2359:
252:. Stephen Morillo also noted that western scholarship generally overlooked the destructive scale of Asian empire such as the Mughal were in their military operations, not unlike the Roman empire.
1086:. On the same year, a Mughal general Man Singh had defeated Isa Khan in the battle of Egarasindhur. Furthermore, Mughal Subahdar Shahbaz Khan once again sent his forces against Isa to the south.
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240:
The Mughals were considered as a dominant military force in India. Employing their superior engineering to military affairs and logistic mastery. Historians has compared Mughal army with the
2524:
The horse cavalry and musketeers recruited by mansabdars were required to meet the standard of quality set by the emperor. The cavalry troopers in particular was riding the strong breeds of
237:, the size of the army was roughly about flat 4.4 million, with less than half a million trained as cavalry. While modern India historians put far bigger number in 26 million personnels.
1789:, or the head of Mughal empire's office of military and intelligence administrations. Aside from their obligation to report to the Mir Bakshi's office, Mansabdars also often appointed as
1518:. Aurangzeb appointed Mohammad Bidar Bakht as commander to crush the Jat rebellion. On 4 July 1688, Raja Ram Jat was captured and beheaded, then his head was sent to Aurangzeb as proof.
275:
and Farhat Hasan noted that Mughal cavalry are practically unmatched military organization in Indian subcontinent conflicts. The superiority of their heavy cavalry discipline and shock
13379:
This Mughal military machine conquered and absorbed all the northern and central regions of South Asia except for some small, geographically isolated, strategically insignificant, or …
2407:
Chittagong by Shaishta Khan. On the other hand, the role of the riverines and waterways in India peninsula proved crucial for the empire to transport their heavy artillery weaponries.
7324:
2528:(central Asian) or Persian steeds which generally have larger body than most horses commonly found in India during that time. The quality control regarding the imperial standart used
2466:
The key to Mughal power in India was its use of warhorses and also its control of the supply of superior warhorses from Central Asia. Modern middle east and Islamic culture historian
2173:
unorganized mobs, but rather group of units which designated with different roles and equipments and according to their respective tasks, from heavy shock infantries which acted like
925:
city at one point, prompting emperor Jahangir to deal with the rebellion more seriously, which after constant battles against the sect, the movement eventually weakened and ended.
1549:, which almost eliminated the Portuguese presence in that region. However, suddenly Mughal forces appeared and prevented the annihilation of Portuguese in Goa from the Maratha army.
8029:
8027:
3397:. The Rahimi was the largest of the Indian ships trading in the Red Sea. It had a sail vast areas that it was identifiable to sailors from miles away and was known to Europeans as,
785:...Everywhere the names of your soldiers are of this kind. I find they are all Yar Ali or Kashfi Ali or Haider Ali and I have, not found a single man bearing the names of the other
279:
were a staple of Mughal cavalry. By the period of 16th-17th century, the horses for Mughal empire were imported mostly from the countries of Arabia, Iran, Turkey and Central Asia.
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3509:
fleet blockaded the fortress and forced the submission of the Britain forces. In the late 1600s, Sidi Yaqut received a subsidy of 400,000 rupees from emperor Aurangzeb to manage
754:
of the Mughals. Humayun barely escaped with his life, and the Mughals suffered over 7,000 dead, with many prominent noblemen killed. Following his defeat, Humayun returned to
1941:
1448:
insulted Aurangzeb by refusing imperial service. For this affront he was detained, but managed to effect a daring escape. Shivaji returned to the Deccan, and crowned himself
989:
1712:
Aurangzeb waged continuous war in the Deccan for more than two decades with no resolution. He thus lost about a fifth of his army fighting rebellions led by the Marathas in
1483:
tribe once again revolted against the Mughals, with one of their chiefs in Swat proclaiming himself as the ruler. Muhammad Amin Khan brought a 9,000 strong Mughal Army from
2490:
Mughal emperor himself, mainly from the emperor's own blood relatives and tribesmen. They had their own pay roll and pay master, and were better paid than normal horsemen
632:, encircling Ibrahim Lodi's army and forcing it to face artillery fire directly, as well as frightening its war elephants, until his final subjugation of Rajputs in the
6149:
5842:
2311:
10139:
6582:, p. 239 "Constant skirmishes were thinning the Rajput ranks ... offered to recognize Mughal supremacy ... Jahangir gladly and unreservedly accepted the terms."
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1913:
Meanwhile, personal royal army which under the direct command of the emperor were numbered around 24,000 soldiers. These emperor personal standing armies were called
1644:, then Aurangzeb drove the Maratha forces south, and further expansion into the Deccan and southern India was achieved during his reign. Then the Maratha's successor
936:
and acquired its first access to the sea, but local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese had begun to exert control in the Indian Ocean. Akbar obtained a
10140:"Review: Climate of Conquest War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India – Pratyay Nath, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2019, 368 pages"
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officers. the Faujdar is the one who helping the Subahdar to Maintaining law and order and Enforcing imperial regulations, while also held commands of number of
3345:, to be possessed 3000 armed vessels, although later decreased into 768. In early 1600, the Mughals employed Bengali local warriors as their naval force. these
3053:
From the large number of women, who have served as the Urdubegis under Mughal rule, we only know the name of one, that is Bibi Fatima. Her name is mentioned by
1876:
officers charged with the management and payment of the province's military. The provincial bakhshi often simultaneously served the function of the province's
1716:. He travelled a long distance to the Deccan to conquer the Marathas and eventually died of natural cause at the age of 88, while still fighting the Marathas.
70:
Arrival of an imperial procession of the emperor Farrukh Siyar at Delhi's "world-revealing" mosque on a Friday, to hear the sermon (khutba) recited in his name
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State and Locality in Mughal India: Power Relations in Western India, C.1572-1730; Issue 61 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications, ISSN 0068-6891
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also noted the existences of ships belonging to the emperor that possess 1000 tonnes in weight disposal. Another notable huge ship owned by Mughal were the
1965:
discussing about the mode of travelling in India observed that manner of travelling in India those days is very convenient like Italy or France.
12909:
2215:
or workshops in Mughal empire prduced various arms, ammunition, and imperial stable-harnesses for the horses in articles of iron, copper and other metals.
746:, where he could easily be attacked by the Afghans. Sher Shah, seeing the fragile state of the Mughal army, attacked the Mughal army led by Humayun at the
8415:
3477:, reveals how the Mughal empire has struggled to establish strong navy, boldened by the failure to prevent losses of Muslim vessels off the coast of the
2813:
wide variety of weapons like swords, shields, lances, clubs, pistols, rifles, muskets, etc. They normally wore no armour. Unlike the Europeans who placed
2521:
testified about the magnificent gallop of the Mughal cavalier's charge, as they adorned their horse;s saddles and head covers with gems or jewel stones.
3489:
However, Syed Hassan also highlighted that Aurangzeb are not completely neglect it since he has acquired the British expertise to strengthen the fort of
5993:
3302:, which mounted 800 onboard guns at its disposal. Ganj-i-Sawai were reported as the largest ship in Surat at that time, with its 1600 tonnes in weight.
3012:, the administration of their living quarters was run entirely by women. The division of the administrative tasks was dictated largely by the vision of
10049:
7218:
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origin. Kashmiri women were selected because they did not observe purdah. Many of the women were purchased as slaves, and trained for their positions.
2758:, has stated that in Mughal society, the value of one good conditioned elephant as equal to 500 horses. The empire also has regular occasion supply of
718:
in March 1538, which he used to situate Afghan families and loot he obtained during the war. Sher Shah followed his victory at Rohtasgarh by besieging
12229:
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textsThe First Two Nawabs Of Oudh (a Critical Study Based On Original Sources) Approved For The Degree Of Ph. D. In The University Fo Lucknow In 1932
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Turkish breed, for their strength, greater stamina than Arabian breed, and long marches, this considered the standard of Mughal regular cavalry unit.
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3457:. According to Grant Duff, until 1670 the imperial navy under the leadership of Khan Jahan with the Janjira mariners has clashed frequently against
3172:
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also aded the 4,400,000 (Four million four hundred thousand) of Mughal military population as the most pragmatic estimation, since he found out the
966:
In the end of 1577, as Wazír Khán's management was not successful, the post of viceroy was conferred upon Shaháb-ud-dín Áhmed Khán, the governor of
10511:
Most of the larger zamindari establishments consisted of a considerable number—sometimes half or more of all estate employees—of armed men, called
7410:
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sailors to operate his 323 warships. In August, 1660, he employed 6 or 7 British sailors of a small vessel carrying Trevisa, the English Agent, to
2654:
which traditionally composed the vanguard of the imperial army, held the hereditary role to serve as vanguard units of the empire in each battles.
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to oppose the technologically more advanced Mughal army, By the reign of Aurangzeb, the Mughal army was mainly composed of native Indian Muslims.
11895:"The trial of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, Wm. Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Old-Bailey, for felony and piracy".
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among others.Heavy cannons were very expensive and heavy for transportation, and had to be dragged by elephants and oxen into the battlefield.
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3434:) was placed under direct imperial administration. The name of Chittagong was changed to Islamabad and it became the headquarters of a Mughal
8910:
Saul David (2003). "ill. 29, showing British and Indian Officers of Hodson's Horse March 1858. One Indian officer is armed with a firangi.".
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1878:
1692:
groups of militant movements which faced rejection by local hill chiefs. Then as the Sikh Khalsas fought and defeat those hill chiefs in the
4397:
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2394:
To maintain the constant supply of their massive cavalry forces, the empire employed logistical system to ensure the well transportation of
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Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon Including AllBritish India, the Portuguese and French Possessions, and the Indian States
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2746:
it shown how elephants played major role in the culture of South Asia, as they were seen a symbol of power and reverence since the ancient
2470:
estimated around 75 percent of Mughal army's warhorses were imported origin. This indication also supported by the Mughal victories in the
2151:
Furthermore, Barua asserted this number solely the military service exclusive to the Mughal empire, not another political powers in India.
1696:, they immediately appealed to Aurangzeb for assistance from Aurangzeb, which responded by sending instructions to the Mughal officials in
8073:
2899:), who was hailed from an Ahadi noblemen who enjoyed the status of an aḥadī. According to Abul Fazl, their salary was between 80-600 dāms.
2850:
made up of Hindus of various castes who were known for their skills as gunmen, such as the Bundelas, the Karnatakas and the men of Buxar.
1572:
led by Melgiri Pandit under Maratha Emperor Sambhaji had severed food, gunpowder and weapon supplies arriving from the Mughal garrison at
8221:
7378:
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Iraqi variant of Arabian breed, which stated by Annemarie Schimmel beingconsidered by the Mughal contemporary as the best warhorse breed.
2323:
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opined this high estimate of figures were rather essentially an "inventory of military labors" available for hiring in single operation.
331:
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1704:, immediately sent his forces, where they subdued the Sikh in the second battle of Anandpur in 1703-1704. Another battle were fought in
775:. Following this victory, Sher Shah was crowned a second time on 17 May 1540 as Sher Shah, being declared as Emperor of Northern India.
738:, while also recovering control over Chunar, and laying siege to Jaunpur, with other detachments of the Afghan army extending as far as
12887:
10937:
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5814:
1930:
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Campbell, James Macnabb (1896). "Chapter II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.), Chapter III. MUGHAL VICEROYS. (A.D. 1573–1758)". In
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2025:
Aside from such military administration semi-permanent building, the Mughal empire also erected permanent military fortresses such as
14042:
12783:
The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas
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687:. Humayun did not wish to split up his forces under the command of a noble to continue the siege, as this would split his strength.
584:
564:
500:
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The Indian muslims looked down upon fighting with muskets and prided on sword play. The best gunners in the mughal army were hindus
2826:
The rifle infantry units of the Mughal were generally viewed as more effective than infantry archer units. The Banduqchis were the
11221:
13697:
11574:
11258:
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11254:
9962:
nebelwerfer...Monserrate notes the secondary role of elephants in the Mughal... 1,000 gladiators stationed in the royal palace...
762:. Humayun mobilized a large force, and advanced with an army of 40,000, while Sher Shah amassed 15,000. Humayun met Sher Shah at
460:
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2701:
were carrying Indian swivel-gun mounted on its back. two of these kind of light artillery could be carried by single elephant.
1584:. This event caused the commercial treaty between the Purtuguese with Sultanate of Bijapur on October 22, 1576 being annulled.
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1309:. He ordered the apprehension of all Portuguese within the Mughal Empire; he further confiscated churches that belonged to the
478:
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1917:, a body of cavalry trooper. Another term for the Mughal emperor personal bodyguards which associated with the Ahadis was the
1521:
Until his death in 1680 Shivaji continues defying the Mughal. and succeeded by his son, Sambhaji. Then, Aurangzeb's third son
824:, a minister and general of one of the Sur rulers, who had proclaimed himself Hindu emperor and expelled the Mughals from the
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2690:. Mainly they were used for transportation to carry heavy goods. Elephant riders in Indus river civilizations usually called
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in 1650, as Rosen gave his own estimation of 550,000 personnel, out 105,000,000 (One hundred five million) in the Western of
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Ancient Rome or British army... logistics had to support operations in a variety... faced problem transporting artillery...
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795:,who led the army through the Punjab virtually unopposed, with The only major battle faced by Humayun's armies was against
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territory, as Sultan Bahadur escaped and took up refuge with the Portuguese. Shortly after Humayun had marched on Gujarat,
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when after securing his throne, Humayun neutralized threat from Ahmed Shah had to be met. Humayun was victorious annexing
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musketeers were mostly recruited from certain Hindu tribes , such as the Bundelas , the Karnatakis , and the men of Buxar
7060:"The Jats: Their Role & Contribution to the Socio-economic Life and Polity of North & North-west India, Volume 2"
6310:
2737:(elephant house), of which about 100 of the very best were reserved for his personal collection (khassa). Meanwhile, the
2733:. Akbar and Jahangir heavily used elephants in warfare, as Akbar himself maintained around 5000 to 7000 elephants in his
1055:
394:
10856:
8587:
4265:
rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets utilised during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot
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Furthermore, the administrative positions of the Mughal central government were mirrored at the provincial level. with
855:, after the defeat and flight of its Muslim ruler. The Mughals also besieged and defeated the Sur forces in control of
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1665:. The Marathas also expanded further South into Southern India defeating the independent local rulers there capturing
1293:, which had set out from Surat on its way with a large cargo of 100,000 rupees and Pilgrims, who were on their way to
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11069:. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Kolkata, India: Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 199.
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1360:, son of Shah Jahan, has let the Mughal empire engaging various military campaign, including the pacification of the
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3536:. He also utilised the services of both the Dutch and the British for constructing his warships as it is recorded a
3523:. He also utilised the services of both the Dutch and the British for constructing his warships as it is recorded a
2618:
observed the Mughal cavalry archer rate of fire that they can unleash 6 arrows before a riflemen could shoot twice.
2273:, mace, while some of othem also equipped with Sword-and-buckler set and also two-handed sword similar with western
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6879:, p. 526: "Peace was made with the Sultan. He agreed ... to surrender to the Mughals the forts of Bidar, ..."
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The Mughal State: 1526-1750 (Oxford in India Readings: Them) (Oxford in India Readings: Themes in Indian History)
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6654:. Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution and Oxford University Press. pp.
6625:. Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution and Oxford University Press. pp.
6596:. Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution and Oxford University Press. pp.
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11852:... Mariam Zamani then ordered the building of an even larger ship with 62 guns .... take pilgrims to Mecca...
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2638:, had adorned his contingent of 20,000 cavalry, who were mainly native Hindustan from the Jadibal district in
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Hambly, Gavin (1998). "Armed Women Retainers in the Zenanas of Indo-Muslim Rulers: The case of Bibi Fatima".
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10002:"An Elephant is Never Forgotten, The Mughals' Use ofElephants as a Means of Legitimizing Their Right to Rule"
5469:
1853:
1785:
1653:
cost in lives and money. Even as Aurangzeb drove west, deep into Maratha territory – notably conquering
1537:
The legendary "Malik-i-Maidan" cannon is stated to be the largest piece of cast bronze ordnance in the world.
1187:. Islam Khan manage to subdue the latter and captured him, allowing the Mughal empire to imprison Musa Khan.
11297:
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1730:
Indian Historian Pradeep P. Barua also remarked that the successful takeover of Mughal rule in India by the
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11461:
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Aurangzeb responded to these raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar
5250:
4243:
The Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes - Debt Before Dishonour Timetable of World Dominance 1400-2100
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Naval Resistance to Britain's Growing Power in India, 1660-1800 The Saffron Banner and the Tiger of Mysore
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1371:'s great-grandson, Abdul Qadir, thousands of Pashtun tribal alliance consisted of the Yusufzai, Mandanrs,
1259:
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in term of their brute force, while the logistical superiority alone, the Mughals was comparable with the
14349:
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13609:
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8435:"Managing Mobility: New Materialist Approaches to Mughal Mobility in the Encampment and Constructed City"
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1868:
Guards of Akbar Shah II during the Durbar procession accompanied by the British Governor Charles Metcalfe
1684:
Aurangzeb also subsequently facing the rebellion of the Sikh in 1701. At first, the Sikh were incited by
17:
11897:
A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors
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3968:
A Military Revolution?: Military Change and European Society 1550–1800 (Studies in European History, 14)
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and mining warfare also saw small improvements from the Delhi sultanates which ruled India before them.
14446:
14428:
14216:
13707:
13662:
13605:
13387:"Effects of social reforms of shaykh Ahmad sirhindi (1564-1624) on muslim society in the sub continent"
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A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times
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12418:
12394:
12218:
11907:
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10120:
9109:. ARMAS, FORTALEZAS E ESTRATÉGIAS MILITARES NO SUDESTE ASIÁTICO – I. Revista de Cultura. pp. 18–19
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2444:, but many chose jagir. The emperor also allocated jagir to mansabdars for maintenance of the mansabs.
1329:
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509:
454:
415:
245:
12379:. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. I(II). The Government Central Press. pp. 266–274.
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2750:. like the Aryans before them, the Mughals, fully adopted elephant husbandry into the Mughal dynasty.
1203:
part of the maintenance of this alliance by the latter's son, Musa Khan. Bayazid formed alliance with
14769:
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14165:
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11432:"Mughal Naval Weakness and Aurangzeb's Attitude Towards the Traders and Pirates on the Western Coast"
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and lime mortar walls were almost impossible to breach. The situation for the Mughals worsened when
1471:
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11230:"Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution"
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Essays in Goan history: The Portuguese Commercial Relations with Bijapur in the Seventeenth Century
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extension the Rajputs, were based on heavy cavalry tradition with feudalistic land revenue system.
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1468:, and capture 100 elephants, 300000 coins, 8000 shields, 1000 ships, and 173 massive rice stores.
1279:, who were notorious robbers and plunders living in the most inaccessible parts of the province of
1176:
951:
902:
885:, and a Mughal commander, Pir Muhammad Khan, began the Mughal conquest of Malwa. The Afghan ruler,
881:
In 1560, Akbar resumed military operations. A Mughal army under the command of his foster brother,
829:
804:
596:
448:
436:
386:
256:
5021:"22 June, 1555: Humayun Wins the Battle of Sirhind | Today in Indian History from Honesty Is Best"
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1343:, who directly observing the campaign, the Mughal forces had the Idols broken, a cow slaughtered,
534:
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Empires of the Weak: The Real Story of European Expansion and the Creation of the New World Order
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Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850
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1977:, who writes that it would be very difficult to describe a large encampment, while he described,
1962:
1873:
1799:
985:. In this battle, the Mughal infantry line manage to rout the war elephants of the Mewar forces.
680:
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572:
466:
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The Pirate King: The Strange Adventures of Henry Avery and the Birth of the Golden Age of Piracy
11031:. Vol. 65 part 1. Kolkata, India: Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 187.
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Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War
2398:. Another key component of the Mughal logistical system was their revenue assets to finance the
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Karkhanas of the Mughal Zamindars A Study in the Economic Development of 18th Century Rajputana
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1110:
750:. The Afghans descended on the Mughals and caught them off guard, and resulted in the complete
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11968:. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VII. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
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Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 volumes]
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6531:. New Delhi, India: ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies). p. 180.
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Indian Two-Handed Sword; from the Metropolitan Museum of Art; donated by George C. Stone, 1935
1793:, or the head of provincial administration which assisted by the provincial officers such as
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Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800
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1113:. The Mughal forces soundly defeated the allied force, and Mirza Aziz plundered Nawanangar.
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6837:, p. 524: " marched in the direction of Bijapur and on reaching Bidar laid siege to it.
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Bosin, Yury V (2009). "Roshaniya movement and the Khan Rebellion". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.).
4019:
Others suggest that it was not artillery but cavalry that made the Mughals invincible in the
3813:
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which resisted the Marathas. The proficiency of the Siddi Yaqub navy are exemplified during
1089:
In 1591, Akbar faced another rebellion in Gujarat, where this time he faced the alliance of
970:. Shaháb-ud-dín's first step was to create new military posts and strengthen the old ones.
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Arabian-Persian mixed breed, for their endurance, speed, and mild temperament for training.
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their wives and children, and many Muslim theologians and Sayyids, who were descendants of
603:
The Mughals originated in Central Asia. Like many Central Asian armies, the mughal army of
428:
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The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792, Volume 2
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A History of Public Administration Volume II: From the Eleventh Century to the Present Day
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ethnic in addition to his own camel corps which numbered around 6,000-7,000 camel riders.
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1945:
Great Mogul And His Court Returning From The Great Mosque At Delhi by Edwin Lord Weeks.jpg
8:
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Medieval India Old NCERT Histroy [sic] Book Series for Civil Services Examination
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Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics
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Amazing Uttar Pradesh - General Knowledge for UPPSC, UPSSSC & other Competitive Exams
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3008:, or Harem of the emperor. Because the women of the Mughal court lived sequestered under
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inflicted more than 8,000-40,000 casualties on the Mughal forces, while their commander,
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265:
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One of the best-documented naval campaign of the Mughal empire were provided during the
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Under the Mughals, the most important centers of production of military equipment were
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2841:, bows and spears, the infantry was held in low status and was virtually equated with
2485:
The difference between Mughal heavy cavalry charge with their counterpart in European
2462:
Mughal mail head defense, Lahore, dated from 1800s. exhibited by Higgins Armory Museum
1495:, he failed to wrest Swat and the adjoining valleys from the control of the Yusufzai.
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Karkhanas Under the Mughals, from Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Economic Development
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7774:"Hoofprint of Empire: An Environmental History of Fodder in Mughal India (1650–1850)"
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3130:, during the Battle of Sanbal. In 1657, the Mughal army also used rockets during the
3104:
2606:
2437:
1986:
1685:
1588:
1208:
1195:
1090:
1000:
From the year of 1578, The Mughal empire engaged in prolonged conflict against local
960:
684:
405:
352:
291:
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10321:
The Mughal Empire at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605
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employing the fleet of ships belonging local warlords group in Bengal, which called
1640:
In 1689, on February Aurangzeb's forces captured and executed successor of Shivaji,
1410:
98:
14514:
14504:
14339:
14251:
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12549:
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The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605
11914:
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10603:
9830:
9828:
9826:
9641:
8082:
7993:
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6922:. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 323–324.
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in conflict against Maratha, where after 8 years, they finally conquered the fort.
1577:
1553:
1415:
1317:
1035:
razed the palace of Isa Khan. In September 1584, the then-subahdar Shahbaz crossed
978:
917:
747:
719:
703:
636:. The reign of his successor, Humayun were characterized with the conflict against
558:
520:
346:
283:
276:
11839:
5693:. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51.
3330:
The foundation of salt water naval force of the Mughal empire were established by
2951:"Chelas" redirects here. For the concept of the disciple in Indian religions, see
2278:
2057:
1864:
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9169:. University of Wisconsin, Madison: Cambridge University Press. pp. 165–166.
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5843:"આશરા ધર્મને ઉજાગર કરતી સૌરાષ્ટ્રની સૌથી મોટી ભૂચર મોરીની લડાઇ - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી"
5740:
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A Century of Collecting, 1882–1982: A Guide to the Manchester City Art Galleries
3994:
State and Locality in Mughal India Power Relations in Western India, C.1572-1730
3349:
is a Bengal local warlords. These locals were consisted of the twelve chiefs of
2887:: a class of Shamsherbaz who was armed with a type of curved longsword called
1008:, which lasted until 1597. Isa Khan was previously an ally of Mughal enemy, the
380:
14708:
14698:
14673:
14642:
14555:
14309:
14231:
14206:
14065:
14022:
13807:
13767:
13747:
13432:
12928:
12715:
The Muslim world in the 21st century : space, power, and human development
12602:
The Mughal Padshah: A Jesuit Treatise on Emperor Jahangir's Court and Household
12426:
12209:
11959:
10090:
8631:
8533:
7386:
A Comprehensive History of Medieval India Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century
5459:
3935:
3565:
3232:
3131:
3054:
3004:
were the class of women assigned to protect the emperor and inhabitants of the
2997:
2635:
2627:
2514:
2194:
2074:
2030:
1713:
1705:
1678:
1624:
1340:
1191:
1136:
1044:
695:
690:
671:
641:
514:
138:
12288:
11514:
The Archaeology of European Expansion in India Gujarat, C. 16th-18th Centuries
11266:
India, Modernity and the Great Divergence Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.)
11136:
10491:
A Princely Impostor?: The Strange and Universal History of the Kumar of Bhawal
7531:
7174:
A Handbook to Agra and the Taj, Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood
6896:. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p. 321.
5264:
Alam, Nadia; Al-Azhari, Ali Akbar; Ghani, Hafiz Abdul; Riaz, Muhammad (2023).
4605:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
2376:
Black compared logistical superiority of the Mughals with the British army of
996:, Chief of Baro-Bhuiyans of Bengal who fought Mughal empire from 1578 to 1597.
14733:
14617:
14027:
13927:
13792:
13787:
13772:
13711:
13666:
13505:
13428:
12387:
12328:
12174:
11779:
Unseen Enemy The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617-1847
11114:
10754:
10712:
10544:
9804:
9653:
9645:
9449:
9103:(2008). "Revisiting European Firearms and their Place in Early Modern Asia".
8784:
had been the most important centres for the production of military equipment.
8660:
Art of Mughal Warfare." Art of Mughal Warfare. Indiannetzone, 25 August 2005.
8502:
8400:
8362:
7789:
7539:
6773:
5750:
5455:
5317:
5315:
3510:
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3445:
3431:
3236:
3228:
2786:
2729:
were recorded has spent 10,500 coins to purchase 30 to 50 war elephants from
2683:
2647:
2540:
regularly sent tributes to the empire by sending Persian and Arabian horses.
2533:
2498:
2453:
2377:
2297:
2284:
As India was a very fertile ground for manufacturing technologies before the
2262:
2219:
2178:
2161:
2128:
1592:
1587:
in 1687, Aurangzeb also attacked the Golconda. On January, the Mughal empire
1444:
1212:
1166:
1125:
1063:
929:
215:
56:
13468:
13460:
13308:
An unfinished revolution: Babur, Akbar and the rise of Mughal military power
10205:. University of Wisconsin, Madison: Cambridge University Press. p. 164.
7861:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Penguin Books India. p. 237.
7636:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7626:
6927:
6901:
5935:
Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd
5495:
5487:
5266:"Muslim Deviant Thought And Reform Efforts By Muslim Scholars In Mughal Era"
4328:
3815:
Technology, Violence, and War: Essays in Honor of Dr. John F. Guilmartin, Jr
3314:
The Ganj-i-Sawai, one of the largest armed trade ships in the 17th century.
2646:
in dress and taught them to speak Persian language casually. Meanwhile, The
2584:
2274:
946:
region. At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the
50:
14637:
14456:
14413:
14299:
14292:
14277:
13942:
13917:
13812:
13777:
13407:
12940:
11312:
The Mughals and the North-East Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India
10731:"The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders"
9977:
7852:
7455:
3588:
3515:
3458:
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2010:
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1399:
1325:
1321:
1306:
1224:
1220:
1204:
1172:
1059:
1017:
943:
908:
In 1570, a deviant Sufism movement which preaching Wahdat al-Wujud grow in
856:
759:
259:
viewed that the Mughal armies struggles until their decline in the wake of
241:
145:
11716:
11714:
11712:
10986:
9754:
6793:
6791:
5312:
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4688:
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3934:
14688:
14597:
14408:
14359:
14324:
13947:
13932:
13922:
13912:
13907:
13437:
12951:
A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India
12690:
12491:
9283:
9281:
9279:
9277:
8597:
Mughal Administration of Deccan Under Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah, 1720-48 A.D.
7812:
7623:
7462:
World History Series: South Asian History 2 -Middle Ages and Early Modern
6995:
6765:
6677:
6675:
5464:
3570:
3560:
3546:
3426:
3409:
3387:
3350:
3291:
3159:
3150:, and rocket artilleries. These rockets are considered as predecessor of
3140:
2979:
2792:
Emperor Akbar reportedly has employed the camel trainers from Baloch and
2779:
2674:
2662:
2631:
2486:
2066:
2042:
1747:
1731:
1612:
1608:
1596:
1492:
1440:
1353:
1288:
1276:
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1248:
1180:
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1139:
a famous Mughal citadel in Orchha to commemorate and honour his victory.
1098:
974:
886:
792:
272:
13545:
13529:
13513:
13489:
11447:
11431:
9819:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 424.
9630:"War and the Non-Elite: Towards a People's History of the Mughal Empire"
8408:
8384:
6943:
The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji, Founder of the Maratha Empire
6781:
6749:
5994:"Victory Of The K. Azim M. Koka And The Disgrace Of Mozaffar Gujrati in
5449:
5005:
4989:
4375:
4359:
4156:
4140:
3662:
The State at War in South Asia Studies in War, Society, and the Military
1910:'s activities kept these officials accountable to the imperial centre.
14718:
14683:
14663:
14369:
14304:
14032:
13957:
13902:
13802:
13752:
13386:
13349:
13326:"State in the Mughal India: Re-Examining the Myths of a Counter-Vision"
13325:
12498:
12120:
11709:
11204:
9444:
9442:
9367:
9204:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Reaktion Books. p. 218.
9086:
7714:(1. publ. ed.). New York: Cambridge University. pp. 101–105.
6788:
4683:
4348:
3466:
3454:
3422:
3374:
3323:, although some of the Portuguese instead assisted the Mughal empire.
3279:
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2838:
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2709:
1772:
1499:
1424:
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1102:
1013:
913:
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817:
637:
12403:. Vol. II (Revised ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications.
11229:
10762:
10730:
10680:
Women in the medieval Islamic world : Power, patronage, and piety
9912:
Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set
9274:
9121:
8721:
War and the World Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450-2000
7547:
7515:
6672:
4884:
3493:
island, and thus establishing naval cooperation with semi independent
2678:
Front view Elephant Armour model from the late 16th-early 17th century
1427:. Later, Aurangzeb and his army advanced towards Bijapur and besieged
14678:
14519:
14403:
14364:
13757:
12554:
The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization'
8562:
Nelson, Dean (20 May 2011). "Delhi's Red Fort was originally white".
8258:
7858:
The Puffin History of India for Children, 3000 BC - AD 1947, Volume 1
6484:
5660:
Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib
5606:
Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib
3738:
3723:
3441:
3155:
3095:
One of the largest artillery used by the Mughal army were during the
3084:
3028:
2991:
2936:
2896:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2643:
2537:
2185:
units which served as halberdier, mace fighters, or sword gladiator.
1974:
1776:
1725:
1515:
1491:
was able to conquer the southern Yusufzai plains within the northern
1488:
1357:
1252:
1244:
852:
653:
624:
Babur nevertheless laying his foundation of the empire military from
234:
225:
13578:
Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material
13341:
13021:(Volume 3 Asian States and Empires ed.). Taylor & Francis.
12657:
10804:"The Urdubegis — Female Guards of the Zenana and the Mughal Emperor"
10569:
Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material
9786:
9758:
Journal of the Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research: Volume 12
9439:
9190:
9188:
9104:
8434:
7562:
7435:
3940:
Seven Myths of Military History (Myths of History: A Hackett Series)
3019:
The women tasked with the protection of the zenana were commonly of
2903:
Much of the Shamsherbaz were recruited from religious sects such as
2870:
The main infantry was supplemented by specialized units such as the
2383:
Its massive war machine which also complemented by large numbers of
2218:
The main weapon which used by the Mughal were the sword, spear, and
710:, who in turn mobilized a Mughal army in July 1537, and advanced to
14418:
14272:
13822:
13742:
13658:
The army of the Indian Moghuls: its organization and administration
11168:
The Army Of The Indian Moghuls: Its Organization And Administration
10746:
10657:. Trans. H. Blochman. Delhi: Munishram Manoharlal. pp. 45–47.
10099:. Volume 5 of Peoples of Asia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 190.
9973:
Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500–1700
9565:
Beyond the Military Revolution War in the Seventeenth Century World
9338:
The army of the Indian Moghuls: its organization and administration
7156:
The World of To-day: The Marvels of Nature and the Creations of Man
3478:
3287:
3089:
3016:, who organized his zenana of over 5,000 noble women and servants.
2940:
2623:
2592:
Nevertheless, the most precious breeds of warhorse in Mughal were:
2433:
2420:
2112:
2045:. Furthermore, the Mughal empire also inherited chain of forts, or
2034:
1790:
1641:
1564:
surrounding Bijapur Fort. Moreover, the 50-ft high 25-ft wide fine
1542:
1480:
1465:
1388:
1284:
1021:
1005:
993:
909:
895:
735:
131:
13180:. Asiatic Soc. p. 8, .... Nawwara ( Bengal war flotilla ) and
12630:
Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700
11028:
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (first published in 1896)
10291:
Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500-1700
9098:
8304:
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Warfare From Ancient Egypt to Iraq
8033:
7477:"Mystic forces of Golconda Fort | Hyderabad News - Times of India"
5951:"A memorial dedicated to the battle of Bhuchar Mori ready to open"
5882:
A History of Gujarát: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time
5745:. Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar. 1981.
4531:
Stephen Meredyth Edwardes, Herbert Leonard Offley Garrett (1995).
4491:
4489:
4487:
3812:
Robert S. Ehlers Jr; Sarah K. Douglas; Daniel P.M. Curzon (2019).
2927:
archer was the elite class archers units hailed from the parts of
1852:
groups. There were rare cases where foreigner from Europe such as
1398:, led the Mughal army of Shah Jahan to Balkh to fight against the
14334:
13732:
13359:"Region, System, and Order: The Mughal Empire in Islamicate Asia"
12386:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
9185:
7416:
6480:
Islamic Concept of Crime and Justice: Political justice and crime
4990:"LIBERTY AND RESTRAINT—A STUDY OF SHIAISM IN THE MUGIAL NOBILITY"
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3462:
3435:
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2971:
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2639:
2525:
2289:
2270:
2078:
1835:
1805:
1780:
the rank of 25000. Their salary pays also based on their ranks.
1657: – the Marathas expanded eastwards into Mughal lands –
1649:
1573:
1565:
1533:
1432:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1344:
1339:
under Jahangir, whose presence also attended by a Mughal scholar
1280:
1143:
1128:
1025:
933:
860:
800:
763:
739:
707:
645:
299:
295:
13142:. Vol. II (First ed.). Dacca: The University of Dacca.
12816:
Jesuit and English Experiences at the Mughal Court, C. 1580–1615
12577:(Illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 37.
9462:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 360.
9448:
4723:
4721:
4719:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3551:, to overcome the turbulent water water frontier of the region.
3401:. After being sacked by pirates, this ship was replaced by the
3214:
The Mughal also maintain considerable naval forces, which named
2562:
High quality native Indian breed from Sind, Balochistan, Kachchh
14329:
12142:
12066:(Hardcover ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 156.
10778:"Urdubegis: The Forgotten Female Fighters of the Mughal Empire"
10653:
Abu 'l-Fazl Allami (1977). Phillot, Lieut. Colonel D.C. (ed.).
10438:
Irfan Habib; K. N. Panikkar; T. J. Byres; Utsa Patnaik (2002).
8781:
8182:
True to Their Salt Indigenous Personnel in Western Armed Forces
7071:
Edward James Rap;son, Sir Wolseley Haig and Sir Richard, 1937,
5904:"ગૌરવ ગાથા: ક્ષાત્રધર્મના પાલન માટે ખેલાયું ભૂચર મોરીનું યુધ્ધ"
4518:
4484:
4334:
3792:
3537:
3524:
3483:
3258:
3020:
3009:
3005:
2924:
2904:
2827:
2814:
2793:
2730:
2721:
During the rule of Aurangzeb, In 1703, the Mughal commander at
2691:
2517:
wrapped around the waist completed this costume. Furthermore,
2395:
2208:
2124:
2108:
1811:
1697:
1689:
1666:
1507:
1503:
1380:
1310:
1298:
1240:
1184:
1132:
1083:
1075:
1048:
1036:
1001:
938:
922:
841:
837:
833:
782:
767:
727:
711:
540:
13490:"Military Sports and the History of the Martial Body in India"
13018:
War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849
8984:
7767:
7765:
3798:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3448:, a semi independent island forts which allied to the Mughals.
2704:
The armor which worn by the Mughal's war elephants was called
2253:
1054:
In 1586, on February, the Mughal suffered heavy losses in the
13893:
13737:
13727:
12205:
12180:
Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls
12104:
12102:
12100:
12098:
12096:
12094:
12092:
12090:
11675:"Command of the Coast: The Mughal Navy and Regional Strategy"
11608:
10977:...One gargantuan mortar used....payload of over 3,000 pounds
10348:
Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary
9808:
8875:
8777:
8487:
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications
6488:
4716:
3879:
3533:
3520:
3494:
3331:
3267:
3219:
3119:
3047:
3035:
3024:
3013:
2928:
2510:
2506:
2491:
2441:
2204:
2018:
2014:
1848:
1700:
to take action against the Sikh. Wazir Khan, the governor of
1658:
1629:
1484:
1428:
1294:
1117:
1079:
1067:
967:
875:
848:
772:
731:
723:
649:
604:
318:
220:
11865:"Harking back: The Empress and her two doomed pilgrim ships"
9782:
9780:
8949:
8357:(1). Department of History, University of Jammu: 1015–1019.
4987:
4561:
History of medieval India : from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.
4170:
3143:
artillery according to modern historian Andrew de la Garza.
2077:, covering Scandinavia, Britain, part of Russia, Spain, and
1387:, and other tribes launched an attack on the Mughal Army in
1324:
surrendered conditionally to the Mughal forces and became a
1243:
of this Mughal command. The host consisted of four thousand
1116:
In 1594, Jahangir was dispatched by his father, the Emperor
14314:
13060:
Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 1870
11471:
The Great Defiance How the World Took on the British Empire
11099:"POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE MUGHALS: INFLUENCE ON SOUTH ASIA"
10990:
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 65, Part 1
10782:
Ancient Origins Reconstructing the story of humanity's past
10595:
7762:
6145:
Bangladesh and Pakistan Flirting with Failure in South Asia
5938:. Education Society Press, & Thacker. pp. 247–252.
5391:
3689:
2955:. For the station on the Red Line of the Lisbon Metro, see
2388:
2353:
Dhal (shield) from the Northern India during the Mughal era
2247:
2235:
1817:
1561:
1302:
1275:
In 1613, Jahangir imposed a draconian law to extirpate the
1043:
In late 1585, Emperor Akbar sent military expedition under
988:
956:
871:
821:
755:
751:
676:
13196:
Shahjahanabad The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-1739
12087:
11720:
10993:. Kolkata, India: Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 294.
9908:
9799:
9797:
9795:
9414:"The Mughal and the Trading of Horses in India, 1526-1707"
8968:
8966:
8964:
7349:
5786:
4921:
4857:
4845:
4746:
2982:. However, eunuch officers were prized for their loyalty.
758:, and restored order after disturbances from his brother,
13441:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust,
11425:
11423:
11421:
11419:
11417:
11415:
11096:
10186:
harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFAndrew_de_la_Garza2006 (
9777:
9720:
9459:
Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics
9201:
The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture
8034:
Muzaffar Alam; Sanjay Subrahmanyam ( (17 February 2011).
6282:
5974:
5757:
5707:
5468:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust,
5426:
harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFAndrew_de_la_Garza2006 (
4945:
4909:
4671:
4647:
2626:(Mughal provincial governor). According to the father of
2543:
2250:
2244:
1546:
1120:, alongside Asaf Khan, also known as Mirza Jafar Beg and
866:
By 1559, the Mughals launched a drive into Rajputana and
13494:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
11958:
11812:
10583:
Bano, Shadab (2006). "MILITARY SLAVES IN MUGHAL INDIA".
10527:, and so on, who were used against recalcitrant tenants.
10313:
10311:
9687:
9685:
9369:
The Writings of Antoni de Montserrat at the Mughal Court
7284:
6724:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
2830:
infantry which formed the bulk of the Mughal infantry.
13611:
Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan
13385:
Malik, Adnan; Zubair, Muhammad; Parveen, Uzman (2016).
11239:. UCD SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN: 10
9792:
8961:
7421:. Concept Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. pp. 39–48.
7154:
Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston, Leslie Haden Guest, 1937,
5403:
5352:
3278:
The Man-of-war ships of Mughals were as big as English
3178:
depiction of Mughal artillery during the reign of Akbar
3122:
reportedly used metal cylinder rocket weapons known as
2891:, each hundred of Banaits soldiers were commanded by a
1239:
and Mir Abdur Razzaq Shirazi. Mir Ali Beg was made the
13369:(2). Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
13056:
12605:. Volume 6 of Rulers & Elites. Brill. p. 74.
12047:
11999:
11813:
H. C. Das; Indu Bhusan Kar (1988). Pani, Subas (ed.).
11651:
11645:
11580:
11412:
10652:
10441:
The Making of History: Essays Presented to Irfan Habib
7453:
7028:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II
6554:
5629:
4957:
4821:
4758:
4588:
History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.
1475:
Depiction of the Mughal military march under Aurangzeb
889:, was defeated at the Battle of Sarangpur and fled to
282:
Due to their military patronage of gunpowder warfare;
13484:
11989:
11987:
11972:
11390:
11237:
UCD Centre for Economic Research Working Paper Series
10308:
10055:
9682:
9549:
9421:
International Journal of History and Cultural Studies
8869:
8543:. Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India
8493:(8). Centre of Advanced Study Department of History,
7240:. Motilal Banarsidass Publication. pp. 162–163.
6687:
6207:
5623:
4933:
4833:
4809:
4329:
Permanent Delegation of Bangladesh to UNESCO (2023).
3385:
maintained large fleets of trade ships including the
2232:
223:. The regular forces mainly recruited and fielded by
13438:
Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
13281:
12121:
Francisco Bethencourt & Cátia A.P. Antunes (2022
12063:
The Origins of the British Empire in Asia, 1600-1750
11920:
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760
11840:"History of Indian Ocean-A south Indian perspective"
11685:(1). Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois
11507:
11397:
The History of India from the Earliest Ages Volume 5
9592:
The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India
8480:"Description of Mughal Tents as a Temporary Capital"
8274:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 117.
7382:
6797:
6557:
From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India
6405:
6367:
6365:
6270:
6100:
Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
6067:
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760
5811:
Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
5522:
Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
5465:
Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
5226:
International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest
4659:
4457:
The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India
4097:
4095:
3210:
1565-Battle Scene with Boats on the Ganges-Akbarnama
3057:, Humayun's half-sister who wrote his biography the
2428:warhorses, and bulls to transport their artillery.
2269:
infantry enlisted in Mughal service were armed with
2241:
1487:
to suppress the revolt. Although the Mughal Emperor
13530:"Courtly Culture Under Babur and the Early Mughals"
11550:
11538:
11205:
Francisco Bethencourt & Cátia A.P. Antunes 2022
10987:Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society of Bengal (2007).
10632:. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. pp. 14, 52–55.
10232:
9755:Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research (1975).
9087:
Francisco Bethencourt & Cátia A.P. Antunes 2022
9045:
8526:
Extracts from the Notes on the Antiquities of Dacca
8052:
7887:
7885:
7818:
Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
7305:
6348:
6346:
6240:
6238:
4874:
4872:
4333:. Dhaka, District- Dhaka, Narayanganj, Munshiganj:
4285:
4199:
Throwing Fire Projectile Technology Through History
4065:William Irvine (2007). Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (ed.).
3848:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3162:Pradeep Barua also noted the Mughal technology for
2419:Cavalry in the Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor
2238:
766:, with both armies mirroring each other across the
694:Map of the Sur Empire at its greatest extent under
13384:
13356:
13304:
12276:
12248:
11984:
11962:; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (2007) .
11706:, p. 8, .... Nawwara ( Bengal war flotilla ))
10974:
10962:
10682:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 431–433.
10488:
10425:
10401:
10378:
10203:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World c.700–1800 CE
10181:
9959:
9323:
9299:
9194:
9179:
9167:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World c.700–1800 CE
8943:
8072:
7983:
7677:
7361:
7260:
6681:
6377:
6064:
5421:
5276:(4). Academic Social Research Research India: 1280
4507:
4450:
3780:
3408:This ship was eventually scaked by English Pirate
1267:under the command of prince Aurangzeb depicted in
1190:In 1612 At the time of the Mughal invasion of the
12812:
12743:Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India
12626:
12231:The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age
11134:
10935:
10827:
10043:
9588:
9537:
9525:
9513:
9489:
9365:
9311:
9243:
9231:
9074:
9062:
8522:
8149:
7912:
7389:. Pearson India Education Services. p. 177.
6362:
5630:Chakrabarti, Kunal; Chakrabarti, Shubhra (2013).
5450:Chisti, AA Sheikh Muhammad Asrarul Hoque (2012).
5321:
4495:
4132:
4092:
3855:Societies and Military Power India and Its Armies
3134:. Aurangzeb's reportedly forces used rockets and
14731:
13527:
13323:
13192:
13098:
13091:History of Bengal: Mughal Period, 1526-1765 A.D.
13039:Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500BCE to 1740CE
12908:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
12857:
12739:
12477:
12443:
11954:
11952:
11950:
11913:
11568:
11216:
10858:The Mughal World:Life in India's Last Golden Age
10549:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
10471:
10344:
10252:
9844:. Sterling Publishers Pvt Limited. p. 359.
9744:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 202.
9703:
9676:
9615:
9495:
9399:
9287:
9128:Susan D. Jones (2022). Peter A. Koolmees (ed.).
8757:
8705:
8681:
8541:"Alphabetical List of Monuments - Uttar Pradesh"
8477:
8432:
8215:
8161:
8137:
7882:
7741:
7568:
7501:
7441:
7075:, Cambridge University Press, Volume 4, pp. 305.
7001:The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780
6955:
6801:Leadership Shastras: Lessons from Indian History
6131:. Vol. 2. Mittal Publications. p. 328.
6050:
6038:
6026:
5928:
5553:. Vol. 2. Mittal Publications. p. 322.
5331:. USA: Int'l Business Publications. p. 90.
4969:
4869:
4770:
4694:
4615:Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526–1707 A.D.)
4460:(Illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 194.
4195:
4101:
3618:
1783:Each Mansabdars were held in responsible by the
791:Humayun placed the army under the leadership of
13631:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
13560:
13170:
12890:. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023
12880:The Life of Mir Jumla, the General of Aurangzab
11926:. University of California Press. p. 237.
11703:
10707:. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. 79–80.
10601:
9999:
9838:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
9405:
8385:"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"
6856:(1 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 15.
6093:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5804:
5515:
3942:. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. p. 40.
3253:According to records in the Mughal invasion on
3146:The Mughals artillery corps also employed hand
3079:Mughal artillery consisted of various types of
1936:
1775:, Mansabdars were growing into 8,000 officers.
1627:. The Golconda Sultanate was incorporated as a
182:4.4 million-26 million in total, age 15–49
13298:Proceedings of the Pakistan History Conference
12860:History of Indian Nation : Medieval India
11058:
10345:Henk W. Wagenaar (1993). Parikh, S. S. (ed.).
10287:
10272:
10215:
10164:
10089:
9865:
9737:
9411:
9335:
9255:
9127:
8433:Jolen A Martinez (2020). Jordan, Avery (ed.).
8178:
7086:"The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India"
6851:
6804:. Penguin Random House India Private Limited.
4890:
4698:History of Indian Nation : Medieval India
4479:...Mughal army shed most of its post-nomadic..
4064:
2574:Gut, a western Himalaya breed with small bones
2536:for their high quality. The Marathan lords of
1886:, including its senior officials (such as the
1882:(news writer), and reported on all provincial
1219:. It was in light of this close alliance that
816:During the last stage of the conflict against
13691:
13057:Kaushik Roy; Peter Lorge (17 December 2014).
12760:
12658:Konstantin Nossov (Константин Носов) (2012).
12530:Gahir, Sunita; Spencer, Sharon, eds. (2006).
12227:
11947:
11760:Banglar Baro Bhuiyan and Maharaj Pratapaditya
11467:
11262:
11181:
11137:"Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3"
11020:
10908:
10854:
10000:Vikram Aggarwal (2020). Jordan, Avery (ed.).
9761:. Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research.
9427:(1). Hindu College, University of Delhi: 1–18
9350:
9018:
8863:
8669:
8624:
8310:. DK Publishing. 16 April 2012. p. 394.
8227:
7640:
7474:
7118:, Cambridge university Press, Vol. 4, p. 108.
6847:
6845:
6843:
5885:. United Print. and General Agency. pp.
5370:
4433:
4102:John F. Richards (1993). "Part 1, Volume 5".
4058:
3708:
3658:
3034:They are mentioned as early as the reigns of
2785:Some of the Rajput mansabdar's also provided
1149:
1012:, which helped Isa Khan in his expedition to
40:
13588:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals
12923:(2nd ed.). Allahabad: The Indian Press.
12598:
12570:
12529:
12400:Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals
12335:
11838:Safdar, Aiysha; Khan, Muhammad Azam (2021).
11775:
11429:
11227:
10413:
10389:
9942:
9771:
9710:. digitallibraryindia; JaiGyan. p. 254.
9627:
9561:
9501:
8955:
8717:
8593:
8351:Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Subjects
8264:
8058:
7891:
7851:
7417:B. D. Shastry; Teotonio R. De Souza (1989).
7204:East to Suez Ceylon, India, China, and Japan
7177:. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 75.
6920:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals
6894:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals
5867:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5126:
4851:
4788:
4519:Abdul Sabahuddin & Rajshree Shukla (2003
4395:
4239:
4030:
3962:
3894:
3793:Abdul Sabahuddin & Rajshree Shukla (2003
3659:Pradeep Barua (2005). Grimsley, Mark (ed.).
3270:port could construct more bigger ships like
2670:model from the late 16th-early 17th century
1364:Rajputs in Siege of Orchha in year of 1635.
942:(permit) from the Portuguese to sail in the
912:, which founded by their charismatic leader
13294:"A chronology of Muslim Faujdars of Sylhet"
13102:A history of Mughal navy and naval warfares
12532:Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor
12223:. Lahore: Civil and Military Gazette Press.
11816:Glimpses of History and Culture of Balasore
11672:
11155:
9025:. the University of Michigan. p. 132.
8693:
8079:Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online
7977:
7975:
7811:
7784:(2). Jawaharlal Nehru University: 186–208.
7582:"Mughal Empire 1526-1707 by Sanderson Beck"
7024:
6332:
6141:
5968:
5948:
5374:Gir Forest and the Saga of the Asiatic Lion
4795:. University of Chicago Press. p. 44.
4705:
4422:
4331:"Mughal Forts on Fluvial Terrains in Dhaka"
4292:. Pen & Sword Books. pp. 140–142.
4111:. Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
3601:
3473:During the era Aurangzeb, the chronicle of
2818:behind the direct-fire infantry protected.
2387:, animal trainers, security forces, spies,
1669:in Tamil Nadu. In 1690, the Mughal general
1633:, or province of the Mughal Empire, called
1414:Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the
1070:, where the Afghan tribe confederacy under
1051:to pacify the rebellion of Afghani tribes.
781:"My king, I see the whole of your army are
332:List of battles involving the Mughal Empire
13698:
13684:
13564:; Garrett, Herbert Leonard Offley (1930).
12888:Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts
12339:Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates
12143:Abdul Sabahuddin; Rajshree Shukla (2003).
12015:. Asian Educational Services. p. 69.
12005:
11837:
11517:. Aryan Books International. p. 101.
11436:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
11348:
10942:. Allied Publishers Limited. p. 300.
10834:. Allied Publishers Limited. p. 300.
10585:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
10483:
9787:Konstantin Nossov (Константин Носов) (2012
9160:
9158:
9134:. Cambridge University Press. p. 47.
8909:
8882:. Us: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 247.
8109:Suba of Kabul Under the Mughals: 1585-1739
7928:Suba of Kabul Under the Mughals: 1585-1739
6840:
6750:"The Mughal Occupation of Balkh 1646–1647"
6056:
5206:
5204:
5202:
4994:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
4564:New Delhi: Atlantic Publ. pp. 89–90.
4364:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
4145:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
4037:. Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
3719:
3717:
3227:repaired and fortified three river forts,
2588:Depiction of Central Asian or Turkic horse
1175:to subdue the rebellious son of Isa Khan,
64:
49:
13406:
13391:Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
13007:East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Sylhet
11757:
11751:
11614:
11161:
8991:. US: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 14.
8985:Daniel Coetzee; Lee W. Eysturlid (2013).
8344:
8112:. Patridge Publishing India. p. 76.
8070:
7931:. Patridge Publishing India. p. 76.
7309:The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825
7191:
7161:
7148:
7121:
5898:
5896:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5364:
5216:
5187:
5163:
5142:
5123:
4584:
4557:
4437:The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India
4360:"Naval Strategy of the Mughals in Bengal"
3938:; Alfred J. Andrea; Stephen Holt (2022).
3363:a conflict against the English East India
2329:Personal body armor of emperor Shah Jahan
2049:, which scattered throughout the Deccan.
336:List of conflicts involving the Mughals:
13891:
13268:
12996:East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Dacca
12968:
12556:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12368:
12216:
10801:
10735:Journal of the American Oriental Society
10277:. Sang-e-Meel Publications. p. 668.
10219:Parties And Politics At The Mughal Court
10137:
9803:
9131:A Concise History of Veterinary Medicine
8876:Nick Evangelista; W. M. Gaugler (1995).
8630:
8382:
7972:
7824:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 65–66.
7513:
7290:
7197:
7018:
6988:
6967:
6225:
6184:
6182:
6102:. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka.
5798:
5763:
5713:
5683:
5656:
5602:
5524:. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka.
5409:
5397:
5358:
5193:
5157:
5136:
4951:
4915:
4764:
4677:
4653:
4071:. University of Minnesota. p. 669.
3440:
3309:
3205:
2857:
2803:
2773:
2673:
2661:
2583:
2542:
2457:
2414:
2317:Personal body armor of emperor Aurangzeb
2137:
2056:
1940:
1863:
1847:usually garrisoned with a fix number of
1532:
1470:
1409:
1258:
1153:
987:
689:
13665:, a publication from 1903, now in the
13604:
13590:. Vol. I. Har-Anand Publications.
13585:
13300:. Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society.
12947:
12843:
12779:
12548:
12486:] (in Japanese). 創元社. p. 242.
12417:
12393:
12312:
12059:
11228:Kelly, Morgan; Ó Gráda, Cormac (2017).
10939:The Evolution of the Artillery in India
10831:The Evolution of the Artillery in India
10775:
10256:A Comprehensive History Of India Vol. 9
10222:. Oxford University Press. p. 245.
9155:
8347:"Grandeur of the Mughal's Moving Court"
8188:. Oxford University Press. p. 89.
7981:
7951:
7602:
7233:
7116:"Architecture of Mughal India – Part 1"
7031:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 290.
6994:
6940:
6914:
6888:
6649:
6620:
6591:
6523:
6417:
5942:
5922:
5210:
5199:
5181:
5117:
5111:
5105:
4963:
4939:
4927:
4863:
4839:
4827:
4815:
4752:
4711:
4176:
3714:
2985:
2762:elephants from the Marathan lords from
2277:, where they act like central european
2142:Battle between Mughal princes Chatelain
1959:a moving city from one place to other
1526:More battles ensued, and Akbar fled to
706:prompted its ruler to request aid from
619:
14:
14732:
13574:
13146:
13132:
13117:
12927:
12916:
12876:
12697:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
12108:
10881:
10728:
10724:
10722:
10677:
10565:
10495:. Princeton University Press. p.
10200:
9871:
9691:
9164:
9052:. Army Educational Stores. p. 13.
8834:
8603:. Jaico Publishing House. p. 78.
8561:
8105:
7924:
7745:India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765
7707:
7355:
7330:
7167:
7114:Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher, 1992,
7108:
7091:
7078:
7065:
6876:
6834:
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6579:
6326:
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5893:
5829:
5792:
5775:
5434:
5322:Richard Von Garbe (20 November 2014).
5229:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 2869.
5087:
4633:. London: HarperCollins. p. 298.
4611:
4551:
4138:
3990:
3365:. The Mughal forces were commanded by
2754:, writer of emperor Akbar's biography
1431:. Aurangzeb's forces used rockets and
1231:. He was assisted by officers such as
13679:
13628:
13614:. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.
13244:
13223:
13066:. Taylor & Francis. p. 196.
13003:
12992:
12822:. Springer International Publishing.
12711:
12689:
12173:
11978:
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11143:from the original on 21 December 2021
10702:
10538:
10318:Garza, Andrew de la (28 April 2016).
10317:
9909:Jonathan Bloom; Sheila Blair (2009).
9881:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 45.
9262:. Army Educational Stores. p. 73
8972:
8795:
8529:. Published by the author. p. 5.
7052:
6747:
6693:
6476:
6460:
6423:
6411:
6288:
6276:
6191:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
6179:
6170:
6075:from the original on 20 December 2019
6062:
5840:
5636:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 257–258.
5633:Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis
5584:from the original on 26 December 2019
5563:
5306:
5294:
5270:Journal of Positive School Psychology
5222:
5169:
5093:
5070:
4988:Afzal Husain and Afzal Husan (1981).
4399:Key Concepts in Modern Indian Studies
2497:Normally, the riders were armed with
1502:began to organise a rebellion led by
955:completed in 1573, Akbar returned to
250:British Army during the Victorian Era
13655:This article incorporates text from
13422:
12800:from the original on 11 January 2024
12356:from the original on 21 January 2024
11831:
11587:. Simon and Schuster. p. 1629.
11097:Swati Shiwal; Dolamani Sahu (2022).
10885:A Military History of Medieval India
10861:. Penguin Books India. p. 291.
10602:Khadija Tauseef (19 February 2024).
10582:
8838:Mughal Government and Administration
8802:. Pragati Publications. p. 18.
8449:Chao Center for Asian Studies: 29–34
8165:The Reign Of Muhammad Shah 1919-1748
8071:Conermann, Stephan (4 August 2015),
7771:
7127:
6505:from the original on 28 January 2023
6491:: Sarup & Sons. pp. 73–74.
6371:
5985:
5841:Jadav, Joravarsinh (29 April 2012).
5663:. Penguin Books India. p. 129.
5609:. Penguin Books India. p. 129.
5018:
4628:
4622:
3369:, and Masum Khan, the eldest son of
2837:Locally recruited and equipped with
2708:. it is an armor which consisted of
2341:inscription detail of a Mughal armor
1949:The Mughal imperial camp, known as "
1439:In 1659, Aurangzeb sent his general
1328:of the Mughal Empire as a result of
13288:
13156:. Orient Longmans. pp. 66–69.
13087:
13035:
13014:
12197:
12048:Kaushik Roy & Peter Lorge (2014
11993:
11871:
11721:Temple of India foundation (2018).
11652:Kaushik Roy & Peter Lorge (2014
11556:
11544:
11308:
10795:
10719:
10627:
10621:
10351:. Allied Publishers. p. 1146.
10019:Chao Center for Asian Studies: 1–10
9198:(2004). K. Waghmar, Burzine (ed.).
8789:
8009:Mahajan V.D. (1991, reprint 2007).
7945:
7516:"The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687-1707"
7367:
6444:
6395:
6383:
6352:
6300:
6260:
6244:
6213:
6188:
6124:
5546:
4357:
3635:
2580:Pachwarya, a native Rajashtan breed
2568:Tattus, a considered inferior breed
2188:
2061:Weapons used by the Mughal Infantry
1161:Imperial court guards of Shah Jahan
702:The hostility of Sher Shah towards
395:Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)
313:The Mughal naval forces were named
41:
24:
13554:
13311:(MA thesis). Ohio State University
13272:Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire
12152:. Global Vision Publishing House.
11877:
11730:. Notion Press. pp. 449–450.
11724:Bengal – India's Rebellious Spirit
11135:MughalistanSipahi (19 June 2010).
10062:. Publication Scheme. p. 35.
9721:Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1933).
8845:from the original on 18 April 2024
8640:. OECD Publishing. pp. 256–.
8478:Naseer Ahmad Mir (8 August 2017).
8237:. Disha Publications. p. 65.
7748:. University of California Press.
7605:"Dictionary of Battles and Sieges"
7475:Sajjad Shahid (22 November 2011).
7099:"General Studies History for UPSC"
6148:. gaurav book center. p. 21.
6106:from the original on 16 April 2015
6004:. pp. 902–911. Archived from
5975:Asiatic Society of Bombay (1969).
5817:from the original on 16 April 2015
5528:from the original on 16 April 2015
5071:Toler, Pamela D. (February 2011).
4537:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
4246:. Partridge Publishing Singapore.
3486:to keep the Portuguese in check.
3419:conflict against kingdom of Arakan
3378:naval forces along Gujarat coast.
3361:, the Mughals in Bengal came into
2577:Tanghan, an eastern Himalaya breed
2096:Mongolicae Legationis Commentarius
847:In 1558, Akbar took possession of
25:
14781:
13282:Journal, thesis, and encyclopedia
13010:. East Pakistan Government Press.
12999:. East Pakistan Government Press.
12935:. Allahabad: Chugh Publications.
12877:Sarkar, Jagadish Narayan (1951).
11881:Nur Jahan Empress Of Mughal India
11819:. Orissa State Museum. p. 66
11785:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
11581:Sean Kingsley; Rex Cowan (2024).
11358:. Boydell Press. pp. 28–34.
10776:Tauseef, Khadija (20 June 2022).
10705:Women in Mughal India (1526–1748)
9834:
8087:10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206
7062:, Delhi: Originals , pp. 100–102.
6152:from the original on 4 April 2023
5813:. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
4975:
4878:
4776:
4665:
4240:Will Slatyer (20 February 2015).
4196:Alfred W. Crosby (8 April 2002).
3734:Developing cultures: case studies
3604:"Traveling mode of Mughal rulers"
2853:
2519:Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri
1458:manage to subdue the Ahom kingdom
1367:In 1630, under the leadership of
1316:In 1615, after a year of a harsh
901:In 1564, Mughal forces began the
27:Armed forces of the Mughal Empire
13706:
13648:
13633:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
13275:. Allahabad: Central Book Depot.
13094:Calcutta: Nababharat Publishers.
12954:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
12948:Puri, B. N.; Das, M. N. (2003).
12534:. New York City: DK Publishing.
12381:
12277:Andrew de la Garza (2019). "4".
12220:Sher Shah Suri, Emperor of India
12114:
11888:
11857:
11806:
11697:
11562:
11263:Kaveh Yazdani (5 January 2017).
11210:
11175:
11128:
11052:
11014:
10980:
10968:
10956:
10929:
10902:
10875:
10848:
10821:
10769:
10696:
10671:
10646:
10576:
10559:
10532:
10477:
10465:
10431:
10419:
10407:
10395:
10383:
10372:
10338:
10281:
10266:
10246:
10226:
10209:
10194:
10175:
10158:
10083:
9965:
9936:
9902:
9765:
9748:
9731:
9714:
9707:Fall Of The Mughal Empire Vol. 1
9697:
9670:
9665:Nath, Climate of Conquest: 30–36
9621:
9609:
9582:
9555:
9543:
9531:
9519:
9507:
9483:
9393:
9344:
9329:
9317:
9305:
9293:
9249:
9237:
9225:
9173:
9092:
9056:
9039:
9012:
8937:
8903:
8857:
8828:
8816:from the original on 16 May 2024
8751:
8699:
8675:
8663:
8654:
8573:
8555:
8376:
8209:
8155:
8099:
8064:
8013:, Part II, New Delhi: S. Chand,
8003:
7918:
7845:
7735:
7701:
7671:
7596:
7574:
7507:
7494:
7468:
7447:
7254:
7227:
7211:
7131:Agra: The Architectural Heritage
7073:"The Cambridge History of India"
6961:
6949:
6934:
6908:
6882:
6870:
6854:Bidar: Its History and Monuments
6828:
6741:
6714:
6682:Malik, Zubair & Parveen 2016
6643:
6614:
6585:
6573:
6559:. Orient Blackswan. p. 37.
6517:
6470:
6164:
6135:
6118:
6087:
6044:
6032:
6020:
5991:
5949:DeshGujarat (3 September 2015).
5377:. Indus Publishing. p. 14.
4792:A Historical Atlas of South Asia
4591:Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
4585:Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002).
4558:Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002).
3602:Zoya Ansari (24 December 2022).
3266:by Aurangzeb with the access of
3183:
3171:
3097:Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)
2946:
2862:Mughal chainmail armor set with
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2228:
1755:
1740:
1719:
1405:
1335:In 1620, during the conquest of
973:In 1576, the Mughal army led by
836:. Akbar and his forces occupied
628:, where he employ the tactic of
290:considered the Mughal as one of
14003:Suppression of Tilpat rebellion
12454:(illustrated, reprint, revised)
12201:হযরত শাহ জালাল ও সিলেটের ইতিহাস
12130:
10165:Satish Chandra (January 0101).
9960:Andrew de la Garza (2016)german
8764:. Manchester City Art Gallery.
7998:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25229
7958:. Routledge. pp. 234–236.
7681:; Gascoigne, Christina (1971).
7454:Hiroyuki Kotani (小谷汪之) (2007).
7264:; Gascoigne, Christina (1971).
6945:. London: Collins. p. 283.
6555:Sekhara Bandyopadhyaya (2004).
6424:Islam, Nazrul (16 April 2018).
5910:(in Gujarati). 3 September 2015
5769:
5733:
5719:
5677:
5650:
5596:
5557:
5540:
5509:
5415:
5300:
5288:
5175:
5099:
5064:
5038:
5012:
4981:
4782:
4524:
4512:
4501:
4444:
4427:
4416:
4389:
4024:
3970:. Red Globe Press. p. 59.
3305:
3195:
3103:designed by a Persian engineer
2697:A special elephant unit called
1933:to punish their own mutineers.
1348:and the complete observance of
1251:). The host consisted of 4,000
506:Mughal-Bijapur War (1633-1686)
14540:List of tombs of Mughal Empire
13998:Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)
13993:Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)
13423:Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012).
13230:. Dover: Courier Corporation.
13224:Stone, George Cameron (2013).
13202:. Cambridge University Press.
13015:Roy, Kaushik (30 March 2011).
12978:. Cambridge University Press.
12765:. Princeton University Press.
12456:. Cambridge University Press.
12234:. Penguin Books. p. 291.
12006:Kyd Nairne, Alexander (1988).
11400:. National Library of Scotland
10056:Rajendra Kumar Saxena (2002).
9259:Military System of the Mughals
7772:Arha, Abhimanyu Singh (2016).
7603:Jacques, Tony (26 June 2015).
6974:. Cambridge University Press.
6336:Baharistan-I-Ghaybi – Volume 1
5570:. APH Publishing. p. 63.
5046:"Battles for India at Sirhind"
4205:. Cambridge University Press.
4000:. Cambridge University Press.
3786:
3294:, which reached 1500 tonnage.
2642:, with the uniform of Persian
1124:, to defeat the renegade Raja
591:Nader Shah's invasion of India
579:Mughal–East India Company Wars
261:Nader Shah's invasion of India
13:
1:
14745:Military of the Mughal Empire
13443:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
13269:Tripathi, Ram Prasad (1960).
12685:Konstantin Georgievich Nossov
12502:; Cátia A.P. Antunes (2022).
12280:Technology, Violence, and War
10888:. Vision Books. p. 657.
10553:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
9412:Azad Choudhary, R.B. (2017).
8879:The Encyclopedia of the Sword
7990:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
7952:Gladden, E.N. (23 May 2019).
7607:. p. 395. Archived from
7383:Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011).
6798:Pradeep Chakravarthy (2022).
6193:. Primus Books. p. 165.
5851:(in Gujarati). Archived from
5470:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
5083:(5): 3 – via EBSCOhost.
4789:Schwartzberg, Joseph (1978).
3901:Logistics: The Key to Victory
3581:
3099:, where they used a gigantic
2556:Mujannas, mixed Arabian breed
1464:, who conquered its capital,
959:with the last Gujarat Sultán
493:Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam
90:
79:
14755:Military history of Pakistan
12780:Jenkins, Everett Jr (2015).
12336:Bhattacherje, S. B. (2009).
11776:Bhattacharya, Sudip (2014).
11618:Pirates of the British Isles
11349:MacDougall, Phillip (2014).
10802:enrouteI (22 October 2022).
10444:. Anthem Press. p. 82.
10233:Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1920).
10138:Spessert, Robert D. (2019).
9634:The Medieval History Journal
9046:Altaf Alfroid David (1969).
7306:Charles Ralph Boxer (1969).
7199:Penfield, Frederic Courtland
6524:Herbert, Sir Thomas (2012).
6002:Packard Humanities Institute
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5603:Sengupta, Nitish K. (2011).
5567:Bangladesh: Past and Present
4286:Eric G. L. Pinzelli (2022).
3858:. Cornell University Press.
3505:, where Siddi Yaqub and his
3064:
2821:
2052:
1937:Imperial camp and fortresses
1898:could face tension from the
1843:or military outposts. These
1056:Battle of the Malandari Pass
859:, a stronghold north of the
811:
679:due to the rising threat of
7:
14048:Mughal–Portuguese conflicts
13357:Manjeet S. Pardesi (2017).
13305:Andrew De La Garza (2006).
13254:. Oxford University Press.
13251:The Oxford History of India
13105:. World Press. pp. XII
12746:. Oxford University Press.
12712:Hasan, Samiul, ed. (2012).
12249:Andrew de la Garza (2016).
12217:Ali Khan, Zulfiqar (1925).
11430:Hasan Askari, Syed (1961).
10729:Findly, Ellison B. (1988).
9872:Nossov, Konstantin (2012).
8841:. Hind Kitabs. p. 61.
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8038:. Oxford University Press.
7464:] (in Japanese). 山川出版社.
6125:Sen, Dineshchandra (1988).
5547:Sen, Dineshchandra (1988).
4897:. Indian Press. p. 244
3576:
3554:
2799:
2657:
2370:
1541:In 1683, a Maratha warlord
1456:In 1662, the Mughal empire
1131:and to capture the city of
553:Mughal–Portuguese conflicts
210:was the force by which the
10:
14786:
14447:Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad
13562:Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth
13088:Roy, Atul Chandra (1968).
12813:João Vicente Melo (2022).
12627:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002).
12283:. BRILL. pp. 83–100.
12198:Ali, Syed Murtaza (1965).
11171:. Luzac. pp. 113–159.
10936:Romesh C. Butalia (1998).
10828:Romesh C. Butalia (1998).
10608:World History Encyclopedia
10547:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
9589:Pius Malekandathi (2016).
9366:João Vicente Melo (2023).
8523:Sayid Aulad Hasan (1903).
7687:. Cape. pp. 239–246.
7270:. Cape. pp. 228–229.
6968:Richards, John F. (1995).
6754:Journal of Islamic Studies
6700:. Goodearth Publications.
6650:Emperor, Jahangir (1999).
6621:Emperor, Jahangir (1999).
6592:Emperor, Jahangir (1999).
6171:Feroz, M A Hannan (2009).
5564:Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004).
4612:Sharma, Gopi Nath (1954).
3904:. Pen and Sword Military.
3357:About 20 years after the
3282:. while the frigates used
3202:Shipbuilding in Bangladesh
3199:
3118:based weaponries. Emperor
3068:
2989:
2950:
2682:Mughal army also included
2571:Sanuji, local Punjab breed
2565:Janglas, mid quality breed
2559:Yabus, mixed Turkish breed
2547:Purebreed Arabian stallion
2451:
2410:
2192:
1723:
1595:, which containing of the
1506:, a rebel landholder from
1330:Mughal expedition of Mewar
1269:Siege of Daulatabad (1633)
1179:, the Masnad-e-Ala of the
1164:
1150:Jahangir to Shah Jahan era
977:fought against the Rajput
510:Siege of Daulatabad (1633)
461:Mughal-Koch Bihar conflict
329:
325:
246:United States Armed Forces
178:911,400-4,039,097 infantry
14750:Military history of India
14656:
14590:
14548:
14485:
14467:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta
14437:
14396:
14387:
14260:
14189:
14056:
13970:
13836:
13718:
13528:Stephen P. Blake (1986).
13324:Iqtada Alam Khan (2001).
13193:Stephen P. Blake (2002).
13153:Military History of India
13118:Sarkar, Jadunath (1919).
13099:Atul Chandra Roy (1972).
12858:Muzaffar H. Syed (1905).
12853:(8th ed.). S. Chand.
12740:Iqtada Alam Khan (2004).
12664:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
12484:Chronicles of the Mughals
12478:Francis Robinson (2009).
12423:History of Medieval India
12289:10.1163/9789004393301_006
11844:Journal of Indian Studies
11758:Chowdhury, Kamal (2005).
11103:IJRTS Journal of Research
10975:Andrew De La Garza (2006)
10912:History of Medieval India
10379:Andrew de la Garza (2016)
10253:Ghosh, D. K. Ed. (1978).
10236:The Mughal Administration
10146:. Oxford University Press
10009:Rice Asian Studies Review
9704:Sarkar, Jadunath (1964).
9568:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
9106:Arms and the Asian Part 1
8758:Timothy Clifford (1983).
8727:. Yale University Press.
8495:Aligarh Muslim University
8439:Rice Asian Studies Review
8345:Anju Bala (1 June 2018).
8162:Zahiruddin Malik (1977).
8011:History of Medieval India
7982:Lefèvre, Corinne (2014),
7742:Richard M. Eaton (2019).
7650:. S. Chand. p. 215.
7644:History of Medieval India
7532:10.1017/S0026749X00004996
7312:. Hutchinson. p. 136
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4695:Muzaffar H. Syed (2022).
4508:Manjeet S. Pardesi (2017)
4358:Roy, Atulchandra (1961).
3497:community naval force of
3399:the great pilgrimage ship
3218:. It is recorded that In
2910:
2094:has recorded in his work
1894:).The role of provincial
1762:Head of the Wala-Shahis,
1694:Battle of Anandpur (1700)
1671:Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung
1223:, the Mughal governor of
1171:In 1608, Jahangir posted
1167:Jahangir § Conquests
479:Second Mughal–Safavid War
400:Mughal conquest of Bengal
317:. It is recorded that In
208:Army of the Mughal Empire
191:
186:
172:
164:
159:
144:
130:
120:
113:
97:
86:
75:
63:
48:
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14038:Indian Rebellion of 1857
13983:Mughal conquest of Malwa
13586:Chandra, Satish (2001).
13534:Journal of Asian History
13435:; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.).
13004:Rizvi, S. N. H. (1970).
12993:Rizvi, S. N. H. (1969).
12255:. Taylor & Francis.
11960:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra
11903:(392, column 451). 1812.
11309:Nag, Sajal, ed. (2023).
10963:Andrew de la Garza (2016
10426:Andrew de la Garza (2019
10402:Andrew de la Garza (2016
10294:. Taylor & Francis.
10182:Andrew de la Garza (2006
10171:. Mocktime Publications.
9915:. OUP USA. p. 137.
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9595:. Taylor & Francis.
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9300:Andrew de la Garza (2016
9180:Annemarie Schimmel (2004
8956:Gahir & Spencer 2006
8944:Andrew de la Garza (2016
8835:Sharma, Sri Ram (1951).
8581:"The Purana Qila, Delhi"
8150:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002)
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7514:Richards, J. F. (1975).
7337:. J. Murray. p. 579
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6426:
5879:Edalji Dosábhai (1894).
5727:"Mughal Empire in India"
5462:; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.).
5422:Andrew de la Garza (2006
3818:. BRILL. p. 93,98.
3781:Andrew de la Garza (2016
3257:, the characteristic of
3248:
2769:
2447:
1750:a Predominant Mansabdar
1648:, later Rajaram's widow
1460:under the leadership of
1031:In 1583, Mughal General
952:Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana
830:Second Battle of Panipat
597:Indian Rebellion of 1857
473:First Mughal–Safavid War
443:Mughal-Farooqui conflict
424:Conquest of Egarasindhur
387:Second Battle of Panipat
14013:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
12550:Hodgson, Marshall G. S.
12342:. Sterling Publishers.
12321:Oxford University Press
12135:
12060:Veevers, David (2020).
11878:Findly, Ellison Banks.
11679:World History Connected
11624:. Tempus. p. 101.
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10539:Islam, Sirajul (2012).
10288:J.J.L. Gommans (2022).
10273:William Irvine (2007).
10216:Satish Chandra (1959).
10044:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002
9816:Encyclopædia Britannica
9738:William Irvine (1971).
9550:Rosalind O'Hanlon (2007
9538:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002
9526:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002
9514:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002
9490:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002
9336:William Irvine (1903).
9312:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002
9256:B. N. Majumdar (1959).
9244:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002
9232:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002
9075:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002
9063:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002
8913:The Indian Mutiny: 1857
8179:Robert Johnson (2018).
7913:Jos J. L. Gommans (2002
7169:Havell, Ernest Binfield
7084:Waldemar Hansen, 1986,
6852:Ghulam Yazdani (1995).
6748:Foltz, Richard (1996).
6189:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
6063:Eaton, Richard (1993).
5325:Akbar, Emperor of India
4891:Ishwari Prasad (1942).
4139:Kumari, Deepti (2017).
3991:Hassan, Farhat (2004).
3296:Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti
3083:, light artillery, and
2265:in 1857-58. The Rajput
1963:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
1931:British empire military
1287:seized the Mughal ship
1181:Baro-Bhuyan confederacy
626:First Battle of Panipat
14765:Disbanded armed forces
13575:Sharma, S. R. (1940).
13408:10.46568/jssh.v55i2.70
12917:Prasad, Beni (1930) .
12862:. K. K. Publications.
12761:J. C. Sharman (2019).
12718:. New York: Springer.
12371:James Macnabb Campbell
12313:Banerji, S.K. (1938).
12228:Abraham Eraly (2007).
12146:Mughal Strategy of War
11569:Atul Chandra Roy (1972
11496:Rahimi , a 1,500 - ton
11468:David Veevers (2023).
11272:. Brill. p. 258.
11021:James Prinsep (2007).
10915:. Chand. p. 235.
10909:V. D. Mahajan (2007).
10855:Abraham Elahy (2007).
10808:Enroute Indian History
10566:Sharma, S. R. (1940).
10472:Iqtada Alam Khan (2004
9677:Stephen P. Blake (1986
9616:Stephen P. Blake (1986
9400:John F. Richards (1993
9288:Iqtada Alam Khan (2001
9049:Know Your Armed Forces
9019:Rajesh Kadian (1990).
8796:Verma, Tripta (1994).
8706:Dirk H. A. Kolff (2002
8682:Dirk H. A. Kolff (2002
8268:A History of Artillery
8138:Stephen P. Blake (2002
8106:Abidin, Farah (2014).
7925:Abidin, Farah (2014).
7711:The Marathas 1600–1818
7641:V. D. Mahajan (2007).
7569:Francis Robinson (2009
7502:Muzaffar H. Syed (2022
7442:Francis Robinson (2009
7004:. BRILL. p. 219.
6175:. Ittyadi. p. 12.
5779:Mughal Empire In India
5776:Sharma, S. R. (1940).
5371:Sudipta Mitra (2005).
4894:A New History of India
4631:India : A History
4496:João Vicente Melo 2022
4434:Sita Ram Goel (1994).
3671:University of Nebraska
3540:built by the Dutch at
3527:built by the Dutch at
3449:
3315:
3211:
3114:The Mughals also used
2953:Guru–shishya tradition
2867:
2845:bearers, woodworkers,
2809:
2782:
2679:
2671:
2589:
2548:
2463:
2424:
2143:
2062:
1946:
1869:
1538:
1476:
1419:
1350:Fasting during Ramadan
1272:
1162:
1122:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
1111:Battle of Bhuchar Mori
1109:to engage them in the
997:
742:. Humayun crossed the
699:
667:
656:and the great fort of
541:Gokula Singh rebellion
535:Conquest of Chittagong
294:. The mughal employed
14525:Tomb of Salim Chishti
14008:Ahom–Mughal conflicts
13758:Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)
13669:in the United States.
13629:Mehta, J. L. (2019).
13399:University of Karachi
13139:The History of Bengal
13036:Roy, Kaushik (2015).
12599:Jorge Flores (2015).
12571:Jeremy Black (1996).
12500:Francisco Bethencourt
12009:History of the Konkan
11704:Jadunath Sarkar (1985
11392:James Talboys Wheeler
10703:Misra, Rekha (1967).
9628:Pratyay Nath (2022).
9562:Jeremy Black (2001).
9372:. BRILL. p. 79.
9099:Sanjay Subrahmanyam;
8718:Jeremy Black (2000).
8634:(25 September 2003).
8594:M. A. Nayeem (1985).
8265:Jeremy Black (2023).
8216:Muzaffar H. Syed 1905
7457:世界歴史大系 南アジア史2 ―中世・近世―
7220:Maasir – I – Alamgiri
6956:Muzaffar H. Syed 1905
6721:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
6694:Mitra, Swati (2009).
6128:The Ballads of Bengal
6094:Shahnaj Husne Jahan.
6051:Muzaffar H. Syed 1905
6039:Muzaffar H. Syed 1905
6027:Muzaffar H. Syed 1905
5805:Shahnaj Husne Jahan.
5550:The Ballads of Bengal
5516:Shahnaj Husne Jahan.
4701:. K. K. Publications.
4396:Rachel Dwyer (2016).
4031:Farhat Hasan (2004).
3667:Ohio State University
3444:
3313:
3209:
3200:Further information:
2957:Chelas (Lisbon Metro)
2861:
2807:
2777:
2677:
2665:
2587:
2546:
2461:
2452:Further information:
2418:
2286:Industrial Revolution
2193:Further information:
2141:
2060:
1991:the Code of Hammurabi
1944:
1923:belonging to the king
1867:
1675:Madurai Nayak dynasty
1554:besieged Bijapur Fort
1545:launched conquest of
1536:
1474:
1413:
1301:to attend the annual
1262:
1165:Further information:
1157:
991:
693:
662:
565:Mughal–Portuguese War
271:Other expert such as
14487:Tombs and mausoleums
13567:Mughal Rule in India
13121:History Of Aurangjib
11509:Dilip K. Chakrabarti
11477:. Ebury Publishing.
11151:– via YouTube.
10096:The Mughals of India
8395:(2): 296 & 298.
7520:Modern Asian Studies
7025:Chandra, S. (2005).
6697:Orchha, Travel Guide
6333:M. I. Borah (1936).
6142:Pawan singh (2022).
4534:Mughal rule in India
4179:, p. II:405-06.
3725:Lawrence E. Harrison
2986:Female palace guards
2808:A Mughal Infantryman
2652:Urdu-speaking people
2476:Battle of Machhiwara
2092:Antoni de Montserrat
2065:Around 17th century
1983:Antoni de Montserrat
1552:In 1685, the Mughal
1530:and never returned.
1237:Mirak Bahadur Jalair
1215:) and Anwar Khan of
983:Battle of Haldighati
826:Indo-Gangetic Plains
620:Babur to Humayun era
367:Battle of Haldighati
14452:Jama Masjid (Delhi)
14018:Mughal–Maratha wars
12920:History of Jahangir
12845:Mahajan, Vidya Dhar
12695:Akbar and His India
11884:. pp. 150–151.
11182:Pradeep Barua (2005
10551:(Second ed.).
10259:. Orient Longmans.
9454:Sanjay Subrahmanyam
9351:Abraham Eraly (2007
8946:, pp. 114–115)
8864:Abraham Eraly (2007
8776:Under the Mughals,
8670:J. C. Sharman (2019
8565:The Daily Telegraph
7358:, pp. 264–265.
7128:Peck, Lucy (2008).
6432:Bangladesher Khabor
5073:"An Untimely Death"
5050:Times of India Blog
4828:Puri & Das 2003
4629:Keay, John (2000).
3850:Stephen Peter Rosen
2423:(reigned 1806–1837)
2153:Stephen Peter Rosen
1989:, the Enuma Elish,
1955:The victorious camp
1621:Wittelsbach Diamond
1241:bakhshi (paymaster)
1072:Kalu Khan Yousafzai
1033:Shahbaz Khan Kamboh
771:Humayun fleeing to
683:, the ruler of the
573:Mughal–Maratha Wars
467:Mughal–Persian Wars
455:Conquest of Gujarat
416:Conquest of Jessore
381:Mughal-Sur conflict
298:, light artillery,
266:Military Revolution
14704:Nizam of Hyderabad
13978:Mughal-Rajput wars
13798:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
13763:Muhammad Azam Shah
12376:History of Gujarát
12111:, p. 243-244.
11615:Joel Baer (2005).
10628:Lal, K.S. (1988).
10485:Chatterjee, Partha
10414:Pratyay Nath (2022
10390:Pratyay Nath (2022
9943:Jeremy Black (1996
9772:Jeremy Black (1996
9502:Jorge Flores (2015
9196:Annemarie Schimmel
9022:India and Its Army
8389:Asian Perspectives
8059:Jorge Flores (2015
7985:"Bakhshī (Mughal)"
7892:Jorge Flores (2015
7815:(6 October 2015).
7778:Studies in History
7481:The Times of India
6766:10.1093/jis/7.1.49
6684:, p. 159-161.
6477:Hanif, N. (1999).
6173:400 years of Dhaka
5400:, p. 266–267.
5297:, pp. 256–257
5213:, pp. 105–106
5108:, pp. 226–227
5096:, pp. 118–124
4930:, p. 216-217.
4866:, p. 215-216.
4755:, p. 212-213.
4668:, p. 164-165.
4452:Pius Malekandathil
4423:Kaushik Roy (2015)
3709:Abraham Eraly 2007
3606:. the weekender pk
3450:
3316:
3242:East India Company
3212:
3154:which employed by
2868:
2810:
2783:
2680:
2672:
2590:
2549:
2468:Annemarie Schimmel
2464:
2425:
2281:on the offensive.
2175:Roman legionnaires
2166:Tapan Raychaudhuri
2144:
2100:Mughal–Afghan Wars
2063:
1947:
1870:
1601:Nur-Ul-Ain Diamond
1539:
1477:
1420:
1396:Ustad Ahmad Lahori
1273:
1198:, a member of the
1196:Bayazid Karrani II
1163:
1105:. Akbar then sent
998:
921:and even captured
851:, the aperture to
797:Sikandar Shah Suri
700:
634:battle of Chanderi
375:Mughal–Afghan Wars
361:Mughal–Rajput Wars
288:William H. McNeill
286:and his colleague
255:British historian
14727:
14726:
14714:Kingdom of Mysore
14648:Foreign relations
14586:
14585:
14535:Tomb of Nur Jahan
14530:Tomb of Aurangzeb
14477:Wazir Khan Mosque
14397:Forts and palaces
14383:
14382:
14355:Guru Gobind Singh
14283:Bayazid of Sylhet
13966:
13965:
13866:Foreign relations
13640:978-81-207-1015-3
13621:978-0-7069-6385-4
13597:978-81-241-0522-1
13500:(4). Brill: 495.
13486:Rosalind O'Hanlon
13431:; Miah, Sajahan;
13290:Ali, Syed Murtaza
13261:978-0-19-561297-4
13246:Smith, Vincent A.
13209:978-0-521-52299-1
13163:978-0-86125-155-1
13073:978-1-317-58710-1
13049:978-1-317-58691-3
13028:978-1-136-79087-4
12985:978-0-521-56603-2
12975:The Mughal Empire
12970:Richards, John F.
12961:978-81-207-2508-9
12933:The Mughal Empire
12793:978-1-4766-0889-1
12725:978-94-007-2632-1
12704:978-0-19-563791-5
12643:978-0-415-23989-9
12563:978-0-226-34677-9
12436:978-81-250-3226-7
12410:978-81-241-1066-9
12349:978-81-207-4074-7
12298:978-90-04-39330-1
12262:978-1-317-24531-5
12241:978-0-14-310262-5
12190:978-0-14-100143-2
12183:. Penguin Books.
12073:978-1-108-48395-7
12022:978-81-206-0275-5
11965:The Mughal Empire
11933:978-0-520-91777-4
11792:978-1-4438-6309-4
11737:978-1-64324-746-5
11365:978-1-84383-948-4
11325:978-1-000-90525-0
11279:978-90-04-33079-5
10949:978-81-7023-872-0
10922:978-81-219-0364-6
10895:978-81-7094-525-3
10868:978-0-14-310262-5
10841:978-81-7023-872-0
10664:978-81-86142-24-0
10506:978-0-691-09031-3
10331:978-1-317-24530-8
10301:978-1-134-55276-4
10184:, pp. 49–50)
10069:978-81-86782-75-0
9888:978-1-84603-803-7
9851:978-81-207-1015-3
9789:, pp. 16–17)
9602:978-1-351-99746-1
9575:978-1-350-30773-5
9182:, pp. 82–84)
9032:978-81-7094-049-4
8975:, pp. 623–4.
8809:978-81-7307-021-1
8771:978-0-901673-20-6
8734:978-0-300-08285-2
8694:Kaushik Roy (2015
8647:978-92-64-10414-3
8119:978-1-4828-3938-8
8061:, pp. 74–75)
8045:978-0-19-565225-3
7965:978-0-429-42321-5
7831:978-1-317-32128-6
7755:978-0-520-97423-4
7721:978-0-521-26883-7
7694:978-0-224-00580-7
7684:The Great Moghuls
7679:Gascoigne, Bamber
7657:978-81-219-0364-6
7396:978-81-317-3202-1
7277:978-0-224-00580-7
7267:The Great Moghuls
7262:Gascoigne, Bamber
7247:978-81-208-2326-6
7184:978-1-4219-8341-7
7141:978-81-7436-942-0
7058:Vīrasiṃha, 2006,
7038:978-81-241-1066-9
6996:Gommans, Jos J.L.
6971:The Mughal Empire
6707:978-81-87780-91-5
6665:978-0-19-512718-8
6636:978-0-19-512718-8
6607:978-0-19-512718-8
6566:978-81-250-2596-2
6538:978-0-86698-475-1
6498:978-81-7625-063-4
6216:, pp. 67–69.
6200:978-93-80607-34-4
5807:"Jangalbari Fort"
5766:, pp. 49–51.
5716:, pp. 50–51.
5690:The Mughal Empire
5685:Richards, John F.
5670:978-0-14-341678-4
5643:978-0-8108-8024-5
5616:978-0-14-341678-4
5577:978-81-7648-469-5
5458:; Miah, Sajahan;
5424:, pp. 49–50)
5384:978-81-7387-183-2
5338:978-1-4330-9412-5
5025:honestyisbest.com
5019:Sankaran, Sahaj.
4852:Bhattacherje 2009
4729:"Rule of Afghans"
4598:978-81-269-0123-4
4544:978-81-7156-551-1
4409:978-1-4798-4869-0
4253:978-1-4828-2961-7
4212:978-0-521-79158-8
4118:978-0-521-56603-2
4105:The Mughal Empire
4078:978-969-35-1924-2
4007:978-0-521-84119-1
3748:978-0-415-95279-8
3190:Mughal-era Cannon
3105:Fathullah Shirazi
2706:Bargustawan-i-pil
2666:Side view Mughal
2636:governor of Awadh
2607:Stewart N. Gordon
2472:Battle of Panipat
2438:Deccan Sultanates
2436:' service to the
2071:Thirty Years' War
1987:Epic of Gilgamesh
1686:Guru Gobind Singh
1673:cooperating with
1091:Gujarat Sultanate
961:Muzaffar Shah III
903:conquest of Garha
805:Battle of Sirhind
685:Gujarat Sultanate
585:Mughal Civil Wars
547:Mughal–Tibet Wars
449:Conquest of Garha
437:Conquest of Malwa
429:Conquest of Taraf
406:Battle of Tukaroi
353:Battle of Ghaghra
341:Conquest of Babur
292:Gunpowder empires
204:
203:
165:Military age
16:(Redirected from
14777:
14770:Disbanded armies
14760:Military slavery
14694:Nawabs of Bengal
14657:Successor states
14561:Shalimar Gardens
14505:Gardens of Babur
14394:
14393:
14340:Lachit Borphukan
14054:
14053:
14043:Mughal–Sikh wars
13988:Gujarat conquest
13889:
13888:
13881:Mughal artillery
13710:
13700:
13693:
13686:
13677:
13676:
13652:
13651:
13644:
13625:
13601:
13582:
13571:
13549:
13524:
13522:
13520:
13479:
13477:
13475:
13419:
13417:
13415:
13410:
13381:
13376:
13374:
13363:Security Studies
13353:
13330:Social Scientist
13320:
13318:
13316:
13301:
13276:
13265:
13241:
13220:
13218:
13216:
13201:
13189:
13187:
13185:
13167:
13148:Sarkar, Jadunath
13143:
13134:Sarkar, Jadunath
13129:
13114:
13112:
13110:
13095:
13084:
13082:
13080:
13065:
13053:
13032:
13011:
13000:
12989:
12965:
12944:
12924:
12913:
12907:
12899:
12897:
12895:
12885:
12873:
12854:
12850:India Since 1526
12840:
12838:
12836:
12821:
12809:
12807:
12805:
12776:
12757:
12736:
12734:
12732:
12708:
12682:
12680:
12678:
12654:
12652:
12650:
12635:
12623:
12621:
12619:
12595:
12593:
12591:
12567:
12545:
12526:
12524:
12522:
12495:
12474:
12472:
12470:
12455:
12445:Dirk H. A. Kolff
12440:
12414:
12385:
12384:
12380:
12365:
12363:
12361:
12332:
12309:
12307:
12305:
12273:
12271:
12269:
12245:
12224:
12213:
12194:
12170:
12168:
12166:
12151:
12124:
12118:
12112:
12106:
12085:
12084:
12082:
12080:
12057:
12051:
12045:
12034:
12033:
12031:
12029:
12014:
12003:
11997:
11991:
11982:
11976:
11970:
11969:
11956:
11945:
11944:
11942:
11940:
11925:
11915:Richard M. Eaton
11911:
11905:
11904:
11892:
11886:
11885:
11875:
11869:
11868:
11867:. 11 April 2021.
11861:
11855:
11854:
11835:
11829:
11828:
11826:
11824:
11810:
11804:
11803:
11801:
11799:
11784:
11773:
11764:
11763:
11755:
11749:
11748:
11746:
11744:
11729:
11718:
11707:
11701:
11695:
11694:
11692:
11690:
11670:
11655:
11649:
11643:
11642:
11640:
11638:
11623:
11612:
11606:
11605:
11603:
11601:
11578:
11572:
11566:
11560:
11554:
11548:
11542:
11536:
11535:
11533:
11531:
11505:
11499:
11498:
11493:
11491:
11476:
11465:
11459:
11458:
11456:
11454:
11427:
11410:
11409:
11407:
11405:
11388:
11377:
11376:
11374:
11372:
11357:
11346:
11337:
11336:
11334:
11332:
11317:
11306:
11295:
11294:
11288:
11286:
11271:
11260:
11249:
11248:
11246:
11244:
11234:
11225:
11219:
11214:
11208:
11202:
11185:
11179:
11173:
11172:
11159:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11148:
11132:
11126:
11125:
11123:
11121:
11094:
11088:
11087:
11085:
11083:
11061:Sarkar, Jadunath
11056:
11050:
11049:
11047:
11045:
11023:Sarkar, Jadunath
11018:
11012:
11011:
11009:
11007:
10984:
10978:
10972:
10966:
10960:
10954:
10953:
10933:
10927:
10926:
10906:
10900:
10899:
10879:
10873:
10872:
10852:
10846:
10845:
10825:
10819:
10818:
10816:
10814:
10799:
10793:
10792:
10790:
10788:
10773:
10767:
10766:
10726:
10717:
10716:
10700:
10694:
10693:
10675:
10669:
10668:
10655:The Ain-i Akbari
10650:
10644:
10643:
10630:The Mughal Harem
10625:
10619:
10618:
10616:
10614:
10599:
10593:
10592:
10580:
10574:
10573:
10563:
10557:
10556:
10536:
10530:
10529:
10494:
10481:
10475:
10469:
10463:
10462:
10460:
10458:
10435:
10429:
10423:
10417:
10411:
10405:
10404:, p. 89-90)
10399:
10393:
10387:
10381:
10376:
10370:
10369:
10367:
10365:
10342:
10336:
10335:
10315:
10306:
10305:
10285:
10279:
10278:
10270:
10264:
10263:
10250:
10244:
10243:
10230:
10224:
10223:
10213:
10207:
10206:
10198:
10192:
10191:
10179:
10173:
10172:
10162:
10156:
10155:
10153:
10151:
10135:
10118:
10117:
10115:
10113:
10087:
10081:
10080:
10078:
10076:
10053:
10047:
10041:
10032:
10031:
10026:
10024:
10006:
9997:
9980:
9969:
9963:
9957:
9946:
9940:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9929:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9897:
9895:
9880:
9869:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9843:
9832:
9821:
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9812:
9801:
9790:
9784:
9775:
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9752:
9746:
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9674:
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9619:
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9580:
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9559:
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9547:
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9529:
9523:
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9511:
9505:
9499:
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9480:
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9403:
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9348:
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9321:
9315:
9309:
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9297:
9291:
9285:
9272:
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9269:
9267:
9253:
9247:
9241:
9235:
9229:
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9220:
9218:
9192:
9183:
9177:
9171:
9170:
9162:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9148:
9125:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9096:
9090:
9084:
9078:
9072:
9066:
9060:
9054:
9053:
9043:
9037:
9036:
9016:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9005:
8982:
8976:
8970:
8959:
8953:
8947:
8941:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8907:
8901:
8900:
8898:
8896:
8873:
8867:
8861:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8832:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8821:
8793:
8787:
8786:
8755:
8749:
8748:
8743:
8741:
8726:
8715:
8709:
8703:
8697:
8691:
8685:
8679:
8673:
8667:
8661:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8628:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8602:
8591:
8585:
8584:
8577:
8571:
8570:
8559:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8548:
8537:
8531:
8530:
8520:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8484:
8475:
8462:
8461:
8456:
8454:
8430:
8413:
8412:
8380:
8374:
8373:
8371:
8369:
8342:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8309:
8299:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8273:
8262:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8236:
8225:
8219:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8187:
8176:
8170:
8169:
8159:
8153:
8147:
8141:
8135:
8124:
8123:
8103:
8097:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8076:
8068:
8062:
8056:
8050:
8049:
8031:
8022:
8007:
8001:
8000:
7987:
7979:
7970:
7969:
7949:
7943:
7942:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7895:
7889:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7849:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7823:
7809:
7794:
7793:
7769:
7760:
7759:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7649:
7638:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7511:
7505:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7380:
7371:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7303:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7165:
7159:
7158:, Vol. 2, p. 510
7152:
7146:
7145:
7125:
7119:
7112:
7106:
7103:Tata McGraw-Hill
7095:
7089:
7082:
7076:
7069:
7063:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7022:
7016:
7015:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6965:
6959:
6953:
6947:
6946:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6886:
6880:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6849:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6818:
6795:
6786:
6785:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6691:
6685:
6679:
6670:
6669:
6652:The Jahangirnama
6647:
6641:
6640:
6623:The Jahangirnama
6618:
6612:
6611:
6594:The Jahangirnama
6589:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6552:
6543:
6542:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6474:
6468:
6458:
6452:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6421:
6415:
6409:
6403:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6369:
6360:
6350:
6341:
6340:
6330:
6324:
6314:
6308:
6298:
6292:
6286:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6258:
6252:
6242:
6233:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6186:
6177:
6176:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6070:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5930:Ranchhodji Diwan
5926:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5900:
5891:
5890:
5876:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5848:Gujarat Samachar
5838:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5802:
5796:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5447:
5432:
5431:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5368:
5362:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5330:
5319:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5261:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5197:
5196:, pp. 17–21
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5160:, pp. 14–15
5155:
5140:
5134:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5016:
5010:
5009:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4954:, p. 38-41.
4949:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4918:, p. 34-36.
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4888:
4882:
4876:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4725:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4692:
4681:
4680:, p. 18-19.
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4656:, p. 17-18.
4651:
4645:
4644:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4618:. S.L. Agarwala.
4609:
4603:
4602:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4431:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4355:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4326:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4283:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4237:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4204:
4193:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4110:
4099:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4014:
3999:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3892:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3809:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3753:
3752:
3721:
3712:
3706:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3656:
3639:
3633:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3599:
3542:Hooghly district
3529:Hooghly district
3383:Mariam-uz-Zamani
3359:Siege of Hooghly
3187:
3175:
3152:Mysorean rockets
3071:Mughal artillery
2616:François Bernier
2385:settler pioneers
2362:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2199:Mughal Karkhanas
2189:Arms and weapons
2133:Dirk H. A. Kolff
2079:Balkan countries
1951:The exalted camp
1759:
1744:
1578:Siege of Bijapur
1445:fort of Purandar
1416:battle of Satara
1318:war of attrition
979:kingdom of Mewar
918:Roshani movement
844:in the Punjab.
840:and then seized
748:Battle of Chausa
704:Bengal Sultanate
698:(1538/1540–1545)
559:Siege of Hooghly
521:Siege of Bijapur
501:Mughal–Sikh Wars
487:Mughal–Ahom Wars
347:Battle of Khanwa
284:Marshall Hodgson
175:military service
92:
81:
68:
53:
44:
43:
32:
31:
21:
14785:
14784:
14780:
14779:
14778:
14776:
14775:
14774:
14730:
14729:
14728:
14723:
14699:Nawabs of Awadh
14652:
14633:Persian Mughals
14582:
14566:Achabal Gardens
14544:
14515:Jahangir's Tomb
14500:Bibi Ka Maqbara
14481:
14462:Badshahi Mosque
14433:
14379:
14345:Khushal Khattak
14320:Maharana Pratap
14256:
14185:
14166:Thanesar (1710)
14161:Thanesar (1567)
14052:
13962:
13887:
13832:
13828:Bahadur Shah II
13783:Rafi ud-Darajat
13714:
13704:
13673:
13649:
13641:
13622:
13606:Chandra, Satish
13598:
13557:
13555:Further reading
13552:
13518:
13516:
13473:
13471:
13453:
13433:Khanam, Mahfuza
13413:
13411:
13372:
13370:
13342:10.2307/3518271
13314:
13312:
13284:
13279:
13262:
13238:
13214:
13212:
13210:
13199:
13183:
13181:
13172:Jadunath Sarkar
13164:
13108:
13106:
13078:
13076:
13074:
13063:
13050:
13029:
12986:
12962:
12929:Prasad, Ishwari
12901:
12900:
12893:
12891:
12883:
12870:
12834:
12832:
12830:
12819:
12803:
12801:
12794:
12773:
12754:
12730:
12728:
12726:
12705:
12676:
12674:
12672:
12648:
12646:
12644:
12633:
12617:
12615:
12613:
12589:
12587:
12585:
12564:
12542:
12520:
12518:
12516:
12468:
12466:
12464:
12453:
12437:
12419:Chandra, Satish
12411:
12395:Chandra, Satish
12382:
12359:
12357:
12350:
12316:Humāyun Bādshāh
12303:
12301:
12299:
12267:
12265:
12263:
12242:
12191:
12164:
12162:
12160:
12149:
12138:
12133:
12128:
12127:
12119:
12115:
12107:
12088:
12078:
12076:
12074:
12058:
12054:
12046:
12037:
12027:
12025:
12023:
12012:
12004:
12000:
11992:
11985:
11977:
11973:
11957:
11948:
11938:
11936:
11934:
11923:
11912:
11908:
11894:
11893:
11889:
11876:
11872:
11863:
11862:
11858:
11836:
11832:
11822:
11820:
11811:
11807:
11797:
11795:
11793:
11782:
11774:
11767:
11756:
11752:
11742:
11740:
11738:
11727:
11719:
11710:
11702:
11698:
11688:
11686:
11671:
11658:
11650:
11646:
11636:
11634:
11632:
11621:
11613:
11609:
11599:
11597:
11595:
11579:
11575:
11567:
11563:
11555:
11551:
11543:
11539:
11529:
11527:
11525:
11506:
11502:
11489:
11487:
11485:
11474:
11466:
11462:
11452:
11450:
11428:
11413:
11403:
11401:
11389:
11380:
11370:
11368:
11366:
11355:
11347:
11340:
11330:
11328:
11326:
11315:
11307:
11298:
11284:
11282:
11280:
11269:
11261:
11252:
11242:
11240:
11232:
11226:
11222:
11215:
11211:
11203:
11188:
11180:
11176:
11160:
11156:
11146:
11144:
11133:
11129:
11119:
11117:
11095:
11091:
11081:
11079:
11077:
11057:
11053:
11043:
11041:
11039:
11019:
11015:
11005:
11003:
11001:
10985:
10981:
10973:
10969:
10961:
10957:
10950:
10934:
10930:
10923:
10907:
10903:
10896:
10882:Sandhu (2003).
10880:
10876:
10869:
10853:
10849:
10842:
10826:
10822:
10812:
10810:
10800:
10796:
10786:
10784:
10774:
10770:
10727:
10720:
10701:
10697:
10690:
10676:
10672:
10665:
10651:
10647:
10640:
10626:
10622:
10612:
10610:
10600:
10596:
10581:
10577:
10564:
10560:
10537:
10533:
10507:
10482:
10478:
10470:
10466:
10456:
10454:
10452:
10436:
10432:
10424:
10420:
10412:
10408:
10400:
10396:
10388:
10384:
10377:
10373:
10363:
10361:
10359:
10343:
10339:
10332:
10316:
10309:
10302:
10286:
10282:
10271:
10267:
10251:
10247:
10231:
10227:
10214:
10210:
10199:
10195:
10185:
10180:
10176:
10163:
10159:
10149:
10147:
10144:Military Review
10136:
10121:
10111:
10109:
10107:
10088:
10084:
10074:
10072:
10070:
10054:
10050:
10042:
10035:
10022:
10020:
10017:Rice University
10004:
9998:
9983:
9970:
9966:
9958:
9949:
9941:
9937:
9927:
9925:
9923:
9907:
9903:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9878:
9870:
9866:
9856:
9854:
9852:
9841:
9833:
9824:
9802:
9793:
9785:
9778:
9770:
9766:
9753:
9749:
9736:
9732:
9719:
9715:
9702:
9698:
9690:
9683:
9675:
9671:
9658:
9656:
9626:
9622:
9614:
9610:
9603:
9587:
9583:
9576:
9560:
9556:
9548:
9544:
9536:
9532:
9524:
9520:
9512:
9508:
9500:
9496:
9488:
9484:
9474:
9472:
9470:
9447:
9440:
9430:
9428:
9416:
9410:
9406:
9398:
9394:
9384:
9382:
9380:
9364:
9357:
9349:
9345:
9334:
9330:
9322:
9318:
9310:
9306:
9298:
9294:
9286:
9275:
9265:
9263:
9254:
9250:
9242:
9238:
9230:
9226:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9193:
9186:
9178:
9174:
9163:
9156:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9126:
9122:
9112:
9110:
9101:Geoffrey Parker
9097:
9093:
9085:
9081:
9073:
9069:
9061:
9057:
9044:
9040:
9033:
9017:
9013:
9003:
9001:
8999:
8983:
8979:
8971:
8962:
8954:
8950:
8942:
8938:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8908:
8904:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8874:
8870:
8862:
8858:
8848:
8846:
8833:
8829:
8819:
8817:
8810:
8794:
8790:
8772:
8756:
8752:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8724:
8716:
8712:
8704:
8700:
8692:
8688:
8680:
8676:
8668:
8664:
8659:
8655:
8648:
8632:Maddison, Angus
8629:
8625:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8600:
8592:
8588:
8579:
8578:
8574:
8560:
8556:
8546:
8544:
8539:
8538:
8534:
8521:
8517:
8507:
8505:
8482:
8476:
8465:
8452:
8450:
8447:Rice University
8431:
8416:
8381:
8377:
8367:
8365:
8343:
8332:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8296:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8271:
8263:
8259:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8234:
8226:
8222:
8214:
8210:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8185:
8177:
8173:
8160:
8156:
8148:
8144:
8136:
8127:
8120:
8104:
8100:
8091:
8089:
8074:"Mughal Empire"
8069:
8065:
8057:
8053:
8046:
8032:
8025:
8008:
8004:
7980:
7973:
7966:
7950:
7946:
7939:
7923:
7919:
7911:
7898:
7890:
7883:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7850:
7846:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7821:
7810:
7797:
7770:
7763:
7756:
7740:
7736:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7706:
7702:
7695:
7676:
7672:
7662:
7660:
7658:
7647:
7639:
7624:
7614:
7612:
7611:on 26 June 2015
7601:
7597:
7587:
7585:
7580:
7579:
7575:
7567:
7563:
7512:
7508:
7499:
7495:
7485:
7483:
7473:
7469:
7452:
7448:
7440:
7436:
7429:
7415:
7411:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7381:
7374:
7366:
7362:
7354:
7350:
7340:
7338:
7331:Murray (1929).
7329:
7325:
7315:
7313:
7304:
7297:
7289:
7285:
7278:
7259:
7255:
7248:
7232:
7228:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7166:
7162:
7153:
7149:
7142:
7126:
7122:
7113:
7109:
7096:
7092:
7083:
7079:
7070:
7066:
7057:
7053:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7023:
7019:
7012:
6993:
6989:
6982:
6966:
6962:
6954:
6950:
6939:
6935:
6916:Chandra, Satish
6913:
6909:
6890:Chandra, Satish
6887:
6883:
6875:
6871:
6864:
6850:
6841:
6833:
6829:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6796:
6789:
6746:
6742:
6735:
6719:
6715:
6708:
6692:
6688:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6648:
6644:
6637:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6590:
6586:
6578:
6574:
6567:
6553:
6546:
6539:
6522:
6518:
6508:
6506:
6499:
6475:
6471:
6459:
6455:
6443:
6439:
6428:
6422:
6418:
6410:
6406:
6394:
6390:
6382:
6378:
6370:
6363:
6351:
6344:
6331:
6327:
6315:
6311:
6299:
6295:
6287:
6283:
6275:
6271:
6259:
6255:
6243:
6236:
6226:Tripathi (1960)
6224:
6220:
6212:
6208:
6201:
6187:
6180:
6169:
6165:
6155:
6153:
6140:
6136:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6107:
6092:
6088:
6078:
6076:
6061:
6057:
6049:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6025:
6021:
6011:
6009:
6008:on 14 July 2018
5990:
5986:
5973:
5969:
5959:
5957:
5947:
5943:
5927:
5923:
5913:
5911:
5902:
5901:
5894:
5877:
5868:
5858:
5856:
5839:
5830:
5820:
5818:
5803:
5799:
5795:, p. 275].
5791:
5787:
5774:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5682:
5678:
5671:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5628:
5624:
5617:
5601:
5597:
5587:
5585:
5578:
5562:
5558:
5545:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5514:
5510:
5500:
5498:
5480:
5460:Khanam, Mahfuza
5448:
5435:
5425:
5420:
5416:
5408:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5369:
5365:
5357:
5353:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5328:
5320:
5313:
5305:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5277:
5262:
5251:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5221:
5217:
5209:
5200:
5192:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5164:
5156:
5143:
5139:, pp. 9–13
5135:
5124:
5116:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5092:
5088:
5069:
5065:
5055:
5053:
5052:. 18 March 2018
5044:
5043:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5017:
5013:
4986:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4898:
4889:
4885:
4877:
4870:
4862:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4838:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4787:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4717:
4710:
4706:
4693:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4641:
4627:
4623:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4529:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4485:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4449:
4445:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4378:
4356:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4327:
4314:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4284:
4271:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4238:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4202:
4194:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4108:
4100:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4029:
4025:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3997:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3933:
3929:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3893:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3852:(15 May 2019).
3847:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3810:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3756:
3749:
3741:. p. 158.
3729:Peter L. Berger
3722:
3715:
3707:
3690:
3676:
3674:
3657:
3642:
3634:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3600:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3557:
3503:Siege of Bombay
3475:Ahkam 'Alamgiri
3308:
3255:kingdom of Ahom
3251:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3179:
3176:
3073:
3067:
2994:
2988:
2960:
2949:
2913:
2856:
2824:
2802:
2772:
2727:Daud Khan Panni
2668:Elephant Armour
2660:
2456:
2450:
2413:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2354:
2351:
2342:
2339:
2330:
2327:
2318:
2315:
2231:
2227:
2201:
2191:
2055:
1939:
1854:William Hawkins
1766:
1760:
1751:
1745:
1728:
1722:
1677:undergoing the
1635:Hyderabad Subah
1605:Orlov (diamond)
1443:to besiege the
1408:
1402:in the region.
1235:, Tuqmaq Khan,
1200:Karrani dynasty
1169:
1152:
1107:Mirza Aziz Koka
1095:Nawanagar State
1010:Karrani dynasty
868:Malwa Sultanate
814:
744:Karmanasa River
622:
614:Fabian strategy
529:Dano-Mughal War
334:
328:
212:Mughal emperors
197:12,071,876,840
181:
180:342,696 cavalry
179:
174:
135:(Great Emperor)
134:
121:Former Military
108:Victorious camp
71:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14783:
14773:
14772:
14767:
14762:
14757:
14752:
14747:
14742:
14725:
14724:
14722:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14674:Maratha Empire
14671:
14660:
14658:
14654:
14653:
14651:
14650:
14645:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14594:
14592:
14588:
14587:
14584:
14583:
14581:
14580:
14573:
14568:
14563:
14558:
14556:Fatehpur Sikri
14552:
14550:
14546:
14545:
14543:
14542:
14537:
14532:
14527:
14522:
14517:
14512:
14510:Humayun's Tomb
14507:
14502:
14497:
14491:
14489:
14483:
14482:
14480:
14479:
14474:
14472:Sunehri Masjid
14469:
14464:
14459:
14454:
14449:
14443:
14441:
14435:
14434:
14432:
14431:
14426:
14424:Jahangir Mahal
14421:
14416:
14411:
14406:
14400:
14398:
14391:
14385:
14384:
14381:
14380:
14378:
14377:
14372:
14367:
14362:
14357:
14352:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14322:
14317:
14312:
14310:Sher Shah Suri
14307:
14302:
14297:
14296:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14264:
14262:
14258:
14257:
14255:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14199:
14193:
14191:
14187:
14186:
14184:
14183:
14178:
14173:
14168:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14148:
14143:
14138:
14136:Panipat (1761)
14133:
14131:Panipat (1556)
14128:
14126:Panipat (1526)
14123:
14118:
14113:
14108:
14103:
14098:
14093:
14088:
14083:
14078:
14073:
14071:Badli-ki-Serai
14068:
14062:
14060:
14051:
14050:
14045:
14040:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14015:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13974:
13972:
13968:
13967:
13964:
13963:
13961:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13935:
13930:
13925:
13920:
13915:
13910:
13905:
13899:
13897:
13886:
13885:
13884:
13883:
13873:
13868:
13863:
13858:
13853:
13852:
13851:
13840:
13838:
13837:Administration
13834:
13833:
13831:
13830:
13825:
13820:
13815:
13810:
13808:Shah Jahan III
13805:
13800:
13795:
13790:
13785:
13780:
13775:
13770:
13768:Bahadur Shah I
13765:
13760:
13755:
13750:
13745:
13740:
13735:
13730:
13724:
13722:
13716:
13715:
13703:
13702:
13695:
13688:
13680:
13663:William Irvine
13646:
13645:
13639:
13626:
13620:
13602:
13596:
13583:
13572:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13550:
13540:(2): 193–214.
13525:
13481:
13480:
13451:
13429:Islam, Sirajul
13420:
13382:
13354:
13321:
13302:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13277:
13266:
13260:
13242:
13236:
13221:
13208:
13190:
13168:
13162:
13144:
13130:
13115:
13096:
13085:
13072:
13054:
13048:
13033:
13027:
13012:
13001:
12990:
12984:
12966:
12960:
12945:
12925:
12914:
12874:
12868:
12855:
12841:
12828:
12810:
12792:
12777:
12772:978-0691182797
12771:
12758:
12752:
12737:
12724:
12709:
12703:
12687:
12683:Author link=*
12671:978-1846038037
12670:
12655:
12642:
12624:
12612:978-9004307537
12611:
12596:
12583:
12568:
12562:
12546:
12540:
12527:
12514:
12496:
12475:
12462:
12441:
12435:
12427:Orient Longman
12415:
12409:
12391:
12366:
12348:
12333:
12310:
12297:
12274:
12261:
12246:
12240:
12225:
12214:
12210:Bangla Academy
12204:(in Bengali).
12195:
12189:
12175:Eraly, Abraham
12171:
12158:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12126:
12125:
12123:, p. 115)
12113:
12086:
12072:
12052:
12050:, p. 196)
12035:
12021:
11998:
11983:
11981:, p. 125.
11971:
11946:
11932:
11906:
11887:
11870:
11856:
11850:(1): 186–188.
11830:
11805:
11791:
11765:
11762:. p. 398.
11750:
11736:
11708:
11696:
11656:
11654:, p. 154)
11644:
11630:
11607:
11593:
11573:
11571:, p. XII)
11561:
11559:, p. 194.
11549:
11547:, p. 194.
11537:
11523:
11500:
11483:
11460:
11411:
11378:
11364:
11338:
11324:
11296:
11278:
11250:
11220:
11209:
11207:, p. 116.
11186:
11184:, p. 318)
11174:
11154:
11127:
11089:
11076:978-9693519242
11075:
11051:
11038:978-9693519242
11037:
11013:
11000:978-9693519242
10999:
10979:
10967:
10955:
10948:
10928:
10921:
10901:
10894:
10874:
10867:
10847:
10840:
10820:
10794:
10768:
10747:10.2307/603650
10741:(2): 227–238.
10718:
10695:
10688:
10670:
10663:
10645:
10638:
10620:
10594:
10575:
10558:
10545:Islam, Sirajul
10531:
10505:
10476:
10474:, p. 165)
10464:
10450:
10430:
10418:
10416:, p. 157)
10406:
10394:
10392:, p. 157)
10382:
10371:
10357:
10337:
10330:
10307:
10300:
10280:
10275:Later Muguhals
10265:
10245:
10239:. p. 17.
10225:
10208:
10193:
10174:
10157:
10119:
10106:978-0470758151
10105:
10091:Harbans Mukhia
10082:
10068:
10048:
10033:
9981:
9964:
9947:
9935:
9921:
9901:
9887:
9864:
9850:
9822:
9810:"Mahout"
9807:, ed. (1911).
9805:Chisholm, Hugh
9791:
9776:
9764:
9747:
9730:
9713:
9696:
9681:
9679:, p. 206)
9669:
9640:(1): 127–158.
9620:
9618:, p. 206)
9608:
9601:
9581:
9574:
9554:
9552:, p. 495)
9542:
9540:, p. 114)
9530:
9528:, p. 114)
9518:
9516:, p. 114)
9506:
9494:
9492:, p. 114)
9482:
9469:978-0231158114
9468:
9438:
9404:
9392:
9379:978-9004471993
9378:
9355:
9353:, p. 293)
9343:
9328:
9316:
9314:, p. 120)
9304:
9292:
9273:
9248:
9246:, p. 118)
9236:
9234:, p. 120)
9224:
9210:
9184:
9172:
9154:
9140:
9120:
9091:
9089:, p. 115.
9079:
9077:, p. 105)
9067:
9065:, p. 120)
9055:
9038:
9031:
9011:
8998:978-0313070334
8997:
8977:
8960:
8958:, p. 156.
8948:
8936:
8922:
8916:. Penguin UK.
8902:
8888:
8868:
8866:, p. 293)
8856:
8827:
8808:
8788:
8770:
8750:
8733:
8710:
8698:
8696:, p. 211)
8686:
8674:
8662:
8653:
8646:
8623:
8609:
8586:
8572:
8554:
8532:
8515:
8463:
8414:
8375:
8330:
8316:
8294:
8280:
8257:
8243:
8220:
8208:
8194:
8171:
8168:. p. 298.
8154:
8142:
8125:
8118:
8098:
8063:
8051:
8044:
8023:
8002:
7971:
7964:
7944:
7937:
7917:
7896:
7881:
7867:
7844:
7830:
7795:
7761:
7754:
7734:
7720:
7700:
7693:
7670:
7656:
7622:
7595:
7584:. San.beck.org
7573:
7571:, p. 243)
7561:
7526:(2): 241–260.
7506:
7504:, p. 161)
7493:
7467:
7446:
7444:, p. 242)
7434:
7427:
7409:
7395:
7372:
7360:
7348:
7323:
7295:
7293:, p. 927.
7283:
7276:
7253:
7246:
7226:
7210:
7207:. p. 179.
7190:
7183:
7160:
7147:
7140:
7134:. Roli Books.
7120:
7107:
7090:
7077:
7064:
7051:
7037:
7017:
7010:
6987:
6980:
6960:
6948:
6933:
6907:
6881:
6869:
6862:
6839:
6827:
6811:978-9354927652
6810:
6787:
6740:
6733:
6713:
6706:
6686:
6671:
6664:
6642:
6635:
6613:
6606:
6584:
6572:
6565:
6544:
6537:
6516:
6497:
6469:
6453:
6437:
6416:
6404:
6388:
6376:
6361:
6342:
6339:. p. 163.
6325:
6309:
6293:
6291:, p. 61].
6281:
6269:
6253:
6234:
6218:
6206:
6199:
6178:
6163:
6134:
6117:
6086:
6055:
6043:
6031:
6019:
5984:
5981:. p. 153.
5967:
5941:
5921:
5892:
5866:
5855:on 10 May 2016
5828:
5797:
5785:
5782:. p. 278.
5768:
5756:
5732:
5718:
5706:
5699:
5676:
5669:
5649:
5642:
5622:
5615:
5595:
5576:
5556:
5539:
5508:
5478:
5456:Islam, Sirajul
5433:
5414:
5412:, p. 269.
5402:
5390:
5383:
5363:
5361:, p. 271.
5351:
5337:
5311:
5299:
5287:
5249:
5235:
5215:
5198:
5186:
5174:
5162:
5141:
5122:
5110:
5098:
5086:
5063:
5037:
5011:
4980:
4978:, p. 169.
4968:
4966:, p. 217.
4956:
4944:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4883:
4881:, p. 168.
4868:
4856:
4844:
4832:
4830:, p. 113.
4820:
4808:
4801:
4781:
4779:, p. 167.
4769:
4757:
4745:
4715:
4704:
4682:
4670:
4658:
4646:
4639:
4621:
4604:
4597:
4577:
4570:
4550:
4543:
4523:
4521:, p. 199)
4511:
4500:
4483:
4467:978-1351997454
4466:
4443:
4426:
4415:
4408:
4388:
4347:
4312:
4298:
4269:
4252:
4225:
4211:
4181:
4169:
4131:
4117:
4091:
4077:
4057:
4043:
4023:
4006:
3983:
3977:978-0333519066
3976:
3955:
3949:978-1647920449
3948:
3936:John D. Hosler
3927:
3911:978-1399006026
3910:
3878:
3864:
3838:
3825:978-9004393301
3824:
3797:
3795:, p. 199)
3785:
3754:
3747:
3713:
3711:, p. 300.
3688:
3640:
3617:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3566:Sir John Child
3563:
3556:
3553:
3343:A'in Mir Bahri
3307:
3304:
3250:
3247:
3233:Sonakanda Fort
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3170:
3132:Siege of Bidar
3126:against enemy
3069:Main article:
3066:
3063:
3055:Gulbadan-Begum
2998:Mughal Dynasty
2990:Main article:
2987:
2984:
2948:
2945:
2912:
2909:
2901:
2900:
2882:
2855:
2854:Heavy infantry
2852:
2847:cotton carders
2823:
2820:
2801:
2798:
2771:
2768:
2659:
2656:
2628:Shuja-ud-Daula
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2534:Arabian horses
2515:kashmir shawls
2449:
2446:
2412:
2409:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2309:
2298:composite bows
2195:Mughal weapons
2190:
2187:
2075:Ural Mountains
2054:
2051:
2031:Allahabad Fort
1938:
1935:
1861:or horsemens.
1768:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1739:
1724:Main article:
1721:
1718:
1706:Chamkaur Sahib
1679:Siege of Jinji
1625:Regent Diamond
1593:Golconda Fort
1582:Malik-e-Maidan
1570:Maratha forces
1558:Malik-i-Maidan
1441:Raja Jai Singh
1407:
1404:
1356:celebrations.
1341:Ahmad Sirhindi
1192:Greater Sylhet
1151:
1148:
1137:Jahangir Mahal
1045:Zain Khan Koka
1004:warlord named
963:as a captive.
948:Siege of Surat
820:, Akbar faced
813:
810:
696:Sher Shah Suri
672:Sher Shah Suri
642:Sher Shah Suri
621:
618:
601:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
569:
568:
562:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
525:
524:
518:
515:Siege of Bidar
512:
504:
498:
497:
496:
484:
483:
482:
476:
464:
458:
452:
446:
440:
434:
433:
432:
426:
421:
420:
419:
413:
397:
392:
391:
390:
372:
371:
370:
358:
357:
356:
350:
330:Main article:
327:
324:
202:
201:
195:
189:
188:
184:
183:
176:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
157:
156:
148:
142:
141:
139:Mughal Emperor
136:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
111:
110:
101:
95:
94:
88:
84:
83:
77:
73:
72:
69:
61:
60:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14782:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14761:
14758:
14756:
14753:
14751:
14748:
14746:
14743:
14741:
14740:Indian slaves
14738:
14737:
14735:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14679:Rajput states
14677:
14675:
14672:
14669:
14665:
14662:
14661:
14659:
14655:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14595:
14593:
14589:
14579:
14578:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14553:
14551:
14547:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14526:
14523:
14521:
14518:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14492:
14490:
14488:
14484:
14478:
14475:
14473:
14470:
14468:
14465:
14463:
14460:
14458:
14455:
14453:
14450:
14448:
14445:
14444:
14442:
14440:
14436:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14410:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14401:
14399:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14386:
14376:
14373:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14313:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14270:
14269:
14266:
14265:
14263:
14259:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14194:
14192:
14188:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14167:
14164:
14162:
14159:
14157:
14154:
14152:
14149:
14147:
14144:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14063:
14061:
14059:
14055:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14028:Carnatic wars
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13975:
13973:
13969:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13900:
13898:
13896:
13895:
13890:
13882:
13879:
13878:
13877:
13874:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13850:
13847:
13846:
13845:
13842:
13841:
13839:
13835:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13819:
13818:Shah Jahan IV
13816:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13801:
13799:
13796:
13794:
13793:Muhammad Shah
13791:
13789:
13788:Shah Jahan II
13786:
13784:
13781:
13779:
13776:
13774:
13773:Jahandar Shah
13771:
13769:
13766:
13764:
13761:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13736:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13725:
13723:
13721:
13717:
13713:
13712:Mughal Empire
13709:
13701:
13696:
13694:
13689:
13687:
13682:
13681:
13678:
13674:
13671:
13670:
13668:
13667:public domain
13664:
13659:
13656:
13642:
13636:
13632:
13627:
13623:
13617:
13613:
13612:
13607:
13603:
13599:
13593:
13589:
13584:
13580:
13579:
13573:
13569:
13568:
13563:
13559:
13558:
13547:
13543:
13539:
13535:
13531:
13526:
13515:
13511:
13507:
13503:
13499:
13495:
13491:
13487:
13483:
13482:
13470:
13466:
13462:
13458:
13454:
13452:984-32-0576-6
13448:
13444:
13440:
13439:
13434:
13430:
13426:
13421:
13409:
13404:
13400:
13396:
13392:
13388:
13383:
13380:
13368:
13364:
13360:
13355:
13351:
13347:
13343:
13339:
13335:
13331:
13327:
13322:
13310:
13309:
13303:
13299:
13295:
13291:
13287:
13286:
13274:
13273:
13267:
13263:
13257:
13253:
13252:
13247:
13243:
13239:
13237:9780486131290
13233:
13229:
13228:
13222:
13211:
13205:
13198:
13197:
13191:
13179:
13178:
13177:Bengal Nawābs
13173:
13169:
13165:
13159:
13155:
13154:
13149:
13145:
13141:
13140:
13135:
13131:
13127:
13123:
13122:
13116:
13104:
13103:
13097:
13093:
13092:
13086:
13075:
13069:
13062:
13061:
13055:
13051:
13045:
13042:. Routledge.
13041:
13040:
13034:
13030:
13024:
13020:
13019:
13013:
13009:
13008:
13002:
12998:
12997:
12991:
12987:
12981:
12977:
12976:
12971:
12967:
12963:
12957:
12953:
12952:
12946:
12942:
12938:
12934:
12930:
12926:
12922:
12921:
12915:
12911:
12905:
12889:
12882:
12881:
12875:
12871:
12869:81-7844-132-2
12865:
12861:
12856:
12852:
12851:
12846:
12842:
12831:
12829:9783030965884
12825:
12818:
12817:
12811:
12799:
12795:
12789:
12786:. McFarland.
12785:
12784:
12778:
12774:
12768:
12764:
12759:
12755:
12749:
12745:
12744:
12738:
12727:
12721:
12717:
12716:
12710:
12706:
12700:
12696:
12692:
12688:
12686:
12673:
12667:
12663:
12662:
12661:War Elephants
12656:
12645:
12639:
12636:. Routledge.
12632:
12631:
12625:
12614:
12608:
12604:
12603:
12597:
12586:
12580:
12576:
12575:
12569:
12565:
12559:
12555:
12551:
12547:
12543:
12541:9780756622107
12537:
12533:
12528:
12517:
12515:9789004506572
12511:
12507:
12506:
12501:
12497:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12481:
12476:
12465:
12463:9780521523059
12459:
12452:
12451:
12446:
12442:
12438:
12432:
12428:
12425:. New Delhi:
12424:
12420:
12416:
12412:
12406:
12402:
12401:
12396:
12392:
12389:
12388:public domain
12378:
12377:
12372:
12367:
12355:
12351:
12345:
12341:
12340:
12334:
12330:
12326:
12322:
12318:
12317:
12311:
12300:
12294:
12290:
12286:
12282:
12281:
12275:
12264:
12258:
12254:
12253:
12247:
12243:
12237:
12233:
12232:
12226:
12222:
12221:
12215:
12211:
12207:
12203:
12202:
12196:
12192:
12186:
12182:
12181:
12176:
12172:
12161:
12159:9788187746997
12155:
12148:
12147:
12141:
12140:
12122:
12117:
12110:
12105:
12103:
12101:
12099:
12097:
12095:
12093:
12091:
12075:
12069:
12065:
12064:
12056:
12049:
12044:
12042:
12040:
12024:
12018:
12011:
12010:
12002:
11996:, p. 13.
11995:
11990:
11988:
11980:
11975:
11967:
11966:
11961:
11955:
11953:
11951:
11935:
11929:
11922:
11921:
11916:
11910:
11902:
11898:
11891:
11883:
11882:
11874:
11866:
11860:
11853:
11849:
11845:
11841:
11834:
11818:
11817:
11809:
11794:
11788:
11781:
11780:
11772:
11770:
11761:
11754:
11739:
11733:
11726:
11725:
11717:
11715:
11713:
11705:
11700:
11684:
11680:
11676:
11669:
11667:
11665:
11663:
11661:
11653:
11648:
11633:
11631:9780752423043
11627:
11620:
11619:
11611:
11596:
11594:9781639365968
11590:
11586:
11585:
11577:
11570:
11565:
11558:
11553:
11546:
11541:
11526:
11524:9788173052507
11520:
11516:
11515:
11510:
11504:
11497:
11486:
11484:9781473594524
11480:
11473:
11472:
11464:
11449:
11445:
11441:
11437:
11433:
11426:
11424:
11422:
11420:
11418:
11416:
11399:
11398:
11393:
11387:
11385:
11383:
11367:
11361:
11354:
11353:
11345:
11343:
11327:
11321:
11314:
11313:
11305:
11303:
11301:
11293:
11281:
11275:
11268:
11267:
11259:
11257:
11255:
11238:
11231:
11224:
11218:
11213:
11206:
11201:
11199:
11197:
11195:
11193:
11191:
11183:
11178:
11170:
11169:
11164:
11158:
11142:
11138:
11131:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11104:
11100:
11093:
11078:
11072:
11068:
11067:
11066:Later Mughals
11062:
11055:
11040:
11034:
11030:
11029:
11024:
11017:
11002:
10996:
10992:
10991:
10983:
10976:
10971:
10965:, p. 47)
10964:
10959:
10951:
10945:
10941:
10940:
10932:
10924:
10918:
10914:
10913:
10905:
10897:
10891:
10887:
10886:
10878:
10870:
10864:
10860:
10859:
10851:
10843:
10837:
10833:
10832:
10824:
10809:
10805:
10798:
10783:
10779:
10772:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10748:
10744:
10740:
10736:
10732:
10725:
10723:
10714:
10710:
10706:
10699:
10691:
10689:0-312-21057-4
10685:
10681:
10674:
10666:
10660:
10656:
10649:
10641:
10639:81-85179-03-4
10635:
10631:
10624:
10609:
10605:
10598:
10590:
10586:
10579:
10572:. p. 11.
10571:
10570:
10562:
10554:
10550:
10546:
10542:
10535:
10528:
10526:
10522:
10518:
10514:
10508:
10502:
10498:
10493:
10492:
10486:
10480:
10473:
10468:
10453:
10447:
10443:
10442:
10434:
10428:, p. 92)
10427:
10422:
10415:
10410:
10403:
10398:
10391:
10386:
10380:
10375:
10360:
10354:
10350:
10349:
10341:
10333:
10327:
10324:. Routledge.
10323:
10322:
10314:
10312:
10303:
10297:
10293:
10292:
10284:
10276:
10269:
10262:
10258:
10257:
10249:
10242:
10238:
10237:
10229:
10221:
10220:
10212:
10204:
10197:
10189:
10183:
10178:
10170:
10169:
10161:
10145:
10141:
10134:
10132:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10124:
10108:
10102:
10098:
10097:
10092:
10086:
10071:
10065:
10061:
10060:
10052:
10045:
10040:
10038:
10030:
10018:
10014:
10010:
10003:
9996:
9994:
9992:
9990:
9988:
9986:
9979:
9976:, p. 122, at
9975:
9974:
9968:
9961:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9945:, p. 37)
9944:
9939:
9924:
9922:9780195309911
9918:
9914:
9913:
9905:
9890:
9884:
9877:
9876:
9875:War Elephants
9868:
9853:
9847:
9840:
9839:
9831:
9829:
9827:
9818:
9817:
9811:
9806:
9800:
9798:
9796:
9788:
9783:
9781:
9774:, p. 37)
9773:
9768:
9760:
9759:
9751:
9743:
9742:
9734:
9726:
9725:
9717:
9709:
9708:
9700:
9694:, p. 68.
9693:
9688:
9686:
9678:
9673:
9666:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9624:
9617:
9612:
9604:
9598:
9594:
9593:
9585:
9577:
9571:
9567:
9566:
9558:
9551:
9546:
9539:
9534:
9527:
9522:
9515:
9510:
9504:, p. 78)
9503:
9498:
9491:
9486:
9471:
9465:
9461:
9460:
9455:
9451:
9450:Muzaffar Alam
9445:
9443:
9426:
9422:
9415:
9408:
9402:, p. 64)
9401:
9396:
9381:
9375:
9371:
9370:
9362:
9360:
9352:
9347:
9340:. p. 64.
9339:
9332:
9326:, p. 88)
9325:
9320:
9313:
9308:
9302:, p. 88)
9301:
9296:
9290:, p. 35)
9289:
9284:
9282:
9280:
9278:
9261:
9260:
9252:
9245:
9240:
9233:
9228:
9213:
9207:
9203:
9202:
9197:
9191:
9189:
9181:
9176:
9168:
9161:
9159:
9143:
9141:9781108420631
9137:
9133:
9132:
9124:
9108:
9107:
9102:
9095:
9088:
9083:
9076:
9071:
9064:
9059:
9051:
9050:
9042:
9034:
9028:
9024:
9023:
9015:
9000:
8994:
8990:
8989:
8981:
8974:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8957:
8952:
8945:
8940:
8925:
8919:
8915:
8914:
8906:
8891:
8885:
8881:
8880:
8872:
8865:
8860:
8844:
8840:
8839:
8831:
8815:
8811:
8805:
8801:
8800:
8792:
8785:
8783:
8779:
8773:
8767:
8763:
8762:
8754:
8747:
8736:
8730:
8723:
8722:
8714:
8707:
8702:
8695:
8690:
8683:
8678:
8671:
8666:
8657:
8649:
8643:
8639:
8638:
8633:
8627:
8612:
8610:9788172243258
8606:
8599:
8598:
8590:
8582:
8576:
8568:
8566:
8558:
8542:
8536:
8528:
8527:
8519:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8481:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8460:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8429:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8421:
8419:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8379:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8335:
8319:
8317:9781465403735
8313:
8306:
8305:
8298:
8283:
8281:9781538178218
8277:
8270:
8269:
8261:
8246:
8244:9789390486724
8240:
8233:
8232:
8224:
8218:, p. 417
8217:
8212:
8197:
8195:9780190694562
8191:
8184:
8183:
8175:
8167:
8166:
8158:
8151:
8146:
8139:
8134:
8132:
8130:
8121:
8115:
8111:
8110:
8102:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8075:
8067:
8060:
8055:
8047:
8041:
8037:
8030:
8028:
8020:
8019:81-219-0364-5
8016:
8012:
8006:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7986:
7978:
7976:
7967:
7961:
7957:
7956:
7948:
7940:
7938:9781482839388
7934:
7930:
7929:
7921:
7915:, p. 85)
7914:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7894:, p. 74)
7893:
7888:
7886:
7870:
7864:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7848:
7833:
7827:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7808:
7806:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7768:
7766:
7757:
7751:
7747:
7746:
7738:
7723:
7717:
7713:
7712:
7704:
7696:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7674:
7659:
7653:
7646:
7645:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7610:
7606:
7599:
7583:
7577:
7570:
7565:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7510:
7503:
7497:
7482:
7478:
7471:
7463:
7459:
7458:
7450:
7443:
7438:
7430:
7424:
7420:
7413:
7398:
7392:
7388:
7387:
7379:
7377:
7370:, p. 37.
7369:
7364:
7357:
7352:
7336:
7335:
7327:
7311:
7310:
7302:
7300:
7292:
7291:Chisholm 1911
7287:
7279:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7257:
7249:
7243:
7239:
7238:
7230:
7222:
7221:
7214:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7194:
7186:
7180:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7164:
7157:
7151:
7143:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7124:
7117:
7111:
7104:
7100:
7097:Reddy, 2005,
7094:
7087:
7081:
7074:
7068:
7061:
7055:
7040:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7021:
7013:
7007:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6991:
6983:
6981:9780521566032
6977:
6973:
6972:
6964:
6958:, p. 166
6957:
6952:
6944:
6937:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6911:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6878:
6873:
6865:
6859:
6855:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6836:
6831:
6824:
6813:
6807:
6803:
6802:
6794:
6792:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6744:
6736:
6730:
6727:. Routledge.
6726:
6725:
6717:
6709:
6703:
6699:
6698:
6690:
6683:
6678:
6676:
6667:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6646:
6638:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6617:
6609:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6576:
6568:
6562:
6558:
6551:
6549:
6540:
6534:
6530:
6529:
6520:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6481:
6473:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6434:(in Bengali).
6433:
6429:
6420:
6414:, p. 67.
6413:
6408:
6401:
6397:
6392:
6386:, p. 67.
6385:
6380:
6373:
6368:
6366:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6347:
6338:
6337:
6329:
6322:
6318:
6317:Sarkar (1948)
6313:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6290:
6285:
6279:, p. 61.
6278:
6273:
6266:
6262:
6257:
6250:
6246:
6241:
6239:
6231:
6227:
6222:
6215:
6210:
6202:
6196:
6192:
6185:
6183:
6174:
6167:
6151:
6147:
6146:
6138:
6130:
6129:
6121:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6074:
6069:
6068:
6059:
6053:, p. 166
6052:
6047:
6041:, p. 166
6040:
6035:
6029:, p. 141
6028:
6023:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5996:The Akbarnama
5988:
5980:
5979:
5971:
5956:
5952:
5945:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5897:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5793:Sarkar (1948)
5789:
5781:
5780:
5772:
5765:
5764:Richards 1995
5760:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5736:
5728:
5722:
5715:
5714:Richards 1993
5710:
5702:
5700:9780521566032
5696:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5672:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5653:
5645:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5626:
5618:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5599:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5569:
5568:
5560:
5552:
5551:
5543:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5512:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5479:984-32-0576-6
5475:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5429:
5423:
5418:
5411:
5410:Campbell 1896
5406:
5399:
5398:Campbell 1896
5394:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5367:
5360:
5359:Campbell 1896
5355:
5340:
5334:
5327:
5326:
5318:
5316:
5309:, p. 259
5308:
5303:
5296:
5291:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5238:
5236:9781405184649
5232:
5228:
5227:
5219:
5212:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5195:
5194:Richards 1996
5190:
5184:, p. 228
5183:
5178:
5172:, p. 339
5171:
5166:
5159:
5158:Richards 1996
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5138:
5137:Richards 1996
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5120:, p. 227
5119:
5114:
5107:
5102:
5095:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4972:
4965:
4960:
4953:
4952:Ali Khan 1925
4948:
4942:, p. 42.
4941:
4936:
4929:
4924:
4917:
4916:Ali Khan 1925
4912:
4896:
4895:
4887:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4865:
4860:
4854:, p. 52.
4853:
4848:
4842:, p. 64.
4841:
4836:
4829:
4824:
4818:, p. 41.
4817:
4812:
4804:
4802:0-19-506869-6
4798:
4794:
4793:
4785:
4778:
4773:
4767:, p. 33.
4766:
4765:Ali Khan 1925
4761:
4754:
4749:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4713:
4708:
4700:
4699:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4679:
4678:Ali Khan 1925
4674:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4654:Ali Khan 1925
4650:
4642:
4640:0-00-255717-7
4636:
4632:
4625:
4617:
4616:
4608:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4581:
4573:
4571:81-269-0123-3
4567:
4563:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4527:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4504:
4498:, p. 54.
4497:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4480:
4469:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4424:
4419:
4411:
4405:
4402:. NYU Press.
4401:
4400:
4392:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4352:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4301:
4299:9781399070157
4295:
4291:
4290:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4266:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4214:
4208:
4201:
4200:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4178:
4173:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4141:"HORSE TRADE"
4135:
4120:
4114:
4107:
4106:
4098:
4096:
4080:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4068:Later Mughals
4061:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4027:
4020:
4009:
4003:
3996:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3924:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3867:
3865:9781501744792
3861:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3794:
3789:
3783:, p. 48)
3782:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3638:, p. 29.
3637:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3511:Murud-Janjira
3508:
3504:
3500:
3499:Janjira State
3496:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3446:Murud-Janjira
3443:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3432:Kaladan river
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3312:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3237:Idrakpur Fort
3234:
3230:
3229:Hajiganj Fort
3226:
3221:
3217:
3216:Amla-e-Nawara
3208:
3203:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3128:war elephants
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2947:Slave soldier
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2908:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2860:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2819:
2816:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2787:camel cavalry
2781:
2776:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2739:Delhi sultans
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2684:war elephants
2676:
2669:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:Sadaat-e-Bara
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:Bow and arrow
2495:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2455:
2454:Arabian horse
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2378:Victorian era
2361:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2279:Doppelsöldner
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:Indian Mutiny
2258:
2225:
2221:
2220:Bow and arrow
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:Swiss pikemen
2176:
2170:
2167:
2164:, who quoted
2163:
2162:Abraham Eraly
2158:
2154:
2149:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
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1479:In 1667, the
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930:Mughal Empire
928:In 1572, the
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315:Amla-e-Nawara
311:
309:
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296:heavy cannons
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57:Mughal Empire
52:
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38:
33:
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14667:
14575:
14571:Shahi Bridge
14495:Akbar's Tomb
14457:Chawk Mosque
14429:Sheesh Mahal
14414:Lalbagh Fort
14389:Architecture
14375:Hector Munro
14350:Josiah Child
14300:Ibrahim Lodi
14293:Pratapaditya
14278:Khwaja Usman
14076:Bhuchar Mori
13892:
13875:
13813:Shah Alam II
13778:Farrukhsiyar
13672:
13660:
13654:
13647:
13630:
13610:
13587:
13577:
13566:
13537:
13533:
13517:. Retrieved
13497:
13493:
13474:27 September
13472:. Retrieved
13436:
13412:. Retrieved
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13371:. Retrieved
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12892:. Retrieved
12879:
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12849:
12833:. Retrieved
12815:
12802:. Retrieved
12782:
12762:
12742:
12729:. Retrieved
12714:
12694:
12691:Habib, Irfan
12675:. Retrieved
12660:
12647:. Retrieved
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12588:. Retrieved
12573:
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12531:
12519:. Retrieved
12504:
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12358:. Retrieved
12338:
12319:. Calcutta:
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12266:. Retrieved
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12163:. Retrieved
12145:
12131:Bibliography
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10989:
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10781:
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10202:
10201:André Wink.
10196:
10177:
10167:
10160:
10148:. Retrieved
10143:
10110:. Retrieved
10095:
10085:
10073:. Retrieved
10058:
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10028:
10021:. Retrieved
10012:
10008:
9978:Google Books
9971:
9967:
9938:
9926:. Retrieved
9911:
9904:
9892:. Retrieved
9874:
9867:
9855:. Retrieved
9837:
9814:
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9750:
9741:Later Mughal
9740:
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9657:. Retrieved
9637:
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9258:
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8798:
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8720:
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7817:
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7710:
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7643:
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7609:the original
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6815:. Retrieved
6800:
6760:(1): 49–61.
6757:
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6587:
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6556:
6526:
6519:
6507:. Retrieved
6479:
6472:
6461:Rizvi (1969)
6456:
6440:
6431:
6419:
6412:Rizvi (1970)
6407:
6391:
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6312:
6296:
6289:Rizvi (1970)
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6277:Rizvi (1969)
6272:
6256:
6221:
6209:
6190:
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6166:
6154:. Retrieved
6144:
6137:
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6108:. Retrieved
6099:
6089:
6077:. Retrieved
6066:
6058:
6046:
6034:
6022:
6010:. Retrieved
6006:the original
6001:
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5934:
5924:
5912:. Retrieved
5908:divyabhaskar
5907:
5881:
5857:. Retrieved
5853:the original
5846:
5819:. Retrieved
5810:
5800:
5788:
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5742:Central Asia
5741:
5735:
5721:
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5679:
5659:
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5632:
5625:
5605:
5598:
5588:20 September
5586:. Retrieved
5566:
5559:
5549:
5542:
5530:. Retrieved
5521:
5511:
5501:27 September
5499:. Retrieved
5463:
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5393:
5373:
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5342:. Retrieved
5324:
5302:
5290:
5278:. Retrieved
5273:
5269:
5240:. Retrieved
5225:
5218:
5211:Chandra 2005
5189:
5182:Chandra 2007
5177:
5165:
5118:Chandra 2007
5113:
5106:Chandra 2007
5101:
5089:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5054:. Retrieved
5049:
5040:
5028:. Retrieved
5024:
5014:
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4993:
4983:
4971:
4964:Chandra 2007
4959:
4947:
4940:Mahajan 1968
4935:
4928:Chandra 2007
4923:
4911:
4899:. Retrieved
4893:
4886:
4864:Chandra 2007
4859:
4847:
4840:Jenkins 2015
4835:
4823:
4816:Mahajan 1968
4811:
4791:
4784:
4772:
4760:
4753:Chandra 2007
4748:
4736:. Retrieved
4732:
4712:Banerji 1938
4707:
4697:
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4607:
4587:
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4503:
4478:
4471:. Retrieved
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4379:. Retrieved
4367:
4363:
4338:. Retrieved
4303:. Retrieved
4288:
4264:
4257:. Retrieved
4242:
4216:. Retrieved
4198:
4177:Hodgson 1974
4172:
4160:. Retrieved
4148:
4144:
4134:
4122:. Retrieved
4104:
4082:. Retrieved
4067:
4060:
4048:. Retrieved
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4026:
4018:
4011:. Retrieved
3993:
3986:
3967:
3964:Jeremy Black
3958:
3939:
3930:
3922:
3915:. Retrieved
3900:
3896:Jeremy Black
3869:. Retrieved
3854:
3829:. Retrieved
3814:
3788:
3733:
3682:
3675:. Retrieved
3673:. p. 47
3661:
3608:. Retrieved
3547:
3516:Mir Jumla II
3488:
3474:
3472:
3459:Maratha Navy
3451:
3416:
3413:
3402:
3398:
3394:Ganj-i-Sawai
3392:
3386:
3380:
3367:Shaista Khan
3356:
3346:
3342:
3338:Ain-i-Akbari
3336:
3329:
3325:
3321:Dutch empire
3317:
3306:Navy history
3300:Ganj-i-Sawai
3299:
3264:
3252:
3215:
3213:
3196:Naval forces
3145:
3123:
3113:
3094:
3078:
3074:
3059:Humayun-nama
3052:
3033:
3018:
3001:
2995:
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2748:Vedic period
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2714:Plate armour
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2698:
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2202:
2182:
2171:
2157:Ain-i-Akbari
2156:
2148:Ain-i-Akbari
2147:
2145:
2086:
2083:
2064:
2046:
2039:Balapur Fort
2027:Lalbagh Fort
2024:
2017:empire, and
2011:Genghis Khan
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1906:, since the
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1858:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1827:Waqa-i-Navis
1826:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1769:
1729:
1714:Deccan India
1711:
1683:
1639:
1628:
1617:Hope Diamond
1586:
1581:
1557:
1551:
1540:
1520:
1512:Raja Ram Jat
1497:
1493:Kabul valley
1478:
1462:Mir Jumla II
1455:
1449:
1438:
1421:
1400:Safavid Iran
1393:
1366:
1334:
1326:vassal state
1322:Amar Singh I
1315:
1289:
1277:Koli peoples
1274:
1233:Mubariz Khan
1229:Shaikh Kamal
1221:Islam Khan I
1205:Khwaja Usman
1189:
1173:Islam Khan I
1170:
1141:
1115:
1088:
1060:Karakar Pass
1053:
1042:
1030:
1018:Udai Manikya
999:
972:
965:
944:Persian Gulf
937:
927:
907:
900:
880:
865:
857:Gwalior Fort
846:
815:
780:
777:
760:Hindal Mirza
701:
681:Bahadur Shah
668:
663:
629:
623:
610:
602:
555:(1535–1693)
489:(1616–1682)
469:(1605–1739)
402:(1572-1612)
383:(1535–1555)
377:(1526–1752)
363:(1526–1779)
343:(1504-1529)
335:
314:
312:
306:, and heavy
281:
270:
257:Jeremy Black
254:
242:Roman Empire
239:
231:
224:
216:their empire
214:established
207:
205:
198:
152:
146:Grand-Vizier
125:Timurid Army
107:
104:Exalted camp
103:
99:Headquarters
55:Flag of the
29:
14689:Sikh Empire
14668:interrupted
14409:Lahore Fort
14360:Henry Every
14325:Malik Ambar
14268:Baro-Bhuyan
14261:Adversaries
14247:Ranthambore
14202:Chittorgarh
14023:Child's war
13849:family tree
13425:"Musa Khan"
13401:: 155–164.
13200:(Paperback)
13124:. pp.
12634:(Paperback)
12150:(Hardcover)
12109:Sarkar 1951
12013:(Hardcover)
11622:(Hardcover)
11442:: 163–170.
11356:(Hardcover)
11318:. Manohar.
11285:24 November
11147:28 November
11109:(23): 113.
10604:"Urdubegis"
9842:(Paperback)
9835:Mehta, JL.
9692:Sarkar 1960
8725:(Paperback)
8601:(Paperback)
8547:13 November
8497:: 668–670.
8186:(Hardcover)
7813:Kaushik Roy
7356:Sarkar 1919
6877:Prasad 1974
6835:Prasad 1974
6580:Prasad 1930
6447:, pp.
6398:, pp.
6372:Khan (2012)
6079:15 November
5992:Fazl, Abu.
5955:DeshGujarat
5329:(Paperback)
5242:23 November
4733:Banglapedia
4370:: 170–175.
4203:(Hardcover)
4162:10 December
4151:: 351–360.
4109:(Paperback)
3998:(Hardcover)
3571:Yahya Saleh
3561:Tipu Sultan
3455:Siddi Yaqub
3427:Farhad Khan
3410:Henry Every
3404:Ganj-i-Sawa
3351:Baro-Bhuyan
3286:instead of
3160:Tipu Sultan
3141:nebelwerfer
3027:, Turk and
2996:During the
2980:Janissaries
2905:Sufi orders
2872:Shamsherbaz
2815:Wagon forts
2780:Zamburakchi
2632:Safdar Jang
2487:Man-at-arms
2183:Shamsherbaz
2043:Purana Qila
1879:waqia-navis
1748:Man Singh I
1732:British Raj
1613:Darya-e-Nur
1609:Black Orlov
1597:Kollur Mine
1450:Chhatrapati
1354:Eid al-Fitr
1265:Mughal Army
1159:Man Singh I
1099:Cutch State
975:Man Singh I
887:Baz Bahadur
793:Bairam Khan
599:(1857-1858)
593:(1738–1740)
587:(1627–1720)
581:(1686–1857)
575:(1680–1707)
567:(1692–1693)
549:(1679–1684)
537:(1665–1666)
531:(1642-1698)
503:(1621–1783)
495:(1662-1663)
481:(1649–1653)
475:(1622–1623)
463:(1587–1680)
457:(1572-1573)
451:(1564–1567)
445:(1561–1601)
439:(1560–1570)
418:(1611-1612)
412:(1572-1576)
273:Irfan Habib
187:Expenditure
168:15-25 years
153:Vazere'azam
35:Mughal Army
18:Mughal Army
14734:Categories
14719:Rohilkhand
14664:Sur Empire
14370:Nader Shah
14305:Rana Sanga
14217:Daulatabad
14101:Haldighati
14033:Bengal war
13871:Government
13803:Alamgir II
13753:Shah Jahan
13215:4 December
13079:5 December
12804:11 January
12753:0195665260
12649:4 December
12584:0521470331
12492:4422215205
12360:11 January
12268:6 December
11979:Hasan 2012
11404:5 December
10451:1843310384
10358:8186062106
9211:1861891857
8973:Stone 2013
8923:0141040971
8889:0313369739
8740:9 December
7868:0143335448
7837:4 December
7428:817022263X
7105:, p. B-46.
7011:9004101098
6863:8120810716
6734:1135990174
6509:10 October
6463:, p.
6445:Roy (1968)
6427:খাজা উসমান
6396:Roy (1968)
6384:Ali (1965)
6355:, p.
6353:Roy (1968)
6319:, p.
6303:, p.
6301:Roy (1968)
6263:, p.
6261:Roy (1968)
6247:, p.
6245:Ali (1954)
6228:, p.
6214:Ali (1965)
5452:"Isa Khan"
5307:Habib 1997
5295:Habib 1997
5170:Smith 2002
5094:Eraly 2000
5056:25 October
4259:6 December
4218:6 December
4044:0521841194
3582:References
3467:Khafi Khan
3423:Chittagong
3375:Chittagong
3280:Third-rate
3276:Man-of-war
3109:Shah Shuja
2839:matchlocks
2760:Sri Lankan
2723:Coromandel
2710:Chain mail
2505:, cavalry
2275:Zweihänder
2267:Shamserbaz
2160:came from
2098:, For the
1919:Walashahis
1884:mansabdars
1786:Mir Bakshi
1773:Shah Jahan
1500:Hindu Jats
1425:Ahmednagar
1423:forces in
1369:Pir Roshan
1285:Portuguese
1217:Baniachong
1103:Muli State
1014:Chittagong
914:Pir Roshan
883:Adham Khan
818:Sur Empire
787:Companions
716:Rohtasgarh
638:Sur Empire
229:officers.
115:Leadership
14520:Taj Mahal
14404:Agra Fort
14365:Bajirao I
14288:Musa Khan
14242:Purandhar
14146:Raj Mahal
14121:Najafgarh
13971:Conflicts
13938:Hyderabad
13894:Provinces
13506:0022-4995
13469:30677644M
13336:(1): 35.
13248:(2002) .
12904:cite book
12508:. Brill.
12397:(2005) .
12329:952877148
12177:(2000) .
11163:Irvine W.
11115:2347-6117
10755:0003-0279
10713:568760006
10591:: 350–57.
10541:"Lathial"
9654:0973-0753
8849:6 January
8820:2 January
8503:2250-3153
8401:0066-8435
8363:2349-266X
8081:, Brill,
7556:142989123
7540:0026-749X
7088:, p. 454.
7044:3 October
6774:0955-2340
6485:New Delhi
6096:"Katrabo"
5751:1729-9802
5518:"Katrabo"
5496:30677644M
5030:29 August
4738:16 August
3739:Routledge
3371:Musa Khan
3225:Mir Jumla
3156:Hyder Ali
3085:grenadier
3065:Artillery
3002:urdubegis
2992:Urdubegis
2937:Bikrampur
2897:centurion
2843:palanquin
2822:Musketeer
2764:Thanjavur
2756:Akbarnama
2752:Abul Fazl
2735:fil-khana
2650:tribe of
2644:Qizilbash
2538:Thanjavur
2213:Karkhanas
2181:, to the
2117:Gujaratis
2105:Chagatais
2053:Manpowers
1975:Abul Fazl
1777:Mansabdar
1726:Mansabdar
1663:Hyderabad
1589:besieging
1516:Taj Mahal
1498:In 1669,
1489:Aurangzeb
1394:In 1646,
1358:Aurangzeb
1253:Matchlock
1209:Usmangarh
1177:Musa Khan
1058:near the
853:Rajputana
812:Akbar era
654:Champaner
640:] under
268:Europe.
235:Abul Fazl
226:Mansabdar
160:Personnel
87:Disbanded
14709:Carnatic
14628:Painting
14623:Language
14591:See also
14419:Red Fort
14273:Isa Khan
14237:Kandahar
14222:Golconda
14151:Samugarh
14086:Chanderi
13876:Military
13823:Akbar II
13748:Shahryar
13743:Jahangir
13720:Emperors
13608:(1993).
13546:41931994
13519:14 April
13514:25165208
13488:(2007).
13461:52727562
13373:16 March
13292:(1954).
13184:22 March
13174:(1985).
13150:(1960).
13136:(1948).
12972:(1996).
12931:(1974).
12847:(1968).
12835:16 March
12798:Archived
12693:(1997).
12552:(1974).
12521:21 March
12480:ムガル皇帝歴代誌
12469:14 April
12447:(2002).
12421:(2007).
12354:Archived
12165:21 March
11994:Roy 2011
11917:(2023).
11637:13 April
11600:13 April
11557:Roy 2011
11545:Roy 2015
11511:(2003).
11448:44140735
11394:(1881).
11165:(1903).
11141:Archived
10613:13 March
10487:(2002).
10093:(2008).
10023:13 March
9456:(2012).
8843:Archived
8814:Archived
8616:14 March
8508:13 March
8453:13 March
8409:42928323
8368:13 March
8323:14 March
8287:14 March
8250:14 March
8201:14 March
8092:28 March
7855:(2002).
7663:10 March
7615:31 March
7588:1 August
7402:12 March
7368:Roy 2011
7341:12 March
7316:17 March
7201:(1907).
7171:(1904).
6998:(1995).
6928:36806798
6918:(1999).
6902:36806798
6892:(1999).
6782:26195477
6503:Archived
6156:19 March
6150:Archived
6110:15 April
6104:Archived
6073:Archived
5932:(1882).
5821:15 April
5815:Archived
5687:(1993).
5582:Archived
5532:15 April
5526:Archived
5488:52727562
5344:12 March
5280:21 March
5077:Calliope
5006:44141140
4901:10 March
4454:(2016).
4376:44140736
4340:19 April
4305:14 April
4157:26906103
3966:(1991).
3917:4 August
3898:(2021).
3871:14 March
3731:(2006).
3677:13 March
3636:Roy 2011
3610:13 March
3577:Appendix
3555:See also
3479:Maldives
3381:Empress
3288:Beakhead
3272:frigates
3136:grenades
3090:zamburak
3029:Kashmiri
2941:Pirojpur
2889:Bankulis
2879:Yak-hath
2866:gauntlet
2800:Infantry
2658:Elephant
2624:Subahdar
2434:Marathas
2421:Akbar II
2400:Overhead
2371:Logistic
2129:Balochis
2113:Pashtuns
2035:Red Fort
1981:. While
1900:subahdar
1888:subahdar
1791:Subahdar
1688:to form
1642:Sambhaji
1623:and the
1543:Sambhaji
1481:Yusufzai
1466:Garhgaon
1433:grenades
1389:Peshawar
1194:region,
1062:between
1022:Maharaja
1016:against
1006:Isa Khan
994:Isa Khan
932:annexed
910:Peshawar
896:Muhammad
891:Khandesh
736:Varanasi
410:Rajmahal
132:Padishah
42:ارتش مغل
14643:Weapons
14618:Gardens
14613:Fashion
14608:Culture
14603:Cuisine
14439:Mosques
14335:Shivaji
14252:Sambhal
14227:Hooghly
14197:Bijapur
14171:Tukaroi
14156:Sirhind
14141:Plassey
14058:Battles
13928:Gujarat
13856:Economy
13844:Dynasty
13733:Humayun
13414:9 March
13350:3518271
13315:12 July
13109:6 April
13064:(ebook)
12941:1532660
12894:8 March
12820:(ebook)
12731:13 July
12677:19 July
12618:13 July
12590:19 July
12373:(ed.).
12304:19 July
12028:19 June
11939:8 March
11924:(ebook)
11783:(ebook)
11728:(ebook)
11530:1 April
11490:1 April
11475:(ebook)
11371:20 June
11316:(Ebook)
11270:(ebook)
11120:16 July
11082:13 July
11063:(ed.).
11044:13 July
11025:(ed.).
11006:13 July
10513:jamadar
10457:19 July
10364:18 July
10112:12 July
10075:8 March
9928:10 July
9879:(ebook)
9659:17 July
9475:12 July
9385:11 July
9266:18 July
9217:11 July
9147:11 July
9113:17 July
9004:11 July
8929:11 July
8895:11 July
8308:(ebook)
8272:(ebook)
8235:(ebook)
8021:, p.236
7874:11 July
7822:(ebook)
7727:20 July
7648:(ebook)
7486:20 June
7223:. 1947.
6817:13 July
6528:Version
5978:Journal
5729:. 1940.
5000:: 276.
4473:19 July
4050:25 July
3831:19 July
3548:Nawwara
3507:Mappila
3491:Janjira
3463:Shivaji
3436:faujdar
3347:Nawwara
3164:sapping
3148:grenade
3116:rockets
3081:cannons
3044:Humayun
3040:Humayun
2976:Mamluks
2972:Ghilman
2933:Tangail
2918:Mīr-dah
2885:Banaits
2778:Mughal
2640:Kashmir
2526:Tartary
2411:Cavalry
2290:Toradar
2271:halberd
2224:Firangi
2125:Rajputs
2121:Pathans
2003:sardagh
1999:khargah
1995:khaimeh
1908:bakhshi
1896:bakhshi
1874:Bakhshi
1836:Patwari
1831:Qanungo
1806:Faujdar
1800:Bakhshi
1702:Sirhind
1650:Tarabai
1646:Rajaram
1574:Solapur
1566:granite
1385:Bangash
1377:Mohmand
1373:Kheshgi
1362:Bundela
1345:Khutbah
1320:, Rana
1311:Jesuits
1281:Gujarat
1144:pargana
1129:Bundela
1026:Tripura
981:in the
934:Gujarat
863:river.
861:Narmada
801:Sirhind
764:Kannauj
740:Kannauj
728:Monghyr
708:Humayun
646:Gujarat
630:Tulugma
326:History
304:rockets
300:grenade
151:Mughal
76:Founded
14549:Others
14330:Gokula
14190:Sieges
14181:Bhulua
14116:Khanwa
14111:Khajwa
14106:Karnal
14096:Ghagra
14091:Chausa
13953:Multan
13943:Lahore
13918:Bengal
13653:
13637:
13618:
13594:
13544:
13512:
13504:
13467:
13459:
13449:
13348:
13258:
13234:
13206:
13160:
13070:
13046:
13025:
12982:
12958:
12939:
12866:
12826:
12790:
12769:
12750:
12722:
12701:
12668:
12640:
12609:
12581:
12560:
12538:
12512:
12490:
12460:
12433:
12407:
12346:
12327:
12295:
12259:
12238:
12187:
12156:
12079:23 May
12070:
12019:
11930:
11823:3 July
11798:3 July
11789:
11743:3 July
11734:
11689:23 May
11628:
11591:
11521:
11481:
11453:23 May
11446:
11362:
11331:4 July
11322:
11276:
11243:23 May
11113:
11073:
11035:
10997:
10946:
10919:
10892:
10865:
10838:
10813:1 June
10787:1 June
10763:603650
10761:
10753:
10711:
10686:
10661:
10636:
10521:peyada
10517:mridha
10503:
10448:
10355:
10328:
10298:
10150:4 June
10103:
10066:
9919:
9894:5 June
9885:
9857:5 June
9848:
9652:
9599:
9572:
9466:
9431:4 June
9376:
9208:
9138:
9029:
8995:
8920:
8886:
8806:
8782:Lahore
8768:
8731:
8644:
8607:
8501:
8407:
8399:
8361:
8314:
8278:
8241:
8192:
8116:
8042:
8017:
7962:
7935:
7865:
7828:
7752:
7718:
7691:
7654:
7554:
7548:311962
7546:
7538:
7425:
7393:
7274:
7244:
7181:
7138:
7035:
7008:
6978:
6926:
6900:
6860:
6808:
6780:
6772:
6731:
6704:
6662:
6633:
6604:
6563:
6535:
6495:
6449:104–05
6400:103–04
6197:
6012:14 May
5960:10 May
5914:10 May
5859:10 May
5749:
5697:
5667:
5640:
5613:
5574:
5494:
5486:
5476:
5381:
5335:
5233:
5004:
4799:
4637:
4595:
4568:
4541:
4464:
4406:
4381:23 May
4374:
4335:UNESCO
4296:
4250:
4209:
4155:
4124:8 July
4115:
4084:8 July
4075:
4041:
4013:8 July
4004:
3974:
3946:
3908:
3862:
3822:
3745:
3538:galiot
3525:galiot
3484:Muscat
3461:under
3388:Rahīmī
3292:Rahīmī
3259:Ghurab
3235:, and
3101:Mortar
3021:Habshi
3010:purdah
3006:zenana
2925:Mridha
2911:Archer
2895:(lit.
2828:musket
2794:Rabari
2731:Ceylon
2699:Gajnal
2692:Mahout
2688:Howdah
2634:, the
2492:sowars
2474:, the
2396:fodder
2222:. The
2209:Lahore
2127:, and
2109:Uzbeks
2041:, and
2001:, and
1961:while
1953:" or "
1921:(lit.
1915:Ahadis
1845:Thanas
1841:Thanas
1812:Kotwal
1698:Punjab
1690:khalsa
1655:Satara
1619:, the
1615:, the
1528:Persia
1508:Tilpat
1504:Gokula
1381:Afridi
1337:Kangra
1299:Medina
1290:Rahimi
1225:Bengal
1185:Bengal
1133:Orchha
1097:, and
1084:Persia
1076:Birbal
1049:Birbal
1037:Ganges
1020:, the
1002:Bengal
939:cartaz
923:Ghazni
916:. The
842:Multan
838:Lahore
834:Bengal
783:Rafizi
768:Ganges
712:Chunar
561:(1632)
543:(1670)
523:(1686)
517:(1657)
431:(1610)
408:&
389:(1556)
369:(1576)
355:(1529)
349:(1527)
308:mortar
277:charge
193:Budget
14638:Tribe
14232:Jinji
14212:Daman
14207:Delhi
14176:Bakla
14081:Buxar
13948:Malwa
13933:Delhi
13923:Berar
13913:Awadh
13908:Ajmer
13738:Akbar
13728:Babur
13661:, by
13542:JSTOR
13510:JSTOR
13427:. In
13397:(2).
13346:JSTOR
13128:–265.
12884:(PDF)
12482:[
12206:Dhaka
11444:JSTOR
11233:(PDF)
10759:JSTOR
10543:. In
10005:(PDF)
9417:(PDF)
8778:Delhi
8483:(PDF)
8405:JSTOR
7552:S2CID
7544:JSTOR
7460:[
6778:JSTOR
6489:India
5889:–147.
5454:. In
5002:JSTOR
4976:Mehta
4879:Mehta
4777:Mehta
4666:Mehta
4372:JSTOR
4153:JSTOR
3534:Dhaka
3521:Dhaka
3495:Siddi
3391:and
3332:Akbar
3268:Surat
3249:Ships
3220:Dhaka
3120:Akbar
3048:Akbar
3036:Babur
3025:Tatar
3014:Akbar
2963:Chela
2929:Dhaka
2770:Camel
2622:each
2511:Sabre
2507:lance
2480:Sowar
2448:Horse
2442:jagir
2303:Utara
2205:Delhi
2047:qilas
2019:Babur
2015:Timur
1904:diwan
1892:diwan
1849:Sowar
1795:Diwan
1667:Jinji
1659:Malwa
1630:subah
1523:Akbar
1485:Delhi
1429:Bidar
1307:Daman
1295:Mecca
1249:Kukis
1213:Taraf
1211:(and
1207:from
1118:Akbar
1080:Turan
1068:Buner
968:Malwa
876:Mecca
849:Ajmer
773:Sindh
732:Bihar
724:Patna
720:Gauda
658:Mandu
650:Malwa
605:Babur
319:Dhaka
221:Akbar
14684:Jats
14577:more
14315:Hemu
14066:Agra
13958:Sira
13903:Agra
13861:Flag
13635:ISBN
13616:ISBN
13592:ISBN
13521:2024
13502:ISSN
13476:2024
13457:OCLC
13447:ISBN
13416:2024
13375:2024
13317:2024
13256:ISBN
13232:ISBN
13217:2023
13204:ISBN
13186:2024
13158:ISBN
13111:2024
13081:2023
13068:ISBN
13044:ISBN
13023:ISBN
12980:ISBN
12956:ISBN
12937:OCLC
12910:link
12896:2024
12864:ISBN
12837:2024
12824:ISBN
12806:2024
12788:ISBN
12767:ISBN
12748:ISBN
12733:2015
12720:ISBN
12699:ISBN
12679:2024
12666:ISBN
12651:2023
12638:ISBN
12620:2024
12607:ISBN
12592:2024
12579:ISBN
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