Muhammad al-Jawad - Knowledge

1934:, who continued the policy of his predecessor in simultaneously appeasing and containing pro-Alid groups, according to Medoff. It was perhaps to further this policy that al-Mu'tasim summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in 220 AH (835 CE) and hosted him and his wife. The departure of al-Jawad was apparently facilitated by Abd al-Malik al-Zayyat at the behest of the caliph. An exception here is the account of al-Mas'udi which does not explicitly state that al-Jawad was summoned by al-Mu'tasim. At any rate, al-Jawad died there in the same year, some ten months after his arrival, at the age of about twenty-five. During this short window, Shia sources accuse al-Mu'tasim of multiple attempts to discredit al-Jawad and finally murdering him. This alleged hostility of al-Mu'tasim may have been compounded by a recent wave of Shia revolts in Qom and in Taliqan, even though there is no evidence that al-Jawad was involved in them. One such attempt against al-Jawad was prevented by one of his supporters, Ahmad ibn Hammad al-Marwazi, who was nevertheless an advisor to Ibn Abi Dawud, the influential 63: 1997:). Baghestani adds that al-Jawad gave charity at the beginning of every month and interceded with the officials on behalf of the people. His arranged marriage in 215 AH (830 CE) to Umm al-Fadl did not result in any children. There are other indications that this marriage was not particularly felicitous, including reports that she complained to al-Ma'mun about her marriage, specifically about her husband taking a concubine, but the caliph rejected her complaint. Umm al-Fadl is also commonly held responsible in Shia sources for the death of al-Jawad in 220 AH (835 CE) by poisoning. Ali al-Hadi, the successor of al-Jawad, was born to Samana, a freed slave ( 2467:) of Muhammad al-Jawad. The attitude of al-Jawad towards this uprising, however, remains unclear, as the Imamite sources are silent about this uprising and its connection to al-Jawad or lack thereof. Probably connecting al-Jawad to Shia rebellions, al-Ma'mun summoned the former from Medina to Baghdad in 215 AH (830 CE) and married his daughter Umm Fazl to him. This marriage, however, did not win al-Ma'mun the Shia support, nor did it stop the uprisings in Qom. Indeed, some reports by al-Tabari and Ibn al-Athir add that among the rebel leaders who had been exiled to 2035: 1331:, likely poisoned by order of al-Ma'mun as he made concessions to the opposition. Upon the death of al-Rida in 818, the succession of his only son Muhammad to the imamate at the age of about seven became controversial. Most Imamite Shias accepted the imamate of al-Jawad because the Imam, in their view, received his perfect religious knowledge through divine inspiration, irrespective of his age. At the time, some instead turned for leadership to al-Jawad's uncle, Ahmad ibn Musa al-Kazim, and some others joined the 2339:, and Yahya ibn Abi Imran. Some others did not, including perhaps Safwan ibn Yahya, Muhammad ibn Sinan, Zakariyya ibn Adam, and S'ad ibn S'ad. There are conflicting reports about these four and whether they withheld their collected alms from al-Jawad, but some of them are said to have later returned to the Imam. Because of the relative isolation of al-Jawad by the Abbasids, the Imamite Shias normally communicated with their Imam through his agents, except during Hajj when they met directly with him. 2055:

Among medieval Sunni authors, an exception is Ibn al-Sabbagh, who accepts the possibility of murder. In contrast, Shia sources hold the Abbasids responsible in the deaths of multiple Shia Imams, including al-Jawad. In his case, Shia sources are nearly unanimous that he was murdered at the instigation of al-Mu'tasim. The silence of Sunni sources here is attributed by the Shia to the atmosphere of fear and intimidation under the Abbasids. In particular, Ibn Shahrashub said that he wrote his

1378:), who summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in 835 and hosted him and his wife, possibly to investigate any links between al-Jawad and new Shia revolts. There al-Jawad died in the same year at the age of about twenty-five. All major Sunni sources are silent about the manner of his death, while Shia authorities are nearly unanimous that he was poisoned by his disaffected wife, Umm al-Fadl, at the instigation of her uncle, al-Mu'tasim. Muhammad al-Jawad was buried next to his grandfather, 2757: 1915:, who says that al-Ma'mun might have had little to fear from the revolts in Qom. Medoff believes that al-Ma'mun pursued a policy of simultaneously appeasing and containing pro-Alid groups, while Wardrop writes that the marriage was intended to discourage the Shia from revolution. Hussain and Esmail Baghestani say that the marriage did not win the Shia support for al-Ma'mun, nor did it stop the Shia revolts. 2743: 1152: 1800:

al-Ma'mun reversed his pro-Shia policies, and restored the traditional black color of the Abbasids. Muhammad was about seven years old when his father died. There are multiple Shia reports that he told others about the death of his father before the news arrived in Medina, and some traditions indicate that he was miraculously present in the burial of al-Rida in Khurasan and prayed over his body.

2578:(teleportation in Islamic mysticism) from Medina to Khorasan for the burial of his father al-Rida, miraculously healing the sick, fulfillment of his prayers for friends and against his enemies, informing about the inner secrets of people, predicting future events, and particularly his death. These are often cited by the Shia as proof of his imamate. A subtle story of this kind in 2771: 2471:, Ja'far ibn Dawud al-Qomi later escaped and rose again in Qom, defeating the Abbasid army in 216 AH. The Shia uprisings continued even after his execution in 217 AH by the Abbasids. After succeeding al-Ma'mun, al-Mu'tasim summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in 220 AH (835 CE) and held him under close surveillance, probably to ascertain his role in the Shia uprisings. 2166:) of al-Jawad as the next imam by his predecessor. These are often narrated by the inner circle of al-Rida, thus signifying their visible role in consolidating the imamate of the young al-Jawad. An example of indirect designation is the statement referring to the young al-Jawad as "the greatest blessing for the Shia," ascribed to al-Rida in the canonical 1911:) suggests that al-Ma'mun might have wanted to keep a close watch on him from both outside and within his household. Hussain similarly suggests that al-Ma'mun intended to monitor al-Jawad and divide the Shia opposition, hoping thus to mitigate their revolts, including some fresh uprisings in Qom. This view is rejected by the historian 2204:. The attention al-Jawad received from al-Ma'mun, who married him to his daughter, may have also strengthened the case for al-Jawad. Wardrop thus concludes that the main challenge to the imamate of al-Jawad was his young age, given that the imamate was viewed by the Shia as the ultimate source of knowledge ( 2635:

stipulates that Ali would inherit from him and be responsible for his younger brother, Musa, and his sisters. Muhammad al-Jawad is also said to have announced the succession of Ali through his main agent, Muhammad ibn al-Faraj, or through Abu al-Khayrani. This messenger relayed the designation to the

1815:

Soon after arriving in Baghdad in 204 AH (819 CE), al-Ma'mun summoned the young Muhammad who then stayed at the court of the caliph. The betrothal of Muhammad and Umm Fadl or its proposal was apparently opposed by some of the Abbasids, reportedly because of the dark complexion of Muhammad. An account

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likely continued to function, but did so more independently than ever before. Wardrop suggests that this level of autonomy continued throughout the childhood of al-Jawad. After al-Rida, some agents remained loyal to his successor, possibly after testing him during the Hajj season. These included Abd

2135:

Muhammad al-Jawad was about seven years old when his father al-Rida died in 203 AH (818 CE). Even as the only child of al-Rida, the succession of the young Muhammad to the imamate became controversial, but did not result in permanent divisions of the Shia community. At the time, al-Mas'udi notes the

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is the last Imam and that he would be al-Mahdi. Verses 81:15-16, "O, but I call to witness the planets, the stars which rise and set," were also interpreted by al-Jawad and his predecessor al-Baqir as referring to the reappearance of al-Mahdi, thus likening him to a shooting star in the dark night.

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is told on the authority of Abd-Allah ibn Razin. When visiting the Imam, he decided to gather some of the earth upon which al-Jawad had set foot, a desire that he later deemed sinful. However, his attempts to tactfully do so were all thwarted by al-Jawad, who subtly changed his daily routines. This

1886:

implies that Muhammad returned to Medina after this episode in Baghdad. By some accounts, however, he stayed in Baghdad for about eight years, primarily engaged in teaching, before returning to Medina with his family after the death of al-Ma'mun in 218 AH (833 CE). This is viewed as house arrest by

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220 (January 835) at the request of al-Mu'tasim, who hosted him and his wife during the visit. He died at the age of about twenty-five, the youngest among the Twelve Imams. All major Sunni sources are silent about the cause of his death, including those by al-Tabari, al-Baghdadi, and Ibn al-Athir.

1837:

is similar. Those opposed to the marriage arranged for a public debate where the chief judge Yahya ibn Aktam interrogated the young Muhammad with difficult theological questions to which he answered correctly. An account of this is given by al-Mas'udi, but the seventeenth-century hadith collection

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of al-Ma'mun, who had become a divisive figure. Both deaths are linked in Shia sources to al-Ma'mun and viewed as concessions to the Arab party to smooth his return to Iraq. Modern scholars similarly tend to suspect the caliph in the death of al-Rida. After returning to Baghdad in 204 AH (819 CE),

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of Baghdad and then Kufa. Some of these figures are now known to have secretly paid their Khums to al-Jawad. Towards the end of al-Jawad's life, the organization and activities of his agents further expanded. Some of his followers became integrated within the Abbasid army, while he announced his

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by al-Mufid. The latter reports that some proposed that the "pious men with religious and legal knowledge" should lead until al-Jawad matured. However, the prevailing answer was that both adult and minor Imams are equal since both receive their knowledge from supernatural sources. Indeed, there

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to the political activities of al-Jawad's agents, even though the Imamite sources are silent about any military involvement of his underground organization. Prior to this revolt, residents of Qom, a rising Shia center, had called on al-Ma'mun to lower their taxes as he had done for the city of

2235:

received his prophetic mission in the Quran when he was still a child, suggesting that al-Jawad also received the requisite perfect knowledge of all religious matters through divine inspiration from the time of his succession, irrespective of his age. Similar statements are also attributed to

5246: 2142:) among the Imamite Shias about the qualifications of the young al-Jawad for the imamate. As related by al-Mas'udi and Majlesi, several supporters of al-Rida thus gathered in Baghdad at the house of Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Hajjaj, a distinguished companion of the three previous Imams, namely, 2068:

While the manner of his death is given differently by Shia authors, most say that al-Jawad was poisoned by his disaffected wife Umm al-Fadl, at the instigation of her uncle al-Mu'tasim. These include the Shia-leaning historian al-Mas'udi, and Twelver scholars Ibn Jarir al-Tabari al-Saghir,

1833:), though the Islamicist Shona F. Wardrop suspects that it may actually refer to the designation of al-Rida as the heir apparent. In any case, al-Mufid suggests that the opposition actually feared the political rise of Muhammad similar to his father al-Rida, and the view of the Islamicist 2011: and two or four daughters. In some genealogical books, other sons have been named but there is no mention of them in the earliest sources. The daughters of al-Jawad are named differently in the sources. Here, al-Mufid gives the names Fatima and Amama, while the biographical source 1899:

season (January 831) when they returned to Medina after completing the Hajj ritual. Possibly hoping to blunt the Shia opposition through al-Jawad, the caliph is said to have displayed much affection towards the young man. By marrying his daughter to al-Jawad, the Twelver scholar

2102:) does not have a verdict but mentions the prevalent Shia view that al-Jawad was poisoned. Sunni sources typically say that Umm al-Fadl was present in Baghdad when her husband died. Citing the Sunni historian al-Baghdadi and some others, Baghestani writes that she joined the 2517:, a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, has already been born and subsequently concealed from the public. The two sons of Ibn Mahziar, named Ibrahim and Muhammad, later served as the representatives of the twelfth Imam in Ahvaz. The Imam distanced himself from the 2218:, the promised savior in Islam. Some of these apparently argued that their imam could not be a child. According to Madelung, some others, who had opportunistically backed the imamate of al-Rida after his appointment as the heir apparent, had now returned to their Sunni or 1776:, a paternal uncle of Muhammad. The appointment of the Alid al-Rida by the Abbasid caliph thus invoked strong opposition, particularly among the members of the Abbasid dynasty and the Iraqi supporters of Abbasid legitimism. These revolted and installed al-Ma'mun's uncle, 2408:. Some followers of al-Jawad received permission to work within the Abbasid government for the benefit of the Shia community. These included Muhammad ibn Isma'il ibn Baz'i and Ahmad ibn al-Hamza al-Qomi in the vizierate, Husayn ibn Abd-Allah al-Neishaburi, the ruler of 2153:), al-Kazim, and al-Rida. Of those present, Yunus ibn Abd al-Rahman reportedly suggested they choose a temporary leader until al-Jawad reached adulthood. But the view that prevailed was that adulthood is not a prerequisite for wisdom. There is also the account in 2653:) about marriage, divorce, and inheritance has been preserved in Shia sources. Ali al-Rida is even said to have praised his son for writing "extremely elegant" letters while still a young boy. According to Hamid Mavani, most Shia hadiths about Khums (Islamic alms, 1667:. To form a political alliance, the caliph also married one of his daughters, named Umm Habib, to al-Rida in 202 AH (817 CE) and promised another daughter, named Umm al-Fadl, to Muhammad, who was still a minor at the time, aged about seven. Among Sunni historians, 2173:

According to Wardrop, as the only son of al-Rida, recognition of al-Jawad as the heir to the imamate was to be expected, adding that there is considerable evidence in the hadith literature against the horizontal transference of the imamate between brothers after

2230:

As for precedents, there were no child imams before al-Jawad, even though Ali ibn Abi Talib professed Islam at the age of about ten, and Hasan and Husayn formally pledged their allegiance to the prophet when they were about six. Imamite authors have noted that

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writes that al-Ma'mun summoned Muhammad to Baghdad, settled him near his palace, and later decided to marry him to his daughter, Umm Fadl, whose given name was Zaynab. According to al-Baghdadi, Muhammad was about nine years old at the time of this betrothal.

1874:. These claims al-Jawad refuted in mild language. The attribution of this latter exchange to Muhammad al-Jawad is, however, uncertain since a similar exchange between al-Ma'mun and some Sunni scholars is described by the tenth-century hadith collection 1880:. At any rate, it is at the end of this assembly that al-Ma'mun formally married his daughter to Muhammad, according to al-Mas'udi and al-Mufid. This episode is thus viewed by the Twelvers as evidence of the exceptional knowledge of Muhammad al-Jawad. 2644:

Muhammad al-Jawad was engaged in teaching during his eight years in Baghdad, and he was renowned for his public defense of Islamic tradition, according to Edward D.A. Hulmes. His extensive correspondence with his followers on questions of Islamic law

5265: 2461:), who writes that the Abbasid army demolished the wall surrounding the city, killed many, and nearly quadrupled the taxes. Among those killed was a prominent participant in the uprising, named Yahya ibn Imran, who might have been a representative ( 2591:

continued to the point that it surprised the attendant of Imam and let Abd-Allah realize that al-Jawad was aware of his sinful determination. It was only after Abd-Allah resolved to give up that al-Jawad returned to his usual routine.

2328:). This network guided the financial and religious affairs of the Imamite Shias. After the death of al-Rida, it took possibly up to four years for the imamate of al-Jawad to consolidate. In this period of uncertainty, the network of 2157:

and elsewhere, saying that the prominent Shias from across the empire tested the young al-Jawad during the Hajj season and their doubts about him were dispelled. There are also reports about the direct or indirect designation

1964:, describes how al-Jawad unmasked false witnesses who had accused him of plotting against the caliph, though the miraculous ending of this account weakens its historical weight. Another account is narrated by Zurqan, a 6483: 2196:), the second and third of the Twelve Imams. Wardrop points out that there were very few qualified alternatives to al-Jawad anyway, naming his uncles, Ahmad ibn Musa and Abdallah ibn Musa, and also a different 2489:) has listed one hundred and sixteen narrators of hadith from al-Jawad, though only a few of them were his trusted companions, including Ali ibn Mahziar Ahvazi, Abu Hashim Dawud ibn al-Qasim al-Ja'fari, 1354:

In 830, al-Jawad was summoned to Baghdad by al-Ma'mun, who married his daughter Umm Fadhl to the former. This marriage, however, was to be without issue and might have been infelicitous. His successor,

1982:, who later visited the caliph and warned him about inadvertently bolstering the public support for al-Jawad as an alternative to al-Mu'tasim. This then set in motion the plot to poison al-Jawad. 2669:) are attributed to al-Jawad and his successor, al-Hadi. Mavani regards Khums as an example of the Imams' discretionary authority as Shia leaders, which in this case countered the redirection of 1976:

Ibn Abi Dawud: The caliph is said to have solicited and preferred the judicial ruling of al-Jawad about amputating the hand of a thief in the presence of other scholars. This infuriated the

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that, once when the prophet sent him to Yemen, he said to him, "O Ali, he is never disappointed who asks for good (from God), and He never has a motive for repenting who asks (His) advice."

6493: 6468: 2170:

and other sources. Elsewhere, when al-Husayn ibn al-Qiayama questioned the imamate of al-Rida for his lack of an heir at the time, he responded that he would have a son to succeed him.

6428: 1895:

The marriage of al-Jawad to the daughter of the caliph was consummated in 215 AH (830 CE), when al-Ma'mun invited the former to Baghdad from Medina. The couple stayed there until the

6488: 6463: 6458: 2541:, Abu al-Samhari, and Ibn Abi Zarqa, who are said to have defamed Shia by forging traditions and attributing them to the Imams and introducing themselves as their representatives. 6478: 6433: 2299:

To organize the affairs of a growing Shia population, which had expanded far to the east of Iraq and Arabia, the young al-Jawad relied heavily on his representatives or agents (

6473: 1772:, a descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. The Alids were viewed as rivals for the caliphate by the Abbasids, who were the descendants of 2689:) and less frequently al-Mahdi refer to the messianic figure in Islam. This apparently created confusion and al-Jawad is reported to have identified the two, saying that 6423: 2724:

Muhammad al-Jawad reported that the prophet had said to Ali, "Rise betimes in the name of God, for God hath bestowed a blessing on my people in their early rising."

2210:) and guidance. A group of followers of al-Rida thus accepted the imamate of his brother, Ahmad ibn Musa, who had earlier rivaled al-Rida. Another group joined the 2282:) as a child." Even so, some among the Shia still debated as to whether the young Imam was equal to an adult Imam in every aspect, as evidenced by some reports in 1780:, as an anti-caliph in Baghdad. The caliph and his entourage thus left Khorasan for Baghdad in 203 AH (818 CE), accompanied by al-Rida. The latter died shortly in 2599:

After the death of al-Jawad in 220 AH (835 CE), the majority of his followers acknowledged the imamate of his son Ali, later to be known by the epithets al-Hadi (

6453: 6443: 6438: 2450:. The caliph rejected their appeal, then suppressed their subsequent revolt, and substantially raised their taxes. This is detailed by the Twelver traditionist 6560: 1555:, the last of the Twelve Imams. It is this date that the Shia celebrate annually. His father Ali al-Rida, the eighth of the Twelve Imams, was a descendant of 1275:'the pious'). Like most of his predecessors, Muhammad kept aloof from politics and engaged in religious teaching, while organizing the affairs of the 6229: 2106:

of al-Mu'tasim after the death of al-Jawad. He was buried next to his grandfather, Musa al-Kazim, the seventh of the Twelve Imams, in the cemetery of the

5047: 2631:). Similar to his father, Ali was also a minor when he succeeded him in 220 AH (835 CE) at the age of about seven. The will attributed to al-Jawad in 4862: 2061:"to bring forth what they have suppressed." An exception here is al-Mufid who does not find the evidence for murder credible. Among other sources, 2291:

already were traditions attributed to earlier Imams asserting that each Imam would inherit the full knowledge of his predecessor upon his death.

5248:

Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought

2026:) adds Behjat and Barihe to these names, saying that none of them left any descendants. The children of al-Jawad were all born to Samana. 304: 6224: 2673:(another Islamic alms) to sustain oppressive regimes and support the affluent lifestyle of caliphs. Among the Shia, the titles al-Qa'im ( 2730:

Muhammad al-Jawad related from the prophet, "Make it a point to travel by night, for more ground can be got over by night than by day."

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in Qom. In addition to these agents, al-Jawad sometimes sent special representatives to cities to collect religious taxes, including

2065:

attributes a hadith to al-Rida, childless at the time, in which he apparently predicts the birth of his son al-Jawad and his murder.

1593:, though her name is given differently in sources as Sabika or Durra (sometimes Khayzuran). She might have belonged to the family of 2636:

assembly of companions after the death of al-Jawad and the majority there is reported to have agreed on the imamate of Ali al-Hadi.

2570:), that is, supernatural acts or miracles sometimes attributed to saints in Islam. These include speaking at the time of his birth, 1946:

about the futility of this plan, saying that the ire of the caliph would only strengthen the loyalty of Imamites for al-Jawad. The

1744:) place the betrothal of Muhammad after the death of al-Rida in 204 AH (819 CE), following the return of al-Ma'mun to his capital 2314:) throughout the empire. This underground network of agents across the Abbasid empire was founded by his grandfather al-Kazim ( 1940:. The caliph apparently abandoned his plan to dishonor al-Jawad by parading him while intoxicated after Ahmad convinced the 6169: 5582: 2342:

During al-Jawad's imamate, Shia activists were dispatched to Egypt and elsewhere, as reported by the Twelver traditionist

6418: 6155: 4765: 621: 1990:

Similar to his predecessors, al-Jawad lived modestly and gave to the poor generously, according to Dwight M. Donaldson (

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the historian Jassim M. Hussain, citing a report by al-Mas'udi. There is not much known about this period of his life.

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successor, Ali al-Hadi, through his main agent, Muhammad ibn al-Faraj, or through another companion, Abu al-Khayrani.

5336: 5314: 5293: 5259: 5232: 5192: 5150: 5119: 5088: 5057: 5036: 5012: 4968: 4945: 4893: 4872: 4851: 4842:. In Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (eds.). 4828: 4809: 4778: 4770: 2354: 6550: 2401: 1224: 561: 5379:

The Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1A: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War

2501:, and Amro ibn Firat. In particular, Ibn Mahziar was the agent of al-Jawad in Ahvaz and wrote two books, namely, 1137: 6363: 6317: 6100: 6054: 5971: 5925: 5794: 5748: 5413: 5363: 2321:) and maintained by his son al-Rida. There is even some evidence that an early network existed under al-Sadiq ( 1546: 20: 5000: 6284: 6021: 5892: 5715: 5622: 2795: 2200:

with the latter name. That there was no clear alternative to al-Jawad is also the view of the Muslim jurist

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in 818 and abandon his pro-Shia policies. On the way back to Baghdad, al-Rida suddenly fell ill and died in

1098: 6565: 6338: 6075: 5946: 5769: 2498: 876: 1289:

has been preserved in Shia sources and numerous pithy religio-ethical sayings are also attributed to him.

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adds that Yahya also presented Muhammad with provocative questions about the status of the early caliphs

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after a brief illness, possibly after being poisoned. The death of al-Rida followed the assassination of

1335:, but the succession of al-Jawad evidently did not create any permanent divisions in the Shia community. 1032: 566: 93: 36: 4956: 1042: 6555: 6264: 6001: 5986: 5809: 5535: 5350: 5049:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century

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lists the collections of hadith that contain the sermons and sayings attributed to al-Jawad, including

1796: 1067: 5426:

Lives of the Imams, Muhammad al-Jawad and 'Ali al-Hadi and the Development of the Shi'ite Organisation

4904: 1296:

in 810–811, Muhammad al-Jawad was the son of Ali al-Rida, the eighth of the Twelve Imams. In 817, the

6348: 6085: 5956: 5824: 5779: 5764: 1901: 1773: 1008: 6383: 6333: 6299: 6214: 6120: 6070: 6036: 5991: 5941: 5907: 5730: 5591: 5575: 2441:, similar to many of his predecessors. Nevertheless, Hussain links the 210 AH (825 CE) uprising in 2343: 1525: 1102: 933: 650: 591: 436: 5377: 1711:) relates that he visited his father in Merv in 202 AH (817 CE). In contrast, the Sunni historian 6343: 6304: 6080: 6041: 5951: 5912: 5774: 5735: 5161: 2829:, though its attribution to the eleventh-century Twelver scholar al-Tabari al-Saghir is disputed. 1319:, possibly to mitigate the frequent Shia revolts. This appointment provoked strong opposition in 1062: 693: 688: 5304: 5182: 4839: 2727:"Whosoever gaineth for himself a brother in God, hath gained for himself a mansion in Paradise." 6408: 6373: 6145: 6110: 2369: 2070: 1871: 1701: 1598: 1206: 1173: 728: 4883: 1866:), including an alleged prophetic tradition that compares the two caliphs with the archangels 6575: 6398: 6378: 6358: 6234: 6135: 6115: 6095: 5966: 5849: 5789: 2490: 2057: 1875: 1712: 1700:) agree on this report. It is likely that Muhammad was absent from the ceremony, even though 2713:). Among many pithy religio-ethical sayings attributed to al-Jawad, Donaldson quotes a few: 6519: 6413: 6403: 6150: 6140: 5672: 5376:(1970). "The ʿAbbasid Caliphate". In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.). 2690: 1777: 1679: 1581:, respectively. Most records agree that the mother of Muhammad al-Jawad was a freed slave ( 1443:'Abu Ja'far, the second'), with the title Abu Ja'far reserved for his predecessor, 1047: 911: 723: 601: 543: 452: 5203: 8: 6545: 6540: 6507: 6393: 6368: 6204: 6130: 6105: 5976: 5799: 5568: 5405: 5324: 5133:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 5102:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 5071:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 4928:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 2790: 2510: 2115: 2039: 1387: 611: 571: 416: 377: 297: 4792:. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). 2260:) when he was three years old." The related Quranic verse 19:12 includes, "We gave him 6570: 6294: 6031: 5902: 5839: 5725: 5632: 5399: 5395: 5242: 5184:

Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini

2368:

visited al-Jawad on behalf of the Egyptian Imamites. Among the agents of al-Jawad were

2201: 2143: 2034: 1336: 1132: 957: 496: 427: 40: 5130: 5099: 5068: 4925: 6512: 6289: 6174: 6026: 5897: 5870: 5834: 5720: 5693: 5662: 5627: 5409: 5383: 5373: 5359: 5346: 5332: 5310: 5289: 5255: 5228: 5211: 5188: 5169: 5146: 5142: 5115: 5111: 5084: 5080: 5053: 5032: 5008: 4987: 4964: 4941: 4937: 4912: 4889: 4868: 4847: 4824: 4805: 4789: 4774: 2748: 2008: 1637: 1594: 1552: 1529: 1444: 1320: 1312: 1297: 1166: 1156: 813: 526: 491: 447: 237: 4801: 6219: 5503: 5500: 5483: 5138: 5107: 5076: 4933: 4797: 2785: 2776: 2393: 1867: 1834: 1785: 1633: 1344: 1057: 1013: 663: 471: 1339:

sources often justify the imamate of the young al-Jawad by drawing parallels with

6388: 6199: 5657: 5470: 1952:

passed on the advice to the caliph. A different account by Ibn Awrama, quoted in

1818: 1390:

was later erected. Kazimayn has since become an important center for pilgrimage.

1197: 1052: 942: 521: 6353: 6279: 6194: 6125: 6090: 6016: 5981: 5961: 5887: 5804: 5784: 5710: 5617: 5542: 2805: 2580: 2451: 2417: 2186: 2092: 1931: 1839: 1660: 1656: 1457: 1368: 1340: 1285:). The extensive correspondence of al-Jawad with his followers on questions of 1037: 998: 896: 556: 481: 280: 76: 2353:). They were apparently successful and an account by the Twelver traditionist 6534: 6325: 6309: 6209: 6184: 6062: 6046: 5933: 5917: 5882: 5756: 5740: 5705: 5637: 5612: 5506: 5486: 5215: 5173: 4991: 4916: 2586: 2538: 2365: 2336: 2211: 2175: 2103: 2047: 1506: 1379: 1332: 1003: 968: 871: 501: 486: 476: 382: 319: 306: 6249: 6179: 4979: 2800: 2762: 2161: 1930:

Caliph al-Ma'mun died in 218 AH (833 CE) and was succeeded by his brother,

1912: 1823: 1690: 1641: 1428:'the generous') for his munificence. The Imam is cited in the Shia 1399: 1301: 1231: 973: 906: 886: 462: 356: 260: 1466:), though he was also known by his contemporaries as Ibn al-Rida (Arabic: 6254: 6244: 6189: 5652: 5642: 5552: 5527: 5462: 5456: 4760: 2479: 2283: 2214:, who considered al-Kazim to be the last Imam and expected his return as 1652: 1517: 1478: 1356: 1316: 1235: 1018: 881: 516: 506: 398: 372: 128: 116: 19:"Imam Muhammad at-Taqi" redirects here. For the Isma'ili Shi'a imam, see 5424: 6448: 6239: 5518: 5510: 5490: 2703: 2573: 2409: 2081: 2016: 1734: 1663:, possibly to signify this reconciliation between the Abbasids and the 1521: 1403: 420: 339: 285: 226: 217: 4821:

The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad

2447: 2381: 2119: 1781: 1723: 1668: 1628:

Muhammad stayed behind in Medina when his father al-Rida traveled to

1584: 1360: 1328: 1093: 953: 938: 866: 835: 788: 778: 5874: 5819: 5814: 5697: 2197: 2051: 1845: 1655:

in 202 AH (817 CE), and also changed the official Abbasid color of

1578: 1227: 1107: 891: 855: 733: 606: 1524:) but the exact date is disputed. Most Twelver sources record mid- 5829: 5539: 2556: 2494: 2389: 2377: 2219: 2107: 2004: 1745: 1383: 1324: 1276: 1112: 1084: 978: 963: 901: 861: 830: 823: 818: 783: 773: 768: 703: 698: 626: 267: 80: 5387: 2050:

220 AH (30 November 835 CE) in Baghdad, after arriving there in

2518: 2413: 2111: 2007:

origin, circa 212 AH (828 CE). Other children of al-Jawad were

1577:), who were the cousin and the daughter of the Islamic prophet 1567: 1502: 1429: 1293: 1286: 758: 631: 551: 233: 2742: 1151: 5560: 5480: 4483: 2670: 2514: 2468: 2405: 2385: 2373: 2239: 2232: 2215: 2015:

lists Khadija, Hakima, and Umm Kulthum. The Sunni theologian

1769: 1664: 1590: 1540: 1417:'the pious'), but more commonly as al-Jawad (Arabic: 1348: 948: 763: 753: 683: 678: 673: 658: 636: 596: 222: 70: 5441: 4115: 3466: 3219: 1367:). In 833, al-Ma'mun died and was succeeded by his brother, 4885:

The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ

4637: 4565: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4524: 4522: 4471: 4202: 3831: 3748: 3746: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3342: 3340: 3325: 3141: 3139: 3137: 2648: 2423: 2397: 1896: 1856: 1629: 1477:'son of al-Rida') because he was the only child of 668: 5286:

Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism

3584: 3381: 3379: 3315: 3313: 2849: 2847: 2845: 1505:, or in a village near Medina founded by his grandfather, 1382:, the seventh of the Twelve Imams, in the cemetery of the 6274: 6011: 5857: 5680: 5607: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4613: 4507: 4411: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4312: 4154: 3538: 3514: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2718: 2537:) who believed in the divinity of Imams. Among them were 2442: 1597:, a freed slave of the prophet and the mother of his son 1556: 1528:

195 AH (mid-June 811 CE) as the birthday of Muhammad but

793: 5329:

Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism

5025:

Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background

4700: 4661: 4534: 4519: 4495: 4190: 4132: 4130: 4031: 3802: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3743: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3654: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3574: 3572: 3550: 3526: 3337: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3134: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 4844:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

4577: 4459: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4399: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4178: 4142: 4091: 3995: 3935: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3763: 3761: 3719: 3596: 3415: 3376: 3310: 3163: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 2842: 5408:(First ed.). State University of New York Press. 4736: 4724: 4712: 4673: 4649: 4553: 4372: 4360: 3923: 3899: 3860: 3858: 3790: 3731: 3695: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3364: 3194: 3151: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 2236:

al-Rida, "This does not harm him , Isa became God's

1543:

195 AH (8 April 811 CE). This latter date agrees with

4589: 4300: 4274: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4214: 4166: 4127: 4103: 4079: 4019: 3959: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3870: 3773: 3707: 3666: 3608: 3569: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3403: 3391: 3352: 3254: 3231: 3175: 3026: 3024: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2474: 1279:

Shia community through a network of representatives (

4067: 4055: 4043: 3971: 3947: 3911: 3843: 3814: 3758: 3427: 3300: 3298: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2738: 2646: 2571: 2565: 2554: 2545: 2462: 2421: 2329: 2309: 2300: 2261: 2237: 2205: 2159: 2137: 1998: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1918: 1582: 1544: 1455: 1361: 1359:, was already born in 828 to Samana, a freed slave ( 1280: 1211: 68: 4625: 4007: 3983: 3855: 3439: 3271: 3122: 3095: 3036: 2859: 2437:Muhammad al-Jawad adopted a quiescent attitude and 2384:, Yunus ibn Abdulrahman and Abu Amr al-Hadhdha' in 67:Calligraphic inscription of al-Jawad's name on the 3882: 3283: 3021: 1604: 1323:, which forced al-Ma'mun to return to the capital 5005:Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion 4601: 3295: 2871: 6532: 5382:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–139. 2553:In Shia sources, al-Jawad is credited with some 1351:received their prophetic missions in childhood. 5358:. Translated by Shah-Kazemi, Reza. I.B.Tauris. 2122:has become an important center for pilgrimage. 1803: 1756: 4846:. Princeton University Press. pp. 328–9. 1816:of their protests appears in the biographical 1516:). Sources seem to agree that he was born 195 6561:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate 5576: 2294: 1174: 5306:A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE 1890: 50: 4787: 3319: 2674: 2654: 2616: 2600: 2522: 2267: 2245: 1472: 1438: 1432:literature as Abu Ja'far al-Thani (Arabic: 1423: 1412: 1270: 1255: 1223:– 29 November 835) was a descendant of the 179: 157: 5583: 5569: 5241: 4758: 4694: 4196: 3015: 2130: 1181: 1167: 61: 5394: 5323: 4902: 4881: 4837: 4706: 4559: 4291: 4289: 4001: 3837: 3752: 3636: 3563: 3358: 2853: 2416:, Hakam ibn Alia' al-Asadi, the ruler of 5159: 5128: 5066: 3977: 3116: 3089: 2033: 1651:). The caliph designated al-Rida as the 16:Ninth of the Twelve Shia Imams (811–835) 5422: 5372: 5345: 5045: 5021: 4860: 4818: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4619: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4547: 4528: 4513: 4501: 4489: 4477: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4366: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4306: 4280: 4268: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4184: 4172: 4160: 4148: 4136: 4121: 4109: 4097: 4085: 4073: 4061: 4049: 4037: 4025: 3876: 3784: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3660: 3621: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3385: 3370: 3346: 3331: 3265: 3248: 3225: 3213: 3188: 3169: 3157: 3145: 2432: 6533: 6180:Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III) 5429:(PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. 5302: 5283: 5201: 5180: 4998: 4954: 4923: 4905:"QOM i. History to the Safavid Period" 4682: 4631: 4295: 4286: 3965: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3849: 3825: 3808: 3796: 3767: 3397: 3289: 2946: 2865: 2091:), and Tabatabai. The Twelver scholar 1454:), the fifth of the Twelve Imams. His 5564: 5222: 5097: 4256: 4013: 3989: 3864: 3648: 3460: 3304: 3277: 3128: 3030: 2562: 2306: 4977: 4607: 1616: 4766:Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam 1748:. In particular, al-Mas'udi in his 1467: 1463: 1433: 1418: 1407: 1398:Muhammad ibn Ali, the ninth of the 1265: 1250: 1201: 51: 13: 2509:, about occultation, which is the 2475:Companions and narrators of hadith 2400:, Saleh Ibn Muhammad Ibn Sahl and 2376:, Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Hamdani in 1722:) and the Shia-leaning historians 14: 6587: 6170:Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II) 5435: 5396:Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn 5325:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein 5168:. Vol. I/8. pp. 861–2. 4986:. Vol. XI/1. pp. 62–4. 4771:Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation 1489: 6195:Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali) 5143:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5343 5112:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0540 5081:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5563 5003:. In Netton, Ian Richard (ed.). 4938:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0445 2769: 2755: 2741: 1985: 1150: 6131:Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 5204:"Moḥammad al-Jawād, Abu Ja'far" 4802:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22933 2819: 2717:Muhammad al-Jawad related from 1921: 1861: 1850: 1646: 1607: 1551:, a supplication attributed to 1373: 1306: 1245:). He is known by the epithets 5590: 5225:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 5031:. Routledge Kegan & Paul. 1547:Ziyarat al-nahiya al-muqaddasa 1501:Muhammad al-Jawad was born in 849:Other related sects and groups 1: 5623:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 5052:(Third ed.). Routledge. 4999:Hulmes, Edward D. A. (2008). 4963:. Alta Mira. pp. 11–14. 4961:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 4882:Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). 4751: 2796:Holiest sites in Islam (Shia) 2495:Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Bazanti 2225: 1805: 1758: 1618: 1491: 1217: 248: 211: 5288:. Harvard University Press. 4788:Bayhom-Daou, Tamima (2009). 4769:(in Persian). Vol. 11. 2836: 2708: 2594: 2484: 2456: 2359: 2348: 2323: 2316: 2191: 2180: 2148: 2097: 2086: 2075: 2046:Muhammad al-Jawad died on 6 2021: 1992: 1906: 1828: 1790: 1768:Ali al-Rida was a prominent 1739: 1728: 1717: 1706: 1695: 1684: 1673: 1572: 1561: 1534: 1511: 1449: 1406:sources as al-Taqi (Arabic: 1260:'the generous') and 1240: 1138:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism 877:Bektashism and folk religion 7: 5022:Hussain, Jassim M. (1986). 4955:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2008). 4903:Drechsler, Andreas (2009). 4838:Cooperson, Michael (2013). 4759:Baghestani, Esmail (2014). 2734: 2647: 2572: 2566: 2555: 2546: 2463: 2422: 2388:, Ali ibn Hasan W'aseti in 2330: 2310: 2301: 2262: 2238: 2206: 2160: 2138: 2042:, where al-Jawad is buried 1999: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1583: 1545: 1456: 1402:, is occasionally known in 1362: 1281: 1212: 69: 21:Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili) 10: 6592: 5131:"Muḥammad b. 'Alī al-Riḍā" 5007:. Routledge. p. 433. 2544: 2420:, and Nuh ibn Darraj, the 2392:, Ali ibn Asbat in Egypt, 2295:Network of representatives 2125: 1822:by the Twelver theologian 1315:and designated him as the 1213:Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Jawād 1133:List of Twelver Shia books 18: 6502: 6263: 6000: 5848: 5671: 5598: 5549: 5532: 5524: 5517: 5449: 5303:Rahman, Habib Ur (1989). 5227:. Yale University Press. 2700:al-Tazkirat al-Hamdouniya 2639: 2499:Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi 2380:, Yahya ibn Abi Imran in 1891:Summoned to Baghdad (830) 1601:, who died in childhood. 1393: 1234:, succeeding his father, 1194:Muhammad ibn Ali al-Jawad 1029:Other hadith collections 1009:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih 391: 365: 345: 335: 293: 275: 244: 207: 202: 138: 134: 122: 110: 99: 91: 87: 60: 47: 30: 5352:Doctrines of Shi'i Islam 5284:Pierce, Matthew (2016). 4864:A History of Shi'i Islam 4861:Daftary, Farhad (2013). 4819:Bobrick, Benson (2012). 2825:The book in question is 2812: 2439:kept aloof from politics 2335:al-Aziz ibn al-Muhtadi, 2029: 437:The Fourteen Infallibles 106:819 CE – 835 CE 6551:9th-century Arab people 6409:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 6384:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 6166:Muhammad ibn Islam Shah 6146:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 6121:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 5442:Al-Jawadain holy shrine 2696:Musnad al-imam al-Jawad 2131:Designation as the Imam 1484: 1063:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya 1033:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays 320:33.38000°N 44.3379556°E 6424:Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah 6404:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 6399:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 6141:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 6136:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 5423:Wardrop, S.F. (1988). 5223:Momen, Moojan (1985). 5202:Medoff, Louis (2016). 5181:Mavani, Hamid (2013). 5135:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5104:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5073:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5046:Kennedy, Hugh (2015). 4930:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4823:. Simon and Schuster. 4794:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3651:, pp. 43, 327n12. 2497:, Ali ibn Asbat Kufi, 2071:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi 2043: 1919:Reign of al-Mu'tasim ( 1877:Uyun al-akhbar al-Rida 1691:Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari 1636:at the request of the 1347:, both of whom in the 1311:) summoned al-Rida to 252: 29 November 835 6459:Sadr al-Din Miuhammad 6419:Shams al-Din Muhammad 6235:Shah Khalil Allah III 6156:Shams al-Din Muhammad 5992:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 5815:Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz 5663:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi 5208:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5166:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5129:Madelung, W. (2012). 5067:Kohlberg, E. (2012). 4909:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4492:, pp. 14, 213–4. 4124:, pp. 11, 21n42. 2702:by the Sunni scholar 2511:eschatological belief 2491:Abd al-Azim al-Hasani 2058:Manaqib ale Abi Talib 2037: 1902:Muhammad H. Tabatabai 1804:Summoned to Baghdad ( 1757:Death of his father ( 1713:al-Khatib al-Baghdadi 1230:and the ninth of the 1157:Shia Islam portal 592:Imamate of the Family 403:Sabika (or Khayzuran) 6414:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 6305:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 6151:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 6042:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 5913:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 5840:Sulayman Badr al-Din 5736:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 5160:Madelung, W (2011). 4984:Encyclopedia Iranica 4978:Halm, Heinz (2001). 4211:, pp. 31, 41–2. 3475:, p. 35, 57n29. 3334:, pp. 205, 206. 3228:, p. 32, 56n19. 2433:Role in Shia revolts 2110:on the west bank of 1778:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi 1680:Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur 1605:Reign of al-Ma'mun ( 1462:is Abu Ali (Arabic: 1048:Reality of Certainty 724:Mourning of Muharram 602:Mourning of Muharram 325:33.38000; 44.3379556 6566:Deaths by poisoning 6205:Khalil Allah II Ali 5406:Sayyid Hossein Nasr 5243:Modarressi, Hossein 5210:(Online ed.). 5137:(Second ed.). 5106:(Second ed.). 5075:(Second ed.). 4932:(Second ed.). 4924:Gardet, L. (2012). 4911:(Online ed.). 4646:, pp. 212–213. 4480:, pp. 199–201. 2118:was later erected. 1702:Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi 729:Arba'een Pilgrimage 316: / 298:Al-Kazimiyya Mosque 270:, Abbasid Caliphate 6389:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 6369:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 6300:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 6126:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 6106:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 6037:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 5977:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 5908:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 5800:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 5731:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 5098:Lewis, B. (2012). 5001:"Muhammad al-Taqi" 4840:"Ma'mun (786-833)" 4796:(Third ed.). 4574:, p. 173n118. 4321:, pp. 29, 69. 4163:, pp. 45, 54. 3840:, pp. 64, 65. 3593:, p. 173n104. 3547:, pp. 47, 52. 3523:, pp. 39, 40. 3148:, pp. 60, 61. 2202:Hossein Modarressi 2044: 1824:al-Shaykh al-Mufid 1221: 8 April 811 1202:محمد بن علي الجواد 992:Hadith collections 215: 8 April 811 6556:9th-century imams 6528: 6527: 6344:Isma'il al-Mansur 6334:Abdallah al-Mahdi 6290:Muhammad al-Baqir 6175:Abd al-Salam Shah 6081:Isma'il al-Mansur 6071:Abdallah al-Mahdi 6027:Muhammad al-Baqir 5982:Ahmad al-Musta'li 5952:Isma'il al-Mansur 5947:Muhammad al-Qa'im 5942:Abdallah al-Mahdi 5898:Muhammad al-Baqir 5805:Ahmad al-Musta'li 5775:Isma'il al-Mansur 5770:Muhammad al-Qa'im 5765:Abdallah al-Mahdi 5721:Muhammad al-Baqir 5648:Muhammad al-Jawad 5628:Muhammad al-Baqir 5559: 5558: 5550:Succeeded by 5519:Shia Islam titles 5452:Muhammad al-Jawad 4622:, pp. 212–3. 4516:, pp. 204–5. 4420:, pp. 198–9. 3944:, pp. 49–50. 3811:, p. 183n23. 3692:, pp. 102–3. 3663:, pp. 3, 31. 3349:, pp. 205–6. 2749:Shia Islam portal 2719:Ali ibn Abi Talib 2626:the distinguished 2155:Ithbat al-wasiyya 2063:Ithbat al-wassiya 2009:Musa al-Mubarraqa 1750:Ithbat al-wassiya 1595:Maria al-Qibtiyya 1557:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1553:Muhammad al-Mahdi 1476: 1445:Muhammad al-Baqir 1442: 1427: 1416: 1274: 1259: 1210: 1191: 1190: 1087:and jurisprudence 694:Nahy ani l-Munkar 534: 533: 410: 409: 355:Umm al-Fadl bint 238:Abbasid Caliphate 32:Muhammad al-Jawad 6583: 6494:Amir Muhammad II 6328:(Radhi Abdallah) 6220:Sayyid Hasan Ali 6065:(Radhi Abdallah) 5936:(Radhi Abdallah) 5830:Abdallah al-Adid 5820:Isma'il al-Zafir 5759:(Radhi Abdallah) 5585: 5578: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5525:Preceded by 5513: 5509:29 November 835 5493: 5447: 5446: 5430: 5419: 5404:. Translated by 5391: 5369: 5357: 5342: 5320: 5299: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5270: 5264:. Archived from 5254:. Darwin Press. 5253: 5238: 5219: 5198: 5177: 5156: 5125: 5094: 5063: 5042: 5030: 5018: 4995: 4974: 4951: 4920: 4899: 4878: 4857: 4834: 4815: 4784: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4671: 4670:, pp. 14–6. 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4550:, pp. 46–7. 4545: 4532: 4531:, pp. 14–5. 4526: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4504:, pp. 45–6. 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4333:, pp. 72–3. 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4293: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4259:, pp. 42–3. 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4187:, pp. 45–6. 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4151:, pp. 28–9. 4146: 4140: 4134: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4100:, pp. 12–3. 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4040:, p. 20n25. 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3932:, pp. 23–4. 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3908:, pp. 45–6. 3903: 3897: 3891: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3799:, pp. 43–4. 3794: 3788: 3782: 3771: 3765: 3756: 3750: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3728:, pp. 98–9. 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3625: 3619: 3606: 3605:, pp. 47–8. 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3567: 3561: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3535:, p. 58n35. 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3320:Bayhom-Daou 2009 3317: 3308: 3302: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3252: 3246: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3192: 3186: 3173: 3172:, pp. 31–2. 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3093: 3087: 3034: 3028: 3019: 3013: 2950: 2944: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2830: 2827:Dala'il al-imama 2823: 2786:The Twelve Imams 2779: 2777:biography portal 2774: 2773: 2772: 2765: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2745: 2712: 2710: 2688: 2685: 2684:he who will rise 2682: 2679: 2676: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2577: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2549: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2503:Kitab al-Malahim 2488: 2486: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2427: 2402:Zakaria ibn Adam 2394:Safwan ibn Yahya 2364:) describes how 2363: 2361: 2352: 2350: 2333: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2209: 2195: 2193: 2184: 2182: 2165: 2152: 2150: 2141: 2101: 2099: 2090: 2088: 2079: 2077: 2025: 2023: 2013:Dala'il al-imama 2002: 1996: 1994: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1925: 1923: 1910: 1908: 1865: 1863: 1854: 1852: 1835:Wilferd Madelung 1832: 1830: 1810: 1807: 1794: 1792: 1786:al-Fadl ibn Sahl 1763: 1760: 1743: 1741: 1732: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1710: 1708: 1699: 1698: 1232-1233 1697: 1688: 1686: 1677: 1675: 1650: 1648: 1623: 1620: 1611: 1609: 1588: 1576: 1574: 1565: 1563: 1550: 1538: 1536: 1515: 1513: 1496: 1493: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1453: 1451: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1377: 1375: 1365: 1345:John the Baptist 1310: 1308: 1284: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1244: 1242: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1205: 1203: 1183: 1176: 1169: 1155: 1154: 1058:Mafatih al-Jinan 1043:Wasā'il al-Shīʿa 1014:Tahdhib al-Ahkam 617:Wilayat al-Faqih 442: 441: 412: 411: 378:Musa al-Mubarqa' 331: 330: 328: 327: 326: 321: 317: 314: 313: 312: 309: 289: 264: 257: 255: 250: 230: 216: 213: 194: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 173: 171: 168: 165: 162: 159: 149: 125: 113: 104: 74: 65: 55: 54: 53: 28: 27: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6498: 6479:Mu'in al-Din II 6359:Mansur al-Hakim 6349:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 6320:(Taqi Muhammad) 6295:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6267: 6259: 6230:Abu'l-Hasan Ali 6200:Nur al-Dahr Ali 6096:Mansur al-Hakim 6086:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 6057:(Taqi Muhammad) 6032:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6004: 5996: 5967:Mansur al-Hakim 5957:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 5928:(Taqi Muhammad) 5903:Ja'far al-Sadiq 5844: 5790:Mansur al-Hakim 5780:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 5751:(Taqi Muhammad) 5726:Ja'far al-Sadiq 5667: 5658:Hasan al-Askari 5633:Ja'far al-Sadiq 5594: 5589: 5555: 5546: 5530: 5494: 5475: 5474: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5438: 5433: 5416: 5366: 5355: 5347:Sobhani, Ja'far 5339: 5317: 5296: 5274: 5272: 5271:on 16 June 2022 5268: 5262: 5251: 5235: 5195: 5153: 5122: 5091: 5069:"Mūsā al-Kāẓim" 5060: 5039: 5028: 5015: 4971: 4948: 4896: 4875: 4867:. I.B. Tauris. 4854: 4831: 4812: 4781: 4754: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4695:Modarressi 1993 4693: 4689: 4681: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4546: 4535: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4197:Modarressi 1993 4195: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3774: 3766: 3759: 3751: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3570: 3562: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3424:, p. 74-5. 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3388:, p. 18n2. 3384: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3311: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3255: 3247: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3195: 3187: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3096: 3088: 3037: 3029: 3022: 3016:Baghestani 2014 3014: 2953: 2945: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2791:Kazimayn shrine 2775: 2770: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2737: 2707: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2642: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2615:) and al-Naqi ( 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2597: 2551: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2483: 2477: 2455: 2435: 2370:Ali ibn Mahziar 2358: 2347: 2322: 2315: 2297: 2284:heresiographies 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2228: 2190: 2179: 2168:Kitab al-Irshad 2147: 2144:Ja'far al-Sadiq 2133: 2128: 2116:Kazimayn shrine 2096: 2085: 2074: 2040:Kazimayn shrine 2032: 2020: 1991: 1988: 1928: 1920: 1905: 1893: 1884:Kitab al-Irshad 1860: 1849: 1827: 1819:Kitab al-Irshad 1813: 1808: 1795:), the Persian 1789: 1766: 1761: 1738: 1727: 1716: 1705: 1694: 1683: 1672: 1645: 1626: 1621: 1614: 1606: 1571: 1560: 1533: 1510: 1499: 1494: 1487: 1448: 1434:ابو جعفر الثاني 1396: 1388:Kazimayn shrine 1372: 1305: 1239: 1225:Islamic prophet 1220: 1187: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1127: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1103:The Infallibles 1088: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1053:Nahj al-Balagha 1025: 993: 985: 984: 983: 928: 920: 919: 918: 850: 842: 841: 840: 808: 800: 799: 798: 748: 740: 739: 738: 718: 717:Other practices 710: 709: 708: 689:Amr bi-l maʿrūf 653: 643: 642: 641: 586: 578: 577: 576: 546: 536: 535: 439: 428:Twelver Shi'ism 406: 387: 361: 324: 322: 318: 315: 310: 307: 305: 303: 302: 301: 300:, Baghdad, Iraq 283: 271: 265: 258: 253: 251: 240: 231: 220: 214: 198: 191: 188: 185: 182: 177: 169: 166: 163: 160: 155: 151: 150: 145: 123: 111: 105: 100: 83: 56: 49: 43: 41:Twelver Shi'ism 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6589: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6464:Mu'in al-Din I 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6444:Radi al-Din II 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6323: 6315: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6280:Husayn ibn Ali 6277: 6271: 6269: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6060: 6052: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6017:Husayn ibn Ali 6014: 6008: 6006: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5987:Mansur al-Amir 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5931: 5923: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5854: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5835:Dawud al-Hamid 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5810:Mansur al-Amir 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5754: 5746: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5677: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5618:Husayn ibn Ali 5615: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5588: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5565: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5548: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5467: 5460: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5437: 5436:External links 5434: 5432: 5431: 5420: 5414: 5392: 5370: 5364: 5343: 5337: 5331:. SUNY Press. 5321: 5315: 5300: 5294: 5281: 5260: 5239: 5233: 5220: 5199: 5193: 5178: 5162:"'Alī al-Hādī" 5157: 5151: 5126: 5120: 5100:"'Alī al-Riḍā" 5095: 5089: 5064: 5058: 5043: 5037: 5019: 5013: 4996: 4975: 4969: 4952: 4946: 4921: 4900: 4894: 4879: 4873: 4858: 4852: 4835: 4829: 4816: 4810: 4790:"ʿAlī Al-Riḍā" 4785: 4779: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4707:Sachedina 1981 4699: 4687: 4685:, p. 147. 4672: 4660: 4648: 4636: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4586:, p. 116. 4576: 4564: 4560:Drechsler 2009 4552: 4533: 4518: 4506: 4494: 4482: 4470: 4468:, p. 200. 4458: 4456:, p. 203. 4446: 4444:, p. 202. 4434: 4432:, p. 199. 4422: 4410: 4408:, p. 198. 4398: 4371: 4359: 4357:, p. 180. 4347: 4345:, p. 178. 4335: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4090: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4018: 4006: 4002:Tabatabai 1975 3994: 3982: 3970: 3968:, p. 183. 3958: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3881: 3869: 3854: 3842: 3838:Sachedina 1981 3830: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3772: 3757: 3755:, p. 192. 3753:Donaldson 1933 3742: 3740:, p. 100. 3730: 3718: 3706: 3704:, p. 101. 3694: 3682: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3639:, p. 183. 3637:Tabatabai 1975 3626: 3607: 3595: 3583: 3568: 3566:, p. 194. 3564:Donaldson 1933 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3400:, p. 171. 3390: 3375: 3373:, p. 133. 3363: 3359:Cooperson 2013 3351: 3336: 3324: 3309: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3253: 3230: 3218: 3216:, p. 121. 3193: 3174: 3162: 3160:, p. 205. 3150: 3133: 3131:, p. 239. 3121: 3094: 3035: 3020: 2951: 2870: 2858: 2856:, p. 190. 2854:Donaldson 1933 2840: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2766: 2752: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2641: 2638: 2596: 2593: 2581:Bihar al-Anwar 2550: 2543: 2507:Kitab al-Qa'im 2476: 2473: 2452:Ibn Shahrashub 2434: 2431: 2296: 2293: 2227: 2224: 2187:Husayn ibn Ali 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2093:Shaykh Tabarsi 2031: 2028: 1987: 1984: 1955:Bihar al-anwar 1927: 1924: 833–842 1917: 1892: 1889: 1864: 634–644 1853: 632–634 1841:Bihar al-anwar 1812: 1802: 1765: 1755: 1742: 897-898 1649: 813–833 1625: 1615: 1613: 1610: 813–833 1603: 1498: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1395: 1392: 1376: 833–842 1309: 813–833 1189: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1126:Related topics 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1038:Bihar al-Anwar 1035: 1026: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 999:The Four Books 995: 994: 991: 990: 987: 986: 982: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 951: 946: 936: 930: 929: 926: 925: 922: 921: 917: 916: 915: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 858: 852: 851: 848: 847: 844: 843: 839: 838: 833: 828: 827: 826: 821: 810: 809: 806: 805: 802: 801: 797: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 750: 749: 746: 745: 742: 741: 737: 736: 731: 726: 720: 719: 716: 715: 712: 711: 707: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 655: 654: 649: 648: 645: 644: 640: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 588: 587: 584: 583: 580: 579: 575: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 548: 547: 542: 541: 538: 537: 532: 531: 530: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 466: 465: 458: 457: 456: 455: 450: 440: 435: 434: 431: 430: 424: 423: 408: 407: 405: 404: 401: 395: 393: 389: 388: 386: 385: 380: 375: 369: 367: 363: 362: 360: 359: 353: 349: 347: 343: 342: 337: 333: 332: 295: 291: 290: 277: 276:Cause of death 273: 272: 266: 256:(aged 24) 246: 242: 241: 232: 209: 205: 204: 200: 199: 197: 196: 174: 144: 143: 142: 140: 136: 135: 132: 131: 126: 120: 119: 114: 108: 107: 97: 96: 89: 88: 85: 84: 77:Husayn ibn Ali 66: 58: 57: 48: 45: 44: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6588: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6484:Amir Muhammad 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6469:Atiyyat Allah 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6434:Radi al-Din I 6432: 6430: 6429:Muhammad Shah 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6354:Nizar al-Aziz 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6285:Ali al-Sajjad 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6210:Shah Nizar II 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6185:Abu Dharr Ali 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6091:Nizar al-Aziz 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6022:Ali al-Sajjad 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005:(Qasim-Shahi) 6003: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5962:Nizar al-Aziz 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5893:Ali al-Sajjad 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5785:Nizar al-Aziz 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5716:Ali al-Sajjad 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5638:Musa al-Kazim 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5613:Hasan ibn Ali 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5579: 5574: 5572: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5554: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5489:12 April 811 5488: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5464: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5428: 5427: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5401:Shi'ite Islam 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5338:9780873954426 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5316:9780816190676 5312: 5309:. G.K. Hall. 5308: 5307: 5301: 5297: 5295:9780674737075 5291: 5287: 5282: 5267: 5263: 5261:9780878500956 5257: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5234:9780300034998 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5194:9780415624404 5190: 5187:. Routledge. 5186: 5185: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5152:9789004161214 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5121:9789004161214 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5090:9789004161214 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5059:9781317376385 5055: 5051: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5038:9780710301581 5034: 5027: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5014:9780700715886 5010: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4970:9781905299683 4966: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4947:9789004161214 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4895:9780598503787 4891: 4888:. AMS Press. 4887: 4886: 4880: 4876: 4874:9780755608669 4870: 4866: 4865: 4859: 4855: 4853:9780691134840 4849: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4830:9781416568063 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4811:9789004181304 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4780:9789644470127 4776: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4761:"Jawad, Imam" 4757: 4756: 4745:, p. 30. 4744: 4739: 4733:, p. 15. 4732: 4727: 4721:, p. 23. 4720: 4715: 4709:, p. 61. 4708: 4703: 4697:, p. 89. 4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4677: 4669: 4664: 4658:, p. 16. 4657: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4479: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4396:, p. 46. 4395: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4369:, p. 79. 4368: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4309:, p. 69. 4308: 4303: 4297: 4292: 4290: 4283:, p. 67. 4282: 4277: 4271:, p. 65. 4270: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4247:, p. 63. 4246: 4241: 4235:, p. 30. 4234: 4229: 4223:, p. 53. 4222: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4199:, p. 63. 4198: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4175:, p. 54. 4174: 4169: 4162: 4157: 4150: 4145: 4139:, p. 45. 4138: 4133: 4131: 4123: 4118: 4112:, p. 13. 4111: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4088:, p. 10. 4087: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4028:, p. 45. 4027: 4022: 4016:, p. 60. 4015: 4010: 4004:, p. 69. 4003: 3998: 3992:, p. 41. 3991: 3986: 3979: 3978:Kohlberg 2012 3974: 3967: 3962: 3956:, p. 48. 3955: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3920:, p. 47. 3919: 3914: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3879:, p. 76. 3878: 3873: 3867:, p. 37. 3866: 3861: 3859: 3852:, p. 45. 3851: 3846: 3839: 3834: 3828:, p. 44. 3827: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3810: 3805: 3798: 3793: 3787:, p. 62. 3786: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3770:, p. 49. 3769: 3764: 3762: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3739: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3716:, p. 99. 3715: 3710: 3703: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3680:, p. 98. 3679: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3662: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3624:, p. 47. 3623: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3581:, p. 28. 3580: 3575: 3573: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3511:, p. 38. 3510: 3505: 3499:, p. 37. 3498: 3493: 3487:, p. 36. 3486: 3481: 3474: 3469: 3463:, p. 43. 3462: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3412:, p. 74. 3411: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3372: 3367: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3291: 3286: 3280:, p. 71. 3279: 3274: 3268:, p. 32. 3267: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3251:, p. 61. 3250: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3191:, p. 33. 3190: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3117:Madelung 2011 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3090:Madelung 2012 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3033:, p. 42. 3032: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2868:, p. 43. 2867: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2767: 2764: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2739: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2672: 2651: 2650: 2637: 2634: 2633:Kitab al-Kafi 2592: 2589: 2588: 2587:Kitab al-Kafi 2583: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2559: 2558: 2548: 2542: 2540: 2539:Abu l-Khattab 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2481: 2472: 2470: 2465: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2366:Ali ibn Asbat 2356: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2337:Ayyub ibn Nuh 2332: 2312: 2303: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2264: 2242: 2241: 2234: 2223: 2222:communities. 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2188: 2177: 2176:Hasan ibn Ali 2171: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2145: 2140: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2094: 2083: 2072: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2053: 2049: 2048:Dhu al-Hijjah 2041: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1986:Personal life 1983: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1933: 1916: 1914: 1903: 1898: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1858: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1801: 1798: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1736: 1725: 1714: 1703: 1692: 1681: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653:heir apparent 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1580: 1569: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1537: 1522/4 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1508: 1507:Musa al-Kazim 1504: 1482: 1480: 1460: 1459: 1446: 1431: 1405: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:Musa al-Kazim 1370: 1366: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317:heir apparent 1314: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1263: 1248: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1214: 1208: 1199: 1195: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1122: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1027: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1004:Kitab al-Kafi 1002: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 989: 988: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 969:Seghatoleslam 967: 965: 962: 959: 955: 952: 950: 947: 944: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 924: 923: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 864: 863: 859: 857: 854: 853: 846: 845: 837: 834: 832: 829: 825: 822: 820: 817: 816: 815: 812: 811: 804: 803: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 744: 743: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 714: 713: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 652: 647: 646: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 589: 585:Other beliefs 582: 581: 573: 572:Judgement Day 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 545: 540: 539: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 469: 468: 467: 464: 460: 459: 454: 451: 449: 446: 445: 444: 443: 438: 433: 432: 429: 426: 425: 422: 418: 414: 413: 402: 400: 397: 396: 394: 390: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 370: 368: 364: 358: 354: 351: 350: 348: 344: 341: 338: 334: 329: 311:44°20′16.64″E 299: 296: 294:Resting place 292: 287: 282: 279:Poisoning by 278: 274: 269: 262: 247: 243: 239: 235: 228: 224: 219: 210: 206: 201: 175: 153: 152: 148: 141: 137: 133: 130: 127: 121: 118: 115: 109: 103: 98: 95: 90: 86: 82: 79:, located in 78: 73: 72: 64: 59: 46: 42: 38: 29: 26: 22: 6576:Twelve Imams 6364:Ali al-Zahir 6327: 6319: 6312:(Wafi Ahmad) 6311: 6250:Aga Khan III 6101:Ali al-Zahir 6064: 6056: 6049:(Wafi Ahmad) 6048: 5972:Ali al-Zahir 5935: 5927: 5920:(Wafi Ahmad) 5919: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5825:Isa al-Fa'iz 5795:Ali al-Zahir 5758: 5750: 5743:(Wafi Ahmad) 5742: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5647: 5533: 5496: 5476: 5471:Banu Quraish 5469: 5468:Clan of the 5461: 5451: 5425: 5400: 5378: 5351: 5328: 5305: 5285: 5273:. Retrieved 5266:the original 5247: 5224: 5207: 5183: 5165: 5134: 5103: 5072: 5048: 5024: 5004: 4983: 4960: 4929: 4908: 4884: 4863: 4843: 4820: 4793: 4764: 4743:Hussain 1986 4738: 4731:Hussain 1986 4726: 4719:Hussain 1986 4714: 4702: 4690: 4668:Wardrop 1988 4663: 4656:Wardrop 1988 4651: 4644:Wardrop 1988 4639: 4627: 4620:Wardrop 1988 4615: 4603: 4598:, p. 4. 4596:Hussain 1986 4591: 4584:Sobhani 2001 4579: 4572:Hussain 1986 4567: 4555: 4548:Hussain 1986 4529:Wardrop 1988 4514:Wardrop 1988 4509: 4502:Hussain 1986 4497: 4490:Wardrop 1988 4485: 4478:Wardrop 1988 4473: 4466:Wardrop 1988 4461: 4454:Wardrop 1988 4449: 4442:Wardrop 1988 4437: 4430:Wardrop 1988 4425: 4418:Wardrop 1988 4413: 4406:Wardrop 1988 4401: 4394:Hussain 1986 4367:Hussain 1986 4362: 4355:Wardrop 1988 4350: 4343:Wardrop 1988 4338: 4331:Wardrop 1988 4326: 4319:Wardrop 1988 4314: 4307:Wardrop 1988 4302: 4281:Wardrop 1988 4276: 4269:Wardrop 1988 4264: 4252: 4245:Wardrop 1988 4240: 4233:Wardrop 1988 4228: 4221:Wardrop 1988 4216: 4209:Wardrop 1988 4204: 4192: 4185:Wardrop 1988 4180: 4173:Wardrop 1988 4168: 4161:Wardrop 1988 4156: 4149:Wardrop 1988 4144: 4137:Wardrop 1988 4122:Wardrop 1988 4117: 4110:Wardrop 1988 4105: 4098:Wardrop 1988 4093: 4086:Wardrop 1988 4081: 4076:, p. 7. 4074:Wardrop 1988 4069: 4064:, p. 6. 4062:Wardrop 1988 4057: 4052:, p. 5. 4050:Wardrop 1988 4045: 4038:Wardrop 1988 4033: 4026:Hussain 1986 4021: 4009: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3937: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3877:Wardrop 1988 3872: 3845: 3833: 3804: 3792: 3785:Daftary 2013 3738:Wardrop 1988 3733: 3726:Wardrop 1988 3721: 3714:Wardrop 1988 3709: 3702:Wardrop 1988 3697: 3690:Wardrop 1988 3685: 3678:Wardrop 1988 3661:Wardrop 1988 3656: 3644: 3622:Hussain 1986 3603:Wardrop 1988 3598: 3591:Hussain 1986 3586: 3579:Hussain 1986 3545:Wardrop 1988 3540: 3533:Wardrop 1988 3528: 3521:Wardrop 1988 3516: 3509:Wardrop 1988 3504: 3497:Wardrop 1988 3492: 3485:Wardrop 1988 3480: 3473:Wardrop 1988 3468: 3436:, p. 4. 3434:Wardrop 1988 3429: 3422:Wardrop 1988 3417: 3410:Wardrop 1988 3405: 3393: 3386:Wardrop 1988 3371:Kennedy 2015 3366: 3354: 3347:Bobrick 2012 3332:Bobrick 2012 3327: 3285: 3273: 3266:Wardrop 1988 3249:Daftary 2013 3226:Wardrop 1988 3221: 3214:Sourdel 1970 3189:Wardrop 1988 3170:Wardrop 1988 3165: 3158:Bobrick 2012 3153: 3146:Daftary 2013 3124: 2861: 2826: 2821: 2763:Islam portal 2699: 2695: 2643: 2632: 2598: 2585: 2579: 2552: 2532:exaggerators 2506: 2502: 2478: 2436: 2341: 2298: 2287: 2229: 2172: 2167: 2154: 2134: 2114:, where the 2067: 2062: 2056: 2045: 2012: 1989: 1929: 1913:Moojan Momen 1894: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1840: 1817: 1814: 1767: 1749: 1627: 1539:) favors 10 1500: 1400:Twelve Imams 1397: 1386:, where the 1353: 1291: 1261: 1246: 1232:Twelve Imams 1193: 1192: 974:Hojatoleslam 912:Ni'matullāhī 887:Qalandariyya 734:Intercession 622:Usul al-fiqh 607:Intercession 511: 463:Twelve Imams 189:the generous 146: 124:Succeeded by 101: 25: 6520:concealment 6508:occultation 6379:Ali al-Hadi 6255:Aga Khan IV 6245:Aga Khan II 6190:Murad Mirza 6116:Ali al-Hadi 5653:Ali al-Hadi 5643:Ali al-Rida 5553:Ali al-Hadi 5543:Shi'a Islam 5528:Ali al-Rida 5501:Dhul Qi‘dah 5463:Banu Hashim 5457:Ahl al-Bayt 5374:Sourdel, D. 4957:"'Abbāsids" 4683:Mavani 2013 4632:Gardet 2012 4296:Medoff 2016 3966:Pierce 2016 3954:Pierce 2016 3942:Pierce 2016 3930:Pierce 2016 3918:Pierce 2016 3906:Pierce 2016 3894:Hulmes 2008 3850:Pierce 2016 3826:Pierce 2016 3809:Pierce 2016 3797:Pierce 2016 3768:Pierce 2016 3398:Rahman 1989 3290:Glassé 2008 2947:Medoff 2016 2866:Pierce 2016 2806:al-Mu'tasim 2711: 1295 2487: 1067 2480:Shaykh Tusi 2459: 1192 2351: 1058 2136:confusion ( 2100: 1153 2089: 1941 2078: 1699 2024: 1209 1995: 1976 1932:al-Mu'tasim 1909: 1981 1831: 1022 1720: 1071 1709: 1169 1479:Ali al-Rida 1369:al-Mu'tasim 1357:Ali al-Hadi 1287:Islamic law 1236:Ali al-Rida 1083:Sources of 1019:Al-Istibsar 927:Scholarship 882:Malamatiyya 860:Sufism and 747:Holy cities 612:Occultation 562:Prophethood 399:Ali al-Rida 373:Ali al-Hadi 323: / 281:al-Mu'tasim 261:Dhu al-Qada 254:(835-11-29) 129:Ali al-Hadi 117:Ali al-Rida 112:Preceded by 52:محمد الجواد 6546:835 deaths 6541:811 births 6535:Categories 6449:Shah Tahir 6240:Aga Khan I 6215:Sayyid Ali 6163:Islam Shah 6160:Qasim Shah 5592:Shia Imams 5415:0873953908 5365:1860647804 5275:13 January 4752:References 4257:Momen 1985 4014:Momen 1985 3990:Momen 1985 3865:Momen 1985 3649:Momen 1985 3461:Momen 1985 3305:Lewis 2012 3278:Momen 1985 3129:Momen 1985 3031:Momen 1985 2704:Ibn Hamdan 2574:tay al-ard 2362: 941 2355:al-Kulayni 2344:al-Najashi 2326: 765 2319: 799 2288:al-Maqalat 2226:Precedents 2194: 680 2183: 670 2151: 765 2082:Abbas Qomi 2017:Fakhr Razi 1809: 819 1793: 818 1762: 818 1735:al-Ya'qubi 1731: 956 1724:al-Mas'udi 1687: 893 1676: 923 1622: 817 1617:Marriage ( 1575: 632 1564: 661 1514: 799 1495: 810 1452: 732 1243: 818 897:Bektashism 552:Monotheism 544:Principles 421:Shia Islam 340:Shia Islam 308:33°22′48″N 6571:Husaynids 6489:Haydar II 6474:Aziz Shah 6310:Abdallah 6268:(Mu'mini) 6225:Qasim Ali 6047:Abdallah 5918:Abdallah 5741:Abdallah 5216:2330-4804 5174:2330-4804 4992:2330-4804 4917:2330-4804 4608:Halm 2001 2837:Footnotes 2801:al-Ma'mun 2664:one-fifth 2610:the guide 2595:Successor 2212:Waqifites 2000:umm walad 1669:al-Tabari 1642:al-Ma'mun 1585:umm walad 1530:Ibn Ayyas 1520:(810-811 1468:ابن الرضا 1363:umm walad 1333:Waqifites 1302:al-Ma'mun 1264:(Arabic: 1249:(Arabic: 1207:romanized 1108:Consensus 954:Ayatollah 872:Safaviyya 867:Qizilbash 789:Kadhimiya 779:Jerusalem 651:Practices 522:al-Askari 487:al-Sajjad 357:al-Ma'mun 176:al-Jawad 167:the pious 102:In office 94:Shia Imam 6454:Haydar I 6394:Hasan II 6339:al-Qa'im 6076:al-Qa'im 5875:Muhammad 5698:Muhammad 5547:818–835 5398:(1975). 5388:73-77291 5349:(2001). 5327:(1981). 5245:(1993). 4926:"Karāma" 2735:See also 2691:al-Qa'im 2120:Kazimayn 2052:Muharram 2005:Moroccan 1846:Abu Bakr 1634:Khorasan 1579:Muhammad 1313:Khorasan 1292:Born in 1247:al-Jawād 1228:Muhammad 1068:Al-Amali 892:Hurufism 856:Alawites 527:al-Mahdi 502:al-Kazim 497:al-Sadiq 492:al-Baqir 448:Muhammad 417:a series 415:Part of 366:Children 336:Religion 288:sources) 203:Personal 154:al-Taqi 147:See list 6515:caliphs 6513:Fatimid 6326:Husayn 6063:Husayn 5934:Husayn 5866:"Wāsih" 5850:Tayyibi 5757:Husayn 5689:"Wāsih" 5600:Twelver 5540:Twelver 5455:of the 4980:"ḠOLĀT" 2678: 2658: 2620: 2604: 2567:karamah 2557:karamat 2547:Karamat 2526: 2418:Bahrain 2390:Baghdad 2378:Hamedan 2286:and in 2271: 2249: 2198:Hasanid 2126:Imamate 2108:Quraysh 1970:of the 1961:Manaqib 1872:Michael 1868:Gabriel 1746:Baghdad 1689:), and 1640:caliph 1638:Abbasid 1599:Ibrahim 1589:) from 1526:Ramadan 1490:Birth ( 1475: 1464:ابو علي 1441: 1426: 1415: 1384:Quraysh 1337:Twelver 1325:Baghdad 1300:caliph 1298:Abbasid 1277:Imamite 1273: 1262:al-Taqī 1258: 1209:: 1099:Hadiths 1085:ijtihad 979:Ijtihad 964:Allamah 956: ( 941: ( 862:Alevism 836:Shaykhi 824:Akhbari 814:Ja'fari 784:Samarra 774:Mashhad 769:Karbala 704:Tabarri 699:Tawalli 627:Ijtihad 567:Imamate 557:Justice 517:al-Naqi 512:al-Taqi 507:ar-Rida 453:Fatimah 392:Parents 268:Baghdad 263:220 AH) 183: 161: 81:Karbala 6318:Ahmad 6265:Nizari 6055:Ahmad 6002:Nizari 5926:Ahmad 5888:Husayn 5862:"Asās" 5749:Ahmad 5711:Husayn 5685:"Asās" 5673:Hafizi 5504:220 AH 5495: 5484:195 AH 5412: 5386: 5362: 5335: 5313: 5292: 5258: 5231: 5214: 5191: 5172: 5149: 5118: 5087: 5056: 5035: 5011: 4990: 4967: 4944: 4915: 4892: 4871: 4850: 4827: 4808: 4777: 2640:Legacy 2519:Ghulat 2414:Sistan 2331:wokala 2302:wokala 2277:wisdom 2185:) and 2112:Tigris 1855:) and 1797:vizier 1733:) and 1568:Fatima 1566:) and 1503:Medina 1430:hadith 1419:الجواد 1394:Titles 1294:Medina 1282:wokala 1251:الجواد 1198:Arabic 1113:Reason 1094:Qur'an 939:Marja' 907:Galibi 902:Rifa`i 807:Groups 759:Medina 632:Taqlid 597:Angels 482:Husayn 383:Hakima 352:Samana 346:Spouse 284:(most 234:Medina 35:Ninth 6439:Tahir 6374:Nizar 6111:Nizar 5883:Hasan 5706:Hasan 5499:30th 5497:Died: 5481:Rajab 5479:10th 5477:Born: 5356:(PDF) 5269:(PDF) 5252:(PDF) 5029:(PDF) 2813:Notes 2671:Zakat 2515:Mahdi 2513:that 2469:Egypt 2464:wakil 2406:Khums 2386:Basra 2374:Ahvaz 2311:wakil 2255:proof 2240:hujja 2233:Jesus 2220:Zaydi 2216:Mahdi 2139:hayra 2104:harem 2030:Death 2003:) of 1967:sahib 1774:Abbas 1665:Alids 1661:green 1657:black 1591:Nubia 1541:Rajab 1458:kunya 1408:التقى 1349:Quran 1341:Jesus 1266:التقي 949:Hawza 831:Alevi 819:Usuli 764:Najaf 754:Mecca 684:Jihad 679:Khums 674:Zakat 659:Salat 637:Irfan 477:Hasan 223:Rajab 139:Title 71:zarih 5871:Nabi 5694:Nabi 5536:Imam 5534:9th 5410:ISBN 5384:LCCN 5360:ISBN 5333:ISBN 5311:ISBN 5290:ISBN 5277:2023 5256:ISBN 5229:ISBN 5212:ISSN 5189:ISBN 5170:ISSN 5147:ISBN 5116:ISBN 5085:ISBN 5054:ISBN 5033:ISBN 5009:ISBN 4988:ISSN 4965:ISBN 4942:ISBN 4913:ISSN 4890:ISBN 4869:ISBN 4848:ISBN 4825:ISBN 4806:ISBN 4775:ISBN 2675:lit. 2655:lit. 2649:fiqh 2617:lit. 2601:lit. 2584:and 2523:lit. 2505:and 2448:Rayy 2424:qadi 2412:and 2410:Bost 2398:Kufa 2382:Rayy 2268:lit. 2263:hukm 2246:lit. 2162:nass 2038:The 1979:qadi 1973:qadi 1958:and 1949:qadi 1943:qadi 1937:qadi 1897:Hajj 1870:and 1857:Umar 1770:Alid 1630:Merv 1485:Life 1473:lit. 1439:lit. 1424:lit. 1413:lit. 1404:Shia 1343:and 1321:Iraq 1271:lit. 1256:lit. 958:list 943:list 669:Hajj 664:Sawm 461:The 286:Shia 259:(29 245:Died 225:195 221:(10 208:Born 180:lit. 158:lit. 92:9th 37:Imam 6518:in 6506:in 6275:Ali 6012:Ali 5868:of 5864:or 5858:Ali 5691:of 5687:or 5681:Ali 5608:Ali 5538:of 5139:doi 5108:doi 5077:doi 4934:doi 4798:doi 2563:sg. 2443:Qom 2396:in 2372:in 2307:sg. 2207:ilm 2080:), 1782:Tus 1678:), 1659:to 1632:in 1329:Tus 1101:of 934:Law 794:Qom 472:Ali 419:on 75:of 39:of 6537:: 5511:CE 5491:CE 5206:. 5164:. 5145:. 5114:. 5083:. 4982:. 4959:. 4940:. 4907:. 4804:. 4773:. 4763:. 4675:^ 4536:^ 4521:^ 4374:^ 4288:^ 4129:^ 3884:^ 3857:^ 3816:^ 3775:^ 3760:^ 3745:^ 3668:^ 3629:^ 3610:^ 3571:^ 3552:^ 3441:^ 3378:^ 3339:^ 3312:^ 3297:^ 3256:^ 3233:^ 3196:^ 3177:^ 3136:^ 3097:^ 3038:^ 3023:^ 2954:^ 2873:^ 2844:^ 2709:d. 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