Mullaperiyar Dam - Knowledge

3361: 3353: 652:, a minister of the Ramnad king Muthuramalinga Sethupathy, who gave it up as he found it to be expensive. The location of the dam had first been scouted by Captain J. L. Caldwell, Madras Engineers (abbreviated as M.E.) in 1808 to reconnoitre the feasibility of providing water from the Periyar river to Madurai by a tunnel through the mountains. Caldwell discovered that the excavation needed would be in excess of 100 feet in depth and the project was abandoned with the comment in his report as "decidedly chimerical and unworthy of any further regard". 76: 48: 6144: 965:

situated in a seismically active zone. An earthquake measuring 4.5 on the Richter scale occurred on 7 June 1988 within 20 km of the dam. Subsequently, several tremors have occurred in the area in recent times. These could be reservoir-induced seismicity, requiring further studies according to experts. A 2009 report by IIT Roorkee stated that the dam "was likely to face damage if an earthquake of the magnitude of 6.5 on the Richter scale struck its vicinity when the water level is at 136 feet".

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Concrete Construction) capping on top of the dam at height above 145 feet, building 10 meter RCC concrete backing structure with 10 feet foundation up to height of 145 feet in downstream face of dam and binding the RCC structure using shear keys and concrete grouting with the old structure and the foundation along the downstream face of dam, building additional drainage galleries in order to measure seepage and additional sluice gates for water evacuation.

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committee formed as per Supreme Court order in 2014 was not functioning properly for the past 6 years, responding to which the Supreme Court ordered Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu to come out with the rule curve immediately or face action. The Supreme Court, which declared the dam as hydrologically and seismically safe previously in 2014, asked Kerala and Tamil Nadu states to act seriously as 'people's lives are at risk' in a U turn.

508:. Although the Periyar River has a total catchment area of 5398 km with 114 km downstream from the dam in Tamil Nadu, the catchment area of the Mullaperiyar Dam itself lies entirely in Kerala and thus not an inter-State river. On 21 November 2014, the water level hit 142 feet for first time in 35 years. The reservoir again hit the maximum limit of 142 feet on 15 August 2018, following incessant rains in the state of 379: 6182: 6168: 546: 83: 55: 405: 417: 393: 1062:

problematic definition of inter-State river when in its entirety the river goes into the sea within Kerala without passing through any other states. They also raised the complexity of the judgment and disputes that it can raise in other states that have small catchments of other-State rivers and right to claim part of waters.

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Tamil Nadu has insisted on raising the water level in the dam to 142 feet, pointing out crop failures. However, the court has clarified Tamil Nadu is not a riparian state. "In the process the farmers of the erstwhile rain shadow areas in Tamil Nadu who had started a thrice yearly cropping pattern had

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On 18 February 2010, the Supreme Court decided to constitute a five-member empowered committee consisting three judges and two technical experts to inspect and study all the issues of Mullaperiyar Dam and seek a report from it within six months. The Bench in its draft order said Tamil Nadu and Kerala

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104 lakhs, was 173 feet high and 1241 feet in length along the top and enclosed more than 15 thousand million cubic feet of water. Another source states that the dam was constructed of concrete and gives a figure of 152 feet height of the full water level of the reservoir, with impounding capacity of

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In 2014 while passing the final judgement the Supreme Court has laid down criteria for any future construction of new dam downstream and decommissioning of the present Mullaperiyar Dam under the "Way Forward - Towards an amicable solution" or a tunnel solution as suggested by the Empowered Committee

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who were employed in the construction of the coffer-dams and other structures. The greatest challenge was the diversion of the river so that lower portions of the great dam could be built. The temporary embankments and coffer-dams used to restrain the river waters were regularly swept away by floods

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and "surkhi" (burnt brick powder), and faced with rubble. Gravity dams use their weight and the force of gravity to support the reservoir and remain stable. The main dam has a maximum height of 53.6 m (176 ft) and length of 365.7 m (1,200 ft). Its crest is 3.6 m (12 ft)

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In 2014 while passing the final verdict, the Supreme Court constituted a permanent Supervisory Committee to oversee all the aspects of the Mullaperiyar dam. The Supervisory Committee consists of three members headed by member from the Central Water Commission of The Water Resource Ministry who will

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The Kerala Government maintains that this is not true. During the year 1979–80 the gross area cultivated in Periyar command area was 171,307 acres (693.25 km). After the lowering of the level to 136 ft (41 m), the gross irrigated area increased and in 1994–95 it reached 229,718 acres

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told the state Assembly that the State should have the right of construction, ownership, operation and maintenance of the new dam, while giving water to Tamil Nadu on the basis of a clear cut agreement. He also informed the media that former Supreme Court Judge K. T. Thomas will represent Kerala on

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report on threats possessed by ageing dams across the world stated that Mullaperiyar dam situated in a seismically active area has major structural flaws and 3.5 million people are at risk if the 100+ years old dam were to fail. 2 petitions were filed in Supreme Court alleging that the supervisory

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promulgated a new "Dam Safety Act" against increasing the storage level of the dam, which has been challenged by Tamil Nadu on various grounds. The Supreme Court issued notice to Kerala to respond, however did not stay the operation of the Act even as an interim measure. The Court then advised the

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The dam created a reservoir in a remote gorge of the Periyar river situated 3,000 feet above the sea in dense and malarial jungle, and from the northerly arm of this manmade waterbody, the water flowed first through a deep cutting for about a mile and then through a tunnel, 5704 feet in length and

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7.5 lakhs per year as surcharge for the total amount of electricity generated. The validity of this agreement is under dispute between the States of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. As of 2013 the matter is pending before a Division Bench of the Supreme Court. The dispute puts into question the power of the

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The first attempt at damming the Periyaar with an earthen dam in 1850 was given up due to demands for higher wages by the labour citing unhealthy living conditions. The proposal was resubmitted a number of times and in 1862, Captain J. G. Ryves, M.E., carried out a study and submitted proposals in

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Currently, the water from the Periyar (Thekkady) Lake created by the dam, is diverted through the water shed cutting and a tunnel to Forebay Dam near Kumily (Iraichalpalam). From the Forebay dam, hydel pipelines carry the water to the Periyar Power Station in Lower Periyaru. This is used for power

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The judgement emphasized the suggestion of EC to make a second tunnel at about 50 ft from the bottom so that the large quantity of water, otherwise unused below the current tunnel at 106.5 ft, can be used by Tamil Nadu. It was highlighted that in case the dam develops any distress, this

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On 8 March 2010, Tamil Nadu told the Supreme Court that it was not interested in adjudicating the dispute with Kerala before the special "empowered" committee appointed by the apex court for settling the inter-State issue. However, Supreme Court refused to accept Tamil Nadu's request to scrap the

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In May 2014 the Supreme Court of India declared the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act of 2006 as unconstitutional and struck down the law passed by the Kerala Assembly on the Mullaperiyar Dam that said that the water level cannot be increased beyond 136 feet. The court has

696:, Travancore and Cochin joined the Union of India and on 1 July 1949 were merged to form Travancore-Cochin. On 1 January 1950, Travancore-Cochin was recognised as a state. The Madras Presidency was organised to form Madras State in 1947. On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the 676:

J C Hannington. This lease was made after 24 years negotiation between the Maharaja and the British. The lease indenture granted full right, power and liberty to the Secretary of State for India to construct make and carry out on the leased land and to use exclusively when constructed, made and

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Strengthening measures adopted by Tamil Nadu PWD from 1979 with the recommendation of Central Water Commission(CWC) include grouting of the old dam with concrete, guniting the upstream face of dam, cable anchoring of the dam's structure with the foundation throughout its length, RCC(Reinforced

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said that immediately after the Supreme Court announced its decision to set up a committee, he had written to Congress president asking the centre to mediate between Kerala and Tamil Nadu on Mullaperiyar issue. However, the then Leader of Opposition i.e., the late Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu

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Current safety concerns relate to several issues. Since the dam was constructed using stone rubble masonry with lime mortar grouting following prevailing 19th-century construction techniques that have now become archaic, seepage and leaks from the dam have caused concern. Moreover, the dam is

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The Kerala Government states that it does not object to giving water to Tamil Nadu as a shared commodity, their main cause of objection being the dam's safety as it is 126 years old. Increasing the level would add more pressure to be handled by the already leaking dam. They also raised the

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States to settle the matter amicably, and adjourned hearing in order to enable them to do so. The Supreme Court of India termed the act as not unconstitutional. Meanwhile, the Supreme Court constituted a Constitution bench to hear the case considering its wide ramifications.

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to raise the level of the dam to 152 ft (46 m) after strengthening it. Responding to it, Mullaperiyar dam was declared an 'endangered' scheduled dam by the Kerala Government under the disputed Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006.

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by the Central Soil and Materials Research Station on directions from the Empowered Committee of the Supreme Court, the Kerala Government observer opined that "mistakes in the strengthening works carried out by Tamil Nadu" in 1979 damaged the masonry of the dam.

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by its decision by a three-member division bench, allowed for the storage level to be raised to 142 feet (43 m) pending completion of the proposed strengthening measures, provision of other additional vents and implementation of other suggestions.

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The safety of the dam again rose to public attention in 2021 after the flood situation in Kerala since 2018 and the destruction of Rishiganga hydroelectric project & Tapovan dam in Uttarakhand following a glacier burst killing nearly 200 people. A

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The Empowered Committee headed by the former Chief Justice of India A.S. Anand, in its findings concluded that the dam is "structurally, hydrologically safe, and Tamil Nadu can raise the water level from 136 to 142 feet after carrying out repairs."

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The Periyar project, as it was then known, was widely considered well into the 20th century as "one of the most extraordinary feats of engineering ever performed by man". A large amount of manual labour was involved and worker mortality from

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In May 1887, construction of the dam began. As per "The Military Engineer in India" Vol II by Sandes (1935), the dam was constructed from limestone and "surkhi" (burnt brick powder and a mixture of sugar and calcium oxide ) at a cost of

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which killed up to 15,000 people, safety concerns of the aging Mullaperiyar dam and alleged leaks and cracks in the structure were raised by the Kerala Government. A study conducted by The Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS),

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1867 for another earthwork dam, 62 feet high. The matter was debated by the Madras Government and the matter further delayed by the terrible famine of 1876–77. Finally, in 1882, the construction of the dam was approved and Major

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in Thekkady is located around the dam's reservoir. The dam is built at the confluence of Mullayar and Periyar rivers. The dam is located in Kerala on the river Periyar, but is operated and maintained by the neighbouring state of

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report about ageing large dams around the world, Mullaperiyar was said to be "situated in a seismically active area with significant structural flaws and poses risk to 3.5 million people if the 100+ years old dam were to fail".

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To assist the three member supervisory committee, a five-member sub-supervisory committee was formed comprising two officials from both the respective States and a member from the Central Water Commission acting as the head.

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on its left and an auxiliary dam (or "baby dam") to the right. Its reservoir can withhold 443,230,000 m (359,332 acre⋅ft) of water, of which 299,130,000 m (242,509 acre⋅ft) is active (live) storage.

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and into a natural ravine and so onto the Vaigai River which has been partly built up for a length of 86 miles, finally discharging 2000 cusecs of water for the arid rain shadow regions of present-day

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carried out, all such irrigation works and other works ancillary thereto. The agreement gave 8000 acres of land for the reservoir and another 100 acres to construct the dam. The tax for each acre was

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ruled that Tamil Nadu can increase the water level to 142 feet and constituted a permanent Supervisory Committee in order to take care of the affairs relating to maintenance of the Mullaperiyar Dam.

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Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma, and the British Secretary of State for India for Periyar Irrigation Works. The lease agreement was signed by Dewan of Travancore V Ram Iyengar and State Secretary of

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could provide. The dam created the Periyar Thekkady reservoir, from which water was diverted eastwards via a tunnel to augment the small flow of the Vaigai River. The Vaigai was dammed by the

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generation (180 MW capacity) in the Periyar Power Station. From the Periyar Power Station, the water is let out into Vairavanar river and then to Suruliyar and from Suruliyar to Vaigai Dam.

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would have the option to nominate a member each, who could be either a retired judge or a technical expert. The five-member committee will be headed by former Chief Justice of India

3916: 3150: 2703:"Singh, H.N., Raghavan, V., & Raju, G.K. (1992). On relation between seismicity and tectonic features of Idukki region, Southwestern India. Geofizika, Vol. 9, 1992, pp. 109–122" 2648: 1412: 3941: 1870: 1682: 1444: 949:). On the orders of the CWC, the Tamil Nadu government lowered the storage level from 152 feet to 142.2 feet then to 136 feet, conducted safety repairs and strengthened the dam. 4944: 1169: 3921: 3876: 1088:(EC). The second tunnel can bring down the water level considerably in the dam and it is as good as decommissioning the dam without hindering supply of water to Tamil Nadu. 724:

federal government of India to make valid orders respecting Indian States, in this case regarding a watershed and dam within one state that is used exclusively in another.

700:. The Kerala state government announced that the earlier agreement which had been signed between British Raj and Travancore agreement was invalid and needed to be renewed. 2875: 1639: 2291: 818:, the dam might never have been finished". 483 people died of diseases during the construction of this dam and were buried on-site in a cemetery just north of the dam. 316: 3173: 3926: 3881: 1892: 1204: 3397: 3292: 2020: 648:

The unique idea of harnessing the westward flowing water of the Periyar river and diverting it to the eastward flowing Vaigai river was first explored in 1789 by

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12 per kiloWatt per hour. Tamil Nadu uses the water and the land, and the Tamil Nadu government has been paying to the Kerala government for the past 50 years

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decision to form the empowered committee. The Supreme Court also criticized the Union Government on its reluctance in funding the empowered committee.

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Krishnan, J. R., and Ray J. G.,2008. Investigation on the hydrobiology and water quality parameters of Periyar Lake, Thekkady, Western Ghats, Kerala.

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Tension rose again when Tamil Nadu opened 10 shutters of the dam after midnight without giving proper warning, causing floods along the banks of the

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tunnel will help in evacuation of storage faster and better. It was also pointed out that the costs will be meagre compared to building a new dam.

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objected to the TN Government move. She said that this would give advantage to Kerala in the issue. Meanwhile, Kerala Water Resources Minister

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in 2005 was estimated at 1100, however Periyar suffers greatly from poaching of elephant being the worst affected of South Indian sanctuaries.

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Civil engineers' pocket book: a reference-book for engineers, contractors, and students, containing rules, data, methods, formulas and tables

3712: 1993: 1118:. It was the 4th time in a month that Tamil Nadu has opened the shutters of the dam after 10 pm. This resulted in Chief Minister of Kerala, 6109: 3037: 2781: 2617: 2174: 2145: 1591: 1269: 3140: 3127: 2973: 2919: 2638: 4214: 4176: 920:. According to a report by the Kerala Forest Research Institute, the protected area surrounding the dam and reservoir is classified as a 1862: 1674: 1515: 1448: 3776: 2056: 1366: 2897: 2843: 1551: 1161: 128: 6220: 3861: 3756: 1774: 2549: 1617: 6601: 5615: 4237: 3988: 3978: 3871: 2709: 1840: 6621: 6229: 4949: 3769: 3681: 3079: 2493: 2433: 1509: 5585: 4125: 3111: 1900: 1211: 5907: 5610: 4130: 3841: 3751: 3203: 1136: 47: 3488:"'Act seriously, people's lives will be at risk', SC raps Kerala and Tamil Nadu on Mullaperiyar dam maximum water level" 75: 4155: 4145: 3993: 3836: 3284: 2030: 822: 767: 657: 499:). It has a height of 53.6 m (176 ft) from the foundation, and a length of 365.7 m (1,200 ft). The 492: 3731: 1122:

sending a letter to his Tamil Nadu counterpart to open shutters of dam only at daytime that too with proper warnings.

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After several failed attempts to renew the agreement in 1958, 1960, and 1969, the agreement was renewed in 1970 when

2353: 1309: 6626: 4681: 4352: 4003: 2381: 6606: 6063: 5570: 4676: 4207: 3846: 3726: 1341: 845:, is located around the dam's reservoir, the 26 km (10 sq mi) Periyar lake. 62 different kinds of 2670: 2583:"Exclusive: Mullaperiyar dam was strengthened thrice and it's stronger than a new dam, says Justice K.T. Thomas" 1707: 660:, M.E., placed in charge to prepare a revised project and estimate which was approved in 1884 by his superiors. 6616: 4242: 4150: 3957: 3058: 1923: 6083: 6023: 4929: 4329: 3866: 3831: 3697: 2115: 1810: 1476: 6213: 6172: 4717: 4646: 4339: 4334: 4120: 3856: 3826: 3821: 1025:

The control and safety of the dam and the validity and fairness of the lease agreement have been points of

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districts. Initially the dam waters were used only for the irrigation of 68,558 ha (169,411 acres).

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5 per year. The lease provided the British the rights over "all the waters" of the Mullaperiyar and its

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Earlier known as the Periyar Dam as it was basically meant to dam the Periyar river, the present name

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and also reached in an agreement to divert water eastwards to the Madras Presidency area (present-day

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was high. It was claimed that had it not been for "the medicinal effects of the native spirit called

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act as the chairman of the Supervisory Committee and two other members from the respective states.

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was Kerala Chief Minister. According to the renewed agreement, the tax per acre was increased to

3029: 2773: 2609: 2166: 2137: 1583: 6119: 5987: 5842: 5580: 5575: 5009: 4666: 3645: 2983: 2929: 1046: 3544:"Idukki residents take out protest march as Tamil Nadu opens Mullaperiyar dam without warning" 2736:"Investigations of June 7, 1988 earthquake of magnitude 4.5 near Idukki Dam in Southern India" 2639:"The Hindu, 22 November 2011, 'Tamilnadu seepage data wrong: says Mullaperiyar cell chairman'" 6611: 6591: 6078: 6033: 5695: 5378: 5348: 5333: 4702: 4671: 4595: 3641:(Mullaperiyar Dam and the Future of Kerala: An Enquiry, (Mal.). Kozhikode: Mathrubhumi Books. 2483: 1499: 1472:

Water insecurity, institutions, and livelihood dynamics: a study in Plachimada, Kerala, India

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have been recorded in Periyar, including many threatened ones. Periyar is a highly protected

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30, and for the electricity generated in Lower Camp using Mullaperiyar water, the charge was

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Cross section of Mullaiperiyar dam After the completion of concrete backing by Tamil Nadu PWD

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and rains. Due to the coffer dam failures, the British stopped funding the project. Officer

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wide while the base has a width of 42.2 m (138 ft). It consists of a main dam,

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Ramakrishnan, Uma; Santosh, J. A.; Ramakrishnan, Uma; Sukumar, R. (25 January 1998).

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The construction involved the use of troops from the 1st and 4th battalions of the

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to go into all issues relating to the dam's safety and the storage level.

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On 29 October 1886, a lease indenture for 999 years was made between the

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10.56 thousand million cubic feet along with a total estimated cost of

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above two-years of age as of January 2017 in the reserve. Declared an

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Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conversation & Research Centre

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In 2012, it was announced that a memorial dedicated to dam engineer

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raised funds by selling his wife's jewelry to continue the work. In

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which was in dire need of a greater supply of water than the small

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The Kerala Irrigation And Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006

1702: 1700: 1386:. Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. Archived from 6198: 5529: 5519: 5514: 5484: 5454: 5419: 5252: 5196: 5176: 4641: 4570: 4510: 4383: 3384:"State Of Tamil Nadu vs State Of Kerala & Anr on 7 May, 2014" 2734:

Rastogi, B. K.; Chadha, R. K.; Sarma, C. S. P. (1 October 1995).

2025: 1470: 901: 811: 771: 590: 566: 449: 3229:"Centre to decide on supervisory committee for Mullaperiyar dam" 3141:"Mullaperiyar dam row: Clashes at Kerala-Tamil Nadu border post" 2999:"Mullaperiyar dam structurally & hydrologically safe: Panel" 2080:"Supreme Court to reexamine validity of Mullaperiyar lease deed" 1249:(2nd (corrected) ed.). D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 859 4575: 4490: 4288: 3666:(Mullaperiyar Dam: Some Disclosures, Mal.). Kottayam: DC Books. 1697: 913: 846: 815: 762: 509: 464: 460: 199: 116: 3036:. Thiruvananthapuram, Chennai, India: Kasturi & Sons Ltd. 1760:. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers. pp. 28–29. 545: 491:

of Kerala, India. It was constructed between 1887 and 1895 by

5226: 4560: 4470: 3639:

Mullaperiyar Anakkettum Kerlathinte Bhaviyum: Anweshana Rekha

3610:. Second Edition. Thrissur: Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad. 2890:"Jayalalithaa criticises Karunanidhi over Mullaperiyar issue" 889: 873: 783: 582: 468: 106: 2481: 1584:"No part of Mullaperiyar catchment is in TN: CWRDM Director" 1029:. Supreme court judgment came on 27 February 2006, allowing 5014: 3673:

Contested Knowledge: Science, Media and Democracy in Kerala

3657:

The Mullaperiyar Water War: The Dam that Divided Two States

3622:

The Mullaperiyar Water War: The Dam That Divided Two States

2354:"Rare moments of Indian tiger family caught on camera trap" 2296: 1804: 1501:

Advances in Fish and Wildlife Ecology and Biology, Volume 4

904:. Four species of primates are found at Periyar – the rare 869: 553:

The Periyar river which flows westward of Kerala in to the

3732:

Full text of Expert Committee Report on Mullai Periyar Dam

3130:. The Hindu. 9 September 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2011. 2610:"'Serious damage' to masonry of Mullaperiyar dam detected" 2389:

Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India

1162:"Mullaperiyar Dam turns 125 | Kochi News - Times of India" 1083:

Proposal for construction of a new dam and other proposals

317:

Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Limited

274:

3,454.62 cubic metres per second (4,518 cu yd/s)

3316:"'TN should go in for second tunnel in Mullaperiyar dam'" 2063:, vol. 23 – Issue 05, Chennai, India, archived from 897: 295:

299,130,000 m (242,509 acre⋅ft) (10.56 tmc ft)

287:

443,230,000 m (359,332 acre⋅ft) (15.65 tmc ft)

2804:"IIT, Roorkee report on Mullaperiyar says dam not safe" 1979: 1977: 1975: 956:

During a 2011 scanning of the Mullaperiyar dam using a

778:

later through another cutting on the other side of the

581:

to provide a source for irrigating large tracts around

537:, at the confluence of which the dam is located below. 4182:

Indian states ranking by households having electricity

3629:

Mullaperiyar Dam: Keralam Neridunna Durantha Bheeshani

3128:

Mullaperiyar: apex court issues notice to Government

2256: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 3174:"SC allows TN to increase Mullaperiyaru water level" 1972: 3646:

The Mullaperiyar Dam: Risking Media, Mediating Risk

1924:"More Water to Vaigai, Safety for Mullaperiyar Dam" 945:. The dam was also inspected by the chairman, CWC ( 4136:Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation 3608:Mullaperiyar Imbroglio: Inter-State River Problems 3204:"Kerala demands safety review of Mullaperiyar dam" 2733: 1730: 969:Justice A.S. Anand Committee (Empowered Committee) 719:2.5 lakhs as tax per year for the whole land and 6578: 2112:Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India 3932:Ennore SEZ Super Critical Thermal Power Project 3458:"Come out with rule curve for Mullaperiyar: SC" 3354:"Is Mullaiperiyaru the second tunnel solution?" 2982:. Chennai, India. 30 March 2010. Archived from 2054: 2050: 2048: 1805:Ministry of Water Resources (2 December 2011). 995:the expert panel constituted by Supreme Court. 5616:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum, Kollam 3902:Pillaiperumalnallur Combined Cycle Power Plant 3118:. Expert-eyes.org. Retrieved 25 November 2011. 2928:. Chennai, India. 4 March 2010. Archived from 2102: 2100: 471:and 200km north east of state capital city of 6214: 4208: 3777: 2514: 2512: 6110:Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre 3518:"SC to Kerala, TN on Mullaperiyar dam issue" 2324:"35 tigers at Periyar Tiger Reserve: Survey" 2188: 2130: 2045: 1669: 1667: 1616:. India: IIT Roorkee. 2012. pp. 17–22. 1027:dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu states 4177:States of India by installed power capacity 2607: 2410: 2376: 2374: 2097: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1950:"Pennycuik on the Diversion of the Periyar" 1091: 557:was diverted eastwards to flow towards the 6221: 6207: 4215: 4201: 3784: 3770: 3171: 3027: 2996: 2833: 2601: 2509: 2159: 1986:"A dam steeped in history and controversy" 1536:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 32: 3862:Cuddalore IL&FS Thermal Power Station 3664:Mullaperiyar Dam: Chila Velippeduthalukal 3255:"Sub-committee inspects Mullaperiyar dam" 2920:"K.T. Thomas to be on Mullaperiyar panel" 2021:"Mullaperiyar dam: An engineering marvel" 1947: 1941: 1769: 1767: 1664: 1308:. Supreme Courth of India. pp. 1–2. 1267: 3912:Valantharavai Combined Cycle Power Plant 3133: 3077: 2518: 2371: 2257:Suhrith Parthasarathy (12 August 2013). 2250: 2218: 2167:"Mullaperiyar: Ministers to visit Delhi" 2008: 1373: 1069: 1016: 981:The then late Tamil Nadu Chief Minister 731: 612: 544: 82: 54: 3887:Thirumakottai Gas Turbine Power Station 2488:. World Bank Publications. p. 86. 2078:Service, Express News (5 August 2024). 2077: 1632: 1491: 1297: 1295: 1229: 1038:to go back to the bi-annual cropping." 6579: 4238:Kerala Tourism Development Corporation 3989:Bhavani Kattalai Hydroelectric Project 3872:Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station 3313: 3021: 2284: 2226:"Enact law declaring dam pact illegal" 1921: 1833:"Lower Periyar Hydro Electric Project" 1800: 1798: 1796: 1764: 1758:The Military Engineer in India, Vol II 1755: 1652:from the original on 11 September 2019 1620:from the original on 21 September 2013 1518:from the original on 18 September 2023 1365:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 643: 6202: 4950:International Film Festival of Kerala 4222: 4196: 3765: 3747:Seismic Stability of Mullaperiyar Dam 3737:The Hindu Periyar dam is 11 years old 3659:. New Delhi: Rupa Publications India. 3624:. New Delhi: Rupa Publications India. 2784:from the original on 22 November 2011 2550:"The case for a new Mullaperiyar dam" 2482:World Bank. Environment Dept (1991). 2206:from the original on 25 November 2011 2177:from the original on 28 November 2011 2148:from the original on 27 November 2011 1922:Thomas, Mathew A. (1 December 2014). 1576: 1463: 1437: 1315:from the original on 16 December 2011 1006: 467:. It is situated 150km south east of 443: 62:Location of Mullaperiyar Dam in India 5586:Kerala Science and Technology Museum 4126:Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency 3554:from the original on 23 January 2022 3498:from the original on 26 October 2021 3468:from the original on 28 October 2021 3364:from the original on 18 January 2022 3334:from the original on 18 January 2022 3235:from the original on 6 February 2022 3153:from the original on 7 December 2011 3040:from the original on 2 December 2011 2954:from the original on 3 December 2013 2900:from the original on 3 December 2013 2896:. Chennai, India. 22 February 2010. 2651:from the original on 2 December 2013 2475: 2439:from the original on 17 January 2016 2173:, Chennai, India, 25 November 2011, 2055:R. Krishnakumar (11–24 March 2006), 1996:from the original on 1 December 2011 1873:from the original on 18 January 2017 1718:from the original on 7 December 2022 1606: 1594:from the original on 10 January 2012 1544: 1497: 1405: 1381:"Medium River Basins Of The Country" 1292: 1280:from the original on 3 December 2013 1242: 1100: 529:is derived by blending the names of 232:365.85 m (1,200 ft) (main) 6167: 5908:Meenmutty Falls, Thiruvananthapuram 5611:Pazhassi Raja Archaeological Museum 4131:Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation 4064:Suruliyar Hydroelectric Power Plant 3907:Karuppur Combined Cycle Power Plant 3842:North Chennai Thermal Power Station 3408:from the original on 27 August 2023 3030:"State is unprepared for disasters" 2834:Venkatesan, J. (17 February 2010). 2683:from the original on 8 January 2012 2620:from the original on 7 January 2012 2485:Environmental assessment sourcebook 2334:from the original on 8 January 2017 2304:from the original on 9 January 2012 2272:from the original on 4 January 2014 1984:T, Ramakrishnan (29 October 2011). 1948:Pennycuik, John (26 January 1897). 1893:"Lower Periyar Power House PH01243" 1793: 1640:"The Mullaperiyar touches 142 feet" 1479:from the original on 3 January 2016 1184: 1137:Interstate River Water Disputes Act 861:on 2 April 2002, the population of 13: 6228: 4156:Power System Operation Corporation 4146:Nuclear Power Corporation of India 4049:Parsons Valley Hydro Power Station 3897:Valuthur Gas Turbine Power Station 3892:Kuttalam Gas Turbine Power Station 3837:Neyveli Zero Lignite Power Station 3650:Journal of Creative Communications 3600: 2874:. 21 February 2010. Archived from 2846:from the original on 18 March 2013 2715:from the original on 26 April 2012 2531:from the original on 12 March 2012 2451: 2234:. 30 November 2011. Archived from 2029:. 26 November 2011. Archived from 1205:"National Register for Large Dams" 825:would be erected at the dam site. 14: 6638: 6069:Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary 3691: 2812:, 28 October 2009, archived from 1983: 1708:"Ageing dams pose growing threat" 1685:from the original on 20 July 2023 1172:from the original on 7 April 2022 868:Other mammals found here include 828: 625:made with concrete prepared from 6180: 6166: 6155: 6154: 6143: 6142: 4682:Sree Narayana Jayanthi Boat Race 4353:Trivandrum International Airport 4069:Pykara Hydroelectric Power Plant 3994:Lower Mettur Barrage Power House 3617:(Mal.). Kottayam: Papyrus Books. 3584:from the original on 4 July 2023 3524:from the original on 4 July 2023 3520:. News Minute. 25 October 2021. 3295:from the original on 9 June 2023 3009:from the original on 6 June 2023 2997:Venkatesan, J. (25 April 2012). 2950:. Chennai, India. 8 March 2010. 1843:from the original on 29 May 2018 1809:. Govt. of India. Archived from 1425:from the original on 6 July 2022 415: 403: 391: 377: 370: 363: 81: 74: 53: 46: 6064:Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary 5571:Archaeological Museum, Thrissur 3917:Samalpatti Diesel Power Station 3847:Tuticorin Thermal Power Station 3742:Mullaperiyar Dam Break Analysis 3566: 3536: 3510: 3480: 3450: 3438:from the original on 9 May 2023 3420: 3390: 3376: 3346: 3307: 3277: 3265:from the original on 6 May 2022 3247: 3221: 3196: 3184:from the original on 8 May 2014 3165: 3121: 3102: 3071: 3028:Roy Mathew (30 November 2011). 2990: 2966: 2936: 2912: 2882: 2858: 2827: 2796: 2766: 2727: 2695: 2663: 2631: 2608:Mathew, Roy (7 December 2011), 2575: 2542: 2346: 2316: 2071: 1915: 1885: 1855: 1825: 727: 4243:Department of Tourism (Kerala) 4151:PowerGrid Corporation of India 3958:Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant 3942:Udangudi Thermal Power Project 1756:Sandes, Lt Col E.W.C. (1935). 1327: 1261: 1154: 1: 6602:Inter-state disputes in India 6084:Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary 6024:Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary 4945:India International Boat Show 4930:Feast of Saint Raphael, Ollur 4330:Calicut International Airport 4034:Kadambari Hydro Power Station 3867:GMR Vasavi Diesel Power Plant 3832:Neyveli Thermal Power Station 3752:Photograph of the dam in 1900 3670:Varughese, Shiju Sam (2017). 3637:Mangathil, Sasidharan. 2008. 3613:Anilkumar, A.V. (ed.). 2011. 3314:Sundar, S. (21 August 2018). 3172:Venkatesan, J. (7 May 2014). 3109:Kerala Government's arguments 3080:"The Mullaperiyaru imbroglio" 2866:"DMK against SC panel on dam" 2259:"Water Wars in India's South" 1268:ET Bureau (2 December 2011). 1147: 927: 561:to provide water to the arid 300:Maximum water depth 16:Dam in Kerala, southern India 6622:1895 establishments in India 5561:8 Point Gallery Cafe, Kollam 4718:Nedumala caves, Piralimattam 4677:President's Trophy Boat Race 4647:Champakulam Moolam Boat Race 4340:Kannur International Airport 4335:Cochin International Airport 4121:Tamil Nadu Electricity Board 4059:Solaiyar Hydro Power Station 3857:Vallur Thermal Power Station 3827:Mettur Thermal Power Station 3822:Ennore Thermal Power Station 3757:Mullaperiyar Dam in Pictures 520: 463:district of Indian state of 7: 6115:Parassinikkadavu Snake Park 6044:Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary 6009:Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary 4172:Electricity sector in India 4141:Neyveli Lignite Corporation 4085:Kamuthi Solar Power Project 4054:Periyar Hydro Power Station 4039:Kodayar Hydro Power Station 3984:Kateri hydroelectric system 3963:Madras Atomic Power Station 3937:Uppur Thermal Power Project 3922:Narimanam Gas Power Station 3877:Thirumakottai Power Station 3698:Ministry of Water Resources 3676:. Oxford University Press. 3662:Thomas, Justice K.T. 2012. 3078:Gopinath, ER (April 2006). 2740:Pure and Applied Geophysics 2114:. p. 1. Archived from 1552:"The Mullaperiyar Conflict" 1243:Frye, Albert Irvin (1918). 1125: 650:Pradani Muthirulappa Pillai 549:View of the dam around 1899 303:43.281 m (142 ft) 10: 6643: 6094:Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary 6074:Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary 6039:Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary 6014:Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary 5776:Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace 5126:St Thomas Fort, Tangasseri 5030:Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela 4496:Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram 4299:Temple Festivals of Kerala 4029:Aliyar Hydro Power Station 3999:Mettur Hydro Power Station 3852:NTPL Thermal Power Station 3620:Damodaran, Pradeep. 2014. 2382:"Note on Project Elephant" 1954:Minutes of the Proceedings 1010: 638: 621:The Mullaperiyar Dam is a 540: 224:53.66 m (176 ft) 6236: 6138: 6102: 6054:Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve 6049:Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary 6004:Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary 5996: 5825: 5789: 5771:Shakthan Thampuran Palace 5676:Hill Palace, Tripunithura 5638: 5553: 5392: 5321: 5240: 5149: 5053: 5020:Onathallu or Avittathallu 4970:Kerala Adventure Carnival 4915:Aluva Sivarathri festival 4897: 4731: 4695: 4662:Kandassankadavu Boat Race 4629: 4453: 4397: 4361: 4322: 4256: 4230: 4164: 4113: 4093: 4077: 3971: 3950: 3814: 3807: 2108:"Mulla Periyar Dam issue" 2057:"Verdict on Mullaperiyar" 1807:"Mulla Periyar Dam issue" 1712:United Nations University 1142:Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row 1013:Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row 958:remotely operated vehicle 698:States Reorganisation Act 608: 348: 336: 322: 312: 307: 299: 291: 283: 278: 270: 262: 252: 248:42.2 m (138 ft) 244: 236: 228: 220: 210: 198: 193: 183: 175: 167: 159: 122: 112: 102: 90:Mullaperiyar Dam (Kerala) 40: 31: 26: 6089:Thattekad Bird Sanctuary 6029:Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary 6019:Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary 5913:Meenmutty Falls, Wayanad 5888:Kumbhavurutty Waterfalls 5076:Chandragiri Fort, Kerala 5035:Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram 4990:Kottankulangara Festival 4925:Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku 4304:Tourist Resorts (Kerala) 3882:Kuttalam Power Stations 3715:25 November 2011 at the 3655:Pradeep Damodaran 2014. 3644:Pillai, Meena T. 2012. ' 3064:16 December 2011 at the 1498:Kaul, Bansi Lal (2012). 1168:. TNN. 10 October 2020. 1092:New dam vs second tunnel 947:Central Water Commission 843:Protected area of Kerala 685:, for an annual rent of 663: 445:[mulːɐpːeɾijɐːr] 221:Height (foundation) 6627:Dams in Idukki district 5938:Panieli Poru waterfalls 5630:Wayanad Heritage Museum 4652:Indira Gandhi Boat Race 4616:Kadalundi Nagaram beach 4445:Thovarimala Ezhuthupara 3979:Maravakandy Power House 3927:Sarkarpathy Power House 3703:1 December 2011 at the 3208:www.manoramayearbook.in 350:Installed capacity 240:3.6 m (12 ft) 168:Construction began 6607:Dams completed in 1895 6120:Thiruvananthapuram Zoo 5988:Vazhvanthol waterfalls 5843:Aruvikkuzhi Waterfalls 5581:Indo-Portuguese Museum 5576:Indian Business Museum 5010:Nenmara Vallanghy Vela 4667:Nehru Trophy Boat Race 4642:Biyyam Kayal Boat Race 2521:"Two states and a dam" 2391:. 2008. Archived from 2084:The New Indian Express 1928:The New Indian Express 1047:Supreme Court of India 1022: 1021:Mullaperiyar reservoir 737: 670:Maharaja of Travancore 618: 550: 271:Spillway capacity 6617:Dams in Western Ghats 6079:Periyar Tiger Reserve 6034:Kurinjimala Sanctuary 5918:Meenvallam Waterfalls 5878:Kozhippara Waterfalls 5696:Kodungallur Kovilakam 4703:Chovvanur burial cave 4672:Payippadu Vallam Kali 4596:Thirumullavaram Beach 4591:Paravur Thekkumbhagam 4279:Jatayu Earth’s Center 3606:Achyuthan, A. 2012 . 1504:. India. p. 29. 1070:Supervisory Committee 1020: 1011:Further information: 922:biodiversity hot spot 835:Periyar National Park 736:Periyar National Park 735: 616: 548: 501:Periyar National Park 200:Type of dam 5997:Wildlife sanctuaries 5978:Thoovanam Waterfalls 5953:Perunthenaruvi Falls 5853:Ayyapanov Waterfalls 5686:Karimpuzha Kovilakam 5222:Balathiruthi Islands 5005:Kalpathi Ratholsavam 5000:Nalukulangara Pooram 4723:Vizhinjam rock caves 4713:Kottukal cave temple 4556:Padinjarekkara beach 4546:Muzhappilangad Beach 4398:Archaeological sites 4264:Chinese fishing nets 4257:Informative articles 3114:17 July 2007 at the 2780:. 21 November 2011. 2202:. 23 November 2011. 2144:, 23 November 2011, 2061:the Hindu, Frontline 1614:"Dam Break Analysis" 892:(Indian wild dogs), 323:Commission date 292:Active capacity 144:9.52861°N 77.14417°E 5958:Siruvani Waterfalls 5943:Pattathippara Falls 5923:Oliyarik Waterfalls 5736:Mattancherry Palace 5726:Lakshmipuram Palace 5716:Krishnapuram Palace 5681:Kanakakkunnu Palace 5596:Lockhart Tea Museum 5465:Ilaveezha Poonchira 4955:Kadavallur Anyonyam 4869:Thanneermukkom Bund 4687:Triprayar Boat Race 4410:Ariyannur Umbrellas 4101:Muppandal Wind Farm 3627:George, M.V. 2011. 3149:. 6 December 2011. 2878:on 5 November 2013. 2033:on 29 November 2011 1564:on 15 December 2011 1421:. 9 February 2012. 992:N. K. Premachandran 906:lion-tailed macaque 694:Indian Independence 644:Feasibility studies 284:Total capacity 140: / 5973:Thusharagiri Falls 5933:Paloor Kotta Falls 5898:Manalar Waterfalls 5893:Lakkom Water Falls 5873:Kollam Kolli Falls 5848:Athirappilly Falls 5812:Thunchan Samarakam 5790:Ancient residences 5746:Nilambur Kovilakam 5741:Merry Lodge Palace 5591:Kerala Soil Museum 5045:Uthralikavu Pooram 4920:Arattupuzha Pooram 4839:Peruvaripallam Dam 4739:Banasura Sagar Dam 4637:Aranmula Boat Race 4586:Snehatheeram Beach 4581:Shankumugham Beach 4430:Kudakkallu Parambu 4314:Wildlife of Kerala 4044:Kundah Power House 3548:New Indian Express 3090:on 13 January 2007 2871:The Times of India 2842:. Chennai, India. 2809:The Times of India 2752:10.1007/BF00879487 2556:. 2 January 2012. 2330:. 6 January 2017. 2300:. 8 January 2012. 2266:The New York Times 2262:(blog "India Ink") 2231:The Times of India 2067:on 25 January 2013 1992:. Chennai, India. 1781:on 5 December 2010 1645:The Times of India 1451:on 20 October 2014 1418:The Times of India 1393:on 19 January 2012 1347:on 10 January 2020 1166:The Times of India 1042:(929.64 km). 1023: 1007:Interstate dispute 939:Thiruvananthapuram 796:Sivaganga District 738: 619: 551: 263:Spillway type 237:Width (crest) 93:Show map of Kerala 6597:Dam controversies 6574: 6573: 6196: 6195: 5903:Marmala waterfall 5817:Varikkasseri Mana 5701:Kollengode Palace 5691:Kilimanoor Palace 5661:British Residency 5651:Aranmula Kottaram 5601:Munnar Tea Museum 5288:Sasthamcotta Lake 5232:Willingdon Island 5172:Islands of Kollam 4940:Ilanjithara Melam 4834:Peringalkuthu Dam 4657:Kallada Boat Race 4611:Vadakara Sandbank 4566:Payyambalam Beach 4349: 4284:Kerala backwaters 4269:God's Own Country 4248:Gandhi Seva Sadan 4224:Tourism in Kerala 4190: 4189: 4109: 4108: 4004:Moyar Power House 3727:CESS Study Report 3683:978-0-19-946912-3 3289:indiatogether.org 2816:on 11 August 2011 2525:Business Standard 2519:Standard (2011), 2495:978-0-8213-1845-4 2238:on 3 January 2013 2118:on 28 August 2011 1960:(Part 2): 140–163 1863:"KSEB Generation" 1813:on 28 August 2011 1511:978-81-7035-517-5 1101:2021 developments 1055:Kerala Government 934:Morvi Dam failure 788:Dindigul District 571:Madras Presidency 358: 357: 245:Width (base) 194:Dam and spillways 176:Opening date 149:9.52861; 77.14417 65:Show map of India 6634: 6266:Bhoothathankettu 6223: 6216: 6209: 6200: 6199: 6187:India portal 6185: 6184: 6183: 6170: 6169: 6158: 6157: 6146: 6145: 5963:Soochipara Falls 5868:Dhoni Waterfalls 5807:Poonthanam Illam 5802:Olappamanna Mana 5797:Azhvanchery Mana 5766:Puthen Kovilakam 5751:Paliam Kovilakam 5157:Dharmadam Island 5136:Tellicherry Fort 5106:Overbury's Folly 5066:Anchuthengu Fort 5025:Peruvanam Pooram 4985:Kottakkal pooram 4879:Thunakkadavu Dam 4819:Parambikulam Dam 4809:Mullaperiyar Dam 4774:Kanjirapuzha Dam 4744:Bhoothathankettu 4486:Fort Kochi beach 4415:Cheraman Parambu 4347: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4194: 4193: 3812: 3811: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3687: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3291:. 12 June 2014. 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3261:. 25 June 2020. 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3231:. 18 June 2014. 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3086:. Archived from 3075: 3069: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2986:on 3 April 2010. 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2932:on 9 March 2010. 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2438: 2423: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2398:on 12 March 2012 2397: 2386: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2358:Asianet Newsable 2350: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2263: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2052: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2017: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1981: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1903:on 20 April 2018 1899:. Archived from 1889: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1802: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1775:"Dams in Kerala" 1771: 1762: 1761: 1753: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1704: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1671: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1636: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1563: 1556: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1535: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1447:. Archived from 1441: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1392: 1385: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1346: 1340:. Archived from 1339: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1314: 1307: 1299: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1240: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1216: 1209: 1201: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1158: 1120:Pinarayi Vijayan 863:Indian elephants 859:elephant reserve 792:Madurai District 761:carpenters from 749: 744: 722: 718: 714: 710: 688: 680: 447: 442: 437:Mullaperiyar Dam 430: 424: 419: 418: 412: 407: 406: 400: 395: 394: 388: 381: 380: 374: 367: 155: 154: 152: 151: 150: 145: 141: 138: 137: 136: 133: 94: 85: 84: 78: 66: 57: 56: 50: 36: 27:Mullaperiyar Dam 24: 23: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6587:Periyar (river) 6577: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6531:Upper Moozhiyar 6506:R. A. Headworks 6232: 6227: 6197: 6192: 6181: 6179: 6134: 6098: 5992: 5983:Vazhachal Falls 5883:Kudamutti Falls 5833:Adyanpara Falls 5821: 5785: 5781:Thevally Palace 5756:Pandalam Palace 5711:Koyikkal Palace 5666:Cheena Kottaram 5656:Bolgatty Palace 5634: 5549: 5510:Pandallur hills 5490:Meenuliyan Para 5480:Kunnathoor Padi 5388: 5317: 5236: 5162:Ezhumanthuruthu 5145: 5131:St. Angelo Fort 5121:Pallipuram Fort 5081:Cranganore Fort 5049: 5040:Thrissur Pooram 4995:Machad Mamangam 4935:Gandharvanpattu 4893: 4769:Kakki Reservoir 4727: 4691: 4625: 4561:Paravanna beach 4541:Mundakkal Beach 4531:Meenkunnu Beach 4516:Kozhikode Beach 4476:Chavakkad Beach 4461:Alappuzha Beach 4449: 4393: 4362:Amusement parks 4357: 4318: 4252: 4226: 4221: 4191: 4186: 4160: 4105: 4089: 4073: 3967: 3946: 3803: 3790: 3717:Wayback Machine 3705:Wayback Machine 3694: 3684: 3669: 3603: 3601:Further reading 3598: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3578:The News Minute 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3432:The News Minute 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3116:Wayback Machine 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3076: 3072: 3066:Wayback Machine 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 2995: 2991: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2532: 2517: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2426:Current Science 2421: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2337: 2335: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2178: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2151: 2149: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2106: 2105: 2098: 2088: 2086: 2076: 2072: 2053: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2019: 2018: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1982: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1920: 1916: 1906: 1904: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1803: 1794: 1784: 1782: 1773: 1772: 1765: 1754: 1731: 1721: 1719: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1673: 1672: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1648:. India. 2014. 1638: 1637: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1590:. India. 2012. 1582: 1581: 1577: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1529: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1512: 1496: 1492: 1482: 1480: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1426: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1337: 1335:"Archived copy" 1333: 1332: 1328: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1283: 1281: 1266: 1262: 1252: 1250: 1241: 1230: 1220: 1218: 1217:on 21 July 2011 1214: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1185: 1175: 1173: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1128: 1103: 1094: 1085: 1072: 1015: 1009: 988:J. Jayalalithaa 971: 932:After the 1979 930: 831: 755:Madras Pioneers 747: 742: 730: 720: 716: 712: 708: 705:C Achutha Menon 692:In 1947, after 686: 683:catchment basin 678: 666: 658:John Pennycuick 646: 641: 611: 543: 523: 493:John Pennycuick 489:Idukki District 440: 434: 433: 432: 431: 427: 425: 422: 420: 416: 413: 410: 408: 404: 401: 398: 396: 392: 389: 386: 384: 382: 378: 375: 368: 344:1 x 35 MW 343: 342:3 x 42 MW 331: 329: 327: 179:10 October 1895 148: 146: 142: 139: 134: 131: 129: 127: 126: 98: 97: 96: 95: 92: 91: 88: 87: 86: 69: 68: 67: 64: 63: 60: 59: 58: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6640: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6476:Peruvaripallam 6473: 6471:Peruvannamuzhi 6468: 6466:Perunthenaruvi 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6261:Banasura sagar 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6230:Dams in Kerala 6226: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6176: 6164: 6152: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5948:Perunthenaruvi 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5928:Palaruvi Falls 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5761:Punnathurkotta 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5731:Maipady Palace 5728: 5723: 5721:Kuthira Malika 5718: 5713: 5708: 5706:Kowdiar Palace 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5671:Halcyon Castle 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5646:Arakkal Palace 5642: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5566:Arakkal Museum 5563: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5470:Illickal Kallu 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5445:Chekkunnu Mala 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5415:Ambukuthi mala 5412: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5298:Vellayani Lake 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5273:Padinjarechira 5270: 5265: 5260: 5258:Enamakkal Lake 5255: 5250: 5248:Ashtamudi Lake 5244: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4799:Mattupetty Dam 4796: 4791: 4786: 4784:Malampuzha Dam 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4759:Idamalayar Dam 4756: 4751: 4749:Cheruthoni Dam 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4606:Thottada Beach 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4536:Munakkal Beach 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4466:Azheekal beach 4463: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4374:Flora Fantasia 4371: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345:Kollam Airport 4342: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4274:Chundan Vallam 4271: 4266: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4166: 4165:Related topics 4162: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4009:Perunchani Dam 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3809: 3808:Power stations 3805: 3804: 3793:Power stations 3789: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3707: 3693: 3692:External links 3690: 3689: 3688: 3682: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3652:7(1–2): 31–52. 3642: 3635: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3565: 3535: 3509: 3479: 3449: 3419: 3389: 3375: 3345: 3306: 3276: 3246: 3220: 3195: 3164: 3132: 3120: 3101: 3070: 3051: 3020: 2989: 2965: 2935: 2911: 2881: 2857: 2826: 2795: 2765: 2726: 2694: 2662: 2630: 2600: 2574: 2541: 2508: 2494: 2474: 2450: 2432:(2): 110–113. 2409: 2370: 2345: 2328:Times of India 2315: 2283: 2249: 2217: 2187: 2158: 2129: 2096: 2070: 2044: 2007: 1971: 1940: 1914: 1884: 1854: 1824: 1792: 1763: 1729: 1696: 1663: 1631: 1605: 1575: 1543: 1510: 1490: 1462: 1436: 1404: 1372: 1326: 1291: 1274:Economic Times 1260: 1228: 1183: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1127: 1124: 1102: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1084: 1081: 1071: 1068: 1008: 1005: 983:M. Karunanidhi 970: 967: 929: 926: 918:bonnet macaque 910:Nilgiri langur 880:(horse deer), 830: 829:Protected area 827: 800:Ramanathapuram 729: 726: 665: 662: 645: 642: 640: 637: 610: 607: 599:Ramanathapuram 542: 539: 531:Mullayar River 522: 519: 477:Cardamom Hills 426: 421: 414: 409: 402: 397: 390: 383: 376: 369: 362: 361: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 346: 345: 340: 334: 333: 324: 320: 319: 314: 310: 309: 305: 304: 301: 297: 296: 293: 289: 288: 285: 281: 280: 276: 275: 272: 268: 267: 264: 260: 259: 256: 250: 249: 246: 242: 241: 238: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 212: 208: 207: 202: 196: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 89: 80: 79: 73: 72: 71: 70: 61: 52: 51: 45: 44: 43: 42: 41: 38: 37: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6639: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6521:Thoonakkadavu 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6501:Ranni-Perinad 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6461:Peringalkuthu 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6189: 6188: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838:Aripara Falls 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5606:Napier Museum 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:Kodikuthimala 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5455:Cheriyam hill 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5440:Banasura Hill 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5430:Arimbra hills 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410:Ambanad Hills 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5212:Valiyaparamba 5210: 5208: 5207:Ramanthuruthu 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5187:Munroe Island 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5111:Palakkad Fort 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5091:Fort Emmanuel 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4980:Kollam Pooram 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 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4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231:Organisations 4229: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114:Organizations 4112: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4014:Papanasam Dam 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972:Hydroelectric 3970: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3797:organizations 3794: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3775: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3710:Surkhi Mortar 3708: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3685: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3379: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2969: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2915: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2861: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2799: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2634: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2589:. 11 May 2014 2588: 2584: 2578: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 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New Delhi: 2109: 2103: 2101: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2049: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1842: 1838: 1837:Power Advisor 1834: 1828: 1812: 1808: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1768: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1668: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1635: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1560: 1553: 1547: 1539: 1533: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1494: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1408: 1389: 1382: 1376: 1368: 1362: 1343: 1336: 1330: 1311: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1248: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1213: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1153: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1116:Periyar River 1112: 1109: 1098: 1089: 1080: 1076: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1053:However, the 1051: 1048: 1045:In 2006, the 1043: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1019: 1014: 1004: 1000: 996: 993: 989: 984: 979: 977: 966: 962: 959: 954: 950: 948: 944: 943:Richter scale 940: 935: 925: 923: 919: 915: 912:, the common 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 853:and hosts 35 852: 851:tiger reserve 848: 844: 840: 836: 826: 824: 819: 817: 813: 807: 805: 802:districts of 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 775: 773: 769: 764: 760: 756: 751: 734: 725: 706: 701: 699: 695: 690: 684: 675: 671: 661: 659: 653: 651: 636: 633: 628: 624: 615: 606: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:Bay of Bengal 556: 547: 538: 536: 535:Periyar River 532: 528: 518: 515: 511: 507: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 481:Western Ghats 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457:Periyar River 454: 451: 446: 438: 429: 373: 366: 353: 351: 347: 341: 339: 335: 328:Unit 2: 1959 325: 321: 318: 315: 311: 308:Power Station 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 216: 215:Periyar River 213: 209: 206: 203: 201: 197: 192: 189: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 108: 105: 101: 77: 49: 39: 35: 30: 25: 21:Dam in Kerala 19: 6612:Masonry dams 6592:Gravity dams 6551:Vellathooval 6486:Parambikulam 6426:Narakakkanam 6411:Mullaperiyar 6410: 6331:Kanjirapuzha 6178: 6171: 6159: 6147: 6125:Thrissur Zoo 6059:Pathiramanal 5968:Thommankuthu 5858:Charpa Falls 5500:Nelliampathi 5460:Elivai Malai 5450:Chembra Peak 5425:Anginda peak 5405:Agastya Mala 5339:Kovilthottam 5303:Vadakkechira 5283:Pookode Lake 5278:Paravur Lake 5268:Oranju Poika 5167:Gundu Island 5141:William Fort 5116:Paloor Kotta 5096:Hosdurg Fort 5061:Arikady Fort 4975:Keralotsavam 4874:Thenmala Dam 4864:Siruvani Dam 4859:Sholayar Dam 4854:Pothundi Dam 4824:Pazhassi Dam 4808: 4804:Meenkara Dam 4794:Mangalam Dam 4754:Chimmony Dam 4526:Marari Beach 4506:Kollam Beach 4481:Cherai Beach 4425:Kandanissery 4369:Fantasy Park 4053: 4024:Servalar dam 3672: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3638: 3628: 3621: 3615:Mullaperiyar 3614: 3607: 3588:18 September 3586:. 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In a 2021 436: 435: 411:Mullaperiyar 330:Unit 3:1959 326:Unit 1:1958 18: 6446:Parakkadavu 6416:Mullakkanam 6356:Kallarkutty 6341:Kochu Pamba 6246:Anayirangal 6173:WikiProject 5863:Cheeyappara 5621:Teak Museum 5545:Vellarimala 5525:Urakam Hill 5505:Paithalmala 5322:Lighthouses 5308:Vanchikulam 5293:Veeranpuzha 5253:Biyyam Lake 5217:Vallarpadam 5202:Pulinkunnoo 5182:Kuruvadweep 4889:Walayar Dam 4884:Vazhani Dam 4849:Poomala Dam 4844:Ponmudi Dam 4601:Tanur beach 4521:Mappila Bay 4471:Bekal beach 4405:Anchuthengu 4379:Kottakkunnu 4309:Vallam kali 2746:: 109–122. 2719:30 November 2655:30 November 2587:India Today 2467:27 November 2210:25 November 2181:25 November 2152:25 November 2122:30 November 2000:27 November 1785:30 November 1656:22 November 1319:30 November 1253:30 November 1221:30 November 976:A. S. Anand 757:as well as 623:gravity dam 563:rain shadow 555:Arabian Sea 453:gravity dam 332:Unit 4:1965 313:Operator(s) 184:Operator(s) 163:Operational 147: / 123:Coordinates 6581:Categories 6391:Mattupetty 6381:Malampuzha 6306:Idamalayar 6281:Cheruthoni 6251:Aruvikkara 5826:Waterfalls 5540:Vavul Mala 5535:Vagavurrai 5349:Manakkodam 5334:Tangasseri 5263:Mananchira 5101:Nedumkotta 5071:Bekal Fort 4960:Kanyarkali 4905:Aanayoottu 4829:Peechi Dam 4814:Neyyar Dam 4764:Idukki Dam 4630:Boat races 4501:Kappkadavu 4440:Tangasseri 4420:Kadavallur 4019:Vaigai Dam 3801:Tamil Nadu 3722:Case Study 3368:18 January 3338:18 January 3299:18 January 3157:6 December 3044:6 December 2820:9 December 2788:2 December 2687:8 December 2624:9 December 2535:9 December 2501:10 January 2363:16 January 2338:16 January 2242:6 December 2037:6 December 1907:16 January 1897:India-WRIS 1877:16 January 1847:16 January 1817:6 December 1679:The Scroll 1397:10 January 1284:6 December 1148:References 1132:Idukki Dam 1031:Tamil Nadu 928:Dam safety 916:, and the 886:mouse deer 823:Pennycuick 804:Tamil Nadu 768:Pennycuick 759:Portuguese 595:Sivagangai 579:Vaigai Dam 565:region of 506:Tamil Nadu 497:Tamil Nadu 473:Trivandrum 188:Tamil Nadu 6556:Veluthodu 6421:Moozhiyar 6401:Meenar -2 6396:Meenar -1 6386:Malankara 6336:Karapuzha 6291:Erattayar 6276:Chenkulam 6271:Chulliyar 6149:Templates 5435:Attappadi 5393:Mountains 5379:Kozhikode 5344:Alappuzha 5329:Vizhinjam 5086:East Fort 4898:Festivals 4348:(Defunct) 4294:Puli Kali 3462:The Hindu 3328:0971-751X 3320:The Hindu 3259:The Hindu 3178:The Hindu 3084:Hard News 3034:the Hindu 3003:The Hindu 2979:The Hindu 2948:The Hindu 2925:The Hindu 2894:The Hindu 2840:The Hindu 2778:The Hindu 2760:0033-4553 2676:The Hindu 2644:The Hindu 2614:The Hindu 2562:0971-751X 2554:The Hindu 2443:9 January 2402:9 January 2308:9 January 2276:12 August 2200:The Hindu 2171:the Hindu 2142:the Hindu 1990:The Hindu 1964:9 January 1624:10 August 1598:10 August 1588:The Hindu 1568:10 August 1532:cite book 1483:11 August 1108:UNU-INWEH 780:watershed 627:limestone 521:Etymology 514:UNU-INWEH 279:Reservoir 254:Spillways 135:77°8′39″E 132:9°31′43″N 6561:Viripara 6526:Thenmala 6516:Siruvani 6511:Sholayar 6496:Pothundi 6451:Pazhassi 6406:Meenkara 6376:Mangalam 6346:Kulamavu 6321:Kakkayam 6286:Chimmini 6241:Anathode 6161:Category 5625:Nilambur 5495:Mukurthi 5400:Aathanad 5359:Azhikode 5313:Vembanad 5192:Parumala 4965:Karivela 4910:Aaraattu 4435:Pattanam 4389:Wonderla 4323:Airports 3713:Archived 3701:Archived 3582:Archived 3552:Archived 3522:Archived 3496:Archived 3466:Archived 3436:Archived 3406:Archived 3362:Archived 3358:Dinamani 3332:Archived 3293:Archived 3263:Archived 3233:Archived 3213:7 August 3182:Archived 3151:Archived 3112:Archived 3062:Archived 3038:Archived 3007:Archived 2952:Archived 2898:Archived 2844:Archived 2782:Archived 2710:Archived 2681:Archived 2649:Archived 2618:archived 2616:: 2011, 2593:7 August 2567:7 August 2529:archived 2434:Archived 2332:Archived 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567:Madurai 541:Purpose 479:of the 455:on the 450:masonry 448:) is a 205:Gravity 103:Country 6481:Peechi 6441:Pambla 6431:Neyyar 6366:Pambla 6351:Kullar 6326:Kallar 6316:Kakkad 6301:Idukki 5384:Kannur 4576:Poovar 4491:Kappad 4289:Pooram 3680: 3326: 2758: 2560: 2492: 1508: 914:langur 908:, the 890:dholes 878:sambar 855:tigers 816:arrack 763:Cochin 609:Design 510:Kerala 465:Kerala 461:Idukki 423:Kumily 387:6miles 354:161 MW 229:Length 160:Status 117:Kerala 6436:Pamba 6311:Kakki 5354:Vypin 5241:Lakes 5227:Vypin 5054:Forts 4696:Caves 4078:Solar 3188:7 May 2713:(PDF) 2706:(PDF) 2462:(PDF) 2437:(PDF) 2422:(PDF) 2396:(PDF) 2385:(PDF) 1867:KSEBL 1562:(PDF) 1555:(PDF) 1455:5 May 1391:(PDF) 1384:(PDF) 1345:(PDF) 1338:(PDF) 1313:(PDF) 1306:(PDF) 1215:(PDF) 1208:(PDF) 898:foxes 874:bison 784:Theni 664:Lease 583:Theni 469:Kochi 266:Chute 107:India 6296:Gavi 6103:Zoos 5015:Onam 4732:Dams 4094:Wind 3795:and 3678:ISBN 3590:2023 3560:2023 3530:2023 3504:2023 3474:2023 3444:2023 3414:2023 3402:NDTV 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