267:(ABM). The goal of an ABM is to search for explanatory insight into the collective behavior of agents (which do not necessarily need to be "intelligent") obeying simple rules, typically in natural systems, rather than in solving specific practical or engineering problems. The terminology of ABM tends to be used more often in the science, and MAS in engineering and technology. Applications where multi-agent systems research may deliver an appropriate approach include online trading, disaster response, target surveillance and social structure modelling.
319:
discreteness (whether the number of possible actions in the environment is finite), episodicity (whether agent actions in certain time periods influence other periods), and dimensionality (whether spatial characteristics are important factors of the environment and the agent considers space in its decision making). Agent actions are typically mediated via an appropriate middleware. This middleware offers a first-class design abstraction for multi-agent systems, providing means to govern resource access and agent coordination.
206:
214:
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566:(MAAI) are used for simulating societies, the purpose thereof being helpful in the fields of climate, energy, epidemiology, conflict management, child abuse, .... Some organisations working on using multi-agent system models include Center for Modelling Social Systems, Centre for Research in Social Simulation, Centre for Policy Modelling, Society for Modelling and Simulation International.
431:
MAS tend to find the best solution for their problems without intervention. There is high similarity here to physical phenomena, such as energy minimizing, where physical objects tend to reach the lowest energy possible within the physically constrained world. For example: many of the cars entering a
539:
MAS have not only been applied in academic research, but also in industry. MAS are applied in the real world to graphical applications such as computer games. Agent systems have been used in films. It is widely advocated for use in networking and mobile technologies, to achieve automatic and dynamic
569:
Vehicular traffic with controlled autonomous vehicles can be modelling as a multi-agent system involving crowd dynamics. Hallerbach et al. discussed the application of agent-based approaches for the development and validation of automated driving systems via a digital twin of the vehicle-under-test
318:
Agent environments can also be organized according to properties such as accessibility (whether it is possible to gather complete information about the environment), determinism (whether an action causes a definite effect), dynamics (how many entities influence the environment in the moment),
357:
and related complex behaviors even when the individual strategies of all their agents are simple. When agents can share knowledge using any agreed language, within the constraints of the system's communication protocol, the approach may lead to a common improvement. Example languages are
530:
Currently though, no standard is actively maintained from FIPA or OMG. Efforts for further development of software agents in industrial context are carried out in IEEE IES technical committee on
Industrial Agents.
505:
multi-agent systems also present possible applications in microrobotics, where the physical interaction between the agents are exploited to perform complex tasks such as manipulation and assembly of passive
1768:
Máhr, T. S.; Srour, J.; De Weerdt, M.; Zuidwijk, R. (2010). "Can agents measure up? A comparative study of an agent-based and on-line optimization approach for a drayage problem with uncertainty".
578:. It simulates traffic interactions between human drivers, pedestrians and automated vehicles. People's behavior is imitated by artificial agents based on data of real human behavior.
185:
374:
Many MAS are implemented in computer simulations, stepping the system through discrete "time steps". The MAS components communicate typically using a weighted request matrix, e.g.
383:
Speed-min:50 but only if weather sunny, Path length:25 for sunny / 46 for rainy
Contract Priority-REGULAR note – ambulance will override this priority and you'll have to wait
423:", where components leave information for other nearby components. These pheromones may evaporate/concentrate with time, that is their values may decrease (or increase).
1381:
283:. However, the agents in a multi-agent system could equally well be robots, humans or human teams. A multi-agent system may contain combined human-agent teams.
940:
2090:
1890:
1981:
563:
3185:
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Speed-VERY_IMPORTANT: min=45 mph, Path length-MEDIUM_IMPORTANCE: max=60 expectedMax=40, Max-Weight-UNIMPORTANT Contract
Priority-REGULAR
1659:
192:
588:
100:
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The systems also tend to prevent propagation of faults, self-recover and be fault tolerant, mainly due to the redundancy of components.
516:
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65:
1011:"Distributed Adaptive Time-Varying Group Formation Tracking for Multiagent Systems With Multiple Leaders on Directed Graphs"
2430:
1478:
Yang, Lidong; Li, Zhang (2021). "Motion control in magnetic microrobotics: From individual and multiple robots to swarms".
2939:
1287:
642:
593:
466:
140:
50:
1635:
698:
155:
3180:
1157:
Weyns, Danny; Omicini, Amdrea; Odell, James (2007). "Environment as a first-class abstraction in multiagent systems".
790:
Robust
Formation Coordination of Robot Swarms with Nonlinear Dynamics and Unknown Disturbances: Design and Experiments
447:
problem-solving and control architectures for both single-agent and multiple-agent systems." Research topics include:
2328:
1115:
340:
Decentralization: no agent is designated as controlling (or the system is effectively reduced to a monolithic system)
2768:
2231:
879:
723:
657:
524:
105:
2292:
Design of Agent-Based Models : Developing
Computer Simulations for a Better Understanding of Social Processes
3003:
2121:
1084:
Proceedings of the Ninth
International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS'2010)
540:
load balancing, high scalability and self-healing networks. They are being used for coordinated defence systems.
337:
Local views: no agent has a full global view, or the system is too complex for an agent to exploit such knowledge
3221:
2929:
2281:
2006:
Connors, J.; Graham, S.; Mailloux, L. (2018). "Cyber
Synthetic Modeling for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Applications".
1807:"Generation Expansion Planning Considering Investment Dynamic of Market Participants Using Multi-agent System"
416:
also considering other components, evolving "contracts" and the restriction sets of the component algorithms.
3337:
3190:
2934:
2381:
718:
672:
556:
60:
1698:
Leitao, Paulo; Karnouskos, Stamatis; Ribeiro, Luis; Lee, Jay; Strasser, Thomas; Colombo, Armando W. (2016).
3510:
3416:
3211:
363:
55:
25:
1758:. International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling (ICAPS), São Paulo, Brazil, 2012: 323–331.
1309:
2200:
1851:"Distributed Multi -Agent System Based Load Frequency Control for Multi- Area Power System in Smart Grid"
242:
178:
1436:
Ahmed, S.; Karsiti, M.N. (2007), "A testbed for control schemes using multi agent nonholonomic robots",
1308:
Albrecht, Stefano; Stone, Peter (2017), "Multiagent
Learning: Foundations and Recent Trends. Tutorial",
3515:
3395:
3317:
2783:
2635:
2206:
2054:
939:
Schurr, Nathan; Marecki, Janusz; Tambe, Milind; Scerri, Paul; Kasinadhuni, Nikhil; Lewis, J.P. (2005).
233:. Multi-agent systems can solve problems that are difficult or impossible for an individual agent or a
75:
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677:
637:
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1171:
1076:
3153:
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1782:
896:
652:
160:
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The study of multi-agent systems is "concerned with the development and analysis of sophisticated
3400:
604:
520:
444:
290:
Passive agents or "agent without goals" (such as obstacle, apple or key in any simple simulation)
276:
145:
110:
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713:
688:
257:
40:
1951:"Simulation-Based Identification of Critical Scenarios for Cooperative and Automated Vehicles"
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metropolis in the morning will be available for leaving that same metropolis in the evening.
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Finally, a contract is set up, usually in several short communication steps between sides,
8:
3241:
3102:
2698:
2591:
789:
496:
scientific communities (e.g., on biological flocking, language evolution, and economics)
3442:
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3308:
3216:
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1411:
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1355:
1265:
1184:
1032:
909:
860:
834:
820:"Agent-based Computing from Multi-agent Systems to Agent-Based Models: A Visual Survey"
748:
461:
455:
294:
1908:
Gong, Xiaoqian; Herty, Michael; Piccoli, Benedetto; Visconti, Giuseppe (May 3, 2023).
229:
or "self-organized system") is a computerized system composed of multiple interacting
3143:
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2893:
2808:
2748:
2718:
2643:
2501:
2496:
2420:
2346:
2324:
2310:
2296:
2247:
2224:
Keil, David; Goldin, Dina (2006). Weyns, Danny; Parunak, Van; Michel, Fabien (eds.).
2210:
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2033:
1950:
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1822:
1806:
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1499:
1451:
1211:
1137:
1111:
1097:
1055:"Simulating Organizational Decision-Making Using a Cognitively Realistic Agent Model"
1036:
989:
941:"The Future of Disaster Response: Humans Working with Multiagent Teams using DEFACTO"
913:
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728:
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2105:
1962:
1921:
1862:
1814:
1805:
Kazemi, Hamidreza; Liasi, Sahand; Sheikh-El-Eslami, Mohammadkazem (November 2018).
1787:
1755:
1719:
1711:
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1487:
1465:
1443:
1403:
1359:
1347:
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1554:
1269:
985:
708:
632:
609:
574:
has created a multi-agent simulation environment
Carcraft to test algorithms for
286:
Agents can be divided into types spanning simple to complex. Categories include:
263:
Despite considerable overlap, a multi-agent system is not always the same as an
205:
3452:
3321:
3260:
3082:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2873:
2848:
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753:
738:
544:
354:
280:
165:
122:
1791:
1351:
1261:
1180:
1027:
1010:
880:"The Effects of Proxy Bidding and Minimum Bid Increments within eBay Auctions"
848:
3504:
3270:
3206:
3087:
2898:
2813:
2773:
2658:
2481:
2465:
1935:
1866:
1818:
1733:
1645:
1628:
Industrial agents : emerging applications of software agents in industry
1447:
1328:
2290:
2141:
Multiagent
Systems, A Modern Approach to Distributed Artificial Intelligence
2091:"DAI Betwixt and Between: From "Intelligent Agents" to Open Systems Science"
1131:
905:
213:
3346:
2878:
2778:
2703:
2314:
1673:
1531:
1514:
1101:
1054:
743:
548:
491:
327:
The agents in a multi-agent system have several important characteristics:
293:
Active agents with simple goals (like birds in flocking, or wolf–sheep in
3015:
2868:
2863:
2853:
2788:
2528:
2415:
1966:
1581:"A development framework for collaborative robots using feedback control"
774:
Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations.
662:
2282:
Whitestein Series in Software Agent Technologies and Autonomic Computing
2050:
Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations
917:
3468:
3386:
3067:
2883:
2738:
2243:
1724:
552:
2109:
1407:
1398:
803:
Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: Foundations and Modern Approaches.
386:
A challenge-response-contract scheme is common in MAS systems, where
3128:
3072:
2548:
2435:
980:. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. pp. 349–355.
856:
792:" IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2021.
647:
622:
515:
Frameworks have emerged that implement common standards (such as the
420:
250:
246:
1891:"AI can predict your future behaviour with powerful new simulations"
1439:
2007 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology
3097:
839:
617:
85:
2366:
1756:
Schedule-driven coordination for real-time traffic network control
1555:"OMG Document – orbos/97-10-05 (Update of Revised MAF Submission)"
2359:
Cao, Longbing, Gorodetsky, Vladimir, Mitkas, Pericles A. (2009).
2196:
2133:
The Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (JAAMAS)
1437:
1050:
777:
2048:
1630:. LeitĂŁo, Paulo,, Karnouskos, Stamatis. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
971:"Agent-Based Information Infrastructure for Disaster Management"
570:
and microscopic traffic simulation based on independent agents.
3473:
3133:
3092:
2405:
2323:(2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall,
2318:
2160:
Multi-Agent Systems: An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
2072:
Mamadou, Tadiou Koné; Shimazu, A.; Nakajima, T. (August 2000).
1110:(2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall,
1105:
527:, save time and aid in the standardization of MAS development.
115:
90:
2074:"The State of the Art in Agent Communication Languages (ACL)"
1955:
SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles
1601:
1075:
Kubera, Yoann; Mathieu, Philippe; Picault, SĂ©bastien (2010),
806:
571:
331:
Autonomy: agents at least partially independent, self-aware,
1982:"Inside Waymo's Secret World for Training Self-Driving Cars"
1910:"Crowd Dynamics: Modeling and Control of Multiagent Systems"
1579:
Ahmed, Salman; Karsiti, Mohd N.; Agustiawan, Herman (2007).
1515:"Collaborative Magnetic Agents for 3D Microrobotic Grasping"
878:
Rogers, Alex; David, E.; Schiff, J.; Jennings, N.R. (2007).
3342:
2227:
Indirect Interaction in Environments for Multiagent Systems
1848:
1602:"IEEE IES Technical Committee on Industrial Agents (TC-IA)"
1283:
359:
1948:
1914:
Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems
1767:
1697:
1480:
Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems
801:
Stefano V. Albrecht, Filippos Christianos, Lukas Schäfer.
2008:
In International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security
1949:
Hallerbach, S.; Xia, Y.; Eberle, U.; Koester, F. (2018).
1009:
Hu, Junyan; Bhowmick, Parijat; Lanzon, Alexander (2020).
877:
1907:
1233:"Cooperative Multi-Agent Learning: The State of the Art"
938:
344:
2071:
1626:
LeitĂŁo, Paulo; Karnouskos, Stamatis (March 26, 2015).
1578:
2010:. Academic Conferences International Limited: 594-XI.
2005:
1770:
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
1382:"Cucker–Smale Flocking under Hierarchical Leadership"
1059:
Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation
502:
robotics, multi-robot systems (MRS), robotic clusters
2285:, published by Springer Science+Business Media Group
2089:
Hewitt, Carl; Inman, Jeff (November–December 1991).
1074:
2361:
Agent Mining: The Synergy of Agents and Data Mining
1885:
1883:
1700:"Smart Agents in Industrial Cyber–Physical Systems"
1512:
279:. Typically multi-agent systems research refers to
2363:, IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 24, no. 3, 64-72.
2098:IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics
2046:
1326:
1156:
3502:
2179:Architecture-Based Design of Multi-Agent Systems
1880:
1625:
1008:
419:Another paradigm commonly used with MAS is the "
275:Multi-agent systems consist of agents and their
1513:Pinan Basualdo, Franco; Misra, Sarthak (2023).
1015:IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems
1849:Singh, Vijay; Samuel, Paulson (June 6, 2017).
3031:
2382:
2309:
1307:
1096:
186:
1748:
1435:
1070:
1068:
817:
811:
788:Hu, J.; Turgut, A.; Lennox, B.; Arvin, F., "
2088:
1855:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
1123:
589:Comparison of agent-based modeling software
564:Multi-agent Systems Artificial Intelligence
3045:
3038:
3024:
2389:
2375:
2320:Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
2223:
2047:Shoham, Yoav; Leyton-Brown, Kevin (2008).
2023:
1658:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1230:
1201:
1136:. Repin: Bruckner Publishing. p. 22.
1107:Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
193:
179:
1925:
1781:
1723:
1530:
1397:
1251:
1240:Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
1170:
1159:Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
1065:
1026:
978:Intelligent Systems for Crisis Management
895:
838:
683:Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language
3191:society as information processing system
3186:humans as information processing systems
1049:
523:MASIF standards). These frameworks e.g.
304:Agent environments can be divided into:
212:
204:
2288:
1761:
1129:
668:Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
300:Cognitive agents (complex calculations)
3503:
2157:
1477:
547:, logistics, graphics, manufacturing,
401:Only the relevant components respond:
380:and a weighted response matrix, e.g.
3427:philosophy of artificial intelligence
3019:
2370:
2336:
2202:Cognition and Multi-Agent Interaction
2176:
2138:
2026:An Introduction to MultiAgent Systems
1927:10.1146/annurev-control-060822-123629
1842:
1798:
1492:10.1146/annurev-control-032720-104318
1204:An Introduction to MultiAgent Systems
360:Knowledge Query Manipulation Language
2998:
1979:
1901:
1754:Xiao-Feng Xie, S. Smith, G. Barlow.
1572:
1379:
968:
353:as well as self-direction and other
345:Self-organisation and self-direction
16:Built of multiple interacting agents
3117:information processing abstractions
2940:Systems theory in political science
2396:
2195:
1288:University of Massachusetts Amherst
818:Niazi, Muaz; Hussain, Amir (2011).
782:
643:Distributed artificial intelligence
594:Agent-based computational economics
467:distributed constraint optimization
451:agent-oriented software engineering
369:
237:to solve. Intelligence may include
141:Distributed artificial intelligence
51:Agent-based computational economics
13:
2017:
1231:Panait, Liviu; Luke, Sean (2005).
969:Genc, Zulkuf; et al. (2013).
776:Cambridge University Press, 2009.
699:Multi-agent reinforcement learning
454:beliefs, desires, and intentions (
322:
156:Multi-agent reinforcement learning
14:
3527:
3061:information processes by function
2078:Knowledge and Information Systems
950:from the original on June 3, 2013
772:Yoav Shoham, Kevin Leyton-Brown.
499:dependability and fault-tolerance
349:Multi-agent systems can manifest
3181:nature as information processing
2997:
2985:
2974:
2973:
1811:2018 Smart Grid Conference (SGC)
1380:Shen, Jackie (Jianhong) (2008).
1053:; Naveh, Isaac (June 30, 2004).
724:Self-reconfiguring modular robot
658:Friendly artificial intelligence
2339:Agent-technology for E-commerce
1999:
1973:
1942:
1691:
1666:
1619:
1594:
1547:
1506:
1471:
1429:
1373:
1340:Japanese Journal of Mathematics
1320:
1301:
1276:
1224:
1195:
1150:
1090:
534:
2930:Systems theory in anthropology
1333:"The Mathematics of Emergence"
1043:
1002:
962:
932:
871:
795:
778:http://www.masfoundations.org/
766:
1:
3338:information processing theory
2935:Systems theory in archaeology
2230:. LNCS 3830. Vol. 3830.
1980:Madrigal, Story by Alexis C.
1284:"The Multi-Agent Systems Lab"
760:
719:Scientific community metaphor
673:Human-based genetic algorithm
510:
426:
101:Platforms for software agents
66:Agent-based modeling software
61:Agent-based social simulation
3417:computational theory of mind
2139:Weiss, Gerhard, ed. (1999).
2024:Wooldridge, Michael (2002).
1961:(2). SAE International: 93.
1519:Advanced Intelligent Systems
1202:Wooldridge, Michael (2002).
1133:Design of Agent-Based Models
986:10.1007/978-3-642-33218-0_26
462:cooperation and coordination
364:Agent Communication Language
56:Agent-based model in biology
7:
884:ACM Transactions on the Web
581:
543:Other applications include
482:distributed problem solving
438:
10:
3532:
3318:computational neuroscience
3222:human–computer interaction
2207:Cambridge University Press
2055:Cambridge University Press
1716:10.1109/JPROC.2016.2521931
1077:"Everything can be Agent!"
807:https://www.marl-book.com/
270:
76:Agent-oriented programming
3461:
3435:
3422:philosophy of information
3409:
3369:
3330:
3292:
3283:
3230:
3199:
3173:
3166:
3116:
3060:
3053:
2969:
2948:
2922:
2634:
2567:
2519:
2510:
2474:
2431:Coupled human–environment
2404:
1792:10.1016/j.trc.2009.04.018
1352:10.1007/s11537-007-0647-x
1262:10.1007/s10458-005-2631-2
1181:10.1007/s10458-006-0012-0
1028:10.1109/TCNS.2019.2913619
849:10.1007/s11192-011-0468-9
704:Pattern-oriented modeling
678:Hybrid intelligent system
638:Discrete event simulation
3212:brain–computer interface
2158:Ferber, Jacques (1999).
1867:10.1109/TIE.2017.2668983
1819:10.1109/SGC.2018.8777904
1448:10.1109/EIT.2007.4374547
653:Evolutionary computation
398:question is distributed.
161:Self-propelled particles
3401:artificial intelligence
3331:in cognitive psychology
3284:Information processing
2764:Charles A. S. Hall
2295:. Bruckner Publishing.
2289:Salamon, Tomas (2011).
1704:Proceedings of the IEEE
1130:Salamon, Tomas (2011).
906:10.1145/1255438.1255441
605:Artificial intelligence
146:Multi-agent pathfinding
3396:computational circuits
3391:information structures
3247:bio-inspired computing
3167:Information processors
3047:Information processing
2684:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1532:10.1002/aisy.202300365
714:Reinforcement learning
689:Microbial intelligence
258:reinforcement learning
218:
210:
41:Multi-agent simulation
3480:Decoding the Universe
3352:cognitive informatics
3286:theories and concepts
3054:Information processes
2961:Principia Cybernetica
2674:Anthony Stafford Beer
2544:Sociotechnical system
2343:John Wiley & Sons
2337:Fasli, Maria (2007).
2177:Weyns, Danny (2010).
2030:John Wiley & Sons
1208:John Wiley & Sons
614:Artificial philosophy
216:
208:
3486:information overload
3361:behavior informatics
3252:ubiquitous computing
2824:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
2799:Edward Norton Lorenz
2754:Jay Wright Forrester
2559:World-systems theory
2534:Earth system science
1967:10.4271/2018-01-1066
694:Multi-agent planning
487:multi-agent learning
405:I can, at this price
151:Multi-agent planning
3511:Multi-agent systems
3370:in computer science
3309:genetic informatics
2699:Kenneth E. Boulding
2127:on August 31, 2017.
1311:IJCAI-17 conference
295:prey-predator model
209:Simple reflex agent
34:Multi-agent systems
3443:information theory
3382:computation theory
3377:neural computation
3313:cellular computing
3217:physical computing
2829:James Grier Miller
2784:Faina M. Kirillova
2744:Heinz von Foerster
2734:Edsger W. Dijkstra
2694:Alexander Bogdanov
2679:Richard E. Bellman
2654:William Ross Ashby
2311:Russell, Stuart J.
2244:10.1007/11678809_5
2162:. Addison-Wesley.
1386:SIAM J. Appl. Math
1098:Russell, Stuart J.
749:Swarm intelligence
231:intelligent agents
223:multi-agent system
219:
211:
3516:Management theory
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3436:interdisciplinary
3279:
3278:
3162:
3161:
3144:stream processing
3134:signal processing
3129:sign processesing
3013:
3012:
2894:Manuela M. Veloso
2809:Humberto Maturana
2749:Stephanie Forrest
2719:C. West Churchman
2644:Russell L. Ackoff
2630:
2629:
2502:Positive feedback
2497:Negative feedback
2352:978-0-470-03030-1
2302:978-80-904661-1-1
2253:978-3-540-32614-4
2216:978-0-521-83964-8
2188:978-3-642-01063-7
2169:978-0-201-36048-6
2150:978-0-262-23203-6
2110:10.1109/21.135685
2064:978-0-521-89943-7
2039:978-0-471-49691-5
1828:978-1-7281-1138-4
1606:tcia.ieee-ies.org
1457:978-1-4244-0940-2
1408:10.1137/060673254
1217:978-0-471-49691-5
1143:978-80-904661-1-1
995:978-3-642-33217-3
805:MIT Press, 2024.
734:Social simulation
729:Simulated reality
628:Blackboard system
576:self-driving cars
355:control paradigms
351:self-organisation
265:agent-based model
235:monolithic system
203:
202:
3523:
3356:neuroinformatics
3290:
3289:
3257:artificial brain
3171:
3170:
3154:state processing
3149:agent processing
3124:event processing
3058:
3057:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3001:
3000:
2989:
2977:
2976:
2889:Francisco Varela
2621:Systems thinking
2554:Urban metabolism
2517:
2516:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2356:
2333:
2306:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2220:
2192:
2173:
2154:
2128:
2126:
2120:. Archived from
2104:(6): 1409–1419.
2095:
2085:
2068:
2043:
2012:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1861:(6): 5151–5160.
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1813:. pp. 1–6.
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1765:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1727:
1710:(5): 1086–1101.
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1401:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1337:
1327:Cucker, Felipe;
1324:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1255:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1030:
1006:
1000:
999:
975:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
949:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
920:on April 2, 2010
916:. Archived from
899:
875:
869:
868:
842:
824:
815:
809:
799:
793:
786:
780:
770:
600:Artificial brain
370:System paradigms
195:
188:
181:
21:
20:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3490:
3457:
3448:decision theory
3431:
3405:
3365:
3326:
3304:systems biology
3285:
3275:
3266:virtual reality
3226:
3195:
3158:
3139:data processing
3112:
3108:decision-making
3049:
3044:
3014:
3009:
2965:
2944:
2918:
2859:Anatol Rapoport
2844:Talcott Parsons
2819:Donella Meadows
2794:Allenna Leonard
2714:Mary Cartwright
2709:Kathleen Carley
2669:Gregory Bateson
2664:Béla H. Bánáthy
2626:
2563:
2512:
2506:
2492:Limiting factor
2487:Leverage points
2470:
2408:
2400:
2398:Systems science
2395:
2353:
2345:. p. 480.
2331:
2303:
2269:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2217:
2189:
2170:
2151:
2124:
2093:
2065:
2057:. p. 496.
2040:
2032:. p. 366.
2020:
2018:Further reading
2015:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1978:
1974:
1947:
1943:
1906:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1803:
1799:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1674:"Film showcase"
1672:
1671:
1667:
1651:
1650:
1638:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1511:
1507:
1476:
1472:
1458:
1442:, p. 459,
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1335:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1253:10.1.1.307.6671
1235:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1210:. p. 366.
1200:
1196:
1172:10.1.1.154.4480
1155:
1151:
1144:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1095:
1091:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1048:
1044:
1007:
1003:
996:
973:
967:
963:
953:
951:
947:
937:
933:
923:
921:
876:
872:
822:
816:
812:
800:
796:
787:
783:
771:
767:
763:
758:
709:PlatBox Project
633:Complex systems
610:Artificial life
584:
537:
513:
441:
429:
384:
378:
372:
347:
325:
323:Characteristics
281:software agents
273:
199:
170:
127:
70:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3529:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3453:systems theory
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3322:neurocomputing
3315:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3261:mind uploading
3254:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2914:Anthony Wilden
2911:
2909:Jennifer Wilby
2906:
2904:Norbert Wiener
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2874:Claude Shannon
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2849:Ilya Prigogine
2846:
2841:
2839:Howard T. Odum
2836:
2834:Radhika Nagpal
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:Niklas Luhmann
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:George Dantzig
2726:
2724:Manfred Clynes
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:Margaret Boden
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Victor Aladjev
2646:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Living systems
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:Control theory
2520:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2351:
2334:
2329:
2307:
2301:
2286:
2278:
2270:|journal=
2252:
2221:
2215:
2193:
2187:
2174:
2168:
2155:
2149:
2136:
2129:
2086:
2069:
2063:
2044:
2038:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:
1998:
1972:
1941:
1920:(1): 261–282.
1900:
1879:
1841:
1827:
1797:
1783:10.1.1.153.770
1760:
1747:
1690:
1665:
1637:978-0128003411
1636:
1618:
1593:
1571:
1546:
1505:
1470:
1456:
1428:
1392:(3): 694–719.
1372:
1319:
1300:
1275:
1246:(3): 387–434.
1223:
1216:
1194:
1149:
1142:
1122:
1116:
1089:
1064:
1042:
1001:
994:
961:
931:
897:10.1.1.65.4539
870:
833:(2): 479–499.
827:Scientometrics
810:
794:
781:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:
754:Swarm robotics
751:
746:
741:
739:Software agent
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
612:
607:
602:
597:
591:
585:
583:
580:
545:transportation
536:
533:
512:
509:
508:
507:
503:
500:
497:
494:
489:
484:
479:
476:
473:
470:
464:
459:
452:
440:
437:
428:
425:
414:
413:
410:
399:
382:
376:
371:
368:
346:
343:
342:
341:
338:
335:
324:
321:
316:
315:
312:
309:
302:
301:
298:
291:
272:
269:
217:Learning agent
201:
200:
198:
197:
190:
183:
175:
172:
171:
169:
168:
166:Swarm robotics
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
137:
134:
133:
129:
128:
126:
125:
123:Software agent
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
98:
93:
88:
82:
79:
78:
72:
71:
69:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
44:
43:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3528:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:in philosophy
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:computational
3298:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3272:
3271:virtual world
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:mixed reality
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:communication
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3006:
3005:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:Organizations
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:Kevin Warwick
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Margaret Mead
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Lydia Kavraki
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Barbara Grosz
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Ruzena Bajcsy
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Doubling time
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2330:0-13-790395-2
2326:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2315:Norvig, Peter
2312:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2263:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:. MIT Press.
2142:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2083:
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2704:Murray Bowen
2602:Pharmacology
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2854:Qian Xuesen
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2592:Engineering
2529:Cybernetics
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2461:Recommender
2451:Multi-agent
2446:Information
2234:. pp.
1725:10198/15438
1559:www.omg.org
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1329:Steve Smale
1293:October 16,
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1086:: 1547–1548
1021:: 140–150.
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663:Game theory
506:components.
478:negotiation
277:environment
251:algorithmic
3505:Categories
3469:infosphere
3387:algorithms
3293:in biology
3238:processors
3231:artificial
3068:perception
2884:Eric Trist
2739:Fred Emery
2636:Scientists
2612:Psychology
2607:Philosophy
2436:Ecological
2421:Biological
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1872:January 8,
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511:Frameworks
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314:Continuous
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2572:Analysis
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