164:(ECA) criticised the MPL in 2013, for over-reliance on simulator training. According to ECA, the MPL course has "less flying time in the aircraft, very limited solo flight time, and less exposure to the real environment." The ECA noted that, as of 2013, no MPL trainee had yet graduated to captain, and there was limited data on the performance of MPL pilots.
92:, a trade union, opposes implementation of the MPL in the United States. Foreign pilots with an MPL may fly into the United States as co-pilot on a non-US registered aircraft, but they cannot operate a US-registered aircraft for a US carrier. However, foreign MPL students can attend US flight schools for flight training.
167:
By contrast, Rickard
Wickander and Nicklas Dahlström of Lund University School of Aviation state that as of 2014 there is "no indication that the MPL should have any significant shortcomings in comparison with traditional airline pilot training... it should be difficult even for opponents of the MPL
58:
approach to training professional pilots. Previous training syllabi were task-based and hours-based. Calls in the 1990s for review of pilot training led to ICAO convening a Flight Crew
Licensing and Training Panel (FCLTP) in 2001. This led to the MPL concept, which aims to take advantage of modern
171:
According to ECA, authorities and
Approved Training Organisation (ATOs) "lack understanding of the competency based concept". Wickander & Dahlström also question whether "there really is any MPL training provider who actually fully runs their training according to the CBT approach. Although
141:
The course is completed in one continuous course with an
Approved Training Organisations (ATO) that has an agreement with the airline. A risk of this is that if the airline goes bankrupt or withdraws its job offer, the licence cannot be used and further training must be undertaken. In 2008, nine
111:. The majority of flight training may be in a full-motion flight simulator, with 40 hours and 12 take-offs and landings total required in an actual airplane before flying passengers (per JAR-FCL 1.120 and 1.125(b)). 750 hours of classroom theoretical knowledge instruction is required.
525:
66:
Captain Dieter Harms, who has been dubbed the "father of the MPL", has stated the MPL programme was not introduced to deal with a pilot shortage, and was not introduced to reduce training costs.
157:
Until 2016, EASA MPL training was not complete until the completion of line training with a specific airline. This was not an ICAO requirement. On 6 April 2016, this restriction was removed.
130:. For this reason it can lower the total cost of training. However, MPL holders are tied to a specific airline until they reach 1,500 flight hours and are able to gain an ATPL.
51:) pilots. Requirements were first included in the 10th edition of Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Personnel Licensing), published in November 2006.
172:
there are many training provides who have this as their explicitly stated ambition the conclusion of this study is that there probably is not any who fully lives up to it."
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MPL holders are only qualified to fly as co-pilot in a multi-crew aircraft. They are not able to fly solo without additional training.
89:
420:
44:
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terminated the training of six MPL cadets, however, the cadets were able to transfer their training to
Easyjet. In 2020 during the
290:
100:
Applicants must be at least 18 years old, hold a Class 1 medical certificate, and have completed the theoretical training for an
70:
766:
114:
The licence is typically achieved in approximately 16–18 months total time from no flight experience to flying for an airline.
665:
73:, as of March 2021, there had been 4,018 MPL graduates worldwide, of which 1,358 trained with Lufthansa and its subsidiaries.
538:
263:
82:
47:(ICAO). It was created in 2006 to provide an alternative means for ab-initio students to become commercial air transport (
24:
101:
561:
63:(ISD), and to provide training more appropriate to the highly automated environment of the modern flight deck.
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796:
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to ignore the increasingly large amount of positive feedback from host airlines that is now available."
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154:, Easyjet terminated offers of employment to cadets midway through the course.
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797:"The Multi Crew Pilot Licence - Revolution, Evolution or not even a Solution?"
527:
Annex 1 to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation: Personnel Licensing
362:"MPL represents a state-of-the-art ab initio airline pilot training programme"
842:
533:(Fourteenth ed.). International Civil Aviation Organization. July 2022.
255:
Competency-Based
Education in Aviation: Exploring Alternate Training Pathways
692:"Multi-crew Pilot License, Part II: The MPL Data - Capturing the Experience"
127:
123:
107:
Training must include at least 240 flying hours, including training in a
666:"Trainee pilots left facing huge bills as Easyjet terminates offers"
339:
Analysis: That pilot shortage – will it prove to be another mirage?
32:
289:
Broach, Dana; Schroeder, David; Gildea, Kevin (13 February 2019).
48:
739:"European Cockpit Association slams multicrew pilot licence"
396:"Frequent asked questions on multi-crew pilot licence (MPL)"
85:
states, the MPL is only issued for fixed-wing aeroplanes.
589:"Analysis: True believers and sceptics - a decade of MPL"
288:
640:"The Multi-crew Pilot Licence (MPL) at CTC Aviation"
88:
MPLs are not issued by the United States or Canada.
690:Wikander, Rickard; Dahlström, Nicklas (May 2016).
562:"MPL and ATPL Programs: What are the differences?"
794:
689:
840:
767:"ECA Position Paper on Multi-Crew Pilot License"
730:
248:
795:Wikander, Rickard; Dahlström, Nicklas (2014).
554:
421:"Spreadsheet - IATA Global MPL Course Tracker"
359:
790:
788:
224:. UK Civil Aviation Authority. Archived from
360:Schroeder, Chris; Harms, Dieter (May 2007).
785:
683:
632:
146:were immediately made redundant. In 2014,
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697:. Lund University School of Aviation: 173
612:
466:
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335:
142:cadets who had completed the course with
45:International Civil Aviation Organization
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252:; Mavin, Timothy; Hodge, Steven (2015).
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215:"Section K – Multi-crew pilot licence"
284:
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849:Aviation licenses and certifications
802:. Lund University School of Aviation
737:Learmount, David (15 January 2014).
613:Learmount, David (22 October 2014).
515:
490:
472:"Multi pilot licence for aeroplanes"
387:
190:"Multi-crew Pilot Licence Symposium"
756:
291:"Best Practices in Pilot Selection"
122:The MPL training course includes a
13:
336:Learmount, David (12 March 2015).
279:
14:
865:
664:Harding, Nick (19 October 2020).
615:"MPL students bust transfer myth"
587:Morrison, Murdo (24 March 2017).
498:"Multi-Crew Pilot License - ALPA"
393:
296:. Federal Aviation Administration
76:
644:www.aviation-training-guide.com
102:airline transport pilot licence
95:
413:
258:. Ashgate Publishing Limited.
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1:
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162:European Cockpit Association
136:
61:instructional systems design
43:The MPL is specified by the
7:
10:
870:
478:. Civil Aviation Authority
38:
35:of a multi-crew aircraft.
21:multi-crew pilot licence
823:Cite journal requires
718:Cite journal requires
317:Cite journal requires
59:flight simulators and
16:Aircraft pilot license
54:The MPL is based on
773:. 19 December 2013
771:www.eurocockpit.be
502:clearedtodream.org
540:978-92-9265-732-1
401:. IATA. p. 4
265:978-1-4724-3856-0
152:COVID-19 pandemic
144:Sterling Airlines
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568:. 4 June 2021
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25:pilot licence
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816:cite journal
804:. Retrieved
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675:17 February
124:type rating
23:(MPL) is a
843:Categories
430:2023-09-28
235:2018-06-01
176:References
118:Privileges
31:to act as
137:Criticism
425:IATA.org
104:(ATPL).
33:co-pilot
375:(3): 15
49:airline
39:History
806:12 May
777:12 May
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829:help
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160:The
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71:IATA
81:In
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