1404:
usually set back much farther from the field than comparable seats in baseball-only parks because they swiveled into position for
American football and association football. In the case of stadiums that hosted both baseball and Canadian football, the lower boxes were set even farther back than their American counterparts, because Canadian football fields are 30 yards longer and considerably wider than their American counterparts. Likewise, attempts to build stadiums without support columns to obstruct spectators' views, as was the case with sport-specific "jewel box" stadiums, resulted in upper decks being placed very high above the field—as far as 600 feet away in some cases. Several teams closed off sections of the upper level and only sold them during the playoffs, as they were too far away to be of any use during the regular season. For football, the seats nearest the field were set farther back than at football-only stadiums to accommodate the larger baseball field. In some cases, the seats closest to the field, normally prime seats for baseball, were almost at field level for football. In general, spectator sight lines were not optimized for either sport, i.e., seats were angled towards the center of the field rather than towards the logical center of the game action (home plate for baseball and the 50-yard line for football).
387:(GAA), and the rules of each game are mapped onto the same dimensions—although some pitches in areas where hurling is the dominant code have longer pitches slightly more suited to faster, longer passes in the hurling game. When the Aviva was being rebuilt, Croke Park stepped in as home for the national teams in both soccer and rugby union, a decision of significant political weight in the nation's history. Gaelic grounds can easily accommodate both as the typical Gaelic pitch, while similarly rectangular, is significantly longer and wider than the fields used for soccer and rugby union, which are almost identical in dimensions. Historically, however, the GAA has been reluctant to allow 'foreign' sports to use its facilities, although these objections were set aside both for the rebuild of the Aviva and for the ultimately unsuccessful
1466:
transit, and when coupled with the trend of personal transportation shifting from public transit to private cars in the mid-20th century, meant that many of the stadiums of that period (multipurpose or sport-specific) were surrounded by large parking lots. In some suburban locales, hospitality, entertainment, and shopping facilities were often non-existent due to lacking the supporting population or due to municipality zoning restrictions. Suburban stadiums fell out of favor by the 1990s, in light of the growing trend of "walkable urbanism", as teams sought to return to the city core where they could develop or take advantage of existing hospitality in order to grow their fanbase. Many teams also relocated to where they could control
133:
122:
1049:
portable sections would be placed in the western quadrant of the stadium and serve as the third-base half of the infield. In the football configuration, these would be placed in the northern quadrant of the stadium (covering what is used as left field in the baseball configuration) to allow for the football field to be laid out east–west. This had the advantage of improving sight lines for both sports while keeping the baseball dimensions roughly symmetrical. Qualcomm
Stadium's square-circle "
990:
1420:
25:
144:
1728:, have developed a more elaborate method of placing an entire playing surface, such as a grass surface for association football and an artificial turf one for gridiron football, on one or more slabs (one at State Farm, three at Tottenham Hotspur) and towing the slab(s) in and out of place for each sport. Because of the expense of using this method, it is generally only used for the highest-level professional sports.
1068:, for example, uses two sets of turfs, one a movable natural grass surface for soccer, and the other a synthetic turf surface for gridiron. To accommodate the different sight lines preferred for each sport, the soccer surface is positioned several feet above the gridiron, so that the seats are closer to the field in its soccer configuration and elevated above the sidelines and coaches in its gridiron configuration.
1822:. The Blue Jays presently do not have any plans to leave Rogers Centre and have renovated it to make it baseball-specific; the Argonauts had proposed renovating BMO Field so they could share it with Toronto FC in 2016, and the Bills ended their sharing agreement with the Rogers Centre and returned to playing all of its games in Buffalo after the 2013 season. BC Place in Vancouver is still used by the
1846:, but local opposition to the planned stadium led the Whitecaps to make BC Place a long-term home. The Montreal Expos' owners often cited the inadequacy of Olympic Stadium as a reason for the team's financial troubles, which eventually led to their relocation to Washington, D.C. The Montreal Alouettes, who had folded twice before in Olympic Stadium, moved out of Olympic Stadium in its
676:), although designed primarily for baseball, opened in 1966 with a press box in the upper tier on the third-base line oriented specifically for football, along with space beyond right field for a movable grandstand to accommodate an additional 13,000 fans for a future pro football franchise. This additional grandstand was indeed added to Anaheim Stadium in 1980 to accommodate the
1581:, are circular or oval-shaped venues which – while suitable for cricket and Australian rules football – pose the same sight-line problems for football, rugby league, and rugby union as an athletics venue would. Playing sports with rectangle-shaped pitches on larger ovals often means fans can be as much as 30 metres (98 ft) or more from the sidelines. Both
532:, as it could withstand the reconfiguration process more easily, or be removed for non-sporting events. Furthermore, many of these stadiums were either enclosed domes (where natural grass could not grow without sunlight) or located in cold-weather cities (where undersoil heating was expensive and unreliable) and before the development of
1445:'s artificial turf: on offense by recruiting players who combined power and speed and encouraging line drive hitting that could produce doubles, triples, and high-bouncing infield hits; while for defense the fast surface and virtually dirtless infield rewarded range and quickness by both outfielders and infielders, like shortstop
1637:), which went on to design many professional sports venues in the United States. Though hailed as revolutionary at the time, the Truman Sports Complex model of stadium design was widely ignored for the next 20 years, though the influence of both Arrowhead and Kauffman Stadiums were easily seen in venues such as Giants Stadium.
1735:, a new retractable-roof stadium in Miami, in 2012. Sun Life Stadium (now Hard Rock Stadium) was then renovated to eliminate its baseball functionality, making it a football-only stadium. With the Marlins' relocation, the Oakland Athletics were the last team in the U.S. still sharing a stadium with an NFL team (the
1719:
lent themselves well to multiple sports, this was not the case with FieldTurf and its competitors. Modern artificial turf requires a more permanent installation, including a sand and rubber base or infill that is not easily removed, and thus does not lend itself well to multipurpose stadiums. Because
1556:
Scheduling was also a big issue since the MLB postseason overlaps with the NFL regular season. If a baseball team advances in the postseason to the point where it is scheduled to play a postseason game on the same day the football team plays a home game, adjustments had to be made, such as having the
1219:
moving to new stadiums less than 40 years after inheriting them. The delle Alpi's design was criticized for leaving spectators exposed to the elements, and for the long distance between the stands and the pitch resulting in poor visibility. This was because the athletics track, which was seldom used,
1202:
cited history to show that a rarely-used athletics track does not work for association football, as these multi-purpose stadiums substantially lengthen the viewing distance for spectators, as compared to football-specific stadiums. Notable unsuccessful past examples, of football matches played within
1012:
would be. Because the length of a regulation
American football field is 360 feet, longer than the roughly 330-foot average for foul lines in Major League Baseball, this requires an unusually long distance from the home plate to the fence along the foul line on which the football field is constructed,
1415:
The large capacities of multipurpose stadiums were usually more than adequate for football. However, baseball crowds tend to be much smaller than football crowds, resulting in baseball games at these stadiums being swallowed up in the environment. This was especially true if a baseball team were not
1130:
In the case of
Ireland, grounds built for Gaelic games are physically capable of hosting association football and the rugby codes without changing the seating configuration. Because the Gaelic games' pitch is rectangular and also longer and wider than that for football or either rugby code, the only
1048:
In the case of
Qualcomm Stadium, it was constructed with half of the field-level seating being permanent (built of concrete, in the southern quadrant of the stadium), and the other half portable (modular construction using aluminum or steel framing). When the stadium was configured for baseball, the
527:
Subsets of the multipurpose stadiums were the so-called "cookie-cutter stadiums" or "concrete donuts" which were all very similar in design. They featured a completely circular or nearly circular design and accommodated both baseball and football by rotating sections of the box seat areas to fit the
523:
Also playing into the advent of the multipurpose stadium was
Americans' growing use of automobiles, which required professional sports stadiums surrounded by parking: most cities lacked affordable space for such stadiums near their city centers, so multi-purpose stadiums were typically built farther
169:
designed to be easily used for multiple types of events. While any stadium could potentially host more than one type of sport or event, this concept usually refers to a design philosophy that stresses multifunctionality over speciality. It is used most commonly in Canada and the United States, where
1403:
While multipurpose stadiums were intended to easily accommodate both
American football and baseball (and in some cases, association football), the fundamentally different sizes and shapes of the playing fields made them inadequate for either sport. When used for baseball, the lower-level boxes were
519:
In the 1960s, multipurpose stadiums began replacing their baseball-only and football-only predecessors, now known as "classics" or "jewel box" parks. The advantage of a multi-purpose stadium is that a singular infrastructure and piece of real estate can support both teams in terms of transportation
305:
in Berlin) still do, whereas a newer generation frequently has no running track, in order to allow the fans closer to the field. This has created some difficulties with creating large athletics venues for major championships, as fans are less willing to accept the compromises required in the design
1126:
However, even in these areas, the amount of compromise needed to accommodate multiple sports varies considerably. Most outdoor team sports require a rectangular playing field, but cricket and
Australian-rules fields are rounded, while baseball is played on a diamond. This makes them much harder to
586:
Eight of these eleven stadiums have been since demolished, with
Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium demolished in 1997, the Kingdome in 2000, Three Rivers Stadium in 2001, Riverfront Stadium in 2002, Veterans Stadium in 2004, Busch Memorial Stadium in 2005, Shea Stadium in 2009, and San Diego Stadium in
1687:
During the 1990s and 2000s, most of the multipurpose stadiums used for MLB in the United States were replaced by "retro-style" ballparks. These parks were built in two varieties: "retro-classic" parks, which combine the interior and exterior design of the "classic" ballparks with the amenities of
1436:
was nothing more than carpet on top of concrete with little padding, material that was easy to apply and remove. Such types of removable artificial turf caused frequent injuries to players and eventually made free agents wary of signing with teams whose home fields had artificial turf. During the
1028:
In stadiums that were primarily football stadiums converted to baseball stadiums, the stands were at nearly right angles. This allowed the football field to be squared within the bleachers, but left the baseball configuration with many undesirable views farther away from home plate or facing away
1465:
The suburban locales of many multipurpose stadiums (as well as other sport-specific stadiums also built there) were also a focal point of criticism. Choosing a suburb over a city core was meant to take advantage of lower land values and new freeways. Suburbs were often poorly serviced by public
1287:
in the inner suburbs of Paris. Both venues are similar to JMA Wireless Dome in that they are fully enclosed stadiums (though with fixed roofs instead of the Dome's original air-supported roof) that can accommodate field and indoor court sports. However, they differ from JMA Wireless Dome in the
253:
sports stadiums have been built specifically for one sport. However, some newer NFL stadiums (e.g. Seattle, Atlanta, Charlotte) have been built with consideration for the possible use of the stadium for Major League Soccer or international soccer, which has similar field dimensions to
American
1813:
with the Buffalo Bills of the NFL for several years beginning in 2008. Before their 2015–16 move, the Argonauts had publicly announced plans to leave Rogers Centre twice, only to end up staying; during that time, the originally soccer-specific BMO Field (built on the site of multi-purpose
656:
was another such air-supported, multipurpose stadium; it was built to accommodate outdoor sports such as football and indoor sports such as basketball. The Carrier Dome, since renamed JMA Wireless Dome, remains in use, although its air-supported roof was replaced by a fixed roof in 2020.
277:(i.e., soccer) is the only major outdoor team sport in many countries; in many other countries, association football and rugby can easily coexist with limited venue conversion required beyond goalpost changes and line markings. In Australia, many sports grounds are suited to both
1084:, track and field, and other popular sports, which tend to have a similarly sized playing field. For example, any large stadium in most of Latin America, part of Asia, most of Africa, or continental Europe is likely to be used mostly for association football. The majority of the
1565:
game against the Chicago Bears to Monday night. An example of the latter happening was in 1989 when the San Francisco Giants hosted a postseason game on Sunday, October 8, against the Chicago Cubs, the same day the San Francisco 49ers were scheduled to host their division rival
1708:. Many football teams that shared a stadium with a baseball team had their stadiums converted into football-only facilities shortly after the baseball tenant left, while other football teams followed their baseball counterparts and had new football-only stadiums constructed.
1720:
of such turfs' superiority in other features, compared to the earlier turfs, it has been seen as easier to build new stadiums for each sport rather than attempt to share an inflexible turf installation among multiple sports. Some 21st-century multi-purpose stadiums, such as
1021:(the former Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium also used this configuration). This was done presumably to make the same coveted seats behind home plate at a baseball game also coveted 50-yard line seats at a football game, and also so the stadium would need only one
1127:
accommodate within a rectangular-shaped stadium. Likewise, accommodating athletics, such as for a Summer Olympics, means constructing a curved 400-m track around the infield. This often means the sports simply find it easier to be played in separate stadiums.
826:
in Toronto between 2008 and 2013) and only two MLB teams have been based there. So, teams from these leagues have not been the major impetus behind stadium construction (with the notable exception of Toronto). Instead, stadiums were built primarily for
1557:
game moved to Monday night or – if a division opponent were scheduled – have the game sites switched, putting the upcoming meeting on the road and playing the home game during the latter meeting. An example of the former happening was in 1997 when the
1013:
part of the football field to be constructed in foul territory (and the size of said territory to be increased accordingly), or a temporary wall. The Oakland Coliseum uses a configuration such that its football sideline runs along a line drawn from
1461:
styles popular at the time, which fell out of fashion in the 1980s. Furthermore, the "concrete donut" design made the stadium feel too enclosed, and cut off panoramic views of the stadium's aesthetic surroundings (waterfront, skyline, mountains).
1166:
are not the permanent homes to any club teams, but are used primarily for international competitions and major tournament finals, mostly for association football and rugby (though Wembley has regularly hosted American football). In South Africa,
1141:
True multisport facilities, where teams from a variety of sports use the same stadium as their home ground, exist outside North America in a few cases, most of those as smaller stadiums. A handful are notable for having 60,000 seats or more. The
297:, stadiums are designed to be converted between the oval configuration for cricket and Australian rules football and a rectangular configuration for rugby and association football, and in the case of Singapore's National Stadium, an
1220:
was constructed around the outside of the pitch, while views from the lower tier were also restricted due to the positioning of advertising boards. These factors contributed to low attendances; only 237 spectators showed up for the
753:
and seating. This is observable in aerial views and plans of the stadium in its Olympic configuration, where the seats are not placed next to the oval running track. The southwest part of the stadium also had four tiers of seats,
1411:
field dimensions. This detracted from the unique, individual identity enjoyed by the sport-specific "jewel box" stadiums with odd or asymmetrical field dimensions, and further supported the "cookie cutter stadium" nickname.
1524:
Association football was perceived as an especially bad fit for this type of stadium because, in the United States, the sport does not draw as many fans to games as American football or baseball (with the exceptions of
981:; in those places (with the exception of Saskatoon), smaller stadiums (less than 13,000 seats) exist, which can be augmented with temporary seating to bring their capacities close to that of the smaller CFL stadiums.
1045:". Baseball stadiums that were converted to football stadiums had more of an obtuse angle between the stands. This made the football viewing farther away, and in some cases partially obscured as in Candlestick Park.
1437:
first month of the football season, the playing field included the baseball infield soil that is harder than the grass and is also a significant injury risk. Baseball purists disliked artificial turf, though the
1431:
Many multipurpose stadiums also had artificial turf playing surfaces, to ease the transition from baseball field to football field and vice versa. Most early installations of artificial turf such as the original
1842:, which entered Major League Soccer in 2011, shared Empire Field and are sharing the renovated BC Place with the Lions. This was intended to be a temporary arrangement until the MLS team could build their own
1866:. Both the Alouettes and Impact continue to use Olympic Stadium for playoff games and other special events when extra capacity is needed. Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton received major upgrades to host the
1629:. The Truman Sports Complex was the first example of multiple stadiums being built for specific sports at the same time. The designers, Kivett and Myers, were then absorbed by Kansas City architecture firm
2431:
1553:) are currently building their own soccer-specific stadiums. In addition, three of the four teams that will join MLS in 2021 and 2022 plan to open soccer-specific stadiums in time for their MLS debuts.
1452:
The concrete or painted concrete façades of many stadiums of that era (multipurpose or sport-specific) were criticized by architects as uninviting. Most such stadiums were built in the relatively plain
1533:), resulting in the stadium being filled to only a fraction of its capacity. This, combined with a desire for more compact, intimate stadiums akin to those of European football clubs, led to the
1076:
The idea of a sharp difference between a multipurpose stadium and a single-sport stadium is less important outside of North America, since in most countries stadiums that are constructed with
708:, was also renovated with additional seating, including a 4,500-ton, three-tier movable grandstand to accommodate both baseball and football configurations. Mile High Stadium was home to the
2406:
818:. In Canada, several large multisport stadiums were built during this style's heyday. However, unlike in the United States, an NFL team has never been based primarily in Canada (though the
1793:
In Canada, smaller, more specialized stadiums have generally become more popular, but none of the major multiple-use stadiums of the 1970s and 1980s have been demolished as of 2015. The
657:
Air-supported domes fell out of favor in the 21st century after notable weather-related collapses in Minnesota and Pontiac exposed the drawbacks of air-supported domes in snowy locales.
1715:, and similar modern artificial turfs beginning in the early 2000s, also has had a role in the decline of the multipurpose stadium. While first-generation, short-pile turfs such as
1485:
Often the suburban stadium was not located in the municipality that the team purportedly represented, and in some cases the stadium was over a state border. An instance of this was
250:
587:
2021. Furthermore, the Astrodome has been vacant since 2008 due to its failure to meet current fire and building code requirements. RFK Stadium has been vacant since 2017 when the
190:, the design specifications for Canadian facilities are somewhat less demanding. The particular design to accommodate both is usually an oval, although some later designs use an
2159:
1131:
changes required are the physical goals and field markings. However, opposition to those sports within large parts of the Gaelic games community, most notably manifested in
1416:
doing particularly well either on the field or in the box office. This was another reason some baseball teams closed sections of the upper level during the regular season.
1688:
newer facilities; and "retro-modern" parks, which have modern amenities and "retro" interiors, but have modern exterior designs. The first "retro-classic" park in MLB was
1790:, has nominally required soccer-specific stadiums, but like MLS has allowed multiple teams to share stadiums originally built for either American football or baseball.
1762:, although it has allowed several teams that share ownership with other major professional teams to use existing stadiums built either for American football (such as
1272:
also underwent reconstruction/renovation to remove the running track an thus become football-only venues. Several of these projects were done in preparation for the
636:, built mainly for professional football but able to convert to a college baseball stadium, now sitting on its former site. Most other inflatable domes, such as the
315:
1091:
The regions where other outdoor sports can draw numbers comparable to association football or American football are limited. They include baseball in Japan and the
977:). Similar situations hold in Ottawa, Winnipeg, Hamilton, and Regina. No large stadiums of any kind are in cities such as Quebec City, London, or Saskatoon, or in
2264:
1774:). Additionally, the league allows teams to use multi-purpose stadiums as temporary homes while they build new stadiums, with examples including Yankee Stadium,
2544:
2435:
806:
and initially had functions to host events of different sports and types. But over time, it became a white elephant. The first successful such stadium was the
758:, a facade facing the street, and a roof, whereas the northern half of the stadium used a simpler two-tiered seating configuration. During reconstruction, the
737:
in a way that it could be converted to a new baseball stadium, and ACOG paid for the conversion. This was considered a good arrangement by the Organizers, the
1000:: Now a football-only stadium, its layout when it was a multi-purpose stadium (pictured here) placed the baseball diamond in the corner of the football field.
745:
had been completed four years earlier by the state. Furthermore, the Braves had already been exploring opportunities for a new venue to replace the outdated
187:
2456:
2092:
2078:
782:
purchased Turner Field and surrounding parking lots for a major campus expansion project. As part of this project, Turner Field was reconfigured as
2232:
2410:
520:
and playing area, while money (often public funds) that would have been spent to support infrastructure for two stadiums can be spent elsewhere.
213:, in which many sports teams followed their fans out of large cities into areas with cheaper, more plentiful land. They were usually built near
1665:
774:, although not large by historical standards, was larger than most MLB stadiums of its era. After the 2016 season, the Braves moved to the new
645:
209:
teams. Some stadiums were renovated to allow multipurpose configurations during the 1980s. This type of stadium is associated with an era of
2347:
1228:
in the 2001–02 season, while in the 2005–06 season, the average attendance was 35,880. Manchester City Council wished to avoid creating a
1111:(union or league) in Wales, England, Ireland, South Africa, New Zealand, Fiji, the country of Georgia, and parts of Australia and France;
1307:
was opened. It can convert between an oval for cricket, rectangle for rugby and association football, and a running track for athletics.
225:. As multipurpose stadiums were rarely ideal for both sports usually housed in them, they had fallen out of favor by the 1990s, with the
1910:
1605:
is currently (as of 2020) the only purpose-built rectangle stadium in Australia (with fixed seating) with a capacity exceeding 50,000.
594:
Thus, only the Oakland Coliseum remains in use, while the Athletics are now the sole tenants of the Oakland Coliseum after the Raiders
229:(in Canada) that opened in 1989 being the last such stadium completed to accommodate baseball and football. With the completion of the
660:
During the height of the multipurpose stadium construction era of the 1960s and 1970s, three baseball-only stadiums were constructed:
1752:
1300:) feature movable seating blocks that allow each facility to serve as an appropriately sized venue for either field or court sports.
599:
2592:
961:
or the Summer Olympics and felt no need to replace their smaller, open-air stadiums used mostly for Canadian football. For example,
89:
61:
1740:
595:
301:
configuration as well. Association football stadiums have historically served as track and field arenas, too, and some (like the
194:. While building stadiums in this way means that sports teams and governments can share costs, it also presents some challenges.
741:, the Braves, and the city because no demand existed for a permanent 85,000-seat stadium in Atlanta, as the 71,000-seat covered
1334:
1004:
Most multipurpose stadiums that existed in North America overlaid one sideline of the football field along one of the baseball
891:
866:
is capable of hosting baseball but has been primarily a football venue. Rogers Centre was built to accommodate baseball (MLB's
42:
2294:
1885:
Still, several modern baseball-specific stadiums are able to be converted for football use. In addition to the aforementioned
1597:
have retractable seating, to be able to change from an oval to rectangle shape and bring fans closer to the action if needed.
1867:
887:
68:
1613:
The first real departure from the multipurpose stadium design occurred in 1972, when the Jackson County Sports Authority in
1953:
895:
2207:
2526:
1783:
2569:
2272:
2031:
1458:
540:
508:
could, with some compromises, fit an American football field in their infields: early NFL franchises in each city (the
404:
125:
75:
337:, can be multi-purpose stadiums. Very often, a rink or two of approximately 61 by 30 meters—the regulation size of an
1697:
1693:
746:
629:
625:
548:
108:
2548:
2507:
1517:
as they were "New York State's only team" in the NFL). A similar criticism applied to Giants Stadium's replacement,
197:
In North America, multipurpose stadiums were primarily built during the 1960s and 1970s as shared home stadiums for
1906:
1851:
1652:
minor league baseball team and a potential MLB expansion franchise, opened. Pilot Field replaced the long-obsolete
1489:, which primarily hosted football, but was also an association football stadium at times. Its primary tenants, the
762:
was removed, and the north half of the stadium was demolished, reducing the capacity to 49,000 when it reopened as
467:
1960:
played their home games at the aforementioned Oracle Park; though they moved to a football stadium in Sacramento (
1751:
in 2020, leaving no stadiums shared between NFL and MLB franchises. The Athletics officially announced they would
57:
2629:
1855:
1538:
1293:
1180:
915:
787:
738:
2188:
1041:, this also had the undesirable effect of having unusually short foul lines, making it easier to hit so-called "
688:
for St. Louis. Similarly, Candlestick Park was renovated into a multipurpose stadium in 1970 to accommodate the
454:
would host college football and several professional football teams (all of whom relocated within a few years).
2320:
1653:
443:, originally designed as a running track around baseball fields), in addition to its primary use for baseball.
46:
1005:
1034:
685:
681:
1037:, where the Los Angeles Dodgers played their home games from 1958 through 1961 while awaiting completion of
1843:
1085:
606:
487:
431:
teams early on, as its rectangular nature lent itself well to football and was also used for baseball. The
2470:
1288:
specific way they accommodate court sports. Both the Super Arena (used mainly for basketball, volleyball,
182:—require radically different facilities. Football uses a rectangular field, while baseball is played on a
2242:
1914:
1689:
1506:
1304:
1188:
1132:
396:
384:
294:
246:
1029:
from the diamond, such as at the Kingdome, the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, and the venue now known as
2488:
1838:
while BC Place was being renovated to replace the original air-supported roof with a retractable roof.
1233:
859:
799:
734:
644:, were football-only stadiums, although both stadiums hosted basketball; the later-RCA Dome hosted the
242:
2393:
2138:
1577:
In Australia, most major stadiums that can hold over 50,000, such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground and
1232:, so to give the stadium long-term financial viability, extensive work was carried out to convert the
536:
and improved natural grass cultivation techniques, artificial turf was the best solution at the time.
132:
1985:
1961:
1721:
1112:
1065:
951:
759:
278:
1284:
1064:
More-modern multi-purpose stadiums have used more elaborate methods to accommodate multiple sports;
648:
many times and hosted the Final Four multiple times while the Silverdome was the home arena for the
543:
in 1961 (then known as District of Columbia Stadium); it was followed during the 1960s and 1970s by
2143:
1989:
1806:
1696:
and was based mostly on Pilot Field's design. The "retro-modern" park made its first appearance in
1269:
1208:
1150:
hosts cricket and Australian rules football, as well as both rugby codes and association football.
1143:
828:
779:
713:
709:
622:
483:
400:
206:
202:
82:
2118:
1261:
1237:
1759:
1534:
1497:, were nominally based in New York City, but Giants Stadium was neither in New York City or even
1253:
939:
923:
919:
815:
610:
513:
501:
471:
323:
319:
302:
35:
2602:
2355:
613:
that was multipurpose in practice, being convertible between football and baseball. Home of the
1839:
1513:
would not attend any games at Giants Stadium (instead choosing to attend the home games of the
1502:
1454:
997:
556:
285:, as Australian Rules fields and laws are laid out on cricket ovals. In some cases, such as at
2376:
1879:
1863:
1767:
1618:
1614:
1470:
around their new stadium. Contrary to the above trend of teams moving away from suburbs, the
1467:
1195:, has hosted both rugby codes, cricket, association football, and Australian rules football.
1176:
1054:
974:
958:
931:
720:
432:
234:
230:
198:
1809:
before the Argonauts moved to BMO Field after the 2015 season, and shared the facility on a
1739:), the Oakland Coliseum (now RingCentral Coliseum). This arrangement ended once the Raiders
254:
football. Fields that are suitable for soccer are almost always equally suitable for either
1993:
1894:
1831:
1810:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1249:
1100:
1077:
970:
883:
823:
807:
803:
749:. The southwest corner of the Olympic Stadium was built to accommodate the future baseball
730:
697:
684:. Anaheim Stadium was renovated to a baseball-only facility in 1997, three years after the
572:
420:
Several stadiums hosted multiple sports teams before the advent of multi-purpose stadiums.
388:
311:
274:
267:
121:
8:
2160:"Syracuse's $ 118 million Carrier Dome renovations to include new roof, air conditioning"
1957:
1934:
1930:
1847:
1542:
1530:
1326:
1280:
1273:
1104:
1057:
of the time, and it was the last of the old multi-purpose stadiums to host a Super Bowl (
943:
911:
783:
689:
344:—are placed inside the oval. Sometimes the ice surface is even larger, allowing for both
326:
by having the national athletics body as the sole primary tenant of a renovated stadium.
1668:. Pilot Field was also designed to host a future MLB team by adding a third deck to the
1427:. The dirt "slide pits" used for baseball, common in multipurpose stadiums, are visible.
2237:
2123:
1815:
1758:
Currently, North America's main soccer league, Major League Soccer, nominally requires
1725:
1634:
1567:
1442:
1424:
1358:
1289:
1172:
1159:
947:
899:
840:
836:
641:
568:
494:
334:
298:
1446:
1138:, means that football and rugby clubs have generally had to play on separate grounds.
2634:
2164:
1802:
1794:
1744:
1701:
1677:
1673:
1661:
1641:
1626:
1590:
1582:
1526:
1204:
1147:
1092:
1058:
1030:
993:
935:
871:
867:
847:
705:
704:
in 2000. Candlestick Park was demolished in 2015. Another baseball stadium, Denver's
653:
633:
614:
564:
479:
428:
392:
290:
286:
238:
175:
171:
1545:'s 26 clubs play in their own, soccer-specific stadiums, and two of the exceptions (
1423:
The field markings for football are visible during this April 1995 baseball game at
1241:
1025:. Different stadiums have different angles between the left- and right-field seats.
359:, is shared by football and rugby union, although only rugby union has a club team,
2597:
1981:
1973:
1946:
1787:
1748:
1622:
1498:
1386:
1265:
1216:
1042:
723:
677:
661:
576:
560:
1977:
1926:
1827:
1775:
1736:
1561:
played game 7 of the World Series at home on Sunday, October 26, which moved the
1518:
1490:
1438:
1310:
1155:
1151:
978:
966:
879:
832:
649:
618:
529:
436:
368:
341:
210:
930:
of the CFL. It has also hosted many association football events, as well as the
2010:
1942:
1938:
1859:
1779:
1771:
1660:; but it had been (awkwardly) fit for baseball after the city's baseball park,
1649:
1562:
1486:
1471:
1398:
1245:
1229:
1225:
1108:
1081:
1038:
903:
771:
716:
669:
665:
509:
360:
307:
255:
222:
183:
147:
907:
2623:
2508:"Canada denies Toronto Blue Jays' request to play home games due to pandemic"
2056:
1949:
association football, and various other high-profile college football games.
1886:
1871:
1798:
1681:
1657:
1578:
1558:
1546:
1514:
1494:
1479:
1382:
1342:
1325:. Construction was begun in 1978. It is best known as the home ground of the
927:
882:. Montreal's Olympic Stadium was built primarily for a multisport event (the
855:
819:
775:
767:
693:
673:
475:
463:
459:
455:
440:
356:
1922:
1835:
1732:
1645:
1550:
1475:
1370:
1362:
1361:, with an 8-lane synthetic athletics track surrounding the football pitch.
1221:
1120:
846:
Three of Canada's largest stadiums from this era and type feature domed or
763:
742:
544:
533:
451:
424:
380:
330:
263:
136:
898:. Latterly, it hosted professional team sports: it became the home of the
733:, the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games (ACOG) built the temporary
2005:
1969:
1965:
1918:
1902:
1890:
1875:
1763:
1571:
1510:
1314:
1212:
1168:
701:
447:
259:
218:
2432:"Bhubaneswar needs to do more to imbibe sports culture - Times Of India"
1933:
from 2008 to 2017. Tropicana Field, being an indoor stadium, hosted the
1898:
1819:
1630:
1378:
1374:
1199:
1192:
1018:
1014:
1009:
989:
957:
Other Canadian cities never expressed interest in building a venue for
786:, a downsized rectangular stadium that is now home to the university's
755:
505:
364:
363:, that regularly uses the facility. The other larger national stadium,
1889:, which has hosted occasional college football games, San Francisco's
2407:"Permanent floodlights for Kalinga stadium on anvil - Times Of India"
1716:
1712:
1705:
1669:
1598:
1594:
1433:
1419:
1330:
1297:
1184:
1022:
973:
opening and closing ceremonies, and an outdoor ice hockey event (the
875:
750:
588:
552:
497:
237:
in 1973, a model for purpose-built stadiums was laid down. Since the
2527:"Blue Jays to play majority of home games at Buffalo's Sahlen Field"
2093:"Site of three Super Bowls creates haunting image as it's destroyed"
1656:, which had been designed mainly for football, and hosted the NFL's
1146:
hosts cricket, Australian rules football, and association football.
539:
The first of these "cookie-cutter" or "concrete donut" stadiums was
24:
2545:"Plans Unveiled for Dolphin Stadium Renovation : ThePHINS.com"
1964:). In 2010 and 2011, they moved back to a baseball park (this time
1823:
1602:
1408:
1338:
1257:
863:
851:
811:
637:
580:
214:
179:
969:
dates from 1960 and has been used only for Canadian football, the
2457:"How miscalculation, market trends doomed Palace of Auburn Hills"
2079:"How miscalculation, market trends doomed Palace of Auburn Hills"
1680:
after the government of Canada denied them permission to play at
1163:
1135:
1096:
1088:
were built for either association football or American football.
1050:
962:
376:
372:
349:
282:
226:
191:
166:
155:
151:
143:
1786:
had a similar requirement. The current second-level league, the
1449:, who used the turf to bounce many of his long throws to first.
1279:
A different take on the multipurpose concept can be seen in the
1956:
played their home schedule at a baseball-specific stadium. The
1586:
1366:
1318:
1878:, for three matches in Canada's national cup competition, the
1633:
to become HOK Sport + Venue + Event (now the independent firm
2506:
Vera, Amir; Ly, Laura; De La Fuente, Homero (July 18, 2020).
2295:"Spurs are starting a stadium design revolution in Tottenham"
1322:
1244:
could be built on the site as part of Portugal's bid to host
1116:
906:
baseball team, and began serving as an alternate home to the
345:
1008:, with one corner of the football field being located where
672:(1973; now Kauffman Stadium). Anaheim Stadium (now known as
516:, respectively) used the velodromes as their home stadiums.
270:
is expected to employ the same stadiums as the NFL and MLS.
831:(CFL) teams and to host multiple-sport events, such as the
632:(NCAA) until 2012. The Metrodome has been demolished, with
338:
2387:
2233:"At Close of Games, Braves Will Move Into Olympic Stadium"
2119:"Metrodome Takes Chill Out of Spring Games in the Midwest"
1296:
events) and Paris La DĂ©fense Arena (home of rugby union's
938:, which opened in 2014, was built both as a venue for the
628:(NCAA) until 2008 as well as the Minnesota Golden Gophers
490:
were all built to accommodate both baseball and football.
2396:– Guardian Article regarding Stadio delle Alpi March 2006
2321:"Stadium is no white elephant but future is just a guess"
1676:
of MLB in 2020 and 2021, when they were displaced by the
1640:
The true end of the multipurpose era began in 1987, when
591:
soccer club moved out, and its demolition began in 2022.
306:
of such stadiums, an issue that has bedevilled, e.g. the
2045:(9). Professional Football Researchers Association: 1–5.
1236:
from a track and field arena to a football stadium. The
16:
Stadium designed for multifunctionality over specificity
1984:
played their inaugural 2010 season at a baseball park,
458:, while originally built for baseball, also hosted the
322:
by returning the stadiums to football-only use, and in
2489:"THE SIDELINES : Playoff Bumps 49ers-Saints Game"
2208:"The Lights Go Out on Candlestick Park - The Atlantic"
1834:; the Lions played their 2010 season at the temporary
1672:
roof. It ultimately served as a temporary home to the
1053:" layout was considered an improvement over the other
934:, the first major outdoor ice hockey event in Canada.
870:
play there), but was a football venue until the CFL's
391:
bid. Croke Park has also occasionally hosted visiting
314:
and was avoided in the commonwealth Games stadiums of
273:
Outside North America, the term is rarely used, since
188:
Canadian football fields are larger than American ones
407:, with which Ireland has a long-standing connection.
1574:
and the November 6 game was moved to San Francisco.
2570:"Bell Canada and Kilmer Group to Acquire Argonauts"
1313:is a multi-purpose international sports complex in
528:respective playing fields. These fields often used
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2505:
1980:played one 2009 home game at Tropicana Field. The
1625:(named Royals Stadium at the time of opening) and
139:, Norway is a multi-purpose stadium for ice sports
1664:, was condemned and torn down in 1960 to build a
798:The first multipurpose stadium in Canada was the
617:through the 2013 season, it was also home to the
435:was designed to accommodate football, as well as
2621:
2572:(Press release). Toronto Argonauts. May 20, 2015
1901:, hosted the college bowl game now known as the
395:college matches, especially those featuring the
355:In Ireland, the first of two national stadiums,
128:, a multipurpose stadium in Washington, D.C., US
2029:
1700:with the opening of Jacobs Field, now known as
1389:are accommodated elsewhere within the complex.
1968:) for 2012. Although their home field was the
1874:, but has only hosted the city's soccer team,
1187:in New Zealand hosts rugby union and cricket.
2139:"Minnesota Baseball Tours U.S. Bank Stadium"
2023:
1608:
1175:have hosted rugby union and football, while
598:. However, in 2023, the A's announced their
2224:
1753:begin their relocation process to Las Vegas
646:NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament
2189:"Fifty Years Ago: Designing Angel Stadium"
1988:, and played in Rosenblatt's replacement,
524:from the city center with freeway access.
367:, hosts three different sports regularly:
1992:, which is used primarily for baseball's
696:and converted to football-only after the
170:the two most popular outdoor team sports—
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2345:
2292:
2230:
2186:
2157:
1862:, which was expanded to accommodate the
1418:
1407:In the baseball configuration, most had
1071:
988:
766:. Because of the former track area, the
142:
131:
120:
1203:athletics stadiums, include the former
1183:, in India hosts cricket and football.
1080:in mind are easily able to accommodate
2622:
2590:
2524:
2059:. Rhode Island Art In Ruins. p. 5
2049:
2348:"Juve plan to halve stadium capacity"
2318:
2116:
1868:2001 World Championships in Athletics
1770:in Atlanta) or baseball (the current
1353:. Its main stadium is configured for
600:own intentions of moving to Las Vegas
2262:
1925:from 2000 to 2005. St. Petersburg's
918:in Edmonton was constructed for the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2593:"Bills to face Dolphins in Toronto"
1905:from 2002 to 2013, and also hosted
13:
2205:
2187:Reichard, Kevin (April 14, 2016).
1921:hosted the game then known as the
1570:. The October 8 game was moved to
541:Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium
383:run by the same organisation, the
14:
2646:
2319:Patel, Dipesh (7 November 2007).
2293:Hastings, Rob (24 January 2017).
2144:University of Minnesota Athletics
1179:has hosted football and cricket.
914:in 2012. Similarly, the open-air
2231:Sandomir, Richard (1996-07-30).
2158:Carlsson, Chris (May 14, 2018).
1907:California Golden Bears football
1337:. It was the home ground of the
1305:Singapore's new National Stadium
946:football team; its predecessor,
926:but has also become home to the
439:(Yankee Stadium popularized the
415:
410:
23:
2591:Wilson, Allen (15 April 2008).
2584:
2562:
2537:
2518:
2499:
2481:
2463:
2449:
2424:
2399:
2369:
2339:
2312:
2286:
2256:
1952:Furthermore, some teams in the
1917:was being renovated. Phoenix's
1333:since that club's inception in
1181:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi
1119:in Russia and Scandinavia; and
984:
950:, was originally built for the
739:International Olympic Committee
221:, but were rarely connected to
34:needs additional citations for
2471:"Bears-Dolphins on Monday Too"
2199:
2180:
2151:
2131:
2110:
2085:
2071:
1782:in Nashville. The now-defunct
1692:in Baltimore, which opened in
1631:Hellmuth, Obata, and Kassabaum
1248:. German stadiums such as the
886:), during which it hosted the
609:was unusual as one of the few
596:relocated to Las Vegas in 2020
493:In 1920s New England, outdoor
375:, and its women's equivalent,
295:National Stadium, in Singapore
1:
2525:Davidi, Shi (July 24, 2020).
2117:Borzi, Pat (March 17, 2010).
2016:
1996:, until the league's demise.
1509:. As a result, then-Governor
1392:
1242:football-specific replacement
1086:largest stadiums in the world
1035:Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
747:Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium
682:Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
549:Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium
186:with a large outfield. Since
2434:. 2013-06-17. Archived from
2409:. 2013-06-17. Archived from
2032:"The Hartford Blues Part II"
1937:ice hockey team for a time.
1870:, and continues to host the
1784:North American Soccer League
1399:Stadium § Design issues
607:Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome
7:
1999:
1731:The Miami Marlins moved to
1711:The widespread adoption of
1690:Oriole Park at Camden Yards
1507:East Rutherford, New Jersey
1099:in England, Australia, the
1033:. For stadiums such as the
942:and as the new home of the
652:for most of the 1980s. The
611:air-supported dome stadiums
385:Gaelic Athletic Association
247:Oriole Park at Camden Yards
10:
2651:
1864:team's 2012 entry into MLS
1648:, a stadium built for the
1441:took advantage of this on
1396:
1234:City of Manchester Stadium
814:, which was built for the
802:, which was built for the
735:Centennial Olympic Stadium
488:Baltimore Memorial Stadium
1962:Sacramento Mountain Lions
1722:Tottenham Hotspur Stadium
1609:Replacement and retention
1501:. Instead, it was in the
1240:was demolished so that a
1113:Australian rules football
1066:Tottenham Hotspur Stadium
793:
446:In addition to baseball,
279:Australian rules football
2030:Hogrogian, John (1982).
1990:TD Ameritrade Park Omaha
1856:original Montreal Impact
1760:soccer-specific stadiums
1666:high school in its place
1144:Melbourne Cricket Ground
952:first Commonwealth Games
829:Canadian Football League
800:Montreal Olympic Stadium
780:Georgia State University
623:Minnesota Golden Gophers
484:Milwaukee County Stadium
207:Canadian Football League
203:National Football League
2057:"Providence Cycledrome"
1535:soccer-specific stadium
1193:Wellington, New Zealand
940:2015 Pan American Games
924:1983 Summer Universiade
920:1978 Commonwealth Games
910:when that team entered
816:1978 Commonwealth Games
514:Providence Steam Roller
502:East Hartford Velodrome
478:. Later venues such as
433:original Yankee Stadium
333:facilities, especially
241:left the multi-purpose
58:"Multi-purpose stadium"
2630:Multi-purpose stadiums
1954:United Football League
1840:Vancouver Whitecaps FC
1428:
1294:professional wrestling
1285:Paris La DĂ©fense Arena
1209:Munich Olympic Stadium
1055:cookie cutter stadiums
1001:
998:Miami Gardens, Florida
902:football team and the
557:Busch Memorial Stadium
423:In New York City, the
245:for the baseball-only
158:
140:
129:
1880:Canadian Championship
1768:Mercedes-Benz Stadium
1619:Truman Sports Complex
1615:Kansas City, Missouri
1468:mixed-use development
1422:
1177:Moses Mabhida Stadium
1072:Outside North America
992:
975:2011 Heritage Classic
959:Major League Baseball
932:2003 Heritage Classic
856:SkyDome/Rogers Centre
231:Truman Sports Complex
199:Major League Baseball
163:multi-purpose stadium
146:
135:
124:
1994:College World Series
1895:San Francisco Demons
1832:2010 Winter Olympics
1654:War Memorial Stadium
1198:Architects from the
1101:Anglophone Caribbean
971:1988 Winter Olympics
916:Commonwealth Stadium
884:1976 Summer Olympics
808:Commonwealth Stadium
804:1976 Summer Olympics
731:1996 Summer Olympics
698:San Francisco Giants
573:Three Rivers Stadium
389:2023 Rugby World Cup
312:2012 Summer Olympics
275:association football
268:2031 Rugby World Cup
43:improve this article
2377:"Guide to Juventus"
2212:www.theatlantic.com
1958:California Redwoods
1935:Tampa Bay Lightning
1931:St. Petersburg Bowl
1778:in Cincinnati, and
1543:Major League Soccer
1327:Indian Super League
1281:Saitama Super Arena
1274:2006 FIFA World Cup
1262:RheinEnergieStadion
1224:home match against
1105:Indian subcontinent
944:Hamilton Tiger-Cats
912:Major League Soccer
784:Center Parc Stadium
690:San Francisco 49ers
621:until 2009 and the
335:speed skating rinks
2605:on 18 January 2013
2238:The New York Times
2124:The New York Times
1986:Rosenblatt Stadium
1913:while that team's
1858:built the smaller
1816:Exhibition Stadium
1726:State Farm Stadium
1568:New Orleans Saints
1443:Riverfront Stadium
1429:
1425:Riverfront Stadium
1290:mixed martial arts
1238:old Estádio da Luz
1173:Ellis Park Stadium
1160:Millennium Stadium
1002:
948:Ivor Wynne Stadium
900:Montreal Alouettes
841:Pan American Games
837:Commonwealth Games
642:Pontiac Silverdome
569:Riverfront Stadium
293:in Melbourne, and
159:
141:
130:
2493:Los Angeles Times
2475:Los Angeles Times
2263:Kendrick, Scott.
2165:The Post-Standard
1854:. In soccer, the
1848:third incarnation
1844:Whitecaps Stadium
1826:and was also the
1803:Toronto Argonauts
1795:Toronto Blue Jays
1749:Las Vegas, Nevada
1745:Allegiant Stadium
1702:Progressive Field
1678:COVID-19 pandemic
1674:Toronto Blue Jays
1662:Offermann Stadium
1627:Arrowhead Stadium
1591:Docklands Stadium
1583:Stadium Australia
1254:Commerzbank-Arena
1205:Stadio delle Alpi
1093:Spanish Caribbean
1059:Super Bowl XXXVII
1043:Chinese home runs
1031:Hard Rock Stadium
994:Hard Rock Stadium
936:Tim Hortons Field
872:Toronto Argonauts
868:Toronto Blue Jays
848:retractable roofs
706:Mile High Stadium
678:Los Angeles Rams'
634:U.S. Bank Stadium
615:Minnesota Vikings
579:in 1971, and the
565:San Diego Stadium
504:and Providence's
480:Cleveland Stadium
468:Chicago Cardinals
393:American football
291:Docklands Stadium
287:Stadium Australia
239:Baltimore Orioles
176:American football
172:Canadian football
119:
118:
111:
93:
2642:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2601:. Archived from
2598:The Buffalo News
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2547:. Archived from
2541:
2535:
2534:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2383:. 27 March 2006.
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2354:. Archived from
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2271:. Archived from
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2241:. Archived from
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2027:
1982:Omaha Nighthawks
1947:New York City FC
1897:of the original
1788:USL Championship
1623:Kauffman Stadium
1537:movement. As of
1158:near Paris, and
858:in Toronto, and
724:Colorado Rockies
662:Candlestick Park
577:Veterans Stadium
561:Oakland Coliseum
379:. All three are
243:Memorial Stadium
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2608:
2606:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2523:
2519:
2504:
2500:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2394:Guardian Online
2392:
2388:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2204:
2200:
2193:Ballpark Digest
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2156:
2152:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2100:
2097:ProFootballTalk
2091:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2002:
1978:Florida Tuskers
1927:Tropicana Field
1828:Olympic Stadium
1818:) was built by
1811:part-time basis
1776:Nippert Stadium
1766:in Seattle and
1737:Oakland Raiders
1621:, which houses
1611:
1559:Florida Marlins
1519:MetLife Stadium
1491:New York Giants
1447:Dave ConcepciĂłn
1439:Cincinnati Reds
1401:
1395:
1311:Kalinga Stadium
1156:Stade de France
1152:Wembley Stadium
1074:
987:
979:Atlantic Canada
967:McMahon Stadium
908:Montreal Impact
880:2015 CFL season
860:Olympic Stadium
833:Winter Olympics
824:some home games
796:
770:, particularly
760:athletics track
700:moved to their
686:Rams' departure
650:Detroit Pistons
619:Minnesota Twins
530:artificial turf
437:track and field
418:
413:
369:gaelic football
342:ice hockey rink
211:suburbanization
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2616:
2615:
2583:
2561:
2536:
2517:
2498:
2480:
2462:
2448:
2423:
2398:
2386:
2368:
2346:Evans, Simon.
2338:
2311:
2285:
2265:"Turner Field"
2255:
2223:
2206:Taylor, Alan.
2198:
2179:
2168:. Syracuse, NY
2150:
2130:
2109:
2084:
2070:
2048:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2011:Sports complex
2008:
2001:
1998:
1943:Pinstripe Bowl
1939:Yankee Stadium
1860:Saputo Stadium
1852:Molson Stadium
1780:Nissan Stadium
1772:Yankee Stadium
1650:Buffalo Bisons
1610:
1607:
1563:Miami Dolphins
1499:New York State
1487:Giants Stadium
1472:Atlanta Braves
1394:
1391:
1329:football club
1270:Zentralstadion
1230:white elephant
1115:in Australia;
1073:
1070:
1039:Dodger Stadium
986:
983:
904:Montreal Expos
854:in Vancouver,
795:
792:
772:foul territory
717:Denver Broncos
680:move from the
670:Royals Stadium
666:Dodger Stadium
510:Hartford Blues
417:
414:
412:
409:
361:Leinster Rugby
308:London Stadium
303:Olympiastadion
249:in 1992, most
223:public transit
217:and had large
148:Ratina Stadium
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2647:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2571:
2565:
2551:on 2012-07-22
2550:
2546:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2495:. 1989-09-28.
2494:
2490:
2484:
2477:. 1997-10-26.
2476:
2472:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2438:on 2013-06-17
2437:
2433:
2427:
2413:on 2013-06-17
2412:
2408:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2358:on 2012-10-13
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2275:on 2011-07-16
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2245:on 2008-06-28
2244:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2039:Coffin Corner
2033:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1909:games in the
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:T-Mobile Park
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:Edmonton Elks
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Rogers Centre
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:into the new
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1682:Rogers Centre
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1658:Buffalo Bills
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:, opened the
1616:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1579:Adelaide Oval
1575:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:FC Cincinnati
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:Buffalo Bills
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:New York Jets
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1480:SunTrust Park
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1459:international
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1383:wall climbing
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:Indian Arrows
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:in Japan and
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1217:Bayern Munich
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:Accor Stadium
1145:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
991:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:Edmonton Elks
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:in Montreal.
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
821:
820:Buffalo Bills
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
791:
789:
788:football team
785:
781:
777:
776:SunTrust Park
773:
769:
768:field of play
765:
761:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:Kezar Stadium
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:Angel Stadium
671:
667:
663:
658:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:baseball team
627:
626:football team
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
592:
590:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
525:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:Detroit Lions
473:
472:Tiger Stadium
469:
465:
464:Comiskey Park
461:
460:Chicago Bears
457:
456:Wrigley Field
453:
449:
444:
442:
441:warning track
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
416:United States
411:North America
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:Aviva Stadium
353:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
165:is a type of
164:
157:
153:
149:
145:
138:
134:
127:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2607:. Retrieved
2603:the original
2596:
2586:
2576:December 16,
2574:. Retrieved
2564:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:the original
2539:
2531:Sportsnet.ca
2530:
2520:
2511:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2451:
2440:. Retrieved
2436:the original
2426:
2415:. Retrieved
2411:the original
2401:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:the original
2351:
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2325:The Guardian
2324:
2314:
2302:. Retrieved
2298:
2288:
2277:. Retrieved
2273:the original
2268:
2258:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:the original
2236:
2226:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:
2201:
2192:
2182:
2170:. Retrieved
2163:
2153:
2142:
2133:
2122:
2112:
2101:. Retrieved
2099:. 2021-03-06
2096:
2087:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2051:
2042:
2038:
2025:
1951:
1923:Insight Bowl
1884:
1836:Empire Field
1792:
1757:
1733:Marlins Park
1730:
1710:
1686:
1639:
1612:
1576:
1555:
1551:Nashville SC
1523:
1484:
1476:Turner Field
1464:
1451:
1430:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1371:table tennis
1363:Field hockey
1309:
1302:
1278:
1222:Coppa Italia
1211:, with both
1197:
1140:
1129:
1125:
1123:in Ireland.
1121:Gaelic games
1090:
1075:
1063:
1047:
1027:
1003:
985:Field layout
965:'s open-air
956:
845:
797:
764:Turner Field
756:luxury boxes
743:Georgia Dome
728:
726:franchises.
702:new ballpark
692:' move from
668:(1962), and
659:
654:Carrier Dome
638:Hoosier Dome
604:
593:
585:
545:Shea Stadium
538:
534:hybrid grass
526:
522:
518:
500:such as the
492:
452:Braves Field
445:
425:Polo Grounds
422:
419:
381:gaelic games
354:
328:
272:
264:rugby league
251:major league
219:parking lots
196:
162:
160:
137:Vikingskipet
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2006:Sport venue
1970:Citrus Bowl
1966:Raley Field
1929:hosted the
1919:Chase Field
1911:2011 season
1903:Redbox Bowl
1893:hosted the
1891:Oracle Park
1876:FC Edmonton
1764:Lumen Field
1646:Pilot Field
1572:New Orleans
1511:Mario Cuomo
1503:Meadowlands
1409:symmetrical
1315:Bhubaneswar
1189:Sky Stadium
1169:Soccer City
1154:in London,
474:hosted the
466:hosted the
448:Fenway Park
289:in Sydney,
266:), and the
260:rugby union
235:Kansas City
126:RFK Stadium
2624:Categories
2609:2008-04-25
2555:2016-02-08
2442:2024-01-24
2417:2024-01-24
2362:2012-05-14
2279:2008-07-24
2249:2008-07-24
2217:2021-03-08
2103:2021-03-08
2063:January 6,
2017:References
1941:hosts the
1820:Toronto FC
1397:See also:
1393:Criticisms
1379:volleyball
1375:basketball
1200:Arup Group
1103:, and the
1019:third base
1015:first base
1010:home plate
1006:foul lines
892:equestrian
878:after the
506:Cycledrome
498:velodromes
495:wood-track
405:Notre Dame
365:Croke Park
310:since the
69:newspapers
2331:18 August
2269:About.com
1801:with the
1755:by 2024.
1717:AstroTurf
1713:FieldTurf
1706:Cleveland
1670:Mezzanine
1599:Lang Park
1595:Melbourne
1455:brutalist
1434:AstroTurf
1359:athletics
1331:Odisha FC
1303:In 2014,
1298:Racing 92
1266:AOL Arena
1250:AWD-Arena
1246:Euro 2004
1226:Sampdoria
1185:Eden Park
1023:press box
888:athletics
876:BMO Field
874:moved to
850:: namely
589:DC United
583:in 1976.
575:in 1970,
567:in 1967,
563:in 1966,
555:in 1965,
553:Astrodome
547:in 1964,
299:athletics
99:July 2007
2635:Stadiums
2381:BBC News
2352:ESPN.com
2327:. London
2000:See also
1830:for the
1824:BC Lions
1635:Populous
1603:Brisbane
1589:and the
1541:, 18 of
1387:swimming
1355:football
1339:I-League
1258:MHPArena
1213:Juventus
1207:and the
1078:football
922:and the
896:football
864:BC Place
852:BC Place
812:Edmonton
729:For the
719:and the
664:(1960),
581:Kingdome
551:and the
429:football
215:highways
180:baseball
2304:20 July
2172:May 16,
1974:Orlando
1915:stadium
1805:of the
1797:shared
1741:settled
1642:Buffalo
1531:Seattle
1527:Atlanta
1164:Cardiff
1136:Rule 42
1097:cricket
1051:octorad
963:Calgary
822:played
751:infield
427:hosted
377:camogie
373:hurling
350:curling
329:Winter
283:cricket
227:SkyDome
192:octorad
184:diamond
167:stadium
156:Finland
152:Tampere
83:scholar
1976:, the
1587:Sydney
1385:, and
1367:tennis
1349:until
1319:Odisha
1292:, and
1268:, and
839:, and
794:Canada
778:, and
470:, and
331:sports
258:code (
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2299:iNews
2035:(PDF)
1704:, in
1474:left
1345:from
1341:club
1323:India
1117:bandy
1109:rugby
1082:rugby
403:, or
346:bandy
256:rugby
90:JSTOR
76:books
2578:2015
2333:2011
2306:2018
2174:2018
2065:2013
1724:and
1698:1994
1694:1992
1549:and
1539:2020
1529:and
1493:and
1478:for
1457:and
1357:and
1351:2022
1347:2018
1335:2019
1215:and
1171:and
640:and
605:The
571:and
559:and
512:and
486:and
450:and
401:Navy
399:and
397:Army
348:and
339:IIHF
324:2022
320:2014
318:and
316:2000
281:and
201:and
178:and
62:news
2512:CNN
1972:in
1899:XFL
1850:to
1807:CFL
1747:in
1644:'s
1601:in
1593:in
1585:in
1505:of
1191:in
1162:in
1133:GAA
1061:).
1017:to
996:in
810:in
721:MLB
714:NFL
710:AFL
262:or
233:in
205:or
174:or
150:in
45:by
2626::
2595:.
2529:.
2510:.
2491:.
2473:.
2379:.
2350:.
2323:.
2297:.
2267:.
2235:.
2210:.
2191:.
2162:.
2141:.
2121:.
2095:.
2041:.
2037:.
1945:,
1882:.
1684:.
1521:.
1482:.
1381:,
1377:,
1373:,
1369:,
1365:,
1321:,
1317:,
1276:.
1264:,
1260:,
1256:,
1252:,
1107:;
1095:;
954:.
894:,
890:,
843:.
835:,
790:.
602:.
482:,
462:,
371:,
352:.
161:A
154:,
2612:.
2580:.
2558:.
2533:.
2514:.
2459:.
2445:.
2420:.
2365:.
2335:.
2308:.
2282:.
2252:.
2220:.
2195:.
2176:.
2147:.
2127:.
2106:.
2081:.
2067:.
2043:4
712:/
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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