Multichannel television in the United States

947:

online through other manners (such as TV Everywhere services). The FCC denied the complaint, but its Media Bureau acknowledged that OVDs did not formally fall under the definition of an MVPD because they did not control a physical transmission path. Sky Angel was thus ineligible for protections under the program access rules and other relevant laws, but the Media Bureau did open a discussion on whether an OVD could qualify as an MVPD. Members of the cable industry supported this historic interpretation of the law, while it was also argued that classifying streaming services as MVPDs would increase regulatory burden and discourage innovation by digital services.

912:, "linear online video provider" (OVD), or "virtual MVPD") has led to questions over whether they can be regulated by the FCC in the same way as traditional television providers. A key sticking point is the established standard in case law, that a television provider must control the entire infrastructure used to distribute their channels in order to be classified as a multichannel video programming distributor (which does not take into account the public internet). 416:, which gave those using dishes the right to see signals for free unless they were scrambled, and required those who did scramble to make their signals available for a fee. Since cable channels could prevent reception by big dishes, other companies had an incentive to offer competition. Dominion planned inspirational programming, USSB intended to sell dishes with three channels of free programming, and Direct Broadcast Satellite Corp. would be a 875:

to the lack of control they would have on the user experience (citing the possibility that third-party developers could inject their own advertising into the interface, even though the proposal specified that there would be regulations against this). They instead proposed an industry commitment for television providers with more than 1 million subscribers to develop apps to access their services on major connected devices, using

355:) in the United Kingdom, USCI also maintained its own in-house channels: these included two premium channels – USCI Movietime (focusing entirely on feature films) and USCI Showcase (which offered a mix of films and specials similar to the formats of HBO and Showtime) – USCI TV Time (which featured a mix of children's and cultural programs, classic television series and movies) and Video Music (a 993:(which are exempted under U.S. copyright law) that collected donations from users to cover the "actual and reasonable costs" of providing the relay. Locast was a free service, but periodically interrupted programming to solicit for donations until one was made. In September 2021, the service shut down after U.S District Court Judge 670:

for their carriage instead. It also required cable networks operated by cable companies to offer their carriage to competing satellite providers at reasonable rates if they used satellites as part of their distribution path. The act also narrowed the standard required for prohibiting rate regulation,

602:

3 digital media player to access their service via the supplied TWC app, rather than a traditional set-top box. A TWC spokesperson emphasized that this offering would provide "the same TV and same packages delivered to the home today", but delivered over TWC-managed internet rather than a cable line.

1001:

in a similar lawsuit brought upon by the networks. Stanton described Locast's periodic interruptions as being a "charge" and "not merely a recurring gift to a charitable cause", and also singled out that the company had derived revenue double its operating expenses, and had stated that it planned to

610:

A 2019 Leichtman Research Group study involving 6,715 households showed that 43 percent of vMVPD subscribers changed from a traditional MVPD. 17 percent dropped their previous vMVPD for another one, 25 percent also had a linear service, and 15 percent had never used a traditional MVPD. 71 percent of

464:

A January 8, 2001 report commissioned by the FCC stated that in the year ending June 2000, the number of satellite subscribers had increased from 10.1 million to 13 million people, an increase three times that of cable. Satellite represented 15.4 percent of those paying for television service, while

395:

and Dominion Satellite Network still had plans to go ahead, while RCA was looking at changes in its system. Even USCI, which used a Canadian satellite that did not require FCC approval to use, was in trouble. The company had the capability to serve 52 percent of people in the United States but after

155:

As of 2017, approximately 79% of U.S. TV households had a television subscription; the market share of multichannel television began to erode in the mid-2010s due to the increasing popularity of subscription-based online video services, the increasing costs of these services due to the carriage fees

883:

questioned the proposal, arguing that the provision of the apps and "whether consumers would need a broadband connection to access video programming instead of leveraging their existing pay TV connections" were unclear, and that it "does not allow for many features that consumers want, such as home

874:

proposing that MVPDs be required to make their programming and other related data "be available to the creators of competitive solutions using any published, transparent format that conforms to specifications set by an independent, open standards body." The cable industry opposed this proposal, due

404:

and other channels used C-band while USCI was Ku-band. USCI needed a significantly higher amount of money and began looking at possible mergers. The company could not afford to expand and it had been unable to strike deals with other companies, so its service ended without warning on April 1, 1985.

781:

The integration ban was delayed until (and officially took effect on) July 1, 2007. The cable industry lobbied for the ban to be delayed, citing factors such as a lack of demand for the CableCARDs (a factor induced by the cost of devices which supported them), as well as its limitations on two-way

756:

provisioned by the MVPD. In 1998, the FCC ordered that a modular security component must be made available by July 1, 2000, and that cable providers must phase out the provision of hardware with integrated conditional access or security functions by January 1, 2005. An industry consortium known as

449:

capacity, although broadcast networks were not allowed if their affiliates could be received with an antenna. DirecTV and USSB had 2.5 million subscribers, while PrimeStar, with 27-inch dishes that could be rented rather than purchased, had 1.6 million subscribers. Cable companies responded to the

972:

law, as the streams still constituted an unauthorized public performance, and that despite claims to the contrary, its business model was substantially similar to that of a cable television provider (but the Court did not go as far as claiming Aereo was an MVPD). The company attempted to use this

444:

debuted in 1996. 2.2 million people subscribed to C-band service requiring 6-foot dishes costing as much as $ 1,500; this number remained steady, while digital satellite service with 18-inch dishes experienced phenomenal growth, reaching 4.5 million subscribers by the end of 1996, up by about two

642:

based on compliance with them and stated plans for future development. It stated that cable systems should reflect the needs of local communities in order to provide "the widest possible diversity of information sources and services". It recommended that local and state authorities encourage the

946:

also pulled its networks from Sky Angel, prompting the provider to file a formal complaint under the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act. Sky Angel argued that Discovery was discriminating against its service, because it had allowed other providers to stream its programming

618:

broadcasting in the 2020s led to trials of vMVPDs carried via OTA signals; startup company Edge Networks began operating a multichannel service known as Evoca in markets such as Boise, Denver, and Portland, which utilized set-top boxes that aggregated internet-delivered channels with channels

390:

Of the eight original companies planning DBS service, none had a working system by the start of 1985. The expected cost of entering the market ranged from $ 200 to $ 500 million, with $ 100 million required to put a satellite in orbit. Only Direct Broadcast Satellite Corp.,

371:. USCI president Nathaniel Kwit stated that 30 million people would never be served by cable companies, and DBS would have 5 million subscribers by 1990. One prediction for USCI was for 2.4 million customers by 1986. With little success in Indiana, USCI began looking to 619:

delivered via encrypted signals on ATSC 3.0 stations (including offers to bundle other services such as Sling TV on the same boxes). The company closed in 2022, citing a lack of growth and "coordinated refusal" from the major networks to license content to the venture.

293:(DBS). This system would cost "hundreds of millions of dollars" and, at the time, was expected to be ready by the 1990s. Later, the company changed its target date to 1986. By 1983, the FCC had authorized several other companies to offer DBS service. These included 638:, otherwise known as the Cable Act, enacted further policies for the regulation of cable systems. The act established standards for the operational standards and development of cable systems, and gave municipalities the authority to grant and renew cable system 1884: 387:. At first, USCI leased its equipment because people might be reluctant to buy an unproven technology, but the company later sold its dishes. COMSAT planned to compete with USCI, offering lower prices, but lost its backing from CBS in June 1984. 1029:

and the perceived popularity of that channel. As providers are not required to carry all channels, they may negotiate the fee they will pay for carriage of particular services. Typically, more popular channels command higher fees; for example,

213:

was credited with having established the first cable television service in the U.S. in 1948. He created the service in order to improve the availability of television stations to those with poor reception due to tall mountains and buildings.

4078: 895:

In 2020, the FCC withdrew the requirement for television providers to specifically support CableCARD, citing changes in the industry and a lack of consumer interest. The FCC still mandates that MVPDs must still offer "separable security".

606:

With the mass proliferation of over-the-top subscription services intending to compete with legacy players, analysts have argued that the market is becoming too fragmented, and giving consumers "fatigue" over the sheer number of options.

405:

USCI filed for bankruptcy, and one company offered to convert USCI dishes to C-band. People were allowed to keep their dishes; half had bought them and half had leased them, however it was unclear who if anyone would provide the service.

431:

and USSB began offering digital satellite service. With one million subscribers in 18 months, digital direct broadcast satellite set a record for the quickest acceptance of a new technology; by comparison, it took four years before the

445:

million subscribers in a year. Cable television services had 65 million subscribers, but were already starting to see customers switch to satellite. Satellite television offered more channels than cable did at the time due to limited

1034:

typically charges $ 10 per month for its suite of networks ($ 7 for the main channel alone), by far the highest of any non-premium American cable channel, comparable to the premium channels, and rising rapidly. ESPN and other

769:

to allow access to digital cable channels without a set-top box. CableCARDs were cheaper to rent than a cable box, but the first version of the standard did not support two-way communications for interactive services such as

593:

Comcast introduced a streaming television service as a lower-cost alternative to their main service, delivered through managed networks as part of their internet services. Similarly, Time Warner Cable trialled the use of

708:

worked around the program access rules by deliberately excluding satellites from their distribution path. This allowed them to restrict the carriage of these lucrative networks by competing providers, thus providing a

981:

instead. However, international treaties forbid the establishment of blanket licenses for streaming broadcast television stations over the internet, thus the Copyright Office ruled that this was outside of its scope.

269:

Some areas were too remote for cable or even any over-the-air reception, and other areas did not have a cable television system. In the early days of home satellite dishes, the two types of service were low-power

5807: 5802: 938:

against Sky Angel to protect their business, and pointed out that C-SPAN already streamed its programming online for free. The suits were dismissed for presenting insufficient evidence of antitrust violations.

828:, which involved the introduction of "adapters" that would abstract television services from the devices which deliver them, allowing the development of devices that could converge subscription television with 954:; the service allowed users to rent an antenna from a centralized location, and stream feeds of local broadcast television channels received via the antenna. By doing so, Aereo argued that its service was a 168:

services that are delivered entirely over the public internet, or never subscribing to such a service at all. By 2023, the number of households with a subscription was down to 47 percent, or 62 percent if

4079:

https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/directv-cut-local-stations-satellite-subscribers-1235944180/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR3s3GYNdDHHz5PVbvjmaqUaSqyX4WF0DawHtDuXF-2QKWgLLWBXbT_QUbU_aem_GPJ8-AIfozZRFhGsjEKnRw

1025:

Many cable channels charge providers fees in order to carry their content. The fee that the cable service provider must pay to a cable television channel can vary depending on whether it is a basic or

136:, the deployments of communications satellites made it financially feasible for broadcasters to distribute channels of national interest to cable, and later satellite television providers, such as 852: 832:. The FCC stated that it was "not convinced that the tru2way solution will assure the development of a commercial retail market as directed by Congress." Despite support by major firms such as 454:

services that offered more channels, and required the use of digital set-top boxes. They also owned a share of PrimeStar, because offering cable in rural areas was deemed to be too expensive.

255:

wanted space on Satcom I, since cable companies had receiving dishes aiming in that direction. In November 1981, Satcom III-R replaced Satcom I, which changed to voice and data distribution.

3936: 400:, along with a monthly cost of at least $ 24.95, in addition to the $ 400 to $ 700 for the receiver needed to pick up a still-weak signal, kept the numbers low. Another problem was that 5832: 802:

and would support two-way services delivered directly to devices. However, tru2way had limited to no consumer adoption; despite most major providers pledging to deploy it by mid-2009,

631:(FCC) established basic regulations for cable providers, including franchise and technical standards, and requiring them to register for a certificate of compliance before operation. 244:. By 1980, 15 million of the 75–80 million U.S. homes with at least one television set had a cable television subscription, and one prediction was for that number to double by 1985. 5812: 4266: 1039:, as well as retransmission consent negotiations by broadcast television outlets, have frequently been cited as contributing to the increasing cost of television subscriptions. 2546: 2466: 5792: 4029: 3811: 1857: 5822: 671:

requiring the provider to serve less than 30% of their franchise area, or two unaffiliated providers, serving at least 50% of the area, serve at least 15% of the market.

363:). While cable could provide more channels at a cheaper rate, cable was too expensive to offer in rural areas. Also, cable was not yet available in larger cities such as 309:-led Skyband. Unlike the larger television receive-only dishes, DBS used higher-powered satellites with smaller, more affordable dishes that were two to three feet wide. 3418: 461:(SHVIA), which allowed local channels to be included in satellite TV packages. Previously, this was only possible if an area had no local broadcast network affiliates. 2585: 666:

all local full-power or otherwise qualified broadcast television stations on their service. However, commercial stations have the option to opt-out of must-carry, and

144:

services. By 1980, 15 million of the approximately 80 million television-owning households in the U.S. subscribed to a multichannel television service. In the 1990s,

3469: 655: 651:" from a large number of unique broadcast services (however, all existing cable systems qualified under this criterion, which allowed them to raise their prices). 458: 5797: 3271: 566:, multichannel video service (virtual MVPD or vMVPD) offering a focused selection of popular cable networks, delivered via apps for mobile devices and other 930:

was pulled only 2 days after it was added, with the network citing contractual issues which prevented Sky Angel from streaming the channel. Sky Angel filed

5885: 5849: 5827: 3753: 3369: 1750: 2711: 5740: 3518: 3445: 3836: 5817: 4296: 3124: 3633: 3608: 550:"—a concept which allows subscribers to participating television channels to access their on-demand and live programming through websites and 5689: 958:

solution that rented access to hardware, and thus did not require permission from broadcasters to retransmit their programming. However, the

3583: 1726: 683: 190: 107: 713:

for their service. In 2010, the FCC removed this particular exception to the program access rules. The action was based on a complaint by

5668: 2518: 5140: 4065: 4051: 3318: 508:

The subscription television market in the U.S. began to erode in the 2010s due to multiple factors. Some have cited higher costs due to

5424: 3198: 644: 441: 3222: 2175: 1832: 934:

lawsuits against C-SPAN in 2012 and 2013, claiming that its ownership group (which is composed of competing television providers) was

611:

vMVPD users, the study said, were in the 18-44 group, in which 16 percent used a vMVPD. Only 6 percent of those over 45 used a vMVPD.

4512: 3860: 964: 264: 2686: 2348: 989:. Unlike Aereo, it was run by a non-profit advocacy group rather than a commercial entity, and asserts itself as being a non-profit 5378: 5316: 2789: 635: 570:

over the internet. By 2018, the service had reached 2 million subscribers, and prompted the launch of competitors from AT&T (

457:

In 1996, the FCC said local zoning laws could not prevent most smaller dishes. Another advancement in satellite TV came with the

3911: 3886: 5787: 3393: 2288: 1807: 4197: 4116: 2944: 682:

to define a "Multichannel video programming distributor" (MVPD) as "a person such as, but not limited to, a cable operator, a

5771: 5766: 5715: 4310: 845: 332:

and investors that included Francesco Galesi. USCI did not wait for more powerful satellite technology, but instead used the

201: 3558: 5880: 5750: 5735: 5725: 5720: 5444: 848:(who argued that copyright infringing media sources could be presented alongside legitimate options in search interfaces). 392: 3979: 2378: 5730: 5252: 3246: 3173: 539:

has seen viewers cutting back or dropping their television subscriptions in favor of using a mixture of sources, such as

229:

systems. This development spurred the launched of prominent services intended for distribution by cable systems, such as

4004: 3785: 4288: 2254: 221:, enabled broadcasters to send out their programming nationally for hundreds of dollars per hour rather than costlier 5130: 4183: 4169: 2814: 2630: 1706: 818: 628: 465:

the percentage of those who had cable dropped from 82% to 80%. Cable charges increased at a rate 50% higher than the

248: 226: 3494: 2737: 2244: 598:

devices as a set-top box in 2015. In October 2015, TWC began to trial a service under which subscribers are given a

4873: 3708: 1782: 413: 5608: 3342: 5661: 5578: 2668: 765:

in 2003 to comply with this mandate. These cards could be inserted into slots on devices such as televisions and

749:

for digital cable services, in order to allow third-party devices to access the services as an alternative to a

2649: 742: 675: 352: 348: 312:

On November 16, 1983, the first DBS service, with 50 customers paying $ 39.95 a month for five channels in the

95: 2914:

Meyerson, Michael I. (1985). "The Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984: A Balancing Act on Coaxial Wires".

2572: 289:

announced a plan to allow viewers to receive programming directly from broadcast satellites, a concept called

5745: 4747: 871: 5348: 5338: 5078: 4345: 4262:

2005 Annual FCC Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming

4147: 2491: 2403: 841: 647:

networks. The act also prevented the FCC and states from regulating the cost of cable service if they had "

161: 5694: 5024: 4811: 4573: 4419: 4245: 3015: 1200: 931: 3961:

AMERICAN BROADCASTING COMPANIES, INC., et. al. v. DAVID R. GOODFRIEND and SPORTS FANS COALITION NY, INC.

3094: 546:

The multichannel television industry began to employ efforts to entice potential cord cutters, such as "

5699: 5654: 4725: 4620: 2611: 2055: 1981: 885: 787: 710: 690:

satellite program distributor, who makes available for purchase, by subscribers or customers, multiple

679: 380: 290: 210: 114:

satellite program distributor, who makes available for purchase, by subscribers or customers, multiple

35: 2945:"FCC Votes To Close Terrestrial RSN Exemption – Count Is 4-1; McDowell Expects To See Court Challenge" 5408: 4377: 4333: 2764: 2270:

Guerrero, Lucio (2001-01-09). "Dishes gain on cable TV: Cost, features nudge viewers to satellites".

2000: 1927: 1907: 1833:"Cord-Cutting Explodes: 22 Million U.S. Adults Will Have Canceled Cable, Satellite TV by End of 2017" 1435: 1163: 746: 489: 4261: 4211: 2320: 343:

and made programming arrangements with distributors rather than existing cable channels. Similar to

5393: 5343: 5277: 5172: 5009: 4890: 4459: 3658: 2971: 2185: 1716: 1206:

All data from Leichtman Research Group, Inc. as of the end of Q4 2023, except where otherwise noted

943: 922:

over-the-top IPTV service which formerly operated as a satellite provider, was faced with multiple

892:(who voted against it) removed Wheeler's set-top box proposal from the FCC's items on circulation. 446: 384: 182: 59: 2142:

Stecklow, Steve (1985-04-28). "Problems of Satellite-TV Service Leave Viewers with Empty Dishes".

5403: 5333: 5257: 5207: 5177: 5145: 4937: 4910: 4497: 4130: 3683: 3305: 3276: 2976: 2839: 2439: 1651: 1376: 1036: 990: 705: 687: 275: 133: 111: 27: 3297: 1751:"The top 6 cable, satellite and telco pay-TV operators in Q4: Ranking Comcast, Charter and more" 590:. By 2019 Q3, analysts estimated vMVPDs have nearly 9 million subscribers in the United States. 241: 5854: 5353: 5296: 5187: 5182: 4281: 2228: 2015:

Stecklow, Steve (1984-05-06). "New Service Offers Stations Via Satellite, No Cable Necessary".

1858:"They are TV's ghosts — networks that somehow survive with little reason to watch them anymore" 1559: 1422: 1262: 1020: 1002:

use its donations to cover expansion (which is not covered by the exemption in copyright law).

766: 667: 540: 531:, have also appealed to changing viewing habits, such as the growth of mobile device usage for 481: 433: 409: 83: 55: 3739: 2927: 5485: 5301: 5071: 4752: 4382: 4355: 4328: 4091: 3965: 3148: 3000: 2112:

Wolf, Ron (1984-04-30). "Satellite Television Service Gets More Susbscribers Than Expected".

1862: 1137: 1111: 978: 648: 67: 3040: 884:

recording, and it does not allow for true user interface competition." In January 2017, new

5859: 5388: 4742: 3964: (UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK August 31, 2021), 2159: 1731: 1304: 909: 745:, the FCC was instructed to develop a means for television providers to offer a standalone 701:", where a channel is defined as a "signaling path provided by a cable television system." 567: 563: 521: 466: 325: 125:", where a channel is defined as a "signaling path provided by a cable television system." 5527: 4148:"YouTube TV Is Now the 5th-Largest U.S. Pay TV Operator With 5.7 Million Subs (Estimate)2" 3519:"Virtual MVPDs will control 14% of U.S. pay TV market by 2030, research firm TDG predicts" 1925:

Reibstein, Larry (1981-11-20). "Cable Television Scrambles for Some Room on a Satellite".

8: 5628: 4974: 4645: 4583: 4464: 3812:"NFL, Major League Baseball Warn That Aereo Could Trigger End of Free TV Game Broadcasts" 726: 659: 39: 2467:"YouTube TV and Hulu Live TV now have hundreds of thousands of subscribers, says report" 5470: 5429: 5311: 4764: 4705: 4598: 4540: 4484: 4424: 1400: 974: 959: 718: 698: 691: 329: 218: 145: 141: 122: 115: 91: 4989: 3064: 1201:

Top multichannel video service providers in the United States by number of subscribers

5598: 5398: 5321: 5267: 5262: 5219: 4568: 4520: 4469: 4397: 4350: 4274: 3937:"Broadcasters Score Big Legal Win Against Locast, a Popular App Streaming Network TV" 3761: 2923: 2742: 2712:"Average spending on OTT services has stayed flat for 3 years, Parks Associates says" 2551: 2411: 2296: 2272: 2250: 1150: 860: 170: 165: 63: 16:

Distribution of television programming to customers for a subscription fee in the USA

5449: 5358: 5157: 5093: 5046: 4895: 4759: 4479: 4338: 3419:"President Obama Signs the 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act" 2669:"Time Warner Cable goes after cord cutters with new Internet TV service, free Roku" 1976: 1957:

Berger, Dan (1984-07-15). "Linkabit's success is built on intellectual curiosity".

1721: 1555: 1267: 1249: 1072: 1016: 998: 994: 923: 880: 730: 517: 513: 372: 336: 186: 129: 31: 4685: 2867: 5542: 5537: 5465: 5363: 5110: 4957: 4848: 4737: 4695: 4660: 4640: 4593: 4563: 4372: 4360: 2180: 1564: 1547: 1381: 919: 771: 583: 524: 497: 396:

a year, USCI had only 11,000 customers. USCI's inability to get channels such as

5573: 5284: 5162: 5115: 5061: 4947: 4774: 4670: 4550: 4502: 4429: 4365: 4246:"Frndly TV Surpasses 700,000 Subscribers | Press Release | Frndly TV" 2547:"vMVPDs Are Getting More Expensive; Here's Why Consumers Might Be OK With That" 1656: 1528: 1176: 1026: 829: 783: 750: 532: 503: 417: 306: 222: 840:(the latter having recently launched a digital media player platform known as 5874: 5563: 5383: 5212: 5098: 4833: 4615: 4444: 4302: 3765: 2415: 2300: 1959: 1325: 955: 908:

services delivered entirely over the public internet (also referred to as an

856: 547: 451: 321: 302: 271: 252: 152:, experienced a surge in popularity due to their increased channel capacity. 149: 23: 2889: 2157:

Dawidziak, Mark (1984-12-30). "Satellite TV Dishes Getting Good Reception".

5475: 5373: 5202: 5019: 4786: 4710: 4635: 4588: 4525: 4439: 4434: 3470:"Cable industry offers set-top box compromise to avoid stricter regulation" 2738:"vMVPD Users Definitely Not Cord-Nevers: Only 15% Previously Had No Pay TV" 2050: 1701: 1551: 1427: 1357: 814: 775: 555: 536: 509: 488:, a new suite of television, internet, and phone services delivered over a 364: 313: 238: 157: 137: 79: 4226:"Philo Tops 1 Million Subscribers as CEO Discusses Company's Future Goals" 3041:"First FCC Report and Order:Commercial Availability of Navigation Devices" 2074:

Borowski, Neill (1983-12-18). "Defunct Pay-TV Firm May Abandon Antennas".

1942:

Reibstein, Larry (1981-09-27). "Watching TV Via Satellite Is Their Dish".

844:), AllVid was widely-opposed by the multichannel industry, as well as the 472:

By 2012, satellite dishes accounted for 30% of the pay television market.

423:

In 1992, nearly all MVPD customers had cable television service. In 1994,

5613: 5326: 5306: 5224: 5197: 5103: 5056: 4984: 4816: 4650: 4630: 4625: 4489: 4392: 4318: 2353: 1711: 1453: 1098: 867: 824:

In 2010, the FCC issued a notice of inquiry proposing a concept known as

810: 753: 639: 571: 356: 206: 4225: 662:

in the cable television industry. The act mandated that cable providers

42:

video providers; among the largest television providers in the U.S. are

5593: 5588: 5583: 4962: 4853: 4838: 4715: 4387: 4323: 3837:"Copyright Office Rejects Aereo's Effort to Qualify as a Cable Company" 3302: 3199:"Retail tru2way devices are officially DOA, even Panasonic stops trial" 2586:"Comcast's new streaming service is not as terrible as you might think" 1632: 1448: 1331: 799: 791: 663: 587: 551: 51: 43: 2094:

Wolf, Ron (1985-01-20). "Direct-Broadcast TV Is Still Not Turned On".

2033:

Stecklow, Steve (1984-09-30). "Change Is Near for Satellite Service".

379:

and Philadelphia. Early in 1984, USCI expanded into 15 markets in the

5676: 5633: 5506: 5480: 5439: 5004: 4883: 4858: 4806: 4779: 4675: 4535: 4402: 2687:"As 'Subscription Fatigue' Sets In, the OTT Reckoning May Be Upon Us" 2523: 1675: 1583: 969: 935: 915: 803: 762: 758: 722: 424: 376: 320:

area, was launched by United Satellite Communications Inc. (USCI), a

128:

While multichannel television initially served as a means to provide

2922:(3). University of Baltimore School of Law Research Paper: 543–662. 2379:"The rise of sports TV costs and why your cable bill keeps going up" 859:

to those who are blind and visually impaired, including support for

778:

facilities, thus giving the system a disadvantage over cable boxes.

5833:

List of Canadian television stations available in the United States

5289: 5272: 5066: 4952: 4942: 4915: 4868: 4791: 4700: 4690: 4603: 4449: 4005:"Cable TV Rankings 2016: Presidential Politics Fuels Ratings Gains" 3125:"How Big Cable killed the open set-top box—and what to do about it" 1998:

Wolf, Ron (1983-11-22). "Satellite Television: The Future Is Now".

1605: 1522: 1477: 1472: 1352: 1290: 889: 782:

services—especially due to the growing video on-demand market, and

615: 559: 437: 3016:"Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992" 2048:

Clark, Kenneth R. (1983-01-25). "TV's New Frontier: Outer Space".

5434: 5368: 5192: 5167: 5135: 5014: 4979: 4900: 4843: 4530: 4474: 4414: 4407: 3709:"Aereo loses to broadcasters in Supreme Court fight for its life" 3370:"FCC Chairman Pai takes Wheeler's set-top box plan off the table" 2127:

Wolf, Ron (1985-04-02). "Satellite TV Service Goes Off the Air".

1518: 1317: 1296: 1286: 1241: 1236: 1053:

Top 10 advertising-supported cable channels by viewership (2016)

817:. The integration ban was repealed in 2015 as a condition of the 807: 795: 714: 528: 493: 428: 368: 317: 279: 234: 75: 71: 47: 3446:"FCC votes to "unlock the cable box" over Republican opposition" 106:) as "a person such as, but not limited to, a cable operator, a 5532: 5229: 5083: 4999: 4925: 4905: 4878: 4821: 4801: 4680: 2650:"Time Warner Cable will test internet-only TV in NYC next week" 1627: 1496: 1321: 986: 927: 853:

Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act

837: 825: 344: 333: 286: 247:

By 1981, eleven communications satellites were in use, and the

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demanded by major channels, as well as consumers intentionally

4030:"Million Customers in 2023; Live TV Streamers Add 1.9 Million" 2790:"Evoca Launches Its NextGen TV-based Pay TV service In Denver" 2631:"Time Warner Cable tests replacing your cable box with a Roku" 516:

practices (which force subscribers to pay monthly for a large

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multichannel services, such as direct-broadcast satellite and

5623: 5618: 5568: 5547: 5522: 5501: 5125: 5120: 5088: 5051: 5041: 4932: 4863: 4826: 4796: 4769: 4610: 4454: 4131:"Hulu+ Live TV Sub Chart Show Little Growth over Three Years" 3543:

Baumgartner, Jeff (2018-04-30). "Syncbak Syncs With vMVPDs".

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Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers (

4212:"Fubo's strong Q1 2024 dragged down by the specter of Spulu" 3912:"Judge deals blow to Locast in suit brought by broadcasters" 3754:"No, Aereo isn't really claiming to be a true cable company" 3634:"Sky Angel Files Program Access Complaint Against Discovery" 3319:"Hollywood: Google TV would put us on board big pirate ship" 2998:

Schindler, Harold (1993-06-15). "KSL Puts Cable on Notice".

855:, which requires that televisions and MVPD set-top boxes be 721:

was unduly affecting the marketability of their services in

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Virtual MVPD, TV Everywhere, and over-the-top media services

5603: 5152: 5034: 5029: 4967: 4920: 4555: 4230: 1339: 1124: 1085: 1031: 905: 833: 599: 595: 579: 575: 485: 340: 87: 2519:"Dish Network Doesn't Want Sling TV to Become Too Popular" 2176:"Satellite Tv Skies Brighten As War With Programmers Ends" 4578: 4184:"Altice Reports Q1 Loss as Broadband, Video Subs Decline" 3609:"Strike Two For Sky Angel Antitrust Claim Against C-SPAN" 1974:

Stecklow, Steve (1984-07-07). "America's Favorite Dish".

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of unwanted channels to receive a few desired programs).

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Hulu+ Live TV Jumps to No. 1 Among vMVPDs, Raises Prices

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Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act

4198:"EchoStar sheds more subs as possible bankruptcy looms" 4117:"EchoStar sheds more subs as possible bankruptcy looms" 1905:

McCormick, Lynde (1980-01-17). "When you're the boss".

4052:"Diamond Sports RSNs, Comcast Settle Carriage Dispute" 3738: (United States Supreme Court June 2014), 1047: 786:—a technique that enabled an increase in capacity for 4170:"Verizon Fios TV Q1 Subscribers Fall Below 3 Million" 3626: 2861: 2859: 2349:"If you haven't cut the cord on cable TV, you should" 790:

channels. In 2008, the industry attempted to adopt a

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and internet streaming services, as an alternative.

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American Broadcasting Company, et al. v. Aereo Inc.

3676: 3394:"Google, Best Buy, and Sony ally against Big Cable" 1808:"Pay TV Universe Shrinks to 79% of U.S. Households" 5741:List of United States stations available in Canada 5690:List of local television stations in North America 4092:"Letter from the YouTube CEO: 4 Big bets for 2024" 2939: 2937: 2856: 5677:Additional resources on North American television 3576: 2840:"With Evoca's Demise, Its First Property Is Spun" 2226:Boraks, David (1997-01-19). "The Dish Gets Hot". 217:The launch of communications satellites, such as 132:stations to customers who could not receive them 5872: 5818:1989 South Florida television affiliation switch 2575:- Daniel Frankel, Multichannel, 15 November 2019 899: 813:before discontinuing them in 2010 in favor of a 4142: 4140: 4066:"Charter Announces Second Quarter 2024 Results" 3584:"Court Dismisses Sky Angel Suit Against C-SPAN" 3247:"NCTA Waves Goodbye to Set-Top Integration Ban" 2934: 2647: 2578: 2433: 2431: 1010: 2890:"Cable Television Franchise Renewals A Primer" 2887: 2437: 1783:"What Is an MVPD, Exactly? Cable Ops Weigh In" 736: 725:, by not allowing them to carry the Cox-owned 5793:List of American cable and satellite networks 5662: 4282: 3861:"Federal Judge Nixes Aereo's Latest Strategy" 3651: 3511: 3095:"Can Tru2way succeed where CableCard failed?" 2888:Myers, John M.; Schuering, Daniel P. (1991). 2666: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 851:Also in 2010, the U.S. government passed the 686:, a direct broadcast satellite service, or a 658:that was designed to promote competition and 459:Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999 110:, a direct broadcast satellite service, or a 4299:multi-channel video programming distributors 4137: 3290: 2966: 2964: 2870:. Connecticut Office of Legislative Research 2489: 2428: 2401: 2242: 985:In 2019, a similar service emerged known as 684:multichannel multipoint distribution service 339:. The company also signed an agreement with 108:multichannel multipoint distribution service 22:has been available since at least 1948. The 20:Multichannel television in the United States 3971: 3542: 3272:"Broadcasters Squeezed by Convergence Push" 2628: 2516: 2289:"Verizon Introduces Fiber Optic TV Service" 2203: 2201: 2069: 2067: 2065: 1920: 1918: 1876: 5886:History of television in the United States 5669: 5655: 4289: 4275: 3701: 3492: 2865: 2483: 1768: 806:only sold compatible televisions in three 761:officially introduced a standard known as 645:Public, educational, and government access 100:multichannel video programming distributor 4022: 2997: 2991: 2961: 2787: 2765:"Evoca is not like the other TV services" 2221: 2219: 2217: 2156: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2028: 2026: 1993: 1991: 1941: 1924: 1904: 965:American Broadcasting Cos. v. Aereo, Inc. 475: 265:Satellite television in the United States 62:division, which also includes the former 3884: 3269: 2913: 2907: 2837: 2815:"Evoca NextGen TV goes live in Portland" 2269: 2198: 2141: 2073: 2062: 2032: 2014: 1973: 1967: 1935: 1915: 1830: 1727:Golden Age of Television (2000s–present) 420:airing programming from those who paid. 191:Golden Age of Television (2000s–present) 5317:Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment 3934: 3834: 3809: 3559:"FCC's Wheeler on OVD NPRM: Stay Tuned" 3174:"Panasonic Stops Selling Tru2way HDTVs" 2735: 2321:"AT&T launches U-verse in Columbus" 2167: 2107: 2105: 1900: 1898: 1882: 636:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 496:followed suit with the introduction of 158:dropping traditional television service 5873: 5798:List of American over-the-air networks 3980:"ESPN Can't Afford to Go On Like This" 3977: 3727: 2844:Radio & Television Business Report 2762: 2346: 2286: 2225: 2214: 2173: 2082: 2023: 1988: 1956: 1855: 258: 251:planned 24 to be in use by 1985. Most 5850:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania 5650: 4270: 4089: 4083: 3440: 3438: 3364: 3362: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3089: 3087: 3085: 2881: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2342: 2340: 2249:. Cengage Learning. pp. 181–82. 2150: 2047: 1221: 846:Motion Picture Association of America 202:Cable television in the United States 5751:2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment 5726:List of Canadian television channels 5721:List of Canadian television networks 5445:United States Satellite Broadcasting 3909: 3786:"Aereo: Oops! We Meant to Say Cable" 3751: 3416: 2812: 2648:Lawler, Richard (October 23, 2015). 2544: 2402:Ramachandran, Shalini (2012-08-08). 2126: 2111: 2102: 2093: 1997: 1895: 904:The increasing prominence of linear 393:United States Satellite Broadcasting 5731:List of Canadian specialty channels 5253:Adelphia Communications Corporation 3486: 3343:"Goodbye CableCARD, hello "AllVid"" 2438:Spangler, Todd (October 17, 2011). 2404:"Evidence Grows on TV Cord-Cutting" 1885:"Cable TV invented in Mahanoy City" 1048:Largest ad-supported cable channels 973:ruling in an effort to apply for a 950:Another prominent case was that of 195: 13: 3435: 3359: 3112: 3082: 2972:"FCC throws Cox a curve on Padres" 2667:Waniata, Ryan (October 26, 2015). 2367: 2337: 278:8 to 12 feet wide, and high-power 14: 5897: 4255: 3910:Keys, Matthew (August 31, 2021). 3659:"Bedeviled By Sky Angel Decision" 3149:"Set-top shakeup is in the cards" 2490:Mike Farrell (January 13, 2015). 2464: 1707:List of multiple-system operators 997:denied a request by Locast for a 910:"over-the-top" television service 866:In 2016, the FCC, under chairman 819:STELA Reauthorization Act of 2014 629:Federal Communications Commission 554:tied to a user account. In 2015, 450:success of satellite by adopting 249:Federal Communications Commission 160:in favor of alternatives such as 5273:MediaOne/Continental Cablevision 4238: 4218: 4204: 4190: 4176: 4162: 4123: 4109: 4072: 3885:Krasnoff, Barbara (2019-02-25). 3684:"Fear and Loathing Over The Top" 2868:"HISTORY OF CABLE TV REGULATION" 2629:Statt, Nick (November 9, 2015). 2440:"How Critical Is TV Everywhere?" 678:amended Section 602 (13) of the 574:, which had reached 1 million), 414:Cable Communications Act of 1984 5700:North American TV mini-template 4090:Mohan, Neal (6 February 2024). 4058: 4044: 3997: 3953: 3928: 3903: 3878: 3853: 3828: 3803: 3778: 3745: 3601: 3551: 3536: 3462: 3410: 3386: 3335: 3311: 3263: 3239: 3215: 3191: 3166: 3141: 3057: 3033: 3008: 2896:. Illinois Municipal League: 22 2831: 2806: 2781: 2756: 2729: 2704: 2679: 2660: 2641: 2622: 2604: 2566: 2538: 2517:Jeff Berman (January 9, 2015). 2458: 2395: 2313: 2280: 2263: 2236: 2174:Takiff, Jonathan (1987-05-22). 2135: 2120: 2041: 2008: 1950: 5808:Local American TV stations (K) 5803:Local American TV stations (W) 3978:Nocera, Joe (April 28, 2017). 3417:Pike, George H. (2010-10-11). 3065:"FAQ: CableCard? What's that?" 2736:Frankel, Daniel (2019-04-02). 2377:James, Meg (5 December 2016). 1849: 1824: 1800: 1743: 1005: 743:Telecommunications Act of 1996 676:Telecommunications Act of 1996 668:require financial compensation 353:British Satellite Broadcasting 96:Telecommunications Act of 1996 1: 5823:1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment 5746:2001 Vancouver TV realignment 3270:Eggerton, John (2009-12-14). 2838:Jacobson, Adam (2023-07-24). 1883:Kennedy, Sam (4 March 2007). 1831:Spangler, Todd (2017-09-13). 1737: 1042: 900:Linear online video providers 872:notice of proposed rulemaking 704:Certain cable provider-owned 654:In 1992, Congress passed the 622: 558:announced a service known as 38:providers, and various other 5813:Spanish-language TV networks 5349:Graceba Total Communications 5339:Community Home Entertainment 5079:Racetrack Television Network 3935:Gardner, Eriq (2021-08-31). 2545:Wolk, Alan (June 30, 2018). 1856:Bauder, David (2024-03-01). 1011:Carriage and cost of service 176: 162:subscription video on demand 7: 5881:Cable television technology 4574:Consolidated Communications 4420:Consolidated Communications 3835:Johnson, Ted (2014-07-17). 3810:Johnson, Ted (2013-11-17). 2246:Media and Entertainment Law 1695: 926:over the changes. In 2009, 870:, voted 3-2 to authorize a 737:Regulation of set-top boxes 729:—the local rightsholder of 10: 5902: 5736:Local Canadian TV stations 5394:TelePrompTer/Group W Cable 4621:North State Communications 3752:Fung, Brian (2014-07-11). 2813:Mann, Colin (2022-05-27). 2763:Munson, Ben (2020-04-02). 2347:Worden, Nat (2014-06-24). 2287:Belson, Ken (2005-09-23). 2207:"Cheer for the Chairman," 2056:United Press International 1982:Knight-Ridder News Service 1014: 798:, which did not require a 680:Communications Act of 1934 291:direct-broadcast satellite 262: 211:Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania 199: 180: 36:direct-broadcast satellite 5845: 5780: 5772:Local Mexican TV stations 5759: 5708: 5682: 5646: 5556: 5515: 5494: 5458: 5417: 5409:Windjammer Communications 5258:Alameda Power and Telecom 5245: 5238: 4724: 4659: 4549: 4511: 4378:Blue Ridge Communications 4334:Suddenlink Communications 4309: 3493:Gary Arlen (2020-09-10). 2894:Illinois Municipal Review 2612:"Xfinity Internet Stream" 2144:The Philadelphia Inquirer 2129:The Philadelphia Inquirer 2114:The Philadelphia Inquirer 2096:The Philadelphia Inquirer 2076:The Philadelphia Inquirer 2035:The Philadelphia Inquirer 2017:The Philadelphia Inquirer 2001:The Philadelphia Inquirer 1944:The Philadelphia Inquirer 1928:The Philadelphia Inquirer 1908:Christian Science Monitor 747:conditional access module 492:infrastructure. In 2006, 5828:2006 U.S. TV realignment 5629:Smithsonian Channel Plus 5344:FairPoint Communications 5278:Tele-Communications Inc. 4564:Cincinnati Bell Fioptics 4460:Northland Communications 3865:Broadcasting & Cable 3790:Broadcasting & Cable 3613:Broadcasting & Cable 3563:Broadcasting & Cable 3545:Broadcasting & Cable 3308:(adopted April 21, 2010) 3298:AllVid Notice of Inquiry 3277:Broadcasting & Cable 2788:Phil Kurz (2022-01-21). 2209:Broadcasting & Cable 2186:Knight-Ridder Newspapers 1717:Multi-channel transition 1037:regional sports networks 944:Discovery Communications 706:regional sports networks 512:of cable television and 436:sold one million units. 345:British Sky Broadcasting 183:Multi-channel transition 5404:UA-Columbia Cablevision 5334:Cobridge Communications 4498:TruVista Communications 2977:San Diego Union-Tribune 2492:"Dish Unveils Sling TV" 1652:Frontier Communications 991:broadcast relay station 767:digital video recorders 688:television receive-only 112:television receive-only 28:multichannel television 5354:Insight Communications 5297:Bresnan Communications 5183:Warner Bros. Discovery 3941:The Hollywood Reporter 2229:The Charlotte Observer 1560:Warner Bros. Discovery 1263:Charter Communications 1021:Retransmission consent 541:terrestrial television 535:. The market trend of 482:Verizon Communications 476:Wireline and broadband 347:(and its predecessors 84:Verizon Communications 56:Charter Communications 5528:HD HomeRun Premium TV 5486:Virtual Digital Cable 5302:Bright House Networks 4891:The Criterion Channel 4356:Grande Communications 4329:Optimum (TV/Internet) 4096:YouTube Official Blog 3001:The Salt Lake Tribune 2243:Sandi Towers (2008). 1863:Associated Press News 979:U.S. Copyright Office 649:effective competition 568:digital media players 408:In October 1984, the 164:(SVOD) services, and 68:Bright House Networks 5389:Rapid Communications 5203:Food Network Kitchen 4994:Kino Film Collection 2160:Akron Beacon-Journal 1732:Streaming television 886:Trump administration 614:The introduction of 467:Consumer Price Index 326:Prudential Insurance 4975:Hallmark Movies Now 4807:IFC Films Unlimited 4753:Lifetime Movie Club 4584:Frontier FiberOptic 4465:Liberty Puerto Rico 2819:Advanced Television 2592:. IDG. 23 July 2015 2408:Wall Street Journal 1960:The San Diego Union 1054: 968:that this violated 660:consumer protection 359:channel similar to 259:Growth of satellite 5574:Comedy Central Now 5430:GlobeCast World TV 5312:Champion Broadband 5268:AT&T Broadband 4706:Spectrum TV Stream 4646:Windstream Kinetic 4541:Headend in the Sky 4485:SRT Communications 4425:Cox Communications 3525:. 29 November 2017 2916:Georgia Law Review 2293:The New York Times 1401:Cox Communications 1052: 975:compulsory license 960:U.S. Supreme Court 794:standard known as 719:Cox Communications 527:services, such as 330:General Instrument 171:streaming services 142:premium television 92:Cox Communications 5868: 5867: 5841: 5840: 5788:American networks 5716:Canadian networks 5642: 5641: 5399:Time Warner Cable 5263:Astound Broadband 5220:WOW Presents Plus 5116:Shout! Factory TV 4616:NEP Datastream TV 4521:Claro Puerto Rico 4470:Satview Broadband 4398:Buckeye Broadband 4351:Astound Broadband 4200:. August 9, 2024. 4119:. August 9, 2024. 3867:. 23 October 2014 3688:Multichannel News 3663:Multichannel News 3638:Multichannel News 3588:Multichannel News 3565:. 17 October 2014 3499:Multichannel News 3423:Information Today 3046:. FCC. 1998-06-24 2743:Multichannel News 2496:Multichannel News 2444:Multichannel News 2383:Los Angeles Times 2273:Chicago Sun-Times 1812:Multichannel News 1693: 1692: 1222:Total subscribers 1198: 1197: 1151:Discovery Channel 924:carriage disputes 888:FCC commissioner 861:audio description 643:establishment of 533:media consumption 166:linear television 64:Time Warner Cable 5893: 5767:Mexican networks 5671: 5664: 5657: 5648: 5647: 5538:TVision Live TV+ 5466:AT&T U-verse 5450:Voom HD Networks 5359:Jones Intercable 5243: 5242: 5047:Paramount Global 4896:Curiosity Stream 4738:A&E Networks 4494:Troy Cablevision 4373:AT&T Alascom 4339:Service Electric 4291: 4284: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4250: 4249: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4172:. 22 April 2024. 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4150:. March 16, 2023 4144: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4087: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4054:. 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July 12, 2015. 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2477: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2374: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2344: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2223: 2212: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2100: 2099: 2091: 2080: 2079: 2071: 2060: 2059: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2030: 2021: 2020: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1995: 1986: 1985: 1977:The Miami Herald 1971: 1965: 1964: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1922: 1913: 1912: 1902: 1893: 1892: 1891:. Allentown, PA. 1889:The Morning Call 1880: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1779: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1747: 1722:Post-network era 1556:Paramount Global 1548:A&E Networks 1210: 1209: 1073:Fox News Channel 1055: 1051: 1017:Carriage dispute 999:summary judgment 881:Public Knowledge 731:San Diego Padres 373:Washington, D.C. 196:Cable television 187:Post-network era 130:local television 32:cable television 5901: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5837: 5776: 5755: 5704: 5678: 5675: 5638: 5552: 5543:PlayStation Vue 5511: 5490: 5476:Google Fiber TV 5454: 5413: 5364:King Videocable 5234: 5111:Samsung TV Plus 4958:Fox Corporation 4729: 4727: 4720: 4662: 4655: 4641:Whidbey Telecom 4594:Hawaiian Telcom 4553: 4545: 4507: 4415:Comcast Xfinity 4361:RCN Corporation 4305: 4295: 4258: 4253: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4073: 4068:. Jul 26, 2024. 4064: 4063: 4059: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3976: 3972: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3943: 3933: 3929: 3920: 3918: 3908: 3904: 3895: 3893: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3845: 3843: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3818: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3770: 3768: 3758:Washington Post 3750: 3746: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3616: 3615:. 31 March 2014 3607: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3541: 3537: 3528: 3526: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3501: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3452: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3427: 3425: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3400: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3376: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3351: 3349: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3327: 3325: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3280: 3268: 3264: 3255: 3253: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3229: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3207: 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5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5695:DTV transition 5692: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5285:Baja Broadband 5282: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5163:UFC Fight Pass 5160: 5155: 5153:Tivo Stream 4k 5150: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 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4380: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4366:Wave Broadband 4363: 4358: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4257: 4256:External links 4254: 4252: 4251: 4237: 4217: 4203: 4189: 4175: 4161: 4136: 4133:. 13 May 2024. 4122: 4108: 4082: 4071: 4057: 4043: 4021: 3996: 3970: 3952: 3927: 3902: 3877: 3852: 3827: 3802: 3792:. 21 July 2014 3777: 3744: 3726: 3715:. 25 June 2014 3700: 3675: 3650: 3625: 3600: 3575: 3550: 3535: 3510: 3485: 3461: 3434: 3409: 3385: 3358: 3334: 3310: 3289: 3262: 3238: 3214: 3190: 3180:. 29 July 2010 3165: 3140: 3111: 3081: 3056: 3032: 3007: 2990: 2960: 2933: 2906: 2880: 2855: 2830: 2805: 2780: 2755: 2728: 2703: 2678: 2673:Digital Trends 2659: 2640: 2621: 2603: 2577: 2565: 2537: 2509: 2498:. NewBay Media 2482: 2465:Perez, Sarah. 2457: 2446:. NewBay Media 2427: 2394: 2366: 2336: 2312: 2279: 2262: 2256:978-1418039127 2255: 2235: 2213: 2197: 2166: 2163:. p. F-1. 2149: 2146:. p. M11. 2134: 2131:. p. E08. 2119: 2116:. p. D07. 2101: 2098:. p. C01. 2081: 2078:. p. C10. 2061: 2058:. p. 23D. 2040: 2022: 2007: 2004:. p. D01. 1987: 1966: 1963:. p. I-1. 1949: 1946:. p. E01. 1934: 1931:. p. B14. 1914: 1894: 1875: 1848: 1823: 1799: 1767: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1657:Frontier Fiber 1654: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1562: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1529:DirecTV Stream 1526: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1382:Hulu + Live TV 1379: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1294: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1177:Disney Channel 1174: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 901: 898: 830:internet video 784:switched video 738: 735: 624: 621: 505: 502: 477: 474: 418:common carrier 349:Sky Television 307:Rupert Murdoch 263:Main article: 260: 257: 253:cable channels 233:and fledgling 197: 194: 178: 175: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5898: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781:United States 5779: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5701: 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