Multiculturalism in Canada

663: 1668: 362: 1227:, and Nova Scotia – a multiculturalism advisory council reports to the minister responsible for multiculturalism. In Alberta, the Alberta Human Rights Commission performs the role of multiculturalism advisory council. In Nova Scotia, the Act is implemented by both a Cabinet committee on multiculturalism and advisory councils. Ontario has an official multicultural policy and the Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration is responsible for promoting social inclusion, civic and community engagement and recognition. The Government of 1753: 42: 1899: 316: 976: 479: 966:

they must be alike. There is no such thing as a model or ideal Canadian. What could be more absurd than the concept of an “all-Canadian” boy or girl? A society which emphasizes uniformity is one which creates intolerance and hate. A society which eulogizes the average citizen is one which breeds mediocrity. What the world should be seeking, and what in Canada we must continue to cherish, are not concepts of uniformity but human values: compassion, love, and understanding.

1913: 589: 770: 1799:, are simply incompatible with Canadian and Western culture. He also raises concern about the number of recent older immigrants who are not being linguistically integrated into Canada (i.e., not learning either English or French). He stresses that multiculturalism works better in theory than in practice and Canadians need to be far more assertive about valuing the "national identity of English-speaking Canada". 1778:, argues that official multiculturalism limits the freedom of minority members, by confining them to cultural and geographic ethnic enclaves ("social ghettos"). He also argues that cultures are very complex, and must be transmitted through close family and kin relations. To him, the government view of cultures as being about festivals and cuisine is a crude oversimplification that leads to easy stereotyping. 1448:"- rather than multiculturalism, where diversity is strongly encouraged, but only under the notion that it is within the framework that establishes French as the public language. Immigrant children must attend French language schools; most signage in English-only is banned (but bilingual signage is common in many communities). 1806:, explores the validity of attacks on multiculturalism because it supposedly segregates the peoples of Canada. He argues that multiculturalism hurts the Canadian, Québécois, and indigenous cultures, identity, and nationalism projects. Furthermore, he argues, it perpetuates conflicts between and within groups. 704:

groups are retaining their identities if they so wish, and old-world cultures are being preserved at the same time that ethnic groups are being integrated. In addition these neighbourhoods, like their cultures, add to the definition of a city and point to the fact that integration is a two-way street."

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Uniformity is neither desirable nor possible in a country the size of Canada. We should not even be able to agree upon the kind of Canadian to choose as a model, let alone persuade most people to emulate it. There are few policies potentially more disastrous for Canada than to tell all Canadians that

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are one of the most prolific type of ethnic enclave found in major cities. These areas seemingly recreate an authentic Chinese experience within an urban community. During the first half of the 20th century, Chinatowns were associated with filth, seediness, and the derelict. By the late 20th century,

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Asians encountered legal obstacles limiting immigration during the 1800s and early 1900s. Additional, specific ethnic groups that did immigrate during this time faced barriers within Canada preventing full participation in political and social matters, including equal pay and the right to vote. While

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Canadian supporters of multiculturalism promote the idea because they believe that immigrants help society grow culturally, economically and politically. Supporters declare that multiculturalism policies help in bringing together immigrants and minorities in the country and pushes them towards being

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to assist cultural groups to overcome barriers to their full participation in Canadian society (thus, the multiculturalism policy advocated the full involvement and equal participation of ethnic minorities in mainstream institutions, without denying them the right to identify with select elements of

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Canadians have used the term "multiculturalism" in different ways: descriptively (as a sociological fact), prescriptively (as ideology) or politically (as policy). In the first sense "multiculturalism" is a description of the many different religious traditions and cultural influences that in their

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argues that, "89 percent of Canadians believe that foreign-born Canadians are just as likely to be good citizens as those born in Canada....But Canadians clearly view multiculturalism in an integrative sense, with an expectation that new arrivals will adopt Canadian values and attitudes." Griffith

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Unlike earlier periods when significant ethnic segregation might imply a lack of integration and therefore be viewed as a social problem, nowadays ethnic concentration in residential areas is a sign of vitality and indicates that multiculturalism as a social policy has been successful, that ethnic

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Critics of multiculturalism in Canada often debate whether the multicultural ideal of benignly co-existing cultures that interrelate and influence one another, and yet remain distinct, is sustainable, paradoxical or even desirable. In the introduction to an article which presents research showing

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on the face of our globe, without any doubt in my mind.... That is something unique to Canada. It is an amazing global human asset." Aga Khan explained that the experience of Canadian governance – its commitment to pluralism and its support for the rich multicultural diversity of its peoples – is

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Data confirms that Canada has fostered a much more accepting society for immigrants and their culture than other Western countries. For example, Canadians are the most likely to agree with the statement that immigrants make their country a better place to live and that immigrants are good for the

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first introduced its multicultural legislation in 1986. The policy is guided by four principles: equality, appreciation, preservation of cultural heritages and participation. In the 1980s the provincial government developed a Ministerial Advisory Committee to provide assistance to the minister of

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is often referred to as the origin of modern political awareness of multiculturalism, resulting in Canada being one of the most multicultural nations in the world. The official state policy of multiculturalism is often cited as one of Canada's significant accomplishments, and a key distinguishing

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is the governmental body which enforces the Broadcasting Act. The CRTC revised their Ethnic Broadcasting Policy in 1999 to go into the details on the conditions of the distribution of ethnic and multilingual programming. One of the conditions that this revision specified was the amount of ethnic

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Ambrose and Mudde conclude that: "Canada's unique multiculturalism policy... is based on a combination of selective immigration, comprehensive integration, and strong state repression of dissent on these policies". This unique blend of policies has led to a relatively low level of opposition to

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Canada has become a post-national, multicultural society. It contains the globe within its borders, and Canadians have learned that their two international languages and their diversity are a comparative advantage and a source of continuing creativity and innovation. Canadians are, by virtue of

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were early champions of the term multiculturalism. From his installation speech in 1935 onwards, Lord Tweedsmuir maintained in speeches and over the radio recited his ideas that ethnic groups "should retain their individuality and each make its contribution to the national character," and "the

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are of either the first or second-generation. One out of every five Canadians currently living in Canada was born out of the country. The Canadian public as well as the major political parties support immigration. Political parties are cautious about criticizing the high level of immigration,

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Multiculturalism has been embraced by the majority of Canadians, and is looked upon with admiration outside the country, resulting in much of the Canadian public dismissing most critics of the concept. Multiculturalism is often cited as one of Canada's significant accomplishments and a key

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it is recognized in Alberta as a fundamental principle and as a matter of public policy that all Albertans should share in an awareness and appreciation of the diverse racial and cultural composition of society and that the richness of life in Alberta is enhanced by sharing that diversity;

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The Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism report dealt with the contribution of non-Indigenous, non‑French and non-English ethnic groups to the cultural enrichment of Canada. The Commission recommended the "integration" (not assimilation) of citizens into Canadian society.

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Business in New Brunswick, who is in turn responsible for settlement and multicultural communities. New Brunswick is Canada's only officially bilingual province, with French and English-language provincial government services and schooling made available equally to all residents.

1830:, have argued that the entire melting pot/mosaic dynamic is largely an imagined concept and that there remains little measurable evidence that American or Canadian immigrants as collective groups can be proven to be more or less "assimilated" or "multicultural" than each other. 1097:

Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, or mental or physical

1031:, and received Royal Assent on July 21, 1988. On a practical level, a result of the Multiculturalism Act was that federal funds began to be distributed to ethnic groups to help them preserve their cultures, leading to such projects as the construction of community centres. 862:

after his government was succeeded by that of Pearson on April 22, 1963), viewed them as an attack on his "One Canada Policy" that was opposed to extending accommodation to minority groups. The proposals also failed to satisfy those Francophones in the Province of

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programming needed in order to be awarded the ethnic broadcasting licence. According to the act, 60% of programming on a channel, whether on the radio or television, has to be considered ethnic in order to be approved for the licence under this policy.

1156:(a) recognize and promote the understanding that multiculturalism reflects the cultural and racial diversity of Canadian society and acknowledges the freedom of all members of Canadian society to preserve, enhance and share their cultural heritage 881:

Senator of Ukrainian descent, referred to Canada as "a multicultural nation" in his influential maiden speech in 1964, creating much national debate, and is remembered for his strong advocacy of the implementation of a multiculturalism policy and

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Critics argue that multiculturalism promotes ghettoization and balkanization, encouraging members of ethnic groups to look inward, and emphasizing the differences between groups rather than their shared rights or identities as Canadian citizens.

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to recognize that the diversity of Saskatchewan people with respect to race, cultural heritage, religion, ethnicity, ancestry and place of origin is a fundamental characteristic of Saskatchewan society that enriches the lives of all Saskatchewan

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to recognize that the diversity of British Columbians as regards race, cultural heritage, religion, ethnicity, ancestry and place of origin is a fundamental characteristic of the society of British Columbia that enriches the lives of all British

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that passed in 1996. This current legislation deals with discrimination in race, religious beliefs, colour, gender, physical disability, age, marital status and sexual orientation, among other things. Alberta Human Rights chapter A‑25.5 states:

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While the territorial governments do not have multiculturalism policies per se, they have human rights acts that prohibit discrimination based on, among other things, race, colour, ancestry, ethnic origin, place of origin, creed or religion. In

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in response to the grievances of Canada's French-speaking minority. The report of the Commission advocated that the Canadian government should recognize Canada as a bilingual and bicultural society and adopt policies to preserve this character.

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ex-slave refugees from the United States had been tolerated, racial minorities of African or Asian origin were generally believed "beyond the pale" (not acceptable to most people). Although this mood started to shift dramatically during the

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economy. They are also the least likely to say that there are too many immigrants in their country, that immigration has placed too much pressure on public services, and that immigrants have made it more difficult for natives to find a job.

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recognizing the pluralistic nature of Ontario society, to stress the full participation of all Ontarians as equal members of the community, encouraging the sharing of cultural heritage while affirming those elements held in common by all

7311: 3397: 1865:, welcoming people of all origins while insisting that they integrate into Quebec's majority French-speaking society. In 2008, a Consultation Commission on Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences, headed by sociologist 1388:

recognize and promote the right of all Manitobans, regardless of culture, religion or racial background, to: (i) equal access to opportunities, (ii) participate in all aspects of society, and (iii) respect for their cultural values;

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that "Canada itself" could now be defined as a "society where all people are equal and where they share some fundamental values based upon freedom", and that all Canadians could identify with the values of liberty and equality.

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Analysts generally agree that federal multiculturalism policy has evolved through three developmental phases: the incipient stage (pre-1971), the formative period (1971–1981), and institutionalization (1982 to the present).

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Sociologist N. M. Sussman says, "The tenets of this concept permitted and subtly encouraged the private maintenance of ethnic values while simultaneously insisting on minimal public adherence to Canadian behaviours and to

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has suggested that "tolerance" has replaced "loyalty" as the touchstone of Canadian identity. Multiculturalism has been emphasized in recent decades. Emma Ambrose and Cas Mudde examining surveys of Western nations report:

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had a policy in place in 1977 that promoted cultural activity, but formal legislation for a Ministry of Citizenship and Culture (now known as Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration) only came to fruition in 1982. The

1657:." As result, immigrants to Canada are more likely to maintain the values and attitudes of both the home and of the host culture, compared to similar immigrants to Australia, the United Kingdom, or the United States. 823:, while Premier of Quebec in 1943, published an article entitled "Canada: Unity in Diversity" in the Council on Foreign Relations journal discussing the influence of the Francophone population as a whole. The phrase " 1159:(b) to recognize and promote the understanding that multiculturalism is a fundamental characteristic of the Canadian heritage and identity and that it provides an invaluable resource in the shaping of Canada's future 455:

of 1991 asserts the Canadian broadcasting system should reflect the diversity of cultures in the country. Despite the official policies, a small segment of the Canadian population are critical of the concept(s) of a

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to foster the creation of a society in British Columbia in which there are no impediments to the full and free participation of all British Columbians in the economic, social, cultural and political life of British

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Chinatown(s) had become areas worth preserving, a tourist attraction. They are now generally valued for their cultural significance and have become a feature of most large Canadian cities. Professor John Zucchi of

871:. More importantly, Canadians of neither English nor French descent (so-called "Third Force" Canadians) advocated that a policy of "multiculturalism" would better reflect the diverse heritage of Canada's peoples. 1715:

argued that Canada's multiculturalism was a source of strength that united the diverse population and by attracting immigrants from around the world was also an engine of economic growth as well. I In 2021, the

5998: 686:. These urban enclaves have served as a home away from home for immigrants to Canada, while providing a unique experience of different cultures for those of long Canadian descent. In Canada, there are several 1573:

serve as an affirmation of Human Rights for all Prince Edward Islanders and as a complement to the equality of rights guaranteed in the P.E.I. Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

612:) that had favoured British, American and European immigrants were amended during the 1960s, resulting in an influx of diverse people from Asia, Africa and the Caribbean. By 2006 Canada had grown to have 1600:

provide government workplaces that are free of discrimination and that promote equality of opportunity for all persons accessing employment positions within the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador;

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with at least one hundred thousand members each, of which eleven have over 1,000,000 people and numerous others are represented in smaller amounts. 16.2% of the population identify themselves as a

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enhance the opportunities of Manitoba's multicultural society by acting in partnership with all cultural communities and by encouraging cooperation and partnerships between cultural communities

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multiculturalism describes the diverse racial and cultural composition of Alberta society and its importance is recognized in Alberta as a fundamental principle and a matter of public policy;

432:. By the early 21st century, people from outside British and French heritage composed the majority of the population, with an increasing percentage of individuals who identify themselves as " 1649:

part of the Canadian society as a whole. Supporters also argue that cultural appreciation of ethnic and religious diversity promotes a greater willingness to tolerate political differences.

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Immigration has played an integral part in the development of multiculturalism within Canada during the last half of the 20th century. Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the

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Canada is today the most successful pluralist society on the face of our globe, without any doubt in my mind. . . . That is something unique to Canada. It is an amazing global human asset

654:" was branded 'racist' for suggesting that immigration levels be lowered from 250,000 to 150,000." The party was also noted for their opposition to government-sponsored multiculturalism. 1079: 6244: 3980: 1111:

affirms the policy of the government to ensure that every Canadian receives equal treatment by the government which respects and celebrates diversity. The "Act" in general recognizes:

639:. In 2008, there were 65,567 immigrants in the family class, 21,860 refugees, and 149,072 economic immigrants amongst the 247,243 total immigrants to the country. Approximately 41% of 6595: 6114: 5174: 5078: 4836: 1664:

adds that, "There are virtually no differences between Canadian-born and foreign-born with respect to agreement to abide by Canadian values (70 and 68 percent, respectively)."

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to foster the development of individual and community excellence, enabling Ontarians to better define the richness of their diversity and the shared vision of their community.

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serve to indicate that the province embraces the multicultural reality of Canadian society and acknowledges that Prince Edward Island has a distinctive multicultural heritage

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establishing a climate for harmonious relations among people of diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds without sacrificing their distinctive cultural and ethnic identities;

428:(the two largest groups, and among the oldest of the non-indigenous). In the past, the relationship between the British and the French has been given a lot of importance in 5610: 1570:

acknowledge the intrinsic worth and continuing contribution of al Prince Edward Islanders regardless of race, religion ethnicity, linguistic origin or length of residency.

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to foster a climate for harmonious relations among people of diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds without sacrificing their distinctive cultural and ethnic identities;

4717: 1179: 2349:. Vol. Publication No. 2009-20-E Library of Parliament. Legal and Social Affairs Division Parliamentary Information and Research Service. p. 4. Archived from 7316: 5987: 1020:, and section 27 of the Charter stipulates that the rights laid out in the document are to be interpreted in a manner consistent with the spirit of multiculturalism. 6232: 3968: 1774: 1090: 444: 1597:

lead in developing, sustaining and enhancing programs and services based on equality for all, notwithstanding racial, religious, ethnic, national and social origin;

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In the 21st century Canada is often characterised as being "very progressive, diverse, and multicultural". However, Canada until the 1960s saw itself in terms of

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it is fitting that these principles be affirmed by the Legislature of Alberta in an enactment whereby those equality rights and that diversity may be protected.

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to ensure the creative and participatory nature of cultural life in Ontario by assisting in the stimulation of cultural expression and cultural preservation;

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and implementation(s) of multiculturalism legislation. Quebec's ideology differs from that of the other provinces in that its official policies focus on

346: 3021: 2052: 7333: 6084: 5299: 831: 392: 3189: 7368: 4041: 3880:"Canadian First Ministers' Conferences and Heresthetic Strategies: Explaining Alberta's Position on Multiculturalism at the 1971 Victoria Conference" 3049: 2985: 1782: 6324: 4558: 5486: 4066: 3565: 1740: 729: 683: 4435: 2341: 1594:

ensure that relevant policies and procedures of provincial programs and practices reflect, and consider the changing needs of all cultural groups;

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and it was typically of limited concern to the courts. Since the 1960s, Canada has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all people.

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to promote racial harmony, cross cultural understanding and respect and the development of a community that is united and at peace with itself;

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questions the policy of Canadian multiculturalism. Stoffman points out that many cultural practices (outlawed in Canada), such as allowing

3262: 1503:, they advocated for "exempting Quebec from the requirements of multiculturalism.". One of the key priorities for the CAQ when elected in 1086:

This Charter shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians.

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support multicultural initiatives by enhancing partnerships with culturally-diverse communities and provincial departments and agencies

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launched the province's policy on multiculturalism in 2008 and the Minister of Advanced Education and Skills leads its implementation.

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Some New Canadians, according to journalist Steven Edgington, have accused the Canadian Government of promoting only "an aroma" or a

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In the Multiculturalism Act, the federal government proclaimed the recognition of the diversity of Canadian culture. Similarly the

878: 851: 667: 628: 388: 6256: 6059:, Québec, Canada: Commission de consultation sur les pratiques d'accommodement reliées aux différences culturelles, archived from 5671: 4203: 1051:

government of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien designated, by Royal Proclamation, June 27 of each year Canadian Multiculturalism Day.

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recognize and promote understanding that the cultural diversity of Manitoba is a strength of and a source of pride to Manitobans;

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something that must be shared and would be of benefit to societies in other parts of the world. With this in mind, in 2006 the

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The American writer Victoria Hayward in the 1922 book about her travels through Canada, described the cultural changes of the

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Political cartoon on Canada's bicultural identity showing a flag combining symbols of Britain, France and Canada, from 1911

538: 6229: 5296:"A literature review of Public Opinion Research on Canadian attitudes towards multiculturalism and immigration, 2006–2009" 4802: 3965: 8911: 8867: 7603: 1192: 7695: 7586: 5632: 3082: 1877:

pluralist society, but that the Canadian multiculturalism model "does not appear well suited to conditions in Quebec".

613: 332: 65: 8508: 7542: 7102: 6896: 6568: 6204: 6060: 5469: 5442: 3317: 1146: 811: 6136: 1971: 1135:

within society and under the law regardless of race, colour, ancestry, national or ethnic origin, creed or religion.

632: 7177: 7081: 6985: 6839: 6640: 4525: 4032: 2226: 1695: 1620: 300: 216: 5781:. The current state of multiculturalism in Canada and research themes on Canadian multiculturalism. Archived from 1470:

Quebec is a pluralistic society that respects the diversity of various cultures from within a democratic framework

750:, creating a need for accommodation. A century later the compromises made between the English and French speaking 7454: 7306: 6695: 6660: 1941: 1861:

believe multiculturalism threatens to reduce them to just another ethnic group. Quebec's policy seeks to promote

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that "the multiculturalism policy plays a positive role" in "the process of immigrant and minority integration,"

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was the first Canadian province to adopt legislation on multiculturalism. This piece of legislation was called

907: 412:. The country consists of people from a multitude of racial, religious and cultural backgrounds and is open to 4859: 1178:

of 1991 asserts the Canadian broadcasting system should reflect the diversity of cultures in the country. The

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encourage specific legislative, political and social commitments to multiculturalism in Prince Edward Island

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encouraging the continuation of a multicultural society as a mosaic of different ethnic groups and cultures

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encouraging recognition and acceptance of multiculturalism as an inherent feature of a pluralistic society;

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The beginnings of the development of Canada's contemporary policy of multiculturalism can be traced to the

763: 514: 413: 366: 4034: 3045: 7648: 7620: 7363: 7244: 7239: 7167: 7152: 6936: 6532: 4551: 2981: 1700: 1672: 958: 290: 181: 6085:"Legault says he's against multiculturalism because 'it's important to have culture where we integrate'" 8916: 7386: 7162: 7071: 6853: 6790: 6653: 4442: 2350: 1803: 815: 281: 107: 25: 4915: 2452: 1496: 929:

and multiculturalism would be implemented in Canada. The multiculturalism policy key objectives were:

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were interned during the overseas conflict and their property confiscated. Prior to the advent of the

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Emma Ambrosea & Cas Muddea (2015). "Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right".

2315: 1951: 1827: 1586: 1228: 593: 124: 92: 6636: 5894: 1711:

ran a cover story in 2016 praising Canada as the most successful multicultural society in the West.

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during the 1970s and 1980s. The Canadian federal government has been described as the instigator of

7893: 7672: 7653: 7076: 1946: 751: 682:" are another way in which multiculturalism has manifested. Newcomers have tended to settle in the 286: 5352:"The current state of multiculturalism in Canada and research themes on Canadian multiculturalism" 4314: 3940:

Creating the National Mosaic: Multiculturalism in Canadian Children¿s Literature from 1950 To 1994

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Creating the National Mosaic: Multiculturalism in Canadian Children's Literature from 1950 To 1994

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Creating the National Mosaic: Multiculturalism in Canadian Children's Literature from 1950 to 1994

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to support cultural communities in order to facilitate their full participation in Quebec society

1048: 950: 918: 835: 559: 452: 7254: 4796:"Policy Networks and Policy Change: Explaining Immigrant Integration Policy Evolution in Quebec" 2900: 8692: 8218: 8030: 7399: 7215: 7066: 7061: 6959: 6947: 6805: 6800: 6704: 4006: 3432: 3281: 1376:

in 1984. In the summer on 1992, the province developed a new provincial legislation called the

1013: 1001: 926: 827:" would be used frequently during Canadian multiculturalism debates in the proceeding decades. 651: 567: 473: 149: 112: 7188: 6024: 5960: 5855: 5694: 5405: 5378: 5322: 5229: 5202: 5112: 4769: 4690: 4376: 4346: 4261: 4173: 4119: 3832: 3778: 3751: 3697: 3540:

Canadas of the mind: the making and unmaking of Canadian nationalisms in the twentieth century

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White Canada forever: popular attitudes and public policy toward Orientals in British Columbia

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Downwardly global: multicultural bodies and gendered labor migrations from Karachi to Toronto

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since the 19th century, and by the 1980s almost 40 percent of the population were of neither

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Identity and Participation in Culturally Diverse Societies: A Multidisciplinary Perspective

6022: 4967: 4500: 1555: 1224: 714: 691: 380: 221: 211: 6774: 6630: 6240:, Library of Parliament – Legal and Social Affairs Division, Publication No. 2009-20-E .( 4441:. Staff of the Parliamentary Information and Research Service (PIRS). 2009. Archived from 3976:, Library of Parliament – Legal and Social Affairs Division, Publication No. 2009-20-E .( 1667: 8: 8576: 8528: 8523: 8492: 8446: 8333: 8290: 8270: 8235: 8185: 8180: 8163: 8086: 8066: 8056: 8051: 8010: 8000: 7822: 7630: 7464: 7437: 7348: 7283: 7122: 7112: 7020: 6891: 6434:

Municipalities and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Immigration in Toronto and Vancouver

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Pierre Elliott Trudeau, as cited in The Essential Trudeau, ed. Ron Graham. (pp.16 – 20).

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Unity in Diversity: Acceptance and Integration in an Era of Intolerance and Fragmentation

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Canada's economic apartheid: the social exclusion of racialized groups in the new century

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Canada's Economic Apartheid: The Social Exclusion of Racialized Groups in the New Century

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Quebec is a democratic society in which everyone is expected to contribute to public life

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communities with many diverse backgrounds, including Chinese, Indian, Italian and Greek.

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Where strangers become neighbours: integrating immigrants in Vancouver, British Columbia

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first legislated their Policy on Multiculturalism in 2008. Some of the policies are to:

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Multiculturalism in Canada: Constructing a Model Multiculture with Multicultural Values

5277: 5034:

Multiculturalism in Canada: Constructing a Model Multiculture with Multicultural Values

4199: 3999: 3907: 3614: 3425: 3352: 2893: 2218: 2202: 1931: 1811: 1757: 1500: 868: 824: 786: 646: 555: 522: 490: 433: 253: 248: 226: 7731: 6476:

Multiculturalism Within a Bilingual Framework: Language, Race, and Belonging in Canada

5663: 4090: 2705:

Selling diversity: immigration, multiculturalism, employment equity, and globalization

820: 8784: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8670: 8665: 8642: 8632: 8627: 8606: 8571: 8545: 8533: 8518: 8487: 8461: 8402: 8397: 8390: 8380: 8285: 8240: 8190: 8158: 8061: 8020: 7984: 7765: 7760: 7664: 7419: 7406: 7358: 7015: 7010: 6913: 6870: 6810: 6750: 6688: 6676: 6564: 6552: 6544: 6480: 6459: 6438: 6417: 6396: 6375: 6348: 6265: 6177: 6030: 5966: 5956: 5861: 5811: 5754: 5727: 5700: 5579: 5548: 5465: 5438: 5411: 5384: 5328: 5281: 5235: 5208: 5145: 5118: 5048: 5038: 4941: 4775: 4748: 4696: 4669: 4610: 4590: 4382: 4352: 4294: 4267: 4179: 4152: 4125: 4098: 4060: 4010: 3944: 3911: 3899: 3879: 3848: 3838: 3811: 3784: 3757: 3730: 3703: 3544: 3517: 3490: 3463: 3436: 3360: 3323: 3313: 3271: 3230: 3169: 3142: 3115: 3079:

Facts and figures 2008 – Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents

2958: 2931: 2904: 2871: 2867:

Toward the Charter: Canadians and the Demand for a National Bill of Rights, 1929–1960

2844: 2817: 2790: 2763: 2736: 2709: 2682: 2655: 2628: 2601: 2574: 2547: 2489: 2432: 2382: 2287: 2260: 2210: 2161: 2122: 2092: 2031: 2005: 1884: 1627: 1236: 1119: 1068: 883: 839: 778: 696: 429: 397: 263: 142: 82: 72: 53: 41: 33: 5746: 5696:

Multiculturalism's double bind: creating inclusivity, cosmopolitanism and difference

4467: 3383:

Official Language Policies at the Federal Level in Canada:costs and Benefits in 2006

2402: 1721: 1415:

to encourage full, equal and responsible citizenship among the residents of Ontario;

8815: 8724: 8714: 8647: 8513: 8456: 8451: 8441: 8358: 8353: 8175: 8125: 8120: 7950: 7870: 7853: 7843: 7827: 7743: 7413: 7249: 7182: 7025: 6942: 6918: 6881: 6875: 6536: 6496:"Ethnic Pluralism under Siege: Popular and Partisan Opposition to Multiculturalism" 6495: 6336: 5269: 4234: 3891: 3632: 3606: 2422: 2194: 1862: 1769: 1752: 1507:

was reducing the number of immigrants to 40,000 annually; a 20 per cent reduction.

1445: 1251: 1196: 1175: 899: 855: 762:

and the acceptance of diversity. This culminated in 2006 with recognition that the

617: 597: 506: 498: 461: 421: 384: 361: 295: 258: 206: 176: 5273: 1841:", for example, whenever the moral and ethical codes of Eastern Religions such as 1333:(1997). The purposes of this act (s. 3) are similar to those of British Columbia: 1195:

have some form of multiculturalism policy. At present, six of the ten provinces –

1035: 914:

demanded that multiculturalism be enshrined in any new constitutional settlement.

8819: 8709: 8702: 8586: 8466: 8436: 8348: 8328: 8223: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8105: 8005: 7802: 7787: 7775: 7625: 7484: 7393: 7005: 6969: 6964: 6954: 6901: 6711: 6599: 6248: 6236: 6137:"Quebec's premier rejects multiculturalism as province celebrates Fête nationale" 5923: 5533: 5380:

From Subjects to Citizens: A Hundred Years of Citizenship in Australia and Canada

3984: 3972: 3594: 2428:

Racism, Eh?: a critical inter-disciplinary anthology of race and racism in Canada

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announced in the House of Commons that, after much deliberation, the policies of

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The Liberal Idea of Canada: Pierre Trudeau and the Question of Canada's Survival

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Reflecting on Our Past and Embracing Our Future: A Senate Initiative for Canada

1918: 1761: 1028: 975: 671: 6556: 5052: 3852: 3327: 2510:"The hidden history of Ukrainians imprisoned in Canadian labour camps in WW I" 2198: 529:

when thousands were put in camps because they were citizens of enemy nations.

8905: 7233: 7221: 7138: 6995: 6548: 3903: 2214: 2206: 1904: 1707: 1515: 1457:

Lets Build Quebec Together: A Policy Statement on Integration and Immigration

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Globalization on trial: the human condition and the information civilization

5320: 3662:"Gwich'in Tribal Council Annual Report 2012 – 2013: Unity through diversity" 1016:

by Prime Minister Trudeau in 1982, one of its constituent documents was the

944:

to assist immigrants in acquiring at least one of the two official languages

819:

strongest nations are those that are made up of different racial elements."

478: 6582: 5376: 1796: 1676: 1444:

differs from the rest of the nine provinces in that its policy focuses on "

1322: 1204: 954: 541:

associated Jews with modernism, liberalism, and other unacceptable values.

154: 6540: 6520: 6023:

Assaad E. Azzi; Xenia Chryssochoou; Bert Klandermans; Bernd Simon (2011).

4378:

Media divides: communication rights and the right to communicate in Canada

2836: 2543:

Culture clash: an international legal perspective on ethnic discrimination

2256:

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2027:

The Fire Now: Anti-Racist Scholarship in Times of Explicit Racial Violence

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Multiculturalism, Identity and Difference: Experiences of Culture Contact

3895: 3134: 2421: 2060:, University of Toronto (Department of Political Science), archived from 1857:

Despite an official national bilingualism policy, many commentators from

1802:

Professor Joseph Garcea, the Department Head of Political Studies at the

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to encourage respect for the multicultural heritage of British Columbia;

7548: 7489: 7477: 7380: 6511: 6340: 6325:"Postulations on the Fragmentary Effects of Multiculturalism in Canada" 5883:"Postulations on the Fragmentary Effects of Multiculturalism in Canada" 4144: 3878:

Alcantara, Christopher; Levine, Renan; Walz, James C. (February 2014).

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It is hereby declared to be the policy of the Government of Canada to

670:

in Vancouver's Chinatown is the first full-size Chinese or "scholars"

6733: 5988:"Critique du multiculturalisme canadien. Une synthèse récapitulative" 3610: 3309:

Revisiting Multiculturalism in Canada: Theories, Policies and Debates

993: 941:

to promote creative exchanges among all Canadian cultural groups; and

730:

Ethnic origins of people in Canada § Evolution from 1871 to 1921

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Lalaie Ameeriar; Stanford University. Dept. of Anthropology (2008).

4688: 2624:

Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution

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to foster closer intercultural relations among the people of Quebec.

1361:(“from many peoples, strength” or “out of many peoples, strength”). 1342:

to encourage respect for the multicultural heritage of Saskatchewan;

8719: 7748: 7000: 6832: 6367: 6303:. Vol. 23. British Journal of Canadian Studies. Archived from 6203:

Brosseau, Laurence; Division, Social Affairs (September 15, 2009).

5767: 5747:

Leonie Sandercock; Giovanni Attili; Val Cavers; Paula Carr (2009).

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Multiculturalism Question: Debating Identity in 21st Century Canada

4665:

Interculturalism and multiculturalism: similarities and differences

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in 1990. The current legislation pertaining to multiculturalism is

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5917:"We're often more like Americans than we're like other Canadians." 3379: 3353:

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was introduced during the Progressive Conservative government of

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in 1982, the laws of Canada did not provide much in the way of

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The Politics of Race: Canada, the United States, and Australia

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was established in partnership with the Government of Canada.

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Immigration, Multiculturalism and National Identity in Canada

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The importance of preserving Canada's multicultural heritage.

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The Human Rights, Citizenship and Multiculturalism Act

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Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada

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Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 86. 2540:Anne-Marie Mooney Cotter (2011). 1852: 1849:conflict with "Canadian values". 1243:provides services to immigrants. 860:Leader of the Official Opposition 742:in the mid-1700s brought a large 533:were also suspect, especially in 7082:Canada in the War in Afghanistan 6986:List of National Parks of Canada 6840:Debate on the monarchy in Canada 6641:Association for Canadian Studies 6637:Multiculturalism & Diversity 6129: 6103: 6077: 5933: 5909: 5874: 5674:from the original on May 3, 2022 5655: 5451: 5424: 5158: 4992: 4960: 3564:Saunders, Doug (June 27, 2009), 2816:. Cengage Learning. p. 89. 1911: 1897: 1621:International rankings of Canada 1510: 1291:in 1984 and refined it with the 623:Canada currently has one of the 389:social importance of immigration 370:by Francesco Pirelli, in Toronto 314: 7604:Canada–United Kingdom relations 7307:Official bilingualism in Canada 6696:Canadian cultural protectionism 6519:Mann, Jatinder (January 2014). 6479:. University of Toronto Press. 6458:. University of Toronto Press. 6437:. University of Toronto Press. 6374:. University of Toronto Press. 5262:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 4934: 4908: 4882: 4851: 4820: 4788: 4709: 4629: 4603: 4544: 4518: 4486: 4460: 4317:. Department of Justice. 2012. 4307: 4225:Saunders, Philip (April 2002). 4192: 3957: 3871: 3654: 3631:Roxanne, Lalonde (April 1994), 3624: 3587: 3038: 3020:(Law and Government Division), 2395: 2300: 2004:, Routledge, pp. 205–206, 1942:Heritage conservation in Canada 1560:Provincial Multicultural Policy 1317: 953:as a means of making Canada a " 483:Castle Mountain Internment Camp 449:Department of Canadian Heritage 7587:Canada–United States relations 7201:Charter of the French Language 6826:Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946 6590:Pivato, Joseph. Editor (1996) 5881:Garcea, Joseph (Spring 2008). 5670:. Social Progress Imperative. 5410:. Springer. pp. 111–112. 5298:. Government of Canada. 2011. 3937:Miriam Verena Richter (2011). 3804:Miriam Verena Richter (2011). 3510:Miriam Verena Richter (2011). 3431:. arsenal pulp press. p. 3223:Grace-Edward Galabuzi (2006). 2864:Christopher MacLennan (2004). 2675:Grace-Edward Galabuzi (2006). 2597:Canada: an illustrated history 2375:Bernardo Berdichewsky (2007). 1873:, recognized that Quebec is a 1679:at the former location of the 1522: 1055:Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1018:Charter of Rights and Freedoms 573: 562:in 1960 and its successor the 379:was officially adopted by the 1: 7118:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 6897:Canadiens–Maple Leafs rivalry 6722:National identities in Canada 5578:. Columbia University Press. 5274:10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033 4973:. Government of P.E.I. 1989. 4175:Advances in Global Leadership 3729:. UBC Press. pp. 97–98. 3462:. De Gruyter. pp. 516–. 2431:. Captus Press. p. 445. 1957: 1937:Freedom of religion in Canada 1734:Criticism of multiculturalism 1727: 1289:Alberta Cultural Heritage Act 1170:Multicultural media in Canada 1109:Canadian Multiculturalism Act 1103:Canadian Multiculturalism Act 1025:Canadian Multiculturalism Act 921:government of Prime Minister 838:government of Prime Minister 678:Culturally diverse areas or " 657: 606:Continuous journey regulation 584:Canada immigration statistics 519:Canadians of German ethnicity 441:Canadian Multiculturalism Act 5893:(1): 141–160. Archived from 4586:Perspectives of Saskatchewan 3566:"Canada's mistaken identity" 3010:Canada's Immigration Program 2982:"2006 Census release topics" 2729:Jessie Carney Smith (2010). 2570:A Social geography of Canada 2002:Place/culture/representation 1293:Alberta Multiculturalism Act 1120:rights of indigenous peoples 1082:of the Charter states that: 1034:In June 2000 Prime Minister 981:Monument to Multiculturalism 959:Ukrainian Canadian Committee 890:Formative period (1971–1981) 485:held immigrant prisoners of 367:Monument to Multiculturalism 7: 7649:COVID-19 pandemic in Canada 7575:International relationships 7245:Conscription Crisis of 1944 7240:Conscription Crisis of 1917 7168:Quebec sovereignty movement 6979:Landmarks, parks and nature 6533:University of Toronto Press 6389:Janice Gross Stein (2007). 6205:"Canadian Multiculturalism" 5204:John A: The Man Who Made Us 4436:"Canadian Multiculturalism" 3884:Journal of Canadian Studies 3196:, Canada, December 12, 2005 2843:. Unisa Press. p. 82. 1890: 1764:located in the city centre. 1701:Global Centre for Pluralism 1673:Global Centre for Pluralism 1451:In 1990, Quebec released a 1364: 846:The recommendations of the 650:, "in the early 1990s, the 447:and is administered by the 10: 8933: 8912:Multiculturalism in Canada 8036:Trinidadian and Tobagonian 7539:First Nations territories 7163:National question (Quebec) 7072:Canada and the Vietnam War 6796:Provincial and territorial 6598:December 14, 2021, at the 6452:Richard J. F. Day (2000). 6235:December 14, 2021, at the 5965:. VS Verlag. p. 177. 5959:; Katja Sarkowsky (2009). 5804:Giuliana B. Prato (2009). 5138:Stephen J Tierney (2011). 5117:. UBC Press. p. 102. 4552:"The Multiculturalism Act" 4381:. UBC Press. p. 104. 4040:. Government of Manitoba. 3971:December 14, 2021, at the 3114:. NSTA Press. p. 92. 2756:Richard J. F. Day (2000). 2259:. Zed Books. p. 148. 2181:Wayland, Sarah V. (1997). 2030:. Zed Books. p. 148. 1996:Kobayashi, Audrey (1983), 1804:University of Saskatchewan 1731: 1626:distinguishing element of 1618: 1612: 1434: 1397: 1279: 1167: 816:Governor General of Canada 727: 724:Incipient stage (pre-1971) 712: 577: 471: 377:Multiculturalism in Canada 8876: 8836: 8827: 8754: 8658: 8620: 8559: 8501: 8475: 8424: 8415: 8314: 8261: 8199: 8149: 8113: 8104: 8045:Central and South America 8044: 7993: 7972: 7965: 7928: 7907: 7886: 7836: 7810: 7801: 7702: 7641: 7574: 7447: 7347: 7299: 7228:Manitoba Schools Question 7131: 7090: 7034: 6978: 6863: 6783: 6721: 6683: 6247:October 22, 2021, at the 5144:. UBC Press. p. 66. 5000:"Multiculturalism Policy" 4747:. Routledge. p. 37. 4470:. Queen's Printer. 1993. 4287:Michael J. Perry (2006). 3983:October 22, 2021, at the 3750:Martin N. Marger (2008). 3699:A short history of Canada 3312:. Springer. pp. 2–. 2735:. ABC-CLIO. p. 236. 2457:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2343:Canadian Multiculturalism 2280:Caplow, Theodore (2001). 2199:10.1163/15718119720907408 1952:Social programs in Canada 1587:Newfoundland and Labrador 1582:Newfoundland and Labrador 1430: 1287:primarily legislated the 1229:Newfoundland and Labrador 900:constitutional conference 614:thirty four ethnic groups 539:Catholic Church of Quebec 16:Canadian social situation 7654:Canadian property bubble 7077:Canada in the Korean War 6815:Debates and legislation: 6431:Kristin R. Good (2009). 6410:Stephen Tierney (2007). 5986:Danic Parenteau (2010). 5753:. Springer. p. 16. 5532:, Canada, archived from 5520:Prince Karim Aga Khan IV 5464:. Lulu.com. p. 50. 5458:Andrew Griffith (2015). 5437:. Springer. p. 59. 5201:Richard J. Gwyn (2008). 4801:. Junichiro Koji. 2009. 3162:Elspeth Cameron (2004). 3048:. Public Safety Canada. 2930:. ABC-CLIO. p. 67. 2810:Rand Dyck (March 2011). 2654:. ABC-CLIO. p. 67. 2627:. ABC-CLIO. p. 94. 2621:Richard S. Levy (2005). 2567:Guy M. Robinson (1991). 2088:Encyclopedia of Identity 1947:Historiography of Canada 1675:is located in Ottawa on 1479:, their functions were: 1141:to enjoy their cultures. 984:by Francesco Pirelli in 879:Progressive Conservative 852:Progressive Conservative 766:within a united Canada. 754:set Canada on a path to 752:Fathers of Confederation 8509:Nordic and Scandinavian 7621:Canada–France relations 7609:Commonwealth of Nations 7543:Eeyou Istchee James Bay 7364:Rebellions of 1837–1838 7290:Québécois nation motion 7272:Quebec referendum, 1995 7267:Quebec referendum, 1980 6848:Republicanism in Canada 6605:Canadian Ethnic Studies 6586:(subscription required) 6329:Canadian Ethnic Studies 6323:Garcea, Joseph (2008). 6255:Kymlicka, Will (2010). 5922:August 6, 2020, at the 5887:Canadian Ethnic Studies 5720:Farhang Rajaee (2000). 4662:Martyn Barrett (2013). 4583:Jene M. Porter (2009). 3723:Nelson Wiseman (2007). 3696:Desmond Morton (2006). 3669:Gwich’in Tribal Council 3423:Daniel Francis (1997). 2340:Michael Dewing (2013). 2051:Wayland, Shara (1997), 1690:, the 49th Imam of the 1497:Coalition Avenir Quebec 1359:Multis e gentibus vires 951:participatory democracy 764:Québécois form a nation 674:built outside of China. 610:Chinese Immigration Act 560:Canadian Bill of Rights 7455:National organizations 7400:Constitution Act, 1982 7387:Fulton–Favreau formula 7383:debate (1960s to 1982) 7216:Lower Canada Rebellion 7067:Canada in the Cold War 7062:Canada in World War II 6960:Architecture of Canada 6705:Demographics of Canada 6627:– Government of Canada 6581: – via 6500:Canadian Public Policy 5493:, Canada, p. F3, 5431:Chan Kwok-bun (2012). 4942:"Multiculturalism Act" 4835:(in Canadian French). 4468:"Multicultiralism Act" 4260:Trudeau, P.E. (1993). 4118:David Bennett (1998). 3943:. Rodopi. p. 37. 3810:. Rodopi. p. 36. 3516:. Rodopi. p. 36. 3085:. 2009. Archived from 2891:J. M. Bumsted (2003). 2783:W. Peter Ward (1990). 2408:March 6, 2012, at the 1809:Some pundits, such as 1765: 1750: 1684: 1642: 1606: 1579: 1548: 1493: 1473: 1428: 1395: 1357:, adopted in 1986, is 1351: 1315: 1277: 1161: 1100: 1088: 1045: 1009: 1002:Bosnia and Herzegovina 968: 961:in Winnipeg, stating: 947: 867:who gravitated toward 774: 706: 675: 601: 502: 474:Human rights in Canada 371: 45: 8889:Multiracial democracy 7351:Territorial relations 7158:Anti-Quebec sentiment 7057:Canada in World War I 7042:Canadian Armed Forces 6541:10.3138/ijcs.2014.014 6170:Forbes, H.D. (2019). 5942:by Steven Edgington, 5930:Retrieved 2009-11-20. 5404:Elke Murdock (2016). 5234:. MQUP. p. 119. 5165:Taub, Amanda (2017). 5085:. February 21, 2017. 3777:Irvin Studin (2009). 3456:Julia Straub (2016). 3213:Manning, 1992. Pviii. 3018:Library of Parliament 2984:. Statistics Canada. 2154:Sikka, Sonia (2014). 2115:(November 29, 2020). 2091:. SAGE. p. 480. 1839:religious intolerance 1826:journalism professor 1755: 1745: 1732:Further information: 1718:Social Progress Index 1670: 1637: 1619:Further information: 1591: 1564: 1536: 1481: 1461: 1435:Further information: 1412: 1382: 1335: 1302: 1260: 1151: 1095: 1084: 1040: 978: 963: 931: 923:Pierre Elliot Trudeau 904:government of Alberta 869:Québécois nationalism 808:University of Alberta 772: 748:British Imperial rule 701: 665: 644:because, as noted by 591: 580:Immigration to Canada 481: 364: 44: 7522:(no final agreement) 7471:North-West Rebellion 7432:Charlottetown Accord 7255:Vive le Québec libre 7206:Civil Code of Quebec 7173:Federalism in Quebec 7098:Government of Canada 7035:War and peacekeeping 6844:Monarchism in Canada 6729:Canadian nationalism 6625:Multicultural Canada 6531:. Toronto, Ontario: 6310:on December 22, 2018 6066:on February 13, 2012 5726:. IDRC. p. 97. 5668:Global Index:Results 5609:. October 29, 2016. 5228:Jack Jedwab (2016). 4730:on January 29, 2016. 3896:10.3138/jcs.48.2.100 3404:on December 15, 2007 3356:A Canadian Challenge 2899:. ABC-CLIO. p. 2594:Derek Hayes (2008). 1556:Prince Edward Island 1551:Prince Edward Island 1505:2018 Quebec election 1378:Multiculturalism Act 1331:Multiculturalism Act 1256:Multiculturalism Act 1225:Prince Edward Island 1080:Section Twenty-seven 715:Liberalism in Canada 633:family reunification 418:waves of immigration 7631:Canada (New France) 7465:Red River Rebellion 7448:Aboriginal politics 7438:Calgary Declaration 7349:Federal–Provincial– 7284:Sponsorship scandal 7123:VIA Rail Canada Inc 7113:Royal Canadian Mint 6892:Toronto Maple Leafs 6833:National Anthem Act 6281:on January 10, 2017 5693:John Nagle (2009). 5037:. Springer Nature. 5012:on January 16, 2014 4896:on January 16, 2014 4227:"The Charter at 20" 3089:on November 8, 2009 2401:Troper, H. (1980). 2193:(1). Brill: 33–58. 1927:A Theory of Justice 1824:Carleton University 1681:Canadian War Museum 789:, in his 1938 book 709:Federal legislation 692:Canadian Chinatowns 598:Chinese immigration 592:Head Tax Receipt - 523:Ukrainian Canadians 7739:Canadian ethnicity 7642:Current challenges 7500:Inuit territories 7312:Gendron Commission 7132:Relations between 7091:Crown corporations 6887:Montreal Canadiens 6763:Alberta separatism 6758:Western alienation 6746:Quebec nationalism 6739:Canadian ethnicity 6473:Eve Haque (2012). 6341:10.1353/ces.0.0059 5995:L'Action Nationale 5854:Phil Ryan (2010). 5491:The Globe and Mail 4613:. Manitoba. 1992. 4035:"The Just Society" 3570:The Globe and Mail 3261:Zucchi, J (2007). 3194:The Globe and Mail 2453:"Interculturalism" 1932:Feminism in Canada 1812:The Globe and Mail 1766: 1685: 1645:multiculturalism. 1495:In 2015, when the 1193:Canada's provinces 1139:Minorities' rights 1127:official languages 1010: 825:Unity in diversity 787:John Murray Gibbon 775: 676: 647:The Globe and Mail 602: 556:Japanese Canadians 503: 468:Historical context 434:visible minorities 414:cultural pluralism 372: 46: 8917:Society of Canada 8899: 8898: 8782: 8781: 8750: 8749: 8411: 8410: 8100: 8099: 7961: 7960: 7662: 7661: 7420:Meech Lake Accord 7407:Canada Health Act 7359:Province building 7300:Language politics 7016:Plains of Abraham 7011:Chateau Frontenac 6914:Toronto Blue Jays 6871:Culture of Canada 6854:Great Flag Debate 6751:Culture of Quebec 6689:Culture of Canada 6677:Canadian identity 6607:XXVIII, 3 (1996). 6486:978-1-4426-6089-2 6465:978-0-8020-8075-2 6444:978-1-4426-0993-8 6423:978-0-7748-1445-4 6402:978-1-55458-012-5 6381:978-0-8020-9536-7 6271:978-1-100-14648-5 6183:978-3-030-19835-0 6143:. June 24, 2022. 6113:. June 28, 2022. 6036:978-1-4443-5181-1 5972:978-3-531-16892-0 5957:Christian Lammert 5867:978-1-4426-1068-2 5817:978-0-7546-7173-2 5760:978-1-4020-9034-9 5733:978-0-88936-909-2 5706:978-0-7546-7607-2 5662:Greene, Michael. 5639:. April 3, 2014. 5585:978-0-231-15233-4 5570:Pamela E. Klassen 5568:Courtney Bender; 5417:978-1-137-59679-6 5390:978-0-7766-0553-1 5334:978-0-8047-8735-2 5241:978-1-55339-423-5 5214:978-0-679-31476-9 5151:978-0-7748-4007-1 5124:978-0-7748-1428-7 5044:978-3-03-019835-0 4781:978-1-4426-9147-6 4754:978-1-134-27696-7 4702:978-1-137-32041-4 4675:978-92-871-7813-8 4596:978-0-88755-353-0 4388:978-0-7748-1774-5 4358:978-1-4443-9541-9 4300:978-1-139-46082-8 4273:978-0-7710-8588-8 4185:978-1-78052-003-2 4158:978-0-415-77706-3 4131:978-0-415-12159-0 4104:978-0-920315-78-1 4016:978-0-88862-124-5 3950:978-90-420-3351-1 3844:978-0-7735-5611-9 3817:978-90-420-3351-1 3790:978-1-55199-283-9 3763:978-0-495-50436-8 3736:978-0-7748-1388-4 3709:978-0-7710-6480-7 3550:978-0-7735-3273-1 3523:978-94-012-0050-9 3496:978-0-19-979675-5 3469:978-3-11-037673-9 3442:978-1-55152-043-8 3366:978-0-88982-105-7 3277:978-0-88798-266-8 3236:978-1-55130-265-2 3175:978-1-55130-249-2 3148:978-0-8047-8627-0 3121:978-1-933531-31-1 2964:978-1-55130-192-1 2937:978-1-57607-796-2 2910:978-1-57607-672-9 2877:978-0-7735-2536-8 2850:978-1-86888-361-5 2823:978-0-17-650343-7 2813:Canadian Politics 2796:978-0-7735-0824-8 2769:978-0-8020-8075-2 2742:978-0-313-35796-1 2715:978-1-55111-398-2 2688:978-1-55130-265-2 2661:978-1-57607-796-2 2634:978-1-85109-439-4 2607:978-1-55365-259-5 2580:978-1-55002-092-2 2553:978-1-4094-1936-5 2495:978-1-4426-1131-3 2459:. June 22, 2021. 2438:978-1-55322-061-9 2388:978-0-9784152-0-4 2293:978-0-7735-2304-3 2266:978-1-78699-382-3 2167:978-0-7735-9220-9 2128:978-1-00-028273-3 2098:978-1-4129-5153-1 2037:978-1-78699-382-3 2011:978-0-415-09451-1 1885:premier of Quebec 1696:pluralist society 1628:Canadian identity 1069:Canadian identity 949:Trudeau espoused 884:Social liberalism 840:Lester B. Pearson 799:" rather than a " 779:Canadian Prairies 746:population under 697:McGill University 684:major urban areas 398:Canadian identity 357: 356: 321:Canada portal 34:Culture of Canada 8924: 8877:Related concepts 8816:Multiculturalism 8809: 8802: 8795: 8786: 8785: 8560:Southeast Europe 8422: 8421: 8111: 8110: 7970: 7969: 7808: 7807: 7744:French Canadians 7689: 7682: 7675: 7666: 7665: 7560:Royal Commission 7554: 7516: 7414:Victoria Charter 7250:Quiet Revolution 7183:Distinct society 7148:Acadian movement 7026:Canadian Rockies 6991:Winter in Canada 6943:Calgary Stampede 6882:Hockey in Canada 6775:Anti-Americanism 6670: 6663: 6656: 6647: 6646: 6631:Multiculturalism 6603:, Special Issue 6587: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6515: 6490: 6469: 6448: 6427: 6406: 6385: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6309: 6302: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6280: 6274:. Archived from 6263: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6058: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6003: 5992: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5953: 5947: 5946:, 29 August 2023 5937: 5931: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5897:on July 13, 2012 5878: 5872: 5871: 5857:Multicultiphobia 5851: 5840: 5839: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5785:on April 8, 2017 5771: 5765: 5764: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5552: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5536:on March 3, 2016 5522:(May 19, 2004), 5516: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5502: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5358:on April 8, 2017 5348: 5339: 5338: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5257: 5246: 5245: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5198: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5011: 5004: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4722: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4639:. e-Laws. 1990. 4633: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4563: 4556: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4505: 4498: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4393: 4392: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4342: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4241:on March 7, 2006 4237:. 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Archived from 3269: 3258: 3241: 3240: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3026: 3015: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2898: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2537: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2423:Charmaine Nelson 2419: 2413: 2403:Multiculturalism 2399: 2393: 2392: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2355: 2348: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2318:on June 27, 2018 2314:. 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3599:Foreign Affairs 3592: 3588: 3579: 3577: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3320: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3287:on June 1, 2017 3284: 3278: 3267: 3259: 3244: 3237: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3073: 3072: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2538: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2420: 2416: 2410:Wayback Machine 2400: 2396: 2389: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2356:on May 23, 2013 2353: 2346: 2338: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2251: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2179: 2175: 2168: 2152: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2129: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2068: 2067:on July 6, 2011 2064: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2022: 2018: 2012: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1867:Gerard Bouchard 1855: 1820:Jeffrey Simpson 1815: 1783:Daniel Stoffman 1736: 1730: 1724:and inclusion. 1692:Ismaili Muslims 1661:Andrew Griffith 1655:Canadian values 1623: 1617: 1615:Canadian values 1611: 1584: 1553: 1525: 1513: 1439: 1433: 1400: 1367: 1320: 1282: 1254:legislated the 1249: 1189: 1172: 1166: 1133:Social equality 1105: 1091:Section Fifteen 1057: 973: 892: 858:, (who was now 854:Prime Minister 821:Adélard Godbout 812:Lord Tweedsmuir 797:cultural mosaic 792:Canadian Mosaic 732: 726: 717: 711: 680:ethnic enclaves 660: 629:economic policy 586: 578:Main articles: 576: 527:First World War 476: 470: 458:cultural mosaic 410:cultural 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7189:État québécois 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7153:Great Upheaval 7150: 7144: 7142: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7108:Bank of Canada 7105: 7100: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6916: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6907:Calgary Flames 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6873: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6851: 6837: 6829: 6822: 6816: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6731: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6673: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6614: 6613:External links 6611: 6609: 6608: 6588: 6516: 6506:(4): 365–386. 6491: 6485: 6470: 6464: 6449: 6443: 6428: 6422: 6407: 6401: 6386: 6380: 6365: 6335:(1): 141–160. 6320: 6291: 6270: 6252: 6225: 6200: 6182: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6128: 6102: 6076: 6042: 6035: 6015: 5978: 5971: 5948: 5932: 5908: 5873: 5866: 5841: 5823: 5816: 5796: 5766: 5759: 5739: 5732: 5712: 5705: 5685: 5654: 5624: 5591: 5584: 5560: 5511: 5477: 5470: 5450: 5443: 5423: 5416: 5396: 5389: 5369: 5340: 5333: 5313: 5287: 5268:(2): 213–236. 5247: 5240: 5220: 5213: 5188: 5171:New York Times 5157: 5150: 5130: 5123: 5100: 5070: 5043: 5023: 4991: 4959: 4933: 4907: 4881: 4850: 4819: 4787: 4780: 4760: 4753: 4733: 4708: 4701: 4681: 4674: 4654: 4628: 4602: 4595: 4575: 4543: 4517: 4506:on May 8, 2016 4485: 4459: 4394: 4387: 4364: 4357: 4332: 4306: 4299: 4279: 4272: 4252: 4217: 4191: 4184: 4164: 4157: 4137: 4130: 4110: 4103: 4076: 4022: 4015: 3989: 3956: 3949: 3929: 3890:(2): 100–121. 3870: 3843: 3823: 3816: 3796: 3789: 3769: 3762: 3742: 3735: 3715: 3708: 3688: 3653: 3623: 3605:(3): 452–461, 3586: 3556: 3549: 3529: 3522: 3502: 3495: 3475: 3468: 3448: 3441: 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7320: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7288: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7259: 7257:speech (1967) 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7234:Regulation 17 7232: 7229: 7226: 7223: 7222:Durham Report 7220: 7217: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7178:Two Solitudes 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6996:Niagara Falls 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6917: 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6372: 6366: 6359:September 18, 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6306: 6299: 6298: 6292: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6260: 6259: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6226: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6062: 6055: 6054: 6046: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6019: 6008:September 18, 6000: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5945: 5944:The Telegraph 5941: 5936: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5912: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5869: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5837: 5830: 5828: 5819: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5800: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5762: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5743: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5716: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5689: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5612: 5608: 5607:The Economist 5604: 5598: 5596: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5564: 5556: 5550: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5508: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5473: 5471:9780988064096 5467: 5463: 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Canlii.ca. 4527: 4521: 4502: 4495: 4489: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4444: 4437: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4371: 4369: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4283: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4168: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4141: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4114: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4027: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4003: 4002: 3993: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3960: 3952: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3933: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3827: 3819: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3773: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3746: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3719: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3692: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3657: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3533: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3479: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3452: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3428: 3419: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3384: 3376: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3349: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3319:9789463002080 3315: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3291:September 16, 3283: 3279: 3273: 3266: 3265: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3219: 3210: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3158: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3131: 3123: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3068: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3011: 3003: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2947: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2920: 2912: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2887: 2879: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2860: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2833: 2825: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2806: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2779: 2771: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2752: 2744: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2690: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2671: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2644: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2617: 2609: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2590: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2497: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2478: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2418: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2390: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2360:September 11, 2352: 2345: 2344: 2336: 2334: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2295: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2276: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2169: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2150: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2121:. Routledge. 2120: 2119: 2114: 2108: 2100: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2081: 2071:September 12, 2063: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2020: 2013: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1977: 1976:National Post 1973: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1905:Canada portal 1895: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1713:The Economist 1710: 1709: 1708:The Economist 1704: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1520: 1517: 1516:New Brunswick 1511:New Brunswick 1508: 1506: 1502: 1499:(CAQ) took a 1498: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1404: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:New Brunswick 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1052: 1050: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1036:Jean Chrétien 1032: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 982: 977: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 943: 940: 936: 933: 932: 930: 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 908:Social Credit 905: 901: 896: 887: 885: 880: 876: 872: 870: 866: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 817: 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 794: 793: 788: 784: 780: 771: 767: 765: 761: 760:biculturalism 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 731: 721: 716: 705: 700: 698: 693: 689: 685: 681: 673: 669: 664: 655: 653: 649: 648: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 599: 595: 590: 585: 581: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 465: 463: 459: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 405: 403: 399: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 369: 368: 363: 350: 345: 343: 338: 336: 331: 330: 328: 327: 322: 312: 311: 310: 309: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 273: 272: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 166: 163: 162: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 144: 139: 138: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 120:Protectionism 118: 114: 111: 110: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 67: 64: 63: 62: 59: 58: 55: 50: 49: 43: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 8854: 8848: 8742:Luxembourger 8693:Scotch-Irish 8219:Anglo-Indian 8114:Central Asia 8031:Puerto Rican 7837:North Africa 7547: 7509: 7476: 7405: 7398: 7392: 7187: 6831: 6824: 6710: 6703: 6694: 6687: 6604: 6591: 6583:Project MUSE 6573:. Retrieved 6528: 6524: 6503: 6499: 6475: 6454: 6433: 6412: 6391: 6370: 6357:. Retrieved 6332: 6328: 6312:. Retrieved 6305:the original 6296: 6283:. Retrieved 6276:the original 6257: 6228: 6219:November 14, 6217:. Retrieved 6208: 6194:February 22, 6192:. Retrieved 6172: 6149:. Retrieved 6140: 6131: 6119:. Retrieved 6105: 6093:. Retrieved 6079: 6068:, retrieved 6061:the original 6052: 6045: 6025: 6018: 6006:. Retrieved 5994: 5981: 5961: 5951: 5943: 5935: 5927: 5926:Canwest.com 5911: 5899:. Retrieved 5895:the original 5890: 5886: 5876: 5856: 5835: 5806: 5799: 5787:. Retrieved 5783:the original 5778: 5769: 5749: 5742: 5722: 5715: 5695: 5688: 5676:. Retrieved 5667: 5657: 5645:. Retrieved 5636: 5627: 5617:November 10, 5615:. Retrieved 5606: 5574: 5563: 5538:, retrieved 5534:the original 5524: 5514: 5506: 5499:, retrieved 5490: 5480: 5460: 5453: 5433: 5426: 5406: 5399: 5379: 5372: 5360:. Retrieved 5356:the original 5323: 5316: 5306:December 18, 5304:. 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Retrieved 1975: 1965: 1879: 1874: 1856: 1832: 1828:Andrew Cohen 1810: 1808: 1801: 1797:cockfighting 1786: 1780: 1773: 1772:in his book 1767: 1746: 1737: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1686: 1677:Sussex Drive 1659: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1632:Richard Gwyn 1624: 1585: 1559: 1554: 1531: 1526: 1514: 1494: 1476: 1474: 1456: 1450: 1440: 1407: 1401: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1358: 1352: 1330: 1326: 1323:Saskatchewan 1321: 1318:Saskatchewan 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1255: 1250: 1233: 1205:Saskatchewan 1190: 1173: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1144: 1106: 1096: 1089: 1085: 1078: 1072: 1064: 1058: 1046: 1041: 1033: 1022: 1011: 1008:, Australia. 990:Buffalo City 979: 964: 955:Just Society 948: 927:bilingualism 916: 898:At the 1971 897: 893: 873: 847: 845: 829: 805: 790: 782: 776: 756:bilingualism 733: 718: 702: 688:ethnocentric 677: 652:Reform Party 645: 627:, driven by 622: 603: 594:The head tax 568:civil rights 543: 504: 443:of 1988 and 438: 406: 391:. 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