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883:. In the world economy facilitated by multinational corporations, capital will increasingly be able to play workers, communities, and nations off against one another as they demand tax, regulation and wage concessions while threatening to move. In other words, increased mobility of multinational corporations benefits capital while workers and communities lose. Some negative outcomes generated by multinational corporations include increased
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being the largest recipients. However, 70% of foreign direct investment went into developed countries in the form of stocks and cash flows. The rise of the number of multinational companies could be due to a stable political environment that encourages cooperation, advances in technology that enables management of faraway regions, and favorable organizational development that encourages business expansion into other countries.
406:
boycott from Kuwait and Iran, oil prices rose and quickly recovered. Saudi Arabia once again led OPEC, and thanks to assistance in defending Kuwait, new relations emerged between the USA and OPEC. Operation "Desert Storm" brought mutual dependence among the main oil producers. OPEC continued to influence global oil prices but recognized the United States as the largest consumer and guarantor of the existing oil security order.
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552:, and it describes the importance of rapidly increasing global mobility of resources. In a long history of analysis of multinational corporations, we are some quarter-century into an era of stateless corporations - corporations that meet the realities of the needs of source materials on a worldwide basis and to produce and customize products for individual countries.
868:
for occasional mistakes of the marketplace such as externalities). Moving to the left side of the line are nationalists, who prioritize national interests over corporate profits, then the "dependencia" school in Latin
America that focuses on the evils of imperialism, and on the far left the Marxists. The range is so broad that scholarly consensus is hard to discern.
125:. The first multinational corporations were founded to set up colonial "factories" or port cities. In addition to carrying on trade between the mother country and the colonies, the British East India Company became a quasi-government in its own right, with local government officials and its own army in India. The two main examples were the
447:, a leading maker of bearings for machinery. In order to expand its international business, it decided in 1966 it needed to use the English language. Senior officials, although mostly still Swedish, all learned English and all major internal documents were in English, the lingua franca of multinational corporations.
838:"Multinational enterprise" (MNE) is the term used by international economist and similarly defined with the multinational corporation (MNC) as an enterprise that controls and manages production establishments, known as plants located in at least two countries. The multinational enterprise (MNE) will engage in
614:
When a corporation invests in a country in which it is not domiciled, it is called foreign direct investment (FDI). Countries may place restrictions on direct investment; for example, China has historically required partnerships with local firms or special approval for certain types of investments by
405:
Iraqi
President Saddam Hussein decided to attack Kuwait. The invasion sparked a crisis in the Middle East, prompting Saudi Arabia to request assistance from the United States. The United States sent a million troops to help, and by February 1991, Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait. Due to the oil
2011:
See also, Richard Barnet and Ronald Muller, Global Reach: The Power of
Multinational Corporations, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1975, p. 30. On page 21 Barnet and Muller quote the Chairman of the Unilever Corporation as saying: "The Nation-State will not wither away. A positive role will have to be
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in 1974 proposed a spectrum of scholarly analysis of multinational corporations, from the political right to the left. He put the business school how-to-do-it writers at the extreme right, followed by the liberal laissez-faire economists, and the neoliberals (they remain right of center but do allow
418:
The United States still maintains close relations with Saudi Arabia. In 2003, U.S. forces invaded Iraq with the aim of removing the dictatorship and gaining access to Iraqi oil reserves, giving the United States greater strategic importance from 2000 to 2008. During this period, there was a constant
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The rise in oil prices burdened developing countries with balance of payments deficits, leading to an energy crisis. OPEC members had to abandon their plan of redistributing wealth from the West to the post-colonial South and invest either in foreign expenditures or ostentatious economic development
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will be an important tool for competitive marketing". However, the projected outcome of this was not the assimilation of international firms into national cultures, but the creation of a "world customer". The idea of a global corporate village entailed the management and reconstitution of parochial
814:
The other theoretical dimension of the role of multinational corporations concerns the relationship between the globalization of economic engagement and the culture of national and local responses. This has a history of self-conscious cultural management going back at least to the 60s. For example:
455:
After the war, the number of businesses having at least one foreign country operation rose drastically from a few thousand to 78,411 in 2007. Meanwhile, 74% of parent companies are located in economically advanced countries. Developing and former communist countries such as China, India, and Brazil
422:
From 2005 to 2012, there were advances in oil and gas extraction, leading to increased production in the United States from 2010. The USA became the leading oil producer, creating tension with OPEC. In 2014, Saudi Arabia increased production to push new
American producers out of the market, leading
234:
In 1945, the United States was the world's largest oil producer. However, their reserves were declining due to high demand; therefore, the United States turned to foreign oil sources, which had a significant impact on the recovery of the West after World War II. Most of the world's oil was found in
656:
Raymond Vernon reported in 1977 that of the largest multinationals focused on manufacturing, 250 were headquartered in the United States, 115 in
Western Europe, 70 in Japan, and 20 in the rest of the world. The multinationals in banking numbered 20 headquartered in the United States, 13 in Europe,
712:
Multinational corporations may be subject to the laws and regulations of both their domicile and the additional jurisdictions where they are engaged in business. In some cases, the jurisdiction can help to avoid burdensome laws, but regulatory statutes often target the "enterprise" with statutory
381:
Unilateral increase in oil prices was labeled as "the largest nonviolent transfer of wealth in human history." The OPEC sought immediate discussions regarding participation in national oil industries. Companies were not inclined to object as the price hike benefited both them and OPEC members. In
320:
Worldwide oil consumption increased rapidly between 1949 and 1970, a period known as the "golden age of oil". This increase in consumption was caused not only by the growth of production by multinational oil companies but also by the strong influence of the United States on the global oil market.
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To many economic liberals, multinational corporations are the vanguard of the liberal order. They are the embodiment par excellence of the liberal ideal of an interdependent world economy. They have taken the integration of national economies beyond trade and money to the internationalization of
414:
Since the Iraq War, OPEC has had only a minor influence on oil prices, but it has expanded to 11 members, accounting for about 40 percent of total global oil production, although this is a decline from nearly 50 percent in 1974. Oil has practically become a common commodity, leading to much more
693:
Corporations that are broadly active across the world without a concentration in one area have been called stateless or "transnational" (although "transnational corporation" is also used synonymously with "multinational corporation"), but as of 1992, a corporation must be legally domiciled in a
316:
and the subsequent boycott of
Iranian oil by all companies had dramatic consequences for Iran and the international oil market. Iran was unable to sell any of its oil. In August 1953, the then prime minister was overthrown by a pro-American dictatorship led by the Shah, and in October 1954, the
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international society. According to the economic realist view, individuals act in rational ways to maximize their self-interest and therefore, when individuals act rationally, markets are created and they function best in a free market system where there is little government interference. As a
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expenditures and advertising costs over their global sales, pooling global purchasing power over suppliers, and utilizing their technological and managerial experience globally with minimal additional costs. Furthermore, MNCs can use their global presence to take advantage of underpriced labor
401:
Saudi Arabia significantly reduced oil production, losing most of its revenues. In 1986, Riyadh changed course, and oil production in Saudi Arabia sharply increased, flooding the market with cheap oil. This caused a worldwide drop in oil prices, hence the "third oil shock" or "counter-shock."
397:
In 1979, the "second oil shock" came from the collapse of the Shah's regime in Iran. Iran became a regional power due to oil money and
American weapons. The Shah eventually abdicated and fled the country. This prompted a strike by thousands of Iranian oil workers, significantly reducing oil
440:, coffee, cocoa, and tropical fruits). Most went to the Third World colonies. That changed dramatically after 1945 as investors turned to industrialized countries and invested in manufacturing (especially high-tech electronics, chemicals, drugs and vehicles) as well as trade.
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suggests that the
Netherlands has become a popular choice, as its company laws have fewer requirements for meetings, compensation, and audit committees, and Great Britain had advantages due to laws on withholding dividends and a double-taxation treaty with the United States.
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By 2012, only 7% of the world's known oil reserves were in countries that allowed private international companies free rein; 65% were in the hands of state-owned companies that operated in one country and sold oil to multinationals such as BP, Shell, ExxonMobil and
Chevron.
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particular country and engage in other countries through foreign direct investment and the creation of foreign subsidiaries. Geographic diversification can be measured across various domains, including ownership and control, workforce, sales, and regulation and taxation.
389:
In
February 1974, the first Washington Energy Conference was convened. The most significant contribution of this conference was the establishment of the International Energy Agency (IEA), enabling states to coordinate policy, gather data, and monitor global oil reserves.
483:
A multinational corporation (MNC) is usually a large corporation incorporated in one country which produces or sells goods or services in various countries. Two common characteristics shared by MNCs are their large size and centrally controlled worldwide activities.
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in 1963, was fully aware that the means to overcoming cultural resistance depended on an "understanding" of the countries in which a corporation operated. He observed that companies with "foresight to capitalize on international opportunities" must recognize that
393:
In the 1970s, OPEC gradually nationalized the Seven Sisters. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as the only largest world oil producer, could leverage this. However, Saudi Arabia opted for the correct approach and maintained consistent oil prices throughout the 1970s.
716:
As of 1992, the United States and most OECD countries have the legal authority to tax a domiciled parent corporation on its worldwide revenue, including subsidiaries. As of 2019, the U.S. applies its corporate taxation "extraterritorially", which has motivated
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system and the highest decision-making center, each subsidiary or branch has its own decision-making body, according to its different features and operations to make decisions, but its decision must be subordinated to the highest decision-making
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and Venezuela’s Juan Perez Alfonso entered into a secret agreement (the Mahdi Pact), promising that if the price of oil was lowered a second time, they would take collective action against the companies. This occurred in 1960. Prior to the
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to change the home state. By 2019, most OECD nations, with the notable exception of the U.S., had moved to territorial tax in which only revenue inside the border was taxed; however, these nations typically scrutinize foreign income with
1100:
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that owns and controls the production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country. Control is considered an important aspect of an MNC to distinguish it from international portfolio investment
435:
Down through the 1930s, about 80% of the international investments by the multinational corporations were concentrated in the primary sector, especially mining (especially oil) and agriculture (rubber, tobacco, sugar,
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Latin America and the Middle East (particularly in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf). This increase in non-American production was enabled by multinational corporations known as the "Seven Sisters".
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volatile prices. Most OPEC members are wealthy, and most remain dependent on oil revenues, which has serious consequences, such as when OPEC members were pressured by the price collapse in 1998–1999.
152:
The Dutch government took over the VOC in 1799, and during the 19th century, other governments increasingly took over the private companies, most notable in British India. During the process of
172:
Mining of gold, silver, copper, and oil was a major activity early on and remains so today. International mining companies became prominent in Britain in the 19th century, such as the
534:
Potentially, the best concept for analyzing society's governance limitations over modern corporations is the concept of "stateless corporations". Coined at least as early as 1991 in
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nine in Japan and three in Canada. Today multinationals can select from a variety of jurisdictions for various subsidiaries, but the ultimate parent company can select a single
630:. Countries can impose extraterritorial sanctions on foreign corporations even for doing business with other foreign corporations, which occurred in 2019 with the United States
527:
The problem of moral and legal constraints upon the behavior of multinational corporations, given that they are effectively "stateless" actors, is one of several urgent global
875:, being ultimate without a specific nationhood, and that this lack of an ethos appears in their ways of operating as they enter into contracts with countries that have low
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production. For the first time in history, production, marketing, and investment are being organized on a global scale rather than in terms of isolated national economies.
540:, the conception was theoretically clarified in 1993: that an empirical strategy for defining a stateless corporation is with analytical tools at the intersection between
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or domestic laws. For example, Chinese domestic corporations or citizens have limitations on their ability to make foreign investments outside China, in part to reduce
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Due to strong economic and technical strength, with fast information transmission, as well as funding for rapid cross-border transfers, the multinational has stronger
1886:
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In 1959, companies lowered the price of oil due to a surplus in the market. This reduction dealt a significant blow to the finances of producers. Saudi oil minister
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In general, there is a national strength of large companies as the main body, in the way of foreign direct investment or acquiring local enterprises, established
85:
suggests that a company or group should be considered a multinational corporation "if it derives 25% or more of its revenue from out-of-home-country operations".
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attachments to one's nation. It involved not a denial of the naturalness of national attachments, but an internationalization of the way a nation defines itself.
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production in Iran. Saudi Arabia tried to cope with the crisis by increasing production, but oil prices still soared, leading to the "second oil shock."
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began opening in the late 19th century, producing gold and other minerals for the world market, jobs for locals, and business and profits for companies.
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MNCs seek markets in worldwide and rational production layout, professional fixed-point production, and fixed-point sales products, in order to achieve
1237:
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Many large multinational companies have varying degrees of monopoly in some area, due to economic and technical strength or production advantages.
208:(1853–1902) was one of the few businessmen in the era who became Prime Minister (of South Africa 1890–1896). His mining enterprises included the
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Nick Robins, Nick. The Corporation That Changed the World How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational. London: Pluto, 2006. 145.
757:(PEO) is sometimes advertised as a cheaper and simpler alternative, but not all jurisdictions have laws accepting these types of arrangements.
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services available in certain developing countries, and gain access to special R&D capabilities residing in advanced foreign countries.
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founded in 1873, which started with the purchase of sulfur and copper mines from the Spanish government. Rio Tinto, now based in London and
1533:"GlobalInc. An Atlas of The Multinational Corporation" Medard Gabel & Henry Bruner, New York: The New Press, 2004. ISBN 1-56584-727-X"
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projects. After 1974, most of the money from OPEC members ceased as payments for goods and services or investments in Western industry.
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International business is also a specialist field of academic research. Economic theories of the multinational corporation include
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For small corporations, registering a foreign subsidiary can be expensive and complex, involving fees, signatures, and forms; a
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Scheiber, Harry N. "World War I as Entrepreneurial Opportunity: Willard Straight and the American International Corporation".
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1518:(May 14, 1991), p. 98. Roy D. Voorhees, Emerson L. Seim, and John I. Coppett, "Global Logistics and Stateless Corporations",
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to lower prices. OPEC then reduced production in 2016 to raise prices, further worsening relations with the United States.
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shortage of oil, but its consumption continued to rise, maintaining high prices and leading to concerns about "peak oil".
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This Imperious Company: The Corporation That Changed the World How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational
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as the firm makes direct investments in host country plants for equity ownership and managerial control to avoid some
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However, this shock represented something much bigger—the end of OPEC's dominance and its control over oil prices.
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79:, such as some international mutual funds that invest in corporations abroad simply to diversify financial risks.
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Roy D. Voorhees; Emerson L. Seim; John I. Coppett (Winter 1992). "Global Logistics and Stateless Corporations".
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Hunt, Michael H. "Americans in the China Market: Economic Opportunities and Economic Nationalism, 1890s–1931".
741:. Countries generally cannot tax the worldwide revenue of a foreign subsidiary, and taxation is complicated by
723:
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Habib-Mintz, Nazia. "Multinational corporations' role in improving labour standards in developing countries".
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Hu, Yao-Su (1992-01-01). "Global or Stateless Corporations are National Firms with International Operations".
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In practice, even under an extraterritorial system, taxes may be deferred until remittance, with possible
634:; European companies faced with the possibility of losing access to the U.S. market by trading with Iran.
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216:. The latter company practically controlled the global diamond market from its base in southern Africa.
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563:, founded on March 20, 1603, which would become the largest company in the world for nearly 200 years.
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MNCs may gain from their global presence in a variety of ways. First of all, MNCs can benefit from the
126:
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Merchants to multinationals : British trading companies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
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Anti-corporate advocates criticize multinational corporations for being without a basis in a national
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The "Seven Sisters" was a common term for the seven multinational companies that dominated the global
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criticize governments for allowing multinational organizations to escape tax, particularly by using
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The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914
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foreigners, although some of these restrictions were eased in 2019. Similarly, the United States
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1724:. Palgrave Macmillan Transnational History Series. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 1047.
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The Rio Tinto Company: an economic history of a leading international mining concern, 1873-1954.
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1980, the Seven Sisters were entirely displaced and replaced by national oil companies (NOCs).
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Company, Crown and Colony: The Hudson's Bay Company and Territorial Endeavor in Western Canada
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that had been owned by major oil companies. Since then, industry dominance has shifted to the
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1101:"The Formative Years of the Modern Corporation: The Dutch East India Company VOC, 1602–1623"
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Stopford, John M. "The origins of British-based multinational manufacturing enterprises".
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Francis Wilson, "Minerals and migrants: how the mining industry has shaped South Africa."
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1691:"Here, there and everywhere: Why some businesses choose multiple corporate citizenships"
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Marc 'Globalization, Power, and Survival: an Anthropological Perspective', pg 484–486.
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Maturing of Multinational Enterprise : American Business Abroad from 1914 to 1970
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Third world multinationals: The rise of foreign investments from developing countries
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Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century
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result, international wealth is maximized with free exchange of goods and services.
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is one of the world's largest multinational corporations, with its headquarters in
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Lumby, Anthony. "Economic history and theories of the multinational corporation".
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In addition, corporations may be prohibited from various business transactions by
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The nationalization of the Iranian oil industry in 1951 by Iranian Prime Minister
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1494:"In Praise of Cheap Labor: Bad Jobs at Bad Wages Are Better than No Jobs at All"
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508:— permitting a local manufacturer in a foreign country to produce its products
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Ernest Dichter, architect, of Exxon's international campaign, writing in the
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Disputes between corporations in different nations is often handled through
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Opening manufacturing facilities or assembly operations in foreign countries
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The History of the British Bank of the Middle East: Vol. 2, Banking and Oil
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through their choice of jurisdiction, but must be careful to avoid illegal
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1625:"Chinese Restrictions on Foreign Investments – How Will It Impact The US?"
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910:, allows multinational corporations to gain competitive advantages over
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895:. Raymond Vernon presents the debate from a neo-liberal perspective in
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180:, Australia, has made many acquisitions and expanded globally to mine
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A perspective on multinational enterprise's national identity dilemma
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Fagan, GH; Munck, R (2009). "Chapter 22: Transnational Corporation".
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Alex Jeffrey, and Joe Painter, "Imperialism and Post colonialism" in
922:(BEPS) tax tools, since less money can be spent for public services.
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also facilitate direct investment between two countries, such as the
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2002:
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The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Shaped
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The actions of multinational corporations are strongly supported by
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The Oxford Handbook of the Political Economy of International Trade
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370:
271:
213:
185:
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Leviathans: Multinational Corporations and the New Global History
1650:"Trump's Iran sanctions: an explainer on their impact for Europe"
559:, was established in 1601. After the East India Company came the
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193:
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Gelderblom, Oscar; Jong, Abe de; Jonker, Joost (December 2013).
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Most of the current largest and most influential companies are
1908:"Outsourcing Options for FDI into China - China Briefing News"
1851:"Designing a Territorial Tax System: A Review of OECD Systems"
1818:"The Corporate Entity in an Era of Multinational Corporations"
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The Multinational Corporation: A Guide to Information Sources
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problems that has emerged during the late twentieth century.
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1601:"China's Foreign Investment Law and US-China Trade Friction"
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One of the first multinational business organizations, the
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Holstein, William J. et al., "The Stateless Corporation",
1072:"MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION (MNC) Definition & Meaning"
1409:
Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society
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The main characteristics of multinational companies are:
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were disbanded, with the final colonial corporation, the
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The history of multinational corporations began with the
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Vol.79, No. 3. Institute for Ethnographic Research, 2006
1879:"10 Reasons You Should Not Create a Foreign Subsidiary"
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cartel and state-owned oil and gas companies, such as
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founded in 1670. These early corporations engaged in
70:, with subtle but contrasting senses) is a corporate
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Davenport-Hines, R. P. T., and Geoffrey Jones, eds.
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The company: A short history of a revolutionary idea
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Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States
333:, the Seven Sisters controlled around 85 percent of
2353:(MIT Press, 1983) on companies based in Third World
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Making significant investments in a foreign country
337:. In the 1970s, most countries with large reserves
1251:The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power
962:Financial risk management § Corporate finance
2473:UNCTAD publications on multinational corporations
1714:Iriye, Akira; Saunier, Pierre-Yves, eds. (2009).
811:. The latter is also known as the OLI framework.
3343:
2387:American business abroad: Ford on six continents
2224:Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy
1721:The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History
1357:Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy
1278:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History
1274:"OPEC, International Oil, and the United States"
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2343:Storm over the Multinationals: The Real Issues
2134:Corporate tax avoidance by multinational firms
2057:Multinational enterprise and economic analysis
2024:Multinational enterprise and economic analysis
1450:International Financial Management,6th Edition
501:Buying and selling licenses in foreign markets
2493:
2360:The Oxford handbook of international business
2358:The history of multinational enterprise". in
2234:Journal of International Business and Economy
682:
409:
2273:Jones, Geoffrey, and Jonathan Zeitlin, eds.
2183:Chandler, Alfred D. and Bruce Mazlish, eds.
1713:
1462:
603:
2410:(U of California Press, 2019) on Coca-Cola.
2176:Cameron, Rondo, V. I. Bovykin, et al. eds.
1965:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 311.
1940:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 310.
1384:Globalization and Security: An Encyclopedia
1332:"Why Should Bahamas Be In 7% Oil Minority?"
1197:Micklethwait, John, and Adrian Wooldridge,
833:
443:Sweden's leading manufacturing concern was
133:(VOC) founded in 1602. Others included the
27:Corporation operating in multiple countries
2500:
2486:
2059:. Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
1605:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
1447:
1381:
697:
2298:South African journal of economic history
2222:Dunning. John H. and Sarianna M. Lundan.
2116:Multinational corps in neo-liberal regime
2026:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
1990:. International Organization. p. 39.
1448:Eun, Cheol S.; Resnick, Bruce G. (2014).
1124:
778:
1815:
1355:John H. Dunning and Sarianna M. Lundan,
1030:Pitelis, Christos; Roger Sugden (2000).
548:research. This intersection is known as
463:
2290:The Evolution of International Business
2275:The Oxford Handbook of Business History
1491:
745:arrangements with parent corporations.
14:
3344:
2394:
2194:Big Business and the Wealth of Nations
2113:
2107:
1985:
1979:
1960:
1935:
1452:. Beijing Chengxin Weiye Printing Inc.
1286:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.719
1023:
982:Transnational Corporations Observatory
92:multinational corporations, including
2481:
2054:
2021:
2000:
1963:Essentials of international relations
1938:Essentials of international relations
1873:
1871:
1845:
1843:
1811:
1809:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1685:
1683:
1329:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
450:
317:Iranian industry was denationalized.
242:from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s.
2863:New international division of labour
2413:Fritz, Martin and Karlsson, Birgit.
2114:Crotty, Epstein & Kelly (1998).
2087:Charles P. Kindleberger, "Reviews".
1629:Lawyer Monthly | Legal News Magazine
1520:Transportation Practitioners Journal
1423:"Role of Multinational Corporations"
1406:
1271:
1033:The nature of the transnational firm
1013:Transportation Practitioners Journal
355:China National Petroleum Corporation
2214:British Business in Asia since 1860
2196:(Cambridge University Press, 1999)
2132:Library of the European Parliament
1425:. T. Romana College. Archived from
671:Corporations can legally engage in
642:North American Free Trade Agreement
638:International investment agreements
24:
2468:Data on transnational corporations
2170:
1868:
1840:
1806:
1761:
1746:
1680:
1256:
1253:. (Oxford University Press, 1988).
977:List of multinational corporations
912:small and medium-sized enterprises
761:Dispute resolution and arbitration
755:professional employer organization
284:Standard Oil Company of New Jersey
262:Standard Oil Company of California
25:
3378:
2507:
2461:
2444:
1822:Delaware Journal of Corporate Law
1598:
1552:"Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)"
1201:(New York: Modern Library, 2003).
651:
619:scrutinizes foreign investments.
459:
3324:
3314:
3313:
2524:
2192:Chandler, Alfred D. et al. eds.
2178:International banking, 1870–1914
1549:
1172:(London: Pluto, 2006) pp. 24–25.
1159:(London: SAGE, 2009) pp. 174–75.
946:
932:
920:base erosion and profit shifting
728:base erosion and profit shifting
430:
302:Standard Oil Company of New York
2525:
2226:(2nd ed. 2008), major textbook
2138:
2126:
2094:
2081:
2048:
2015:
1994:
1954:
1929:
1900:
1889:from the original on 2018-11-25
1707:
1667:
1642:
1617:
1592:
1568:
1543:
1525:
1508:
1492:Krugman, Paul (20 March 1998).
1456:
1441:
1415:
1400:
1375:
1362:
1349:
1323:
1307:
1243:
1226:
1213:
1204:
1105:The Journal of Economic History
840:foreign direct investment (FDI)
249:(originally Anglo-Persian; now
2415:SKF: A Global Story, 1907–2007
1386:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 410–428.
1330:Allen, David (26 April 2012).
1175:
1162:
1149:
1092:
1064:
1050:
1004:
724:controlled foreign corporation
574:or branches in many countries;
335:the world's petroleum reserves
106:
13:
1:
1816:Blumberg, Phillip I. (1990).
1675:Storm over the Multinationals
1407:Doob, Christopher M. (2014).
997:
897:Storm over the Multinationals
749:Alternatives and arrangements
708:Extraterritorial jurisdiction
377:Dealing with OPEC (1973–1991)
226:Seven Sisters (oil companies)
1914:. 2017-07-12. Archived from
1764:California Management Review
1522:59, 2 (Winter 1993): 144–51.
1272:Brew, Gregory (2019-05-23),
1185:(London: I.B. Tauris, 2011).
1058:"Multinational Corporations"
914:. Organizations such as the
849:
359:National Iranian Oil Company
210:British South Africa Company
145:and exploration, and set up
7:
2581:Environmental globalization
2556:Anti-globalization movement
2430:Political Science Quarterly
1576:"Investment rules in China"
1463:Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias.
925:
856:Anti-globalization movement
713:language around "control".
339:nationalized their reserves
10:
3383:
2729:Offshore financial centres
2398:
2120:Cambridge University Press
2055:Caves, Richard E. (2007).
2022:Caves, Richard E. (2007).
1988:Three models of the future
1036:. Routledge. p. H72.
853:
767:International legal system
764:
701:
686:
683:Stateless or transnational
607:
577:It usually has a complete
410:The new normal (1991–2018)
223:
127:British East India Company
110:
101:
3309:
3267:
3142:
3077:
2994:
2985:
2912:
2749:
2670:
2663:
2543:
2515:
2102:Anthropological Quarterly
1961:Mingst, Karen A. (2015).
1936:Mingst, Karen A. (2014).
1730:10.1007/978-1-349-74030-7
1117:10.1017/S0022050713000879
773:international arbitration
735:repatriation tax holidays
689:Transnational corporation
610:Foreign direct investment
604:Foreign direct investment
247:Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
230:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
167:
137:founded in 1649, and the
64:international corporation
56:transnational corporation
32:multinational corporation
18:Multinational Corporation
2571:Democratic globalization
2331:Tugendhat, Christopher.
2280:Jones, Geoffrey, et al.
1411:. Pearson Education Inc.
1359:(2nd ed. 2008) pp 37–39.
908:multinational tax havens
834:Multinational enterprise
561:Dutch East India Company
156:, the European colonial
131:Dutch East India Company
129:founded in 1600 and the
48:transnational enterprise
40:multinational enterprise
3357:Multinational companies
2853:Investor-state disputes
2806:Illicit financial flows
2650:Political globalization
2598:Global financial system
2326:Business History Review
2244:Business History Review
2089:Business History Review
1986:Gilpin, Robert (1975).
1368:Christopher Tugendhat,
992:Multinational tax haven
881:environmental standards
860:Anti-corporate activism
821:Harvard Business Review
698:Regulation and taxation
624:international sanctions
3367:Economic globalization
3352:International business
3194:Christopher Chase-Dunn
2962:Primitive accumulation
2645:Military globalization
2576:Economic globalization
2561:Cultural globalization
2432:84.3 (1969): 486–511.
2246:51.3 (1977): 277–307.
1077:Black's Law Dictionary
902:The aggressive use of
831:
805:internalization theory
779:Theoretical background
704:International taxation
632:sanctions against Iran
506:contract manufacturing
480:
219:
164:, dissolving in 1972.
135:Swedish Africa Company
123:history of colonialism
82:Black's Law Dictionary
2399:Further information:
2328:48.3 (1974): 303–335.
2321:24.5 (2018): 548–563.
1474:: 106. Archived from
1236:130.1 (2001): 99–121
1223:(Alison Hodge, 1981).
826:cultural anthropology
817:
765:Further information:
726:(CFC) rules to avoid
702:Further information:
467:
308:, part of ExxonMobil)
280:(merged into Chevron)
274:(merged into Chevron)
224:Further information:
68:stateless corporation
3259:Immanuel Wallerstein
2920:Capital accumulation
2786:Endangered languages
2300:3.2 (1988): 104–124.
2001:James, Paul (1984).
550:logistics management
200:. European mines in
139:Hudson's Bay Company
3331:Business portal
2890:Transnational crime
2796:Forced displacement
2781:Economic inequality
2655:Trade globalization
2551:Alter-globalization
2395:Corporate histories
2346:(Harvard UP, 1977).
2236:10.2 (2009): 1–20.
2228:1993 edition online
2151:Tax Justice Network
1912:China Briefing News
1656:. 12 September 2018
1481:on 22 February 2016
1429:on 27 November 2016
1249:Robert I. Rotberg,
1219:Charles E. Harvey,
916:Tax Justice Network
785:economic liberalism
739:foreign tax credits
646:most favored nation
143:international trade
3104:Andre Gunder Frank
2878:Race to the bottom
2868:North–South divide
2586:Global citizenship
2401:Anglo American plc
2334:The multinationals
2303:Martin, Lisa, ed.
1370:The Multinationals
1181:Stephen A. Royle,
557:East India Company
495:goods and services
481:
451:After World War II
314:Mohammad Mosaddegh
240:petroleum industry
162:Mozambique Company
95:Forbes Global 2000
3339:
3338:
3305:
3304:
3164:K. Anthony Appiah
3159:Daniele Archibugi
2908:
2907:
2697:COVID-19 pandemic
2603:Global governance
2423:978-91-7736-576-1
2406:Ciafone, Amanda.
2340:Vernon, Raymond.
2319:Social Identities
2287:Jones, Geoffrey.
2264:Jones, Geoffrey.
2257:Jones, Geoffrey.
2066:978-0-521-67753-0
2033:978-0-521-67753-0
1972:978-0-393-92195-3
1947:978-0-393-92195-3
1739:978-1-349-74032-1
1580:Asialink Business
1393:978-0-275-99693-2
1313:Anthony Sampson,
1295:978-0-19-932917-5
1080:. 19 October 2012
844:transaction costs
809:eclectic paradigm
737:, and subject to
257:Royal Dutch Shell
174:Rio Tinto company
158:charter companies
16:(Redirected from
3374:
3362:Transnationalism
3329:
3328:
3317:
3316:
3270:
3179:Jean Baudrillard
3147:
3094:Giovanni Arrighi
3082:
3039:Branko Milanović
3019:Jagdish Bhagwati
2997:
2992:
2991:
2883:pollution havens
2848:Invasive species
2752:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2618:Global workforce
2528:
2527:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2356:Wilkins, Mira. "
2349:Wells, Louis T.
2337:(Penguin, 1973).
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1776:10.2307/41166696
1759:
1744:
1743:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1687:
1678:
1673:Raymond Vernon,
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1535:. Archived from
1529:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1327:
1321:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1269:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1128:
1111:(4): 1050–1076.
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1008:
972:Global workforce
956:
951:
950:
942:
937:
936:
743:transfer pricing
517:economy of scale
38:; also called a
21:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3323:
3301:
3282:Thomas Friedman
3268:
3263:
3214:Anthony Giddens
3189:Manuel Castells
3154:Arjun Appadurai
3145:
3143:
3138:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3069:Joseph Stiglitz
3009:Richard Baldwin
2995:
2987:
2981:
2940:Fiscal localism
2904:
2858:McDonaldization
2776:Development aid
2750:
2745:
2714:Multilingualism
2709:Labor arbitrage
2685:Climate justice
2671:
2659:
2613:Global politics
2566:Deglobalization
2539:
2511:
2506:
2464:
2450:Hernes, Helga.
2447:
2403:
2397:
2384:Wilkins, Mira.
2375:Wilkins, Mira.
2368:Wilkins, Mira.
2173:
2171:Further reading
2168:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2067:
2053:
2049:
2034:
2020:
2016:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1883:Velocity Global
1877:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1814:
1807:
1760:
1747:
1740:
1716:"Transnational"
1712:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1548:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1328:
1324:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1270:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1028:
1024:
1009:
1005:
1000:
952:
945:
940:Business portal
938:
931:
928:
893:wage stagnation
862:
854:Main articles:
852:
836:
781:
769:
763:
751:
710:
700:
691:
685:
654:
628:capital outflow
612:
606:
594:competitiveness
579:decision-making
462:
453:
433:
412:
379:
331:1973 oil crisis
326:Abdullah Tariki
304:(Socony, later
232:
222:
170:
119:
113:Charter company
109:
104:
90:publicly traded
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3321:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Zygmunt Bauman
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Thomas Piketty
3046:
3044:Kevin O'Rourke
3041:
3036:
3034:Michael Hudson
3031:
3026:
3024:Robert Brenner
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2895:Westernization
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2734:Tax inversions
2731:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2704:Digital divide
2701:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2680:Climate change
2676:
2674:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2640:
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2605:
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2513:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2462:External links
2460:
2459:
2458:
2454:(Gale, 1977).
2446:
2445:Historiography
2443:
2442:
2441:
2426:
2411:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2366:
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2347:
2338:
2329:
2322:
2311:
2301:
2294:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2262:
2255:
2240:
2230:
2220:
2210:
2202:Chernow, Ron.
2200:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2154:. 8 March 2016
2137:
2125:
2106:
2093:
2080:
2065:
2047:
2032:
2014:
2012:found for it."
1993:
1978:
1971:
1953:
1946:
1928:
1899:
1885:. 2015-07-17.
1867:
1855:Tax Foundation
1839:
1828:(2): 283–375.
1805:
1770:(2): 107–126.
1745:
1738:
1706:
1679:
1666:
1641:
1616:
1599:Huang, Yukon.
1591:
1567:
1542:
1539:on 2003-12-22.
1524:
1507:
1455:
1440:
1414:
1399:
1392:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1322:
1306:
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1225:
1212:
1203:
1187:
1174:
1161:
1148:
1091:
1063:
1049:
1042:
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1002:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
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969:
964:
958:
957:
943:
927:
924:
851:
848:
835:
832:
780:
777:
762:
759:
750:
747:
719:tax inversions
699:
696:
687:Main article:
684:
681:
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608:Main article:
605:
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587:maximum profit
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546:transportation
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3249:Saskia Sassen
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3244:George Ritzer
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3239:Antonio Negri
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3234:L. H. M. Ling
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3219:Michael Hardt
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2972:World history
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2967:Social change
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2609:
2608:Global health
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2509:Globalization
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2404:
2402:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2364:vol 2 (2009).
2362:
2361:
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2348:
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2179:
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2129:
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2110:
2103:
2097:
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2084:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1918:on 2018-11-25
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1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1696:
1695:The Economist
1692:
1686:
1684:
1677:(1977) p. 12.
1676:
1670:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1631:. 6 June 2018
1630:
1626:
1620:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1557:
1553:
1550:Chen, James.
1546:
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1528:
1521:
1517:
1516:Business Week
1511:
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1451:
1444:
1428:
1424:
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1410:
1403:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1372:(1973) p 147.
1371:
1365:
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1200:
1194:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1168:Nick Robins,
1165:
1158:
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1132:
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1122:
1118:
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1073:
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1059:
1053:
1045:
1043:0-415-16787-6
1039:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1019:(2): 144–151.
1018:
1014:
1007:
1003:
993:
990:
988:
987:World economy
985:
983:
980:
978:
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973:
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968:
967:Globalization
965:
963:
960:
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949:
944:
941:
935:
930:
923:
921:
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913:
909:
906:schemes, and
905:
904:tax avoidance
900:
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890:
886:
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878:
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869:
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861:
857:
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845:
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725:
720:
714:
709:
705:
695:
690:
680:
678:
674:
673:tax avoidance
669:
666:
665:
664:The Economist
660:
649:
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643:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
611:
598:
596:in the world;
595:
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588:
584:
580:
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573:
569:
568:
567:
564:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
544:analysis and
543:
539:
538:
537:Business Week
532:
530:
529:socioeconomic
525:
522:
519:by spreading
518:
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478:
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428:
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368:
365:(Venezuela),
364:
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147:trading posts
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140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
118:
114:
99:
97:
96:
91:
86:
84:
83:
78:
77:organizations
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3292:John R. Saul
3277:Noam Chomsky
3269:Non–academic
3209:Susan George
3204:Nancy Fraser
3174:Walden Bello
3119:David Harvey
3109:Stephen Gill
3029:Jayati Ghosh
2935:Earth system
2801:Human rights
2741:Water crisis
2638:early modern
2451:
2429:
2414:
2407:
2385:
2376:
2369:
2363:
2359:
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2274:
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2233:
2223:
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2203:
2193:
2184:
2177:
2156:. Retrieved
2149:
2140:
2128:
2122:. p. 2.
2115:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2091:(Dec. 1977).
2088:
2083:
2056:
2050:
2023:
2017:
2006:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1962:
1956:
1937:
1931:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:the original
1911:
1902:
1891:. Retrieved
1882:
1859:. Retrieved
1857:. 2017-08-01
1854:
1825:
1821:
1767:
1763:
1720:
1709:
1698:. Retrieved
1694:
1674:
1669:
1658:. Retrieved
1653:
1644:
1633:. Retrieved
1628:
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1604:
1594:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:
1570:
1559:. Retrieved
1556:Investopedia
1555:
1545:
1537:the original
1527:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1483:. Retrieved
1476:the original
1471:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:the original
1417:
1408:
1402:
1383:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1356:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1335:
1325:
1314:
1309:
1299:, retrieved
1277:
1250:
1245:
1233:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1206:
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1182:
1177:
1169:
1164:
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1082:. Retrieved
1075:
1066:
1052:
1032:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1006:
954:World portal
901:
896:
889:unemployment
877:human rights
870:
865:Sanjaya Lall
863:
837:
818:
813:
802:
798:
791:system in a
782:
770:
752:
732:
715:
711:
692:
670:
662:
655:
636:
621:
613:
572:subsidiaries
565:
554:
535:
533:
526:
514:
504:Engaging in
482:
454:
442:
434:
425:
421:
417:
413:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
373:(Malaysia).
347:Saudi Aramco
323:
319:
311:
237:
233:
206:Cecil Rhodes
202:South Africa
171:
151:
120:
93:
87:
80:
76:
72:organization
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
29:
3287:Naomi Klein
3169:Ulrich Beck
3144:Politics /
3134:Robert Wade
3124:Ronen Palan
3114:Peter Gowan
3064:Amartya Sen
3054:Dani Rodrik
3004:David Autor
2930:Development
2811:Imperialism
2759:Brain drain
1336:The Tribune
789:free market
677:tax evasion
542:demographic
473:Toyota City
107:Colonialism
98:companies.
3346:Categories
3229:Paul Hirst
3224:David Held
3089:Samir Amin
3079:Political
3014:Ravi Batra
2955:history of
2950:ecological
2925:Dependency
2873:Offshoring
2836:scientific
2826:linguistic
2791:Fair trade
2771:Care drain
2724:Tax havens
2719:Population
2628:History of
1922:2018-11-25
1893:2018-11-25
1861:2019-06-22
1700:2018-11-25
1660:2019-05-12
1635:2019-05-12
1610:2019-05-12
1585:2019-05-12
1561:2019-05-12
1500:2 February
1485:2 February
1301:2024-04-24
1126:1765/32952
998:References
885:inequality
793:globalized
353:(Russia),
296:ExxonMobil
294:, part of
111:See also:
3254:John Urry
3146:sociology
2996:Economics
2900:World war
2623:Globality
2591:education
2075:272997700
2042:272997700
2009:(63): 68.
1834:0364-9490
1800:155113053
1784:0008-1256
1472:Gary 2004
1433:3 January
1143:154592596
1135:0022-0507
1084:18 August
850:Criticism
493:exporting
489:Importing
367:Petrobras
178:Melbourne
3319:Category
2988:scholars
2913:Theories
2821:cultural
2816:academic
2520:Journals
2417:(2006).
1887:Archived
1792:41166696
1341:23 April
1234:Daedalus
926:See also
899:(1977).
807:and the
648:status.
438:palm oil
371:Petronas
290:, later
272:Gulf Oil
214:De Beers
198:diamonds
186:iron ore
182:aluminum
3081:economy
2986:Notable
2764:reverse
2692:Disease
2633:archaic
2544:Aspects
2535:Studies
2530:Outline
2438:2147271
2390:(1964).
2372:(1970)
2309:excerpt
2307:(2015)
2293:(1995).
2270:(2000).
2252:3113634
2218:excerpt
2216:(2003)
2208:excerpt
2206:(2010)
2198:excerpt
2189:(2005).
2158:23 June
1496:. Slate
1317:(1975)
582:centre;
521:R&D
351:Gazprom
266:Chevron
194:uranium
102:History
2841:social
2672:Global
2664:Issues
2456:online
2436:
2421:
2379:(1974)
2284:(1987)
2277:(2008)
2261:(2005)
2250:
2238:online
2180:(1991)
2073:
2063:
2040:
2030:
1969:
1944:
1832:
1798:
1790:
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1319:online
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1133:
1040:
891:, and
469:Toyota
278:Texaco
196:, and
190:copper
168:Mining
2831:media
2751:Other
2434:JSTOR
2248:JSTOR
2007:Arena
1796:S2CID
1788:JSTOR
1479:(PDF)
1468:(PDF)
1139:S2CID
873:ethos
477:Japan
363:PDVSA
306:Mobil
292:Exxon
66:, or
2419:ISBN
2160:2018
2071:OCLC
2061:ISBN
2038:OCLC
2028:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1830:ISSN
1780:ISSN
1734:ISBN
1654:ECFR
1502:2016
1487:2016
1435:2019
1388:ISBN
1343:2017
1290:ISBN
1131:ISSN
1086:2018
1038:ISBN
858:and
787:and
706:and
644:and
491:and
343:OPEC
288:Esso
228:and
212:and
115:and
2317:".
1772:doi
1726:doi
1282:doi
1121:hdl
1113:doi
879:or
445:SKF
220:Oil
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60:TNC
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52:TNE
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44:MNE
36:MNC
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