58:
817:
3516:
829:
934:
system used throughout the world. In this system, money is created whenever a bank gives out a new loan. This is because the loan, when drawn on and spent, mostly finishes up as a deposit back in the banking system and is counted as part of money supply. After putting aside a part of these deposits
1048:
for the inspiration behind his seminal 1939 contribution. The original
Samuelson multiplier-accelerator model (or, as he belatedly baptised it, the "Hansen-Samuelson" model) relies on a multiplier mechanism that is based on a simple Keynesian consumption function with a Robertsonian lag:
3331:
3217:
2029:
3118:
1518:
3543:
school of economics is credited as the "first precise formulation" of interdependent systems in economics and the origin of multiplier theory. In the tableau Ă©conomique, one sees variables in one period (time
2160:
1679:
2987:
1280:
2363:
2557:
1371:
2268:
3035:
2936:
2448:
3223:
1872:
1804:
1112:
3124:
2740:
2797:, it is impossible to calculate the effect of deficit-financed government spending on demand without specifying how people expect the deficit to be paid off in the future.
1174:
3444:
3408:
3372:
2789:
1285:
The first part is autonomous investment, the second is investment induced by interest rates and the final part is investment induced by changes in consumption demand (the "
1289:" principle). It is assumed that b > 0. As we are concentrating on the income-expenditure side, let us assume I(r) = 0 (or alternatively, constant interest), so that:
1560:
1742:
2667:
2639:
2611:
2584:
2478:
2190:
1709:
3046:
774:
859:
1880:
3464:
variables change in the short run, given a change in one or more exogenous variables. The comparative statics method is an application of the
2793:
Opponents of
Keynesianism have sometimes argued that Keynesian multiplier calculations are misleading; for example, according to the theory of
949:
The multiplier may vary across countries, and will also vary depending on what measures of money are being considered. For example, consider
1382:
954:
950:
4798:
4754:
1000:
is 1.5. Other types of fiscal multipliers can also be calculated, like multipliers that describe the effects of changing taxes (such as
2942:
2044:
1568:
1183:). Here, t is the tax rate and m is the ratio of imports to GDP. Investment, in turn, is assumed to be composed of three parts:
942:, the balance is available for the making of further loans by the bank. This process continues multiple times, and is called the
2993:
2894:
393:
169:
3666:
852:
3802:
3725:
3487:+2, and so forth. A graph showing the impact on some endogenous variable, over time (that is, the multipliers for times
1189:
530:
378:
17:
2276:
3654:
3414:
3378:
3342:
2483:
471:
1295:
3471:
Dynamic multipliers can also be calculated. That is, one can ask how a change in some exogenous variable in year
2195:
845:
4236:
2374:
1180:
992:
For example, if an increase in German government spending by €100, with no change in tax rates, causes German
4206:
4196:
3889:
576:
383:
4417:
1809:
4823:
4356:
4329:
2670:
1017:
976:
515:
503:
1747:
1055:
4783:
4764:
4341:
4186:
4152:
4137:
4116:
4111:
405:
235:
159:
87:
2679:
4758:
4334:
4024:
4014:
931:
525:
508:
388:
3904:
3677:
3465:
410:
1118:
4788:
4734:
4477:
4432:
4271:
4142:
4019:
3603:
3556:
2748:
599:
564:
400:
4492:
4442:
4276:
4266:
4256:
4246:
3984:
3974:
3934:
3924:
3797:
3718:
3681:
3593:
3326:{\displaystyle \Delta Y={c \over s+m}\cdot \Delta (-T)+{1 \over s+m}(\Delta I+\Delta G+\Delta X)}
569:
491:
486:
458:
41:
4612:
4457:
4317:
4260:
4216:
4179:
3929:
3869:
3844:
3814:
3787:
3598:
3461:
1526:
801:
552:
368:
363:
315:
174:
3696:
3692:
4744:
4427:
4402:
4387:
4361:
4300:
3979:
3919:
3899:
3894:
3576:
2846:
2794:
1714:
641:
616:
520:
453:
179:
142:
120:
115:
3532:
3520:
4793:
4497:
4241:
4211:
4164:
4127:
4053:
4004:
3969:
3909:
3874:
3809:
3792:
3504:
3212:{\displaystyle \Delta Y={s \over s+m}\cdot \Delta G+{1 \over s+m}\cdot (\Delta I+\Delta X)}
2645:
2617:
2589:
2562:
2456:
2168:
1687:
936:
559:
373:
218:
3742:
8:
4723:
4532:
4351:
4251:
4231:
4191:
4147:
4132:
4088:
4029:
3954:
3944:
3914:
3837:
3457:
2165:
The solution to this system then becomes elementary. The equilibrium level of Y (call it
2035:
1022:
881:
769:
646:
481:
443:
184:
147:
31:
4392:
3824:
3634:
3536:
3524:
606:
4778:
4749:
4707:
4512:
4221:
4201:
4169:
4083:
4078:
4058:
4009:
3949:
3939:
3884:
3879:
3711:
3588:
3552:+1), and a constant rate of flow yields geometric series, which computes a multiplier.
2855:
1286:
885:
721:
448:
415:
353:
4642:
4617:
4527:
4407:
4295:
4098:
4034:
3999:
3989:
3859:
970:
796:
784:
741:
586:
581:
305:
230:
4567:
656:
4692:
4637:
4622:
4607:
4592:
4522:
4502:
4482:
4437:
4044:
3994:
3964:
3959:
3849:
3775:
3564:
3500:
1026:
1005:
731:
716:
242:
213:
201:
191:
127:
107:
77:
72:
4572:
3503:
The general method for calculating impulse response functions is sometimes called
4803:
4697:
4662:
4627:
4562:
4487:
4472:
4366:
4322:
4159:
4093:
4068:
4063:
4039:
3770:
3755:
3669:
3665:
The
Economic record, by the Economic Society of Australia and New Zealand, 1962,
3650:
3568:
1376:
Now, assuming away government and foreign sector, aggregate demand at time t is:
958:
833:
736:
696:
676:
542:
343:
338:
333:
300:
272:
132:
4717:
4702:
4667:
4652:
4632:
4602:
4422:
4073:
3782:
3750:
1041:
924:
873:
791:
706:
701:
358:
208:
164:
82:
57:
49:
4452:
3567:, and others, following earlier work in the 1890s by the Australian economist
626:
4817:
4682:
4672:
4647:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4557:
4547:
4517:
4507:
4412:
4312:
4285:
4049:
982:
939:
726:
711:
686:
671:
666:
661:
636:
631:
295:
257:
154:
4712:
4657:
4552:
4542:
4537:
4462:
4307:
3832:
3760:
3572:
2024:{\displaystyle Y_{t}=C_{0}+I_{0}+cY_{t-1}+b(C_{0}+cY_{t-1}-C_{0}-cY_{t-2})}
1045:
1001:
821:
746:
691:
651:
438:
310:
277:
267:
225:
102:
97:
4687:
4677:
4467:
4346:
4290:
3765:
3540:
2825:
751:
262:
247:
3113:{\displaystyle \Delta Y={1 \over s+m}\cdot (\Delta I+\Delta G+\Delta X)}
4597:
4397:
4174:
957:
as a measure of the U.S. monetary base. If a $ 1 increase in M0 by the
681:
611:
547:
498:
2480:
is also easy to determine. Namely, we know that it will have the form
1037:
shifts left or right in response to an exogenous change in spending.)
4447:
4377:
3734:
1513:{\displaystyle Ytd=C_{t}+I_{t}=C_{0}+I_{0}+cY_{t-1}+b(C_{t}-C_{t-1})}
779:
621:
252:
137:
92:
4226:
3555:
The modern theory of the multiplier was developed in the 1930s, by
3456:
The general method for calculating short-run multipliers is called
1179:
so present consumption is a function of past income (with c as the
3515:
1025:
economists often calculate multipliers that measure the effect on
2673:(characteristic roots) of the following characteristic equation:
2805:
The three most known multiplier formula are as depicted, where:
961:
causes M2 to increase by $ 10, then the money multiplier is 10.
3560:
3460:. That is, comparative statics calculates how much one or more
828:
3682:
http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2000/pdf/rdp2000-04.pdf
1034:
1011:
420:
196:
3703:
2155:{\displaystyle Y_{t}-(1+b)cY_{t-1}+bcY_{t-2}=(C_{0}+I_{0})}
1674:{\displaystyle Y_{t}=C_{0}+I_{0}+cY_{t-1}+b(C_{t}-C_{t-1})}
993:
986:
880:
is a factor of proportionality that measures how much an
2800:
981:
Multipliers can be calculated to analyze the effects of
2192:, the particular solution) is easily solved by letting
2034:
or, rearranging and rewriting as a second order linear
923:
Two multipliers are commonly discussed in introductory
3417:
3381:
3345:
3226:
3127:
3049:
2996:
2945:
2897:
2751:
2682:
2648:
2620:
2592:
2565:
2486:
2459:
2377:
2279:
2198:
2171:
2047:
1883:
1812:
1750:
1717:
1690:
1571:
1529:
1385:
1298:
1192:
1121:
1058:
930:
Commercial banks create money, especially under the
3548:) feeding into variables in the next period (time
3519:Illustration of the original visualisation of the
3438:
3402:
3366:
3325:
3211:
3112:
3029:
2981:
2930:
2783:
2734:
2661:
2633:
2605:
2578:
2551:
2472:
2442:
2357:
2262:
2184:
2154:
2023:
1866:
1798:
1736:
1703:
1673:
1554:
1512:
1365:
1274:
1168:
1106:
2982:{\displaystyle \Delta G>0\ ;\Delta G=\Delta T}
1275:{\displaystyle I_{t}=I_{0}+I(r)+b(C_{t}-C_{t-1})}
4815:
3625:, Chapter 1, page 2. Princeton University Press.
2613:are arbitrary constants to be defined and where
2881:Fiscal multiplier driven by an increase in tax
2358:{\displaystyle (1-c-bc+bc)Y_{p}=(C_{0}+I_{0})}
34:, a mathematical tool often used in economics.
3719:
2552:{\displaystyle Y_{c}=A_{1}r_{1}t+A_{2}r_{2}t}
985:, or other exogenous changes in spending, on
853:
1366:{\displaystyle I_{t}=I_{0}+b(C_{t}-C_{t-1})}
2263:{\displaystyle Y_{t}=Y_{t-1}=Y_{t-2}=Y_{p}}
953:as a measure of the U.S. money supply, and
3726:
3712:
3030:{\displaystyle \Delta T<0\ ;\Delta G=0}
2931:{\displaystyle \Delta G>0\ ;\Delta T=0}
1874:respectively, then substituting these in:
1012:Keynesian and Hansen–Samuelson multipliers
860:
846:
3539:(1758), which laid the foundation of the
2443:{\displaystyle Y_{p}=(C_{0}+I_{0})/(1-c)}
3639:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3514:
2745:Thus, the entire solution is written as
884:changes in response to a change in some
3693:The origins of the Keynesian revolution
14:
4816:
1867:{\displaystyle C_{t-1}=C_{0}+cY_{t-2}}
1523:assuming goods market equilibrium (so
170:Measures of national income and output
3707:
3637:(2008), 'Impulse response function'.
3475:affects endogenous variables in year
2884:Fiscal multiplier driven by tax cuts
2801:Multiplier formula in an open economy
964:
899:units, which causes another variable
3575:, and the German-American economist
1799:{\displaystyle C_{t}=C_{0}+cY_{t-1}}
1107:{\displaystyle C_{t}=C_{0}+cY_{t-1}}
3803:Agent-based computational economics
2863:for [[Marginal propensity to import
24:
3314:
3305:
3296:
3257:
3227:
3200:
3191:
3158:
3128:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3050:
3015:
2997:
2973:
2964:
2946:
2916:
2898:
2735:{\displaystyle r^{2}-(1+b)cr+bc=0}
25:
4835:
3451:
2889:The multiplier's characteristics
4261:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
1029:only. (To be precise, the usual
827:
815:
56:
2871:Multipliers in an open economy
3686:
3659:
3644:
3628:
3615:
3320:
3293:
3269:
3260:
3206:
3188:
3107:
3080:
2812:stands for government spending
2708:
2696:
2437:
2425:
2417:
2391:
2352:
2326:
2310:
2280:
2149:
2123:
2073:
2061:
2018:
1948:
1668:
1636:
1507:
1475:
1360:
1328:
1269:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1181:marginal propensity to consume
1169:{\displaystyle 1/(1-c(1-t)+m)}
1163:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1033:formulas measure how much the
996:to increase by €150, then the
918:
911:units. Then the multiplier is
891:For example, suppose variable
775:Publications in macroeconomics
13:
1:
4197:Critique of political economy
3733:
3609:
3439:{\displaystyle {c \over s+m}}
3403:{\displaystyle {s \over s+m}}
3367:{\displaystyle {1 \over s+m}}
2784:{\displaystyle Y=Y_{c}+Y_{p}}
3695:, by Robert William Dimand,
2453:The complementary function,
1018:Multiplier-accelerator model
977:Transfer payments multiplier
30:Not to be confused with the
7:
3582:
10:
4840:
4335:Real business-cycle theory
3653:, by Hugo Hegeland, 1954,
3510:
3501:impulse-response function.
1684:But we know the values of
1015:
974:
968:
932:fractional-reserve banking
526:New neoclassical synthesis
509:Real business-cycle theory
29:
4775:
4733:
4375:
4109:
3858:
3823:
3741:
3678:Reserve Bank of Australia
3466:implicit function theorem
1555:{\displaystyle Y_{t}=Ytd}
3604:Social Multiplier Effect
3499:+2, etc.), is called an
2867:|propensity to import]]
1562:), then in equilibrium:
531:Saltwater and freshwater
3975:Industrial organization
3798:Computational economics
3621:James Hamilton (1994),
3594:Local multiplier effect
3571:, the Danish economist
1737:{\displaystyle C_{t-1}}
459:International economics
384:Overlapping generations
4180:Modern monetary theory
3845:Experimental economics
3815:Pluralism in economics
3788:Mathematical economics
3599:Multiplier uncertainty
3528:
3440:
3404:
3368:
3327:
3213:
3114:
3031:
2983:
2932:
2833:for private investment
2785:
2736:
2663:
2635:
2607:
2580:
2553:
2474:
2444:
2359:
2264:
2186:
2156:
2025:
1868:
1800:
1738:
1705:
1675:
1556:
1514:
1367:
1276:
1170:
1108:
802:Mathematical economics
553:Modern monetary theory
316:Universal basic income
27:A concept in economics
3651:The multiplier theory
3577:N. A. J. L. Johannsen
3518:
3441:
3405:
3369:
3328:
3214:
3115:
3032:
2984:
2933:
2878:Keynesian multiplier
2847:propensity to consume
2795:Ricardian equivalence
2786:
2737:
2664:
2662:{\displaystyle r_{2}}
2636:
2634:{\displaystyle r_{1}}
2608:
2606:{\displaystyle A_{2}}
2581:
2579:{\displaystyle A_{1}}
2554:
2475:
2473:{\displaystyle Y_{c}}
2445:
2360:
2265:
2187:
2185:{\displaystyle Y_{p}}
2157:
2026:
1869:
1801:
1739:
1706:
1704:{\displaystyle C_{t}}
1676:
1557:
1515:
1368:
1277:
1171:
1109:
642:Wesley Clair Mitchell
617:Thomas Robert Malthus
454:Development economics
4054:Social choice theory
3810:Behavioral economics
3793:Complexity economics
3680:, 2000, pages 34-7.
3674:Keynes and Australia
3623:Time Series Analysis
3535:(Economic Table) of
3505:comparative dynamics
3415:
3379:
3343:
3224:
3125:
3047:
2994:
2943:
2895:
2749:
2680:
2646:
2618:
2590:
2563:
2484:
2457:
2375:
2277:
2196:
2169:
2045:
1881:
1810:
1748:
1715:
1688:
1569:
1527:
1383:
1296:
1190:
1119:
1056:
1031:Keynesian multiplier
379:Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans
219:Liquidity preference
4824:Keynesian economics
4138:American (National)
3838:Economic statistics
3458:comparative statics
2872:
2036:difference equation
1040:American Economist
998:spending multiplier
882:endogenous variable
834:Business portal
770:Macroeconomic model
647:John Maynard Keynes
444:Economic statistics
389:General equilibrium
32:Lagrange multiplier
3589:Complex multiplier
3533:Tableau Ă©conomique
3529:
3521:tableau Ă©conomique
3436:
3400:
3364:
3323:
3209:
3110:
3027:
2979:
2928:
2870:
2856:propensity to save
2781:
2732:
2659:
2631:
2603:
2576:
2549:
2470:
2440:
2355:
2260:
2182:
2152:
2021:
1864:
1796:
1734:
1701:
1671:
1552:
1510:
1363:
1272:
1166:
1104:
1006:proportional taxes
965:Fiscal multipliers
886:exogenous variable
722:Edward C. Prescott
449:Monetary economics
4811:
4810:
4342:New institutional
3449:
3448:
3434:
3398:
3362:
3337:Multiplier given
3291:
3252:
3183:
3153:
3075:
3011:
2960:
2912:
971:Fiscal multiplier
944:multiplier effect
870:
869:
797:Political economy
752:N. Gregory Mankiw
742:Thomas J. Sargent
587:Market monetarism
401:Endogenous growth
231:National accounts
18:Multiplier effect
16:(Redirected from
4831:
4015:Natural resource
3850:Economic history
3776:Mechanism design
3728:
3721:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3690:
3684:
3663:
3657:
3648:
3642:
3635:Helmut LĂĽtkepohl
3632:
3626:
3619:
3537:François Quesnay
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3347:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3292:
3290:
3276:
3253:
3251:
3237:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3184:
3182:
3168:
3154:
3152:
3138:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3076:
3074:
3060:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3009:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2958:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2910:
2873:
2869:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2767:
2766:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2692:
2691:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2496:
2495:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2387:
2386:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2322:
2321:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2246:
2245:
2227:
2226:
2208:
2207:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2135:
2134:
2119:
2118:
2094:
2093:
2057:
2056:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2016:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1960:
1959:
1941:
1940:
1919:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1892:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1841:
1840:
1828:
1827:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1773:
1772:
1760:
1759:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1648:
1647:
1629:
1628:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1581:
1580:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1539:
1538:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1487:
1486:
1468:
1467:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1340:
1339:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1249:
1248:
1215:
1214:
1202:
1201:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1129:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1081:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1027:aggregate demand
987:aggregate output
862:
855:
848:
832:
831:
822:Money portal
820:
819:
818:
732:William Nordhaus
717:Robert Lucas Jr.
607:François Quesnay
243:Nominal rigidity
214:Demand for money
192:Microfoundations
128:Financial crisis
108:Effective demand
78:Aggregate supply
73:Aggregate demand
60:
37:
36:
21:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4804:Business portal
4771:
4770:
4769:
4729:
4493:von Böhm-Bawerk
4381:
4380:
4371:
4143:Ancient thought
4121:
4120:
4114:
4105:
4104:
4103:
3854:
3819:
3771:Contract theory
3756:Decision theory
3737:
3732:
3702:
3691:
3687:
3670:Donald Markwell
3664:
3660:
3649:
3645:
3633:
3629:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3585:
3569:Alfred De Lissa
3513:
3454:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3280:
3275:
3241:
3236:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3172:
3167:
3142:
3137:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3064:
3059:
3048:
3045:
3044:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2803:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2420:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2394:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2329:
2317:
2313:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2254:
2250:
2235:
2231:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2126:
2108:
2104:
2083:
2079:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2006:
2002:
1990:
1986:
1971:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1930:
1926:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1852:
1848:
1836:
1832:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1784:
1780:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1618:
1614:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1457:
1453:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1092:
1088:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1020:
1014:
979:
973:
967:
959:Federal Reserve
921:
866:
826:
816:
814:
807:
806:
765:
757:
756:
737:Joseph Stiglitz
697:Milton Friedman
677:Friedrich Hayek
602:
592:
591:
474:
464:
463:
434:
426:
425:
411:Mundell–Fleming
406:Matching theory
344:Keynesian cross
329:
321:
320:
291:
283:
282:
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4837:
4827:
4826:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4264:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4207:Disequilibrium
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4020:Organizational
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3783:Macroeconomics
3780:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3751:Microeconomics
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3701:
3700:
3685:
3658:
3643:
3627:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3512:
3509:
3453:
3452:General method
3450:
3447:
3446:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3410:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3374:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3219:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3120:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2989:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2938:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2819:
2813:
2802:
2799:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2743:
2742:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2656:
2652:
2628:
2624:
2600:
2596:
2573:
2569:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2467:
2463:
2451:
2450:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2366:
2365:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2179:
2175:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2032:
2031:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1698:
1694:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1521:
1520:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1283:
1282:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1177:
1176:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1042:Paul Samuelson
1016:Main article:
1013:
1010:
1002:lump-sum taxes
969:Main article:
966:
963:
925:macroeconomics
920:
917:
874:macroeconomics
868:
867:
865:
864:
857:
850:
842:
839:
838:
837:
836:
824:
809:
808:
805:
804:
799:
794:
792:Microeconomics
789:
788:
787:
777:
772:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
707:Lawrence Klein
704:
702:Paul Samuelson
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
657:Michał Kalecki
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
603:
598:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
584:
579:
577:Disequilibrium
574:
573:
572:
565:Post-Keynesian
562:
557:
556:
555:
545:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
512:
511:
501:
496:
495:
494:
489:
475:
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
435:
433:Related fields
432:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
397:
396:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
359:Phillips curve
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
239:
238:
228:
223:
222:
221:
211:
209:Money creation
206:
205:
204:
194:
189:
188:
187:
182:
177:
167:
165:Liquidity trap
162:
157:
152:
151:
150:
145:
135:
130:
125:
124:
123:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
83:Business cycle
80:
75:
69:
67:Basic concepts
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
50:Macroeconomics
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4836:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:de Mandeville
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4330:New classical
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:Malthusianism
4284:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Institutional
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4050:Public choice
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Participation
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Institutional
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:Expeditionary
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:Environmental
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
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3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3851:
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3843:
3839:
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3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
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3752:
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3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3411:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3375:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3220:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3121:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3053:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2990:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2939:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2654:
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2641:
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2622:
2598:
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2571:
2567:
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2537:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2497:
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2488:
2465:
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2412:
2408:
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2399:
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2379:
2371:
2370:
2369:
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2330:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
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2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2177:
2173:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1696:
1692:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
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1586:
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1577:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
983:fiscal policy
978:
972:
962:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
940:bank reserves
938:
933:
928:
926:
916:
914:
910:
906:
903:to change by
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
863:
858:
856:
851:
849:
844:
843:
841:
840:
835:
830:
825:
823:
813:
812:
811:
810:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
786:
783:
782:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
761:
760:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
727:Peter Diamond
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
712:Edmund Phelps
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
687:Richard Stone
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
672:Joan Robinson
670:
668:
667:Simon Kuznets
665:
663:
662:Gunnar Myrdal
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
637:Irving Fisher
635:
633:
632:Knut Wicksell
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
601:
596:
595:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
561:
558:
554:
551:
550:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
538:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
510:
507:
506:
505:
504:New classical
502:
500:
497:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
479:
478:
473:
468:
467:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
430:
429:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
395:
392:
391:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
325:
324:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
287:
286:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:Shrinkflation
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
227:
224:
220:
217:
216:
215:
212:
210:
207:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
193:
190:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
155:Interest rate
153:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
112:Expectations
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4799:Publications
4755:Publications
4722:
4318:Neoclassical
4308:Mercantilism
4217:Evolutionary
4079:Sociological
4052: /
3950:Geographical
3930:Evolutionary
3905:Digitization
3870:Agricultural
3833:Econometrics
3761:Price theory
3688:
3673:
3661:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3617:
3573:Julius Wulff
3554:
3549:
3545:
3530:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3483:+1, in year
3480:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3455:
2866:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2821:
2818:for taxation
2815:
2809:
2804:
2792:
2744:
2669:are the two
2614:
2452:
2367:
2164:
2033:
1683:
1522:
1375:
1287:acceleration
1284:
1178:
1046:Alvin Hansen
1039:
1030:
1021:
997:
991:
980:
948:
943:
929:
922:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
890:
877:
871:
747:Paul Krugman
692:Hyman Minsky
652:Alvin Hansen
536:
535:
476:
439:Econometrics
416:Overshooting
369:Harrod–Domar
364:Arrow–Debreu
348:
311:Central bank
278:Unemployment
268:Supply shock
226:Money supply
103:Disinflation
98:Demand shock
4593:von Neumann
4362:Supply-side
4347:Physiocracy
4291:Marginalism
3980:Information
3920:Engineering
3900:Development
3895:Demographic
3766:Game theory
3743:Theoretical
2839:for exports
2826:nominal GDP
2671:eigenvalues
1744:are merely
919:Common uses
895:changes by
627:LĂ©on Walras
521:Supply-side
354:Accelerator
263:Stagflation
248:Price level
143:Demand-pull
4750:Economists
4623:Schumacher
4528:Schumpeter
4498:von Wieser
4418:von ThĂĽnen
4378:Economists
4277:Circuitism
4242:Humanistic
4237:Historical
4212:Ecological
4202:Democratic
4175:Chartalism
4165:Behavioral
4128:Mainstream
4089:Statistics
4084:Solidarity
4005:Managerial
3970:Humanistic
3965:Historical
3910:Ecological
3875:Behavioral
3641:, 2nd. ed.
3610:References
3541:Physiocrat
3479:, in year
3462:endogenous
975:See also:
878:multiplier
682:John Hicks
612:Adam Smith
570:Circuitism
560:Ecological
548:Chartalism
499:Monetarism
477:Mainstream
374:Solow–Swan
349:Multiplier
306:Commercial
202:Endogenous
160:Investment
4668:Greenspan
4633:Samuelson
4613:Galbraith
4583:Tinbergen
4523:von Mises
4518:Heckscher
4478:Edgeworth
4357:Stockholm
4352:Socialist
4252:Keynesian
4232:Happiness
4192:Classical
4153:Mutualism
4148:Anarchist
4133:Heterodox
4030:Personnel
3990:Knowledge
3955:Happiness
3945:Financial
3915:Education
3890:Democracy
3825:Empirical
3735:Economics
3315:Δ
3306:Δ
3297:Δ
3264:−
3258:Δ
3255:⋅
3228:Δ
3201:Δ
3192:Δ
3186:⋅
3159:Δ
3156:⋅
3129:Δ
3102:Δ
3093:Δ
3084:Δ
3078:⋅
3051:Δ
3016:Δ
2998:Δ
2974:Δ
2965:Δ
2947:Δ
2917:Δ
2899:Δ
2694:−
2432:−
2293:−
2287:−
2240:−
2221:−
2113:−
2088:−
2059:−
2011:−
1997:−
1984:−
1976:−
1935:−
1857:−
1822:−
1789:−
1727:−
1661:−
1650:−
1623:−
1500:−
1489:−
1462:−
1353:−
1342:−
1262:−
1251:−
1149:−
1137:−
1097:−
1044:credited
1023:Keynesian
780:Economics
622:Karl Marx
537:Heterodox
516:Stockholm
482:Keynesian
253:Recession
148:Cost-push
138:Inflation
93:Deflation
4818:Category
4779:Category
4759:journals
4745:Glossary
4698:Stiglitz
4663:Rothbard
4643:Buchanan
4628:Friedman
4618:Koopmans
4608:Leontief
4588:Robinson
4473:Marshall
4323:Lausanne
4227:Georgism
4222:Feminist
4170:Buddhist
4160:Austrian
4059:Regional
4035:Planning
4010:Monetary
3940:Feminist
3885:Cultural
3880:Business
3583:See also
3041:Formula
1035:IS curve
937:mandated
764:See also
543:Austrian
301:Monetary
290:Policies
121:Rational
116:Adaptive
42:a series
40:Part of
4794:Outline
4765:Schools
4757: (
4718:Piketty
4713:Krugman
4578:Kuznets
4568:Kalecki
4543:Polanyi
4433:Cournot
4428:Bastiat
4413:Ricardo
4403:Malthus
4393:Quesnay
4296:Marxian
4187:Chicago
4117:history
4112:Schools
4099:Welfare
4069:Service
3860:Applied
3525:Quesnay
3511:History
907:×
785:Applied
582:Marxian
472:Schools
4703:Thaler
4683:Ostrom
4678:Becker
4673:Sowell
4653:Baumol
4558:Myrdal
4553:Sraffa
4548:Frisch
4538:Knight
4533:Keynes
4508:Fisher
4503:Veblen
4488:Pareto
4468:Menger
4463:George
4458:Jevons
4453:Walras
4443:Gossen
4367:Thermo
4045:Public
4040:Policy
3995:Labour
3960:Health
3697:p. 117
3565:Giblin
3561:Keynes
3527:, 1758
3010:
2959:
2911:
2559:where
2270:, or:
600:People
328:Models
296:Fiscal
273:Saving
133:Growth
4789:Lists
4784:Index
4735:Lists
4708:Hoppe
4693:Lucas
4658:Solow
4648:Arrow
4638:Simon
4603:Lange
4598:Hicks
4573:Röpke
4563:Hayek
4513:Pigou
4483:Clark
4398:Smith
4313:Mixed
4272:Post-
4094:Urban
4074:Socio
4064:Rural
3667:p. 74
421:NAIRU
339:AD–AS
334:IS–LM
197:Money
4724:more
4448:Marx
4438:Mill
4423:List
4301:Neo-
4257:Neo-
3655:p. 1
3557:Kahn
3531:The
3495:+1,
3004:<
2953:>
2905:>
2854:for
2845:for
2824:for
2642:and
2586:and
2368:so:
1806:and
1711:and
876:, a
487:Neo-
394:DSGE
88:CAGR
4688:Sen
4408:Say
4267:New
4000:Law
3523:by
1008:).
1004:or
994:GDP
935:as
872:In
492:New
236:SNA
185:NNI
180:GNI
175:GDP
4820::
3676:,
3672:,
3579:.
3563:,
3559:,
3507:.
3491:,
3468:.
2038::
989:.
955:M0
951:M2
946:.
927:.
915:.
888:.
44:on
4761:)
4263:)
4259:(
4119:)
4115:(
3727:e
3720:t
3713:v
3550:t
3546:t
3497:t
3493:t
3489:t
3485:t
3481:t
3477:t
3473:t
3431:m
3428:+
3425:s
3421:c
3395:m
3392:+
3389:s
3385:s
3359:m
3356:+
3353:s
3349:1
3321:)
3318:X
3312:+
3309:G
3303:+
3300:I
3294:(
3288:m
3285:+
3282:s
3278:1
3273:+
3270:)
3267:T
3261:(
3249:m
3246:+
3243:s
3239:c
3234:=
3231:Y
3207:)
3204:X
3198:+
3195:I
3189:(
3180:m
3177:+
3174:s
3170:1
3165:+
3162:G
3150:m
3147:+
3144:s
3140:s
3135:=
3132:Y
3108:)
3105:X
3099:+
3096:G
3090:+
3087:I
3081:(
3072:m
3069:+
3066:s
3062:1
3057:=
3054:Y
3025:0
3022:=
3019:G
3013:;
3007:0
3001:T
2977:T
2971:=
2968:G
2962:;
2956:0
2950:G
2926:0
2923:=
2920:T
2914:;
2908:0
2902:G
2861:m
2852:s
2843:c
2837:X
2831:I
2822:Y
2816:T
2810:G
2777:p
2773:Y
2769:+
2764:c
2760:Y
2756:=
2753:Y
2730:0
2727:=
2724:c
2721:b
2718:+
2715:r
2712:c
2709:)
2706:b
2703:+
2700:1
2697:(
2689:2
2685:r
2655:2
2651:r
2627:1
2623:r
2599:2
2595:A
2572:1
2568:A
2547:t
2542:2
2538:r
2532:2
2528:A
2524:+
2521:t
2516:1
2512:r
2506:1
2502:A
2498:=
2493:c
2489:Y
2466:c
2462:Y
2438:)
2435:c
2429:1
2426:(
2422:/
2418:)
2413:0
2409:I
2405:+
2400:0
2396:C
2392:(
2389:=
2384:p
2380:Y
2353:)
2348:0
2344:I
2340:+
2335:0
2331:C
2327:(
2324:=
2319:p
2315:Y
2311:)
2308:c
2305:b
2302:+
2299:c
2296:b
2290:c
2284:1
2281:(
2256:p
2252:Y
2248:=
2243:2
2237:t
2233:Y
2229:=
2224:1
2218:t
2214:Y
2210:=
2205:t
2201:Y
2178:p
2174:Y
2150:)
2145:0
2141:I
2137:+
2132:0
2128:C
2124:(
2121:=
2116:2
2110:t
2106:Y
2102:c
2099:b
2096:+
2091:1
2085:t
2081:Y
2077:c
2074:)
2071:b
2068:+
2065:1
2062:(
2054:t
2050:Y
2019:)
2014:2
2008:t
2004:Y
2000:c
1992:0
1988:C
1979:1
1973:t
1969:Y
1965:c
1962:+
1957:0
1953:C
1949:(
1946:b
1943:+
1938:1
1932:t
1928:Y
1924:c
1921:+
1916:0
1912:I
1908:+
1903:0
1899:C
1895:=
1890:t
1886:Y
1860:2
1854:t
1850:Y
1846:c
1843:+
1838:0
1834:C
1830:=
1825:1
1819:t
1815:C
1792:1
1786:t
1782:Y
1778:c
1775:+
1770:0
1766:C
1762:=
1757:t
1753:C
1730:1
1724:t
1720:C
1697:t
1693:C
1669:)
1664:1
1658:t
1654:C
1645:t
1641:C
1637:(
1634:b
1631:+
1626:1
1620:t
1616:Y
1612:c
1609:+
1604:0
1600:I
1596:+
1591:0
1587:C
1583:=
1578:t
1574:Y
1550:d
1547:t
1544:Y
1541:=
1536:t
1532:Y
1508:)
1503:1
1497:t
1493:C
1484:t
1480:C
1476:(
1473:b
1470:+
1465:1
1459:t
1455:Y
1451:c
1448:+
1443:0
1439:I
1435:+
1430:0
1426:C
1422:=
1417:t
1413:I
1409:+
1404:t
1400:C
1396:=
1393:d
1390:t
1387:Y
1361:)
1356:1
1350:t
1346:C
1337:t
1333:C
1329:(
1326:b
1323:+
1318:0
1314:I
1310:=
1305:t
1301:I
1270:)
1265:1
1259:t
1255:C
1246:t
1242:C
1238:(
1235:b
1232:+
1229:)
1226:r
1223:(
1220:I
1217:+
1212:0
1208:I
1204:=
1199:t
1195:I
1164:)
1161:m
1158:+
1155:)
1152:t
1146:1
1143:(
1140:c
1134:1
1131:(
1127:/
1123:1
1100:1
1094:t
1090:Y
1086:c
1083:+
1078:0
1074:C
1070:=
1065:t
1061:C
913:M
909:k
905:M
901:y
897:k
893:x
861:e
854:t
847:v
20:)
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