Multiracial Americans

3479: 986:, the rule delegated the racial classification of offspring produced by White male slave masters and female slaves to be slaves, failing to acknowledge the male parentage. Similarly laws were passed punishing free people of mixed heritage, the same as free black men and women, denying their basic rights. Voting, for example, which free blacks could and did do under French rule, were denied after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 within a few years time. About ten percent of the slave population, according to observers, looked to be white, but had known African ancestors. After the end of slavery most of these people disappeared into the white population simply by moving. Walter White, President of the NAACP in 1920 reported that passing for white from 1880 to 1920 involved about 400,000 descendents of slaves. See Helen Catterall, editor, Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro, 5 Volumes, 1935 and A Man Called White, autobiography by Walter White, first President of NAACP. 1917: 982:

of interracial unions fully inherit the social race classifications of both parents, regardless of the racial classification of the maternal parent. This advocacy countered what had been practiced in the United States since the early 1800s where a newborn's racial classification defaulted to that of their mother, which was by a variety of classifications differing from state to state over the past two centuries. In some states 3/4ths African ancestry determined African identity, in some it was more qualified, or less. The hypodescent or one-drop rule, meaning one African ancestor identified as black was adopted by Virginia in 1924. This one-drop rule was not adopted as law by South Carolina, Louisiana and other states where Creole were or had been slaveowners. White supremacist in effect practicing the one-drop rule during

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from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Sometimes these marriages were done for political reasons between a Native American tribe and the European traders. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what were called "country wives" among Native Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education. Early European colonists were predominately men and Native American women were at risk for rape or sexual harassment especially if they were enslaved.

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African-Americans who had married Native Americans or who spoke a Native American language. The primary exposure that Native Americans and Africans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Native Americans learned that Africans had what Native Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.

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identified individuals is plural racial identity is a choice and presents disingenuous motives against the more oppressed inherited racial identity. By the 1990s, as more multiracial identified students attended colleges and university, many were met with alienation from culturally and racially homogenous groups on campus. This common national trend saw the launch of many multi-racial campus organizations across the country. By the 2000s, these efforts for self-identification soon reached beyond educational institutions and into mainstream society.

548:, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of 1886: 637: 2435: 3199: 3793: 1929: 3214: 3916: 3352: 1779: 3255: 1437: 2462: 1695: 1672: 1975: 1733: 924: 2953:

with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites and therefore are less threatening to whites... hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.

3712: 2079:, the mixed race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man. 3954: 1561: 1752: 89: 140: 12991: 157: 123: 5000:{{quote="Wardle (1989) says that today, parents assume one of three positions as to the identity of their interracial children. Some insist that their child is 'human above all else' and that race or ethnicity is irrelevant, while others choose to raise their children with the identity of the parent of color. Another growing group of parents is insisting that the child have the ethnic, racial, cultural and genetic heritage of both parents."}} 3939: 2909: 8416:"There were large numbers of African Americans at that time and into the turn of the century was a means to gain opportunities in education," said Bickerstaff, who is now working on a book about the Hemmings family, tentatively titled Dark Beauty. "The country was under laws of segregation, and those families who had risen to that level of educational aspiration or economics were still excluded from most of the elite institutions." 106: 3812: 4173:, reinforcing a "white liberal's dream of inclusion and authenticity than an honest depiction of a multiracial character's experiences." Pak noted that "Wild Half Caste" and "Tragic Mulatto" characters possess little to no character development and that while many multiracial characters have appeared more frequently in films without reinforcing stereotypes, white filmmakers have mostly avoided addressing their ethnicities. 2558: 61: 47: 1530: 13001: 453:

native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by European colonists. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.

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deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms

2367:, defining as black persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a 4126:'s "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery. 500:, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the 1852:

family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African-Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Native Americans, because African-Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write and a majority of Native Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.

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create and maintain a self-identified multiracial community on campus. Multiracial people may identify more with each other, because "they share the experience of navigating campus life as multiracial people," (Renn, 1998) than with their component ethnic groups. Multiracial students of different ancestries have their own experiences in common.

9696:, out of the 281,421,906 people living in the U.S., 10,242,998 of them identified themselves as entirely of Asian race (3.6%). Additionally, there were 1,655,830 people who identified themselves as being part Asian and part one or more other races. Asian and Black/African American ... 106,782 ... 0.64% (percentage of total multiracial Asians) 4145:, an author of the post-Civil War era, explored stereotypes in his portrayal of multiracial characters in southern society in the postwar years. Even characters who had been free and possibly educated before the war had trouble making a place for themselves in the postwar years. His stories feature mixed-race characters with complex lives. 3622:, to describe any person of mixed American and Asian parentage, regardless of the circumstances. The term "wasian" is also common slang to describe the individuals. "Wasian" has gained popularity on online platforms like TikTok among younger audiences, where trends in the 2020s have increased the proliferation of the term. 8097:"Thus, while the West African contribution to an African American's ancestry averages about 80%, its range is wide (i.e., ~20–100%) (Shriver, et al. 2003). The genetic composition of self-identified European Americans also varies, with ~30% of self-identified European Americans estimated to have < 90% European ancestry." 5069:"Many monoracials do view a multiracial identity as a choice that denies loyalty to the oppressed racial group. We can see this issue enacted currently over the debate of the U.S. census to include a multiracial category— some oppressed monoracial groups believe this category would decrease their numbers and 'benefits." 405:

mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the

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Women with children, especially biracial children, have fewer chances for remarriage than childless women. And because the children of divorce tend to remain with mothers, becoming incorporated into new families when their mothers remarry, interracial children are more threatening markers of race and

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However, since several thousand blacks have been crossing the color line each year, millions of white Americans have relatively recent African ancestors (of the last 250 years). A statistical analysis done in 1958 estimated that 21 percent of the white population had some African ancestors. The study

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The proportion of acknowledged multiracial children in the United States is growing. Interracial partnerships are on the rise, as are transracial adoptions. In 1990, around 14% of 18- to 19-year-olds, 12% of 20- to 21-year-olds, and 7% of 34- to 35-year-olds were involved in interracial relationships

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and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back

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Billy Bowlegs III (1862–1965) This Seminole Indian elder and historian, said to be a descendant of African American intermarriage with the Seminole, adopted the name of the legendary resistance fighter Billy Bowlegs II (1810–64). The "patchwork" pattern covering his turban expresses the influence of

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wrote that while white filmmakers have used multiracial characters explore themes about race and racism, many of these characters created stereotypes that Pak described were: "Wild Half-Castes", "sexually destructive antagonists explicitly or implicitly perceived as unable to control the instinctive

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Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked

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Twenty percent of African-Americans have more than 25% European ancestry, reflecting the long history of unions between the groups. The "mostly African" group is substantially African, as 70% of African-Americans in this group have less than 15% European ancestry. The 20% of African Americans in the

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Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to

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changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of

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by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of

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Latinos of darker skin tones are noted as having limited media appearance; critics and Latinos of color have accused Latin American media of overlooking dark-skinned individuals in favor of those that are of lighter complexion, blonde-haired and blue/green-eyed – especially in regards to actors and

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were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of

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Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent

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This reaction is characterized as "historical irony" by Reginald Daniel (2002). The African-American self-designation had been a response to the one-drop rule, but then people resisted the chance to claim their multiple heritages. At the bottom was a desire not to lose political power of the larger

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and rapid integration of African-Americans into predominately European-American institutions and residential communities, it became more socially acceptable for White-identified women to date, marry and procreate children fathered by non-White men. This trend evolved a political push that offspring

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In 2010, 1.6 million Americans checked both "black" and "white" on their census forms, a figure 134% higher than the number a decade earlier. The number of interracial marriages and relationships, and transracial and international adoptions has increased the proportion of multiracial families.

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and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern

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Some Europeans living among Native Americans were called "White Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." European traders and trappers often married Native American women

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The researcher Paul Heinegg found that most families of free people of color in colonial times were founded from the unions of white women, whether free or indentured servants and African men, slave, indentured or free. In the early years, the working-class peoples lived and worked together. Their

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the sociologist Arthur Asa Berger got a copy of Herriman's birth certificate. Although Herriman died listed as Caucasian in 1944 in Los Angeles, he was classified as "colored" when born to two mixed race or Creole parents in New Orleans in 1880, which had legal segregation. In 1880 Herriman would

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white or nearly all white and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries

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admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.

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at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.

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In addition, many Native American women turned to African-American men due to the decline in the number of Native American men due to disease and warfare. Some Native American women bought African slaves but, unknown to European sellers, the women freed the African men and married them into their

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Sometimes people of mixed Native American and African-American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African-Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American

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was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African-Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African-Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Native American heritage as many

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By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the

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Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of

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Many students who called themselves 'half black/Asian/etc.' came to college in search of cultural knowledge but found themselves unwelcome in groups of peers that were 'whole' ethnicities.' (Renn, 1998) She found that as a result of this exclusion, many multiracial students expressed the need to

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The Afro-Asian population drastically increased by the 1950s, with a number of Afro-Asians born to African American fathers and Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Filipino mothers due to the large number of African Americans who enrolled in the military and developed relationships with Asian women

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By the 1980s, parents of mixed race children (and adults of mixed race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the

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Many free African-American families descended from unions between white women and African men in colonial Virginia. Their free descendants migrated to the frontier of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina in the 18th and 19th centuries. There were also similar free families in Delaware and

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Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land

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Given the variety of the familial and general social environments in which multiracial children are raised, along with the diversity of their appearance and heritage, generalizations about multiracial children's challenges or opportunities are not very useful. A 1989 article written by Charlotte

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The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five

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Being multiracial can still be problematic. Most constructions of race in America revolve around a peculiar institution known as the 'one-drop rule' ... The one-drop conceit shapes both racism—creating an arbitrary 'caste'—and the collective response against it. To identify as multiracial is to

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was passed and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally, discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers and set up

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Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic

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of children and of their parents in the same multiracial family may vary or be the same. Some multiracial children feel pressure from various sources to "choose" or to identify as a single racial identity. Others may feel pressure not to abandon one or more of their ethnicities, particularly if

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On census forms, the government depends on individuals' self-identification. Contemporary African-Americans possess varying degrees of admixture with European (and other) ancestry. They also have various degrees of Native American ancestry. In addition to being found to have 8% Asian and 19.6%

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have been used more frequently in society. It is still most common in the United States (unlike some other countries with a history of slavery) for people seen as "African" in appearance to identify as or be classified solely as "Black" or "African-Americans", for cultural, social and familial

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In the 1980s, parents of mixed race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "biracial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the

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To many mainline civil rights groups, the new census is part of a multiracial nightmare. After decades of framing racial issues in stark black and white terms, they fear that the multiracial movement will break down longstanding alliances, weakening people of color by splintering them into new

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who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out," while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority

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In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later

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and East African ancestry; he identifies as African-American. A 2007 poll, when Obama was a presidential candidate, found that Americans differed in their responses as to how they classified him: a majority of White and Hispanics classified him as biracial, but a majority of African-Americans

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Some early male settlers married Native American women or had informal unions with them. Early contact between Native Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation and intimacy. Several marriages took place in European colonies between

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separate Multiracial Box does not allow a person who identifies as mixed race the opportunity to be counted accurately. After all, we are not just mixed race. We are representatives of all racial groups and should be counted as such. A stand alone Multiracial Box reveals very little about the

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exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron people in 1764, and from the Delaware people in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of

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Some children grow up without race being a significant issue in their lives because they identify against the one-drop-rule construct. This approach to addressing plural racial heritage is something U.S. society has slowly become socialized into as the general consensus among monoracially

2664:", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history." 4121:

literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of

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Most marriages between Europeans and Native Americans were between European men and Native American women. The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. This determined how easy it would be for the child assimilated into the tribe. Among the

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is a phenomenon most widely noted in the United States, which occurs when a person who may be literally classified as a member of one racial group (by law or frequent social convention applied to others with similar ancestry) is accepted or perceived ("passes") as a member of another.

248:" in combination, with this group increasing from 1.6 million to 24 million between 2010 and 2021, a trend has been attributed to changes in the Census Bureau's methodology on counting write-in ancestry responses, as well as growing racial diversity among the Hispanic population. 3099:. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white. 456:

In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of

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laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the rest of the

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The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.

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to serve as slaves. Some escaped and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Native Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year,

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The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African-Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar

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who was enslaved in North America, published his autobiography. He advocated interracial marriage between whites and blacks. By the late eighteenth century, visitors to the Upper South noted the high proportion of mixed-race slaves, evidence of miscegenation by white men.

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A typical Latino American family may have members with a wide range of racial phenotypes, meaning a Latino couple may have children who look white and black and/or Native American and/or Asian. Latino Americans have several self-identifications; most Latinos identify as

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evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.

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and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.

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Collins-Schramm, Heather E.; Kittles, Rick A.; Operario, Darwin J.; Weber James L.; Criswell, Lindsey A.; Cooper, Richard S.; Seldin, Michael F. (December 2002). "Markers that discriminate Between European and African Ancestry show Limited Variation Within Africa".

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said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State

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Another US congressman who has Filipino roots is Rep. Robert Scott, an African-American representing Virginia's third District. The Harvard-educated Democrat's maternal grandfather, Valentin Cortez Hamlin, is from the Philippine." (sic., final word should read

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After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally

606:. Black social workers had influenced court decisions on regulations related to identity; they argued that, as the biracial child was socially considered black, it should be classified that way to identify with the group and learn to deal with discrimination. 3183: 3049: 3478: 1028:

Nitary revealed that parents of mixed raced children often struggled between teaching their children to identify as only the race of their non-white parent, not identifying with social race at all, or identifying with the racial identities of both parents.

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Despite a long history of miscegenation within the U.S. political territory and American continental landscape, advocacy for a unique social race classification to recognize direct, or recent, multiracial parentage did not begin until the 1970s. After the

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A husky-voiced woman of African American and Korean parentage, Sohn (who's straight, in case you're wondering) got her start in the New York slam-poetry circuit (including the Def Poetry Jam) before moving on to the TV and movie game (check her out in

1459: 6868:"never emulate white men and brown men whose fates didn't speak to my own. It was into my father's image, the black man, son of Africa, that I'd packed all the attributes I sought in myself, the attributes of Martin and Malcolm, DuBois and Mandela." 1951: 2801:

customers found that the percentage of African or American Indian ancestry among White Americans varies significantly by region, with about 5% of White Americans living in Louisiana and South Carolina having 2% or more African ancestry.

2291:, had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African-Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. 255:

and Native Americans, has often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of

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In those years, a Native American man had to get consent of the European parents to marry a white woman. When such marriages were approved, it was with the stipulation that "he can prove to support her as a white woman in a good home".

1175: 1502: 2210:" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as 357:

The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct.

2959: 1047:, Maria P. P. Root suggests that when interracial parents divorce, their mixed-race children become threatening in circumstances where the custodial parent has remarried into a union where an emphasis is placed on racial identity. 586:. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens. 3323: 4157:

urges of their non-white heritage" who exhibited the same racial stereotypes of their "full blood" counterparts, symbolically used by filmmakers to " the association of multiraciality with sexual aberration and violence"; the "

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A 2003 study found an average of 18.6% (±1.5%) European admixture in a population sample of 416 African-Americans from Washington, D.C. Studies of other populations in other areas have found differing percentages of ethnicity.

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Issues Forum, attended a meeting regarding the new racial classifications for the 2000 U.S. Census. He was arguing against a multiracial category and for multiracial people being counted as all of their races. He argued that a

2684:), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African-Americans and instead prefers the terms 260:

against minorities. While many Americans may be considered multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.

3563: 3436:. Westerners in the Hawaiian Islands often intermarried with Native Hawaiian women, including Hawaiian royalty. These developments eventually led to a gradual change in the beauty standards of Native Hawaiian women to a more 897:"check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians). 3005: 2387:

in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their

3765: 2094:. This increased intermarriage as some white men married Native Americans to gain control of land. In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Native American men they had met at 504:, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of 1409: 681:" in combination were Hispanic/Latino in 2022, making up over 90% of the multiracial Hispanic population and over half of the total multiracial population in the US. The largest multiracial groups in the US in 2022 are: 5817: 3030: 3235: 2312:

should have told people more about the limitations of genetic SNP testing. He says that not all ancestry may show up in the tests, especially for those who claim part-Native American descent. Other experts also agree.

1793: 1583: 5399:"MUSIC No-Risk Opera? Not Even Close Maria Ewing, one of the most celebrated sopranos in opera, leaps again into the role of Tosca, keeping alive her streak of acclaimed performances while remaining true to herself" 4059: 9112: 2639:

descendants and those relegated, or self-designated, to the Black race social identity or classification recognize their own unique familial, genealogical, ancestral, social, political and cultural backgrounds.

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identifying as multiracial, with this group increasing from 3 million in 2010 to over 20 million in 2020, making up almost two thirds of the multiracial population. Most multiracial Hispanics identified as

9322: 2627:. It's been recognized that grouping together all Afrodescent ethnicities, regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances, would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American Colonial Era 3063:

Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under

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Fay M. Jackson, "I don't want to pass because I can't stand insincerities and shams. I am just as much Negro as any of the others identified with the race.", (1911–1950), Pittsburgh, Pa.: April 14, 1934

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children were free because of the status of the white women. This was in contrast to the pattern in the post-Revolutionary era, in which most mixed-race children had white fathers and Black mothers.

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According to estimates from the 2022 American Community Survey, there are 41,782,288 people identifying as with multiple races in the US, making up 12.5% of the population. Excluding responses of "

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The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white

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was born to an Irish-American plantation owner and his biracial slave. He and his siblings identified as white in their formative years and most made careers in the Catholic Church in the North.

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Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like

465:. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790 to 1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years. 602:

In the twentieth century up until 1989, social service organizations typically assigned multiracial children to the racial identity of the minority parent, which reflected social practices of

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multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of

432:, there were greater numbers of Latin American and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between 489:. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as 9344: 2297:

of direct male and female lines evaluates only direct male and female descent without accounting for many ancestors. For this reason, individuals on the Gates show had fuller DNA testing.

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Hammer, Michael F.; et al. (2006). "Population structure of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing Y chromosome STR databases".

4133:

slaves in their public lectures to arouse sentiments against slavery. They showed Northerners those slaves who looked like them rather than an "Other"; this technique, which is labeled

2247:, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African-Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification. 8897: 3472:

There are many other Pacific Islanders outside of Hawaii that do not share this common history with Hawaii and Asian populations are not the only race that Pacific Islanders mix with.

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piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the mixed-race columnist

1255:

In the 2010 Census, nearly 3 million people indicated that their race was Native American (including Alaska Native). Of these, more than 27% specifically indicated "Cherokee" as their

8920: 3493: 2902:

was born to a white mother and a half African-American and German father. She passed for white during the height of her career and later publicly acknowledged her mixed race origins.

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category of "biracial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator

2047:. As a result, discriminatory laws (such as those against African Americans) often excluded Native Americans during this period. In the early 19th century, the Native American woman 1560: 12946: 1133: 417:, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed race children and their mothers to slavery. 4021: 232:, 33.8 million individuals or 10.2% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number. 6201: 5578: 2415: 1110: 276:, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to " 3432:

During the 19th century, Christian missionaries from Europe and the United States followed Western traders to the Hawaiian Islands, leading to a wave of Western migration to the

1529: 1694: 8817: 5825: 2019:. European impact was immediate, widespread and profound—more than any other race that had contact with Native Americans during the early years of colonization and nationhood. 1811:

that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Native American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to

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About 15% of all new marriages in the United States in 2010 were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another, more than double the share in 1980 (6.7%).

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group. Whereas before people resisted being characterized as one group regardless of ranges of ancestry, now some of their own were trying to keep them in the same group.

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61% of Hispanics and 55% of White Americans classify Obama as biracial when they are told that he has a white mother, while 66% of African-Americans consider him black. (

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The multiracial population is the fastest growing demographic group in the United States, increasing by 276% between 2010 and 2020. This growth was driven largely by

10244: 3629:, concerning multiracial families in 1990, the number of children in interracial families grew from less than one-half million in 1970 to about two million in 1990. 9446: 5855: 3830: 2405:, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African-Americans abandoned their one category. 10380: 3516: 1436: 7393:

in 2010, it was stated that for years, the Mowrys believed that they had Italian ancestry on their father's side; however, after researching their family tree on

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DNA analysis shows varied results regarding non-European ancestry in self-identified White Americans. A 2003 DNA analysis found that about 30% of self-identified

10323: 9412: 9312: 3692: 4044: 1778: 906:" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various". 12820: 10191: 5997: 2533: 3811: 3058:

was of African-American and Scots-Irish ancestry. Although members of his family passed as white, he exclusively served and identified with African-Americans.

5733: 5175: 4259: 2206:

or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "

1974: 1238: 677:" in combination with a single recognized category, this number is reduced to 13,658,099, or 4.1% of the population. Almost 90% of Americans identifying as " 9821: 7666: 5348: 4780: 4732: 3087:. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as 2344:

European ancestry, African-Americans, who were sampled in 2010, were found to be 72.5% African; the Asian ancestry serving as a proxy for Native-American.

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in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.

9708: 8865: 4756: 2090:, when members of tribes were listed and identified for allocation of lands to individual heads of households in the break-up of tribal communal lands in 4188: 2825:

about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave and the documentary on

1877: 668: 9919: 6270: 12492: 3673: 1671: 9755: 6023: 13030: 9548: 7026: 3953: 2352:

respective tribes. If an African-American man had children by a Native American woman, their children were free because of the status of the mother.

1732: 3351: 12961: 12815: 6796: 6383: 5746:

The researchers found that European-Americans had genomes that were on average 98.6 percent European, .19 percent African, and .18 Native American.

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Schor, Paul (2017). "The Disappearance of the "Mulatto" as the End of Inquiry into the Composition of the Black Population of the United States".

5318: 4888: 4627: 1832:. Among the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Native Americans. 9354: 6685: 6103: 303:

Today, multiracial individuals are found in every corner of the country. Multiracial groups in the United States include many African Americans,

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but finds disaster when her non-white heritage is revealed" whose plight used by filmmakers to "to critique racism by inspiring pity"; and the "

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response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman

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Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President

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was elected as the first biracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African-American.

4169:", an "empowering" stereotype whose objective of " identification as he actively resists white racism" is contradicted by the character being 2461: 13004: 12994: 12536: 12485: 11219: 10237: 9085: 8889: 3659:

responses in the "some other race" section as part of the Asian race. The Eurasian responses which the U.S. Census officially recognizes are

3168: 1054:

has said that he is not only African-American but "Cablinasian," as he is of Caucasian, African-American, Native American and Asian descent.

962: 10138:, offering resources and strategies (including videos, publications & trainings) to support mixed-race children in educational settings. 8930: 7297:

Gross, Ariela (2007). "'Of Portuguese Origin': Litigating Identity and Citizenship among the 'Little Races' in Nineteenth-Century America".

2434: 9970: 6246: 4837: 3991: 3976: 2575: 1013: 6711: 3192:

was born in Limón, Costa Rica, the son of Chinese immigrants. His mother is a native of Hong Kong and his father is from Guangzhou, China.

1922:

Faunceway Baptiste was a multi-racial Native American of Choctaw and Euro-American heritage. He was a lieutenant colonel in the Civil War.

13025: 10390: 10358: 10288: 8331: 5227: 3915: 1997: 1723: 8684: 6209: 4592: 3273: 935:, Northridge, who analyzed the 2000 Census, most multiracial people identified as part white. In addition, the breakdown is as follows: 9869: 6125: 4914: 4517: 9143: 8977: 7641: 6518: 12951: 12930: 12906: 11531: 9279: 8814: 8186:. By the turn of the century, when he was a fledgling cartoonist, the newspaper bullpens "were open to immigrants but not to blacks". 8080: 7408: 4864: 4198: 1361: 1321: 995: 575: 352: 10408: 9468: 8153: 7535: 6597: 10648: 10308: 10262: 10230: 5769: 4312: 2672: 9733: 9598: 6104:"The Blood of Entertainers: The Life and Times of Jimi Hendrix's Paternal Grandparents - The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed" 553:

proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.

12524: 10532: 10507: 10375: 9790: 4714: 4183: 3633: 3103: 1516: 213: 8667: 3166: 296:

for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008,

12878: 10737: 10348: 10328: 10318: 10283: 8953: 5082: 3711: 1310: 10197: 7436: 6881: 6410: 1364:, resulting in an ever-declining proportion of indigenous blood among those who claim a Native American identity. Some tribes 855:(OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 11690: 10653: 10303: 10110: 10095: 10080: 10065: 9952: 9847: 9522: 9040: 9015: 8603: 8314: 8090: 7372: 6836: 6780: 6168: 5122: 3893:, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the 3637: 2016: 1369: 872: 731: 379: 252: 5149: 2118:, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at 12825: 10624: 10423: 10353: 10338: 8358: 6924: 5345:"PM Golding congratulates Kamala Harris-daughter of Jamaican – on appointment as California's First Woman Attorney General" 1836: 1373: 17: 5549: 5455: 5424: 12893: 12888: 12846: 12799: 12794: 12789: 11674: 10916: 10909: 10847: 10636: 10522: 10363: 9442: 3889:

Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the

3162: 3158: 3154: 3139: 2709: 257: 9894: 3447:, many within this population now have mixed racial ancestry, sometimes combining European, Native American, as well as 12851: 10764: 10690: 10641: 10619: 10438: 10298: 9568: 7143: 6319: 5818:"What Percentage Indian Do You Have to Be in Order to Be a Member of a Tribe or Nation? – Indian Country Media Network" 5507: 4664: 3338: 2114:

when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was

1627: 769: 590: 327:. Many Native Americans are multiracial in ancestry while identifying fully as members of federally recognized tribes. 9420: 8523: 6492: 4594:

The Politics of Bisexual/Biracial Identity: A Study of Bisexual and Mixed Race Women of Asian/Pacific Islander Descent

12898: 12873: 12863: 11603: 10475: 10418: 10370: 10293: 10253: 9995: 8848: 8206: 7584: 6662: 6443: 6239: 6080: 5260: 4552: 4139:, collapsed the separation between peoples and made it impossible for the public to ignore the brutality of slavery. 4118: 3925: 2922: 2597: 2360: 2302: 2214:, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry. 1961: 1960:'s ancestor Parthena was an African mistress of Joseph Pendarvis a member of the notable, Native American descended, 1301:

Many tribes, especially those in the Eastern United States, are primarily made up of individuals with an unambiguous

284:. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed race people into the United States, such as a significant population of 8467: 7509: 4015:

is an American baseball player whose mother is black and whose father is of Vietnamese and African-American descent.

394:

passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of

12918: 12868: 12841: 10554: 10512: 10497: 10313: 8649: 7611:"Colorblind – Barack Obama would be the great black hope in the next presidential race – if he were actually black" 1396: 1337: 10135: 5724: 3207:

is the daughter of a Mexican-American mother Linda Dash (née Lopez; d. 2017) and Dennis Dash, an African-American.

1260: 12883: 10564: 10502: 7882: 5910:

African ovpispisi (bits and pieces)—sewing typical of the Suriname Maroons and Ashanti who married into the tribe

4073: 3938: 3929: 2973: 852: 387: 9199: 5848:"Disappearing Indians, Part II: The Hypocrisy of Race In Deciding Who's Enrolled – Indian Country Media Network" 3114:, followed by laws defining people with any apparent or known African ancestry as black, under the principle of 1802:

has said in interviews that his parents were both of mixed African-American, Irish and Native American ancestry.

12913: 10609: 10584: 10465: 10385: 10278: 8875: 7988: 7190: 6548: 3898:

groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.

3419: 2701: 2326: 9652: 9280:"Census Quality Survey to Evaluate Responses to the Census 2000 Question on Race: An Introduction to the Data" 8264: 8197:

A summary of the ethnic self-identity of the Healys, taken from various sources, is available in A.D. Powell,

6574: 953:

In addition, more individuals may be identifying multiple ancestries, as the concept is more widely accepted.

610:

1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The

12925: 12508: 12126: 10445: 10413: 10400: 10144: 7859: 7744: 6622: 6267: 4464: 3226: 3135: 3012: 1295: 1290:) differ. The genomes of self-reported African Americans averaged to 0.8% Native American ancestry, those of 1267:". This phenomenon has been dubbed the "Cherokee Syndrome". Across the US, numerous individuals cultivate an 859:, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: " 304: 285: 236: 177: 8553: 8034: 7965: 7942: 7919: 5663:

Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (January 2015).

2086:

In the early twentieth century in the West, "intermarried whites" were listed in a separate category on the

1869: 516: 12196: 10517: 10450: 10343: 9759: 7836: 7813: 7790: 7767: 3245: 2624: 1817: 566: 9620: 7721: 7030: 3122:

concluded that the majority of Americans of African descent were today classified as white and not black.

1305:, despite being predominantly of European ancestry. Point in case, more than 75% of those enrolled in the 851:

Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the

524:

and one of Withers's slaves. Withers sold Charley to a slave dealer and he was sold again in New Orleans.

12462: 12437: 12233: 10589: 8057: 8011: 4688: 4357: 4263: 3626: 3581: 1104:

was born to a mother of English and Chinese descent and a father of African-American and Swedish descent.

932: 9221: 6900: 6800: 5083:"Recognizing the Legitimacy of Multiracial Individuals Through Hapa Issues Forum and the UCLA Hapa Club" 1012:, refused to officiate a wedding for an interracial couple and was summarily sued in federal court. See 292:). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 12218: 10460: 8359:"Robert Purvis Dead; Anti-Slavery Leader Expires in Philadelphia, Aged 87 —His Work for the Black Race" 7227:"African and non-African admixture components in African Americans and an African Caribbean population" 7115: 5322: 4975: 4950: 4892: 3902:

abroad. Other groups of Afro-Asians are those who are of Caribbean American descent and are considered

3611: 2723: 2579: 2568: 2052: 2044: 807: 497: 406: 75: 10163: 10129: 9169: 6689: 5635: 5371: 4390: 2371:

rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.

12442: 12409: 12053: 11543: 11143: 9693: 9497: 8768: 8411: 6352: 5665:"The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States" 5398: 4438: 4162: 4149:

also portrayed the lives of mixed-race people and complex interracial families in the postwar South.

3021: 2936: 2775: 1341: 876: 293: 277: 229: 54: 7904: 7489:"Visionary Project Video Interview (bottom of page) – Cissy Houston: My Family, go to the 1:00 mark" 6387: 5296: 2779: 308: 181: 12457: 12432: 11228: 11075: 10824: 10774: 10715: 10492: 10154: 9089: 8723: 7334:"Mobilising for pure prestige? Challenging Federal census ethnic categories in the USA (1850–1940)" 5036: 4631: 3959: 3644:, at 7,015,017; followed by white/black at 737,492; then white/Asian at 727,197; and finally white/ 3070:. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of 1302: 1287: 1283: 1272: 6738: 4689:"Interracial relationships are on the increase in U.S., but decline with age, Cornell study finds" 4569: 444: 12617: 12557: 12394: 12001: 11553: 10752: 10668: 9174: 8452: 7389: 7058: 5913: 4929: 4469: 3660: 3084: 3066: 2849: 2810: 2767: 2186: 2155: 1891: 1647: 1276: 396: 312: 273: 185: 9967: 6972: 6243: 5603: 4841: 1184:

was born to an African American father with partial European and Native American ancestry and a

561:

Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the

12586: 12181: 10779: 10614: 10485: 9397: 6715: 5456:"Growth of Maria Ewing continues with 'Salome' // Role of princess proves crowning achievement" 4135: 3589: 2783: 2771: 2763: 2743: 2509: 2308: 2015:

Interracial relations among Native Americans and Europeans occurred from the earliest years of

1829: 1769: 843: 501: 410: 12562: 8838: 8694: 8335: 7610: 7574: 6898:) Obama describes himself as "black" or "African American", using both terms interchangeably ( 6826: 6772: 6652: 5535: 5112: 4342: 511: 12640: 12278: 12243: 12238: 12139: 11598: 11573: 11310: 11273: 11195: 11043: 11038: 10658: 10559: 10333: 8245: 8219: 6861: 6070: 4221: 3894: 3440:

standard, which was reinforced by the refusal of Westerners to marry dark-skinned Hawaiians.

2884: 2830: 2787: 2288: 2139: 2056: 1835:

European colonists created treaties with Native American tribes requesting the return of any

1808: 1593: 1208: 429: 371: 363: 324: 10053:

Susan Graham, "Born Biracial: How One Mother Took on Race in America" (2020) Memories Press.

10007: 9873: 8177:

In 1971, however, the Krazy world changed. While researching an article on Herriman for the

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The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.

12730: 12715: 12710: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12645: 12351: 12341: 12331: 12321: 12273: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12144: 11583: 11558: 11548: 11402: 11315: 11205: 11175: 11129: 10982: 10970: 10819: 10757: 10629: 10073:

In the Shadow of Race: Growing Up As a Multiethnic, Multicultural, and Multiracial American

9147: 9055: 8981: 8750: 6522: 5273: 5223: 5205: 4290: 4170: 3569: 3499: 3071: 3055: 3036: 2996: 2794: 2636: 2524: 2384: 2231: 2143: 1895: 1840: 1365: 1082: 1005: 856: 620: 505: 482: 458: 10179: 9286: 3909:

As of the census of 2000, there were 106,782 Afro-Asian individuals in the United States.

378:

Interracial relationships, common-law marriages and marriages occurred since the earliest

288:. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. 8: 12725: 12705: 12695: 12685: 12612: 12346: 12316: 12306: 12296: 12176: 12070: 11669: 11662: 11640: 11618: 11613: 11516: 11449: 11253: 11190: 11160: 11112: 11102: 11055: 11026: 11016: 10997: 10725: 10700: 10663: 10594: 10579: 10574: 10470: 9476: 8746: 8397:

Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware

8159: 7539: 7284:

Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware

7139:"Estimating African American Admixture Proportions by Use of Population-Specific Alleles" 6741:

Failing Our Black Children: Statutory Rape Laws, Moral Reform and the Hypocrisy of Denial

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Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware

4142: 3535: 3507: 3503: 3075: 2914: 2283:"mostly mixed" group (2.7% of US population) have between 25% and 50% European ancestry. 2226:, did not acknowledge their mixed race slave children in records, so paternity was lost. 2167: 2036: 1988: 1659: 1520: 1333: 1158: 486: 251:

The impact of historical racial systems, such as that created by admixture between white

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population insists that ethnic African immigrants as well as all other Afro-descent and

2198:

of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or

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Some multiracial individuals attempt to claim a new category. For instance, the athlete

650:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election,

2656: 2490: 2448: 2338: 2199: 2103: 2095: 1899: 1685: 1639: 1551: 1485: 1450: 1419: 1291: 1086: 1009: 864: 717: 521: 391: 12043: 11857: 10222: 9144:"Dwayne Johnson – How The Rock Transformed from Pro Wrestler to Bankable Movie Star" 7268: 7203: 7011: 5877: 5792: 5086: 12756: 12529: 12263: 12258: 12248: 12228: 11907: 11785: 11705: 11635: 11608: 11578: 11506: 11489: 11397: 11347: 11293: 11288: 11278: 11214: 11122: 11095: 11085: 11060: 11011: 10958: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10921: 10879: 10862: 10852: 10836: 10809: 10710: 10705: 10428: 10201: 10198:"Williams/Zogby Poll: Americans' Attitudes Changing Towards Multiracial Candidates" 9851: 9729: 9349: 9259: 9069: 8574: 7590: 7345: 7306: 7246: 7238: 7199: 7160: 7152: 6983: 6959: 6939: 6885: 6882:"Williams/Zogby Poll: Americans' Attitudes Changing Towards Multiracial Candidates" 6414: 5998:"Buu Nygren explains why he should get Navajo votes ahead of presidential election" 5694: 5676: 4810: 4146: 4077: 4069: 3840: 3649: 3645: 3577: 3554: 3553:

was born to a mother of Native American, Irish and German ancestry and a father of

3462: 3427: 3017: 2797:

have less than 90% European ancestry. A 2014 study performed on data obtained from

2677: 2651: 2402: 2244: 2219: 2111: 2091: 2003: 1799: 1643: 1574: 1481: 1349: 1124: 1070: 978: 529: 400:, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the precedent in 144: 139: 9855: 9526: 7560: 6126:"Being and Belonging – Indivisble – African-Native American Lives in the Americas" 1807:

Interracial relations between Native Americans and African-Americans is a part of

12607: 12223: 12171: 11812: 11775: 11730: 11657: 11521: 11511: 11474: 11469: 11442: 11377: 11283: 11268: 11248: 11170: 11153: 11134: 11090: 10992: 10987: 10963: 10948: 10904: 10480: 10167: 10148: 9974: 9553: 9504: 9003: 8821: 8671: 8485: 8471: 6274: 6250: 5912:. Smithsonian Institution: National Museum of the American Indian. Archived from 5040: 4654: 4114: 4110: 3870: 3619: 3423: 3314: 3306: 3248:) and some French. His father is of English, Scottish, Irish and German ancestry. 3111: 2918: 2845: 2818: 2807:

Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black

2755: 2747: 2681: 2680:(who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President 2628: 2616: 2486: 2471: 2452: 2356: 2294: 2131: 2099: 2098:

during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century,

1980: 1938: 1631: 1613: 1601: 1493: 1400: 1388: 1357: 1345: 1329: 1314: 1306: 1264: 1074: 1032: 983: 868: 860: 745: 702: 698: 678: 674: 583: 549: 469: 281: 245: 241: 12477: 10185: 9679: 7488: 6024:"For two candidates, Alaska's U.S. House race is an opportunity to make history" 5969: 2999:

and an English father. He identified as black and worked to serve his community.

623:

as a proportion of new marriages has increased from 11% in 2010 to 19% in 2019.

12404: 12065: 12018: 11882: 11877: 11842: 11827: 11432: 11233: 11200: 10685: 10680: 10157:, an organization uniting interracial families in the Boston area, founded 1992 8329:

Bob Bankard, "The Passage to Freedom: The Underground Railroad", March 3, 2008

6549:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – The van Salee Family" 5681: 5463: 5432: 4158: 3866: 3817: 3698: 3683: 3641: 3523: 3469:

also settled on the islands and married into the Pacific Islander populations.

3437: 3298: 3241: 3223: 3219: 3189: 3080: 2899: 2869: 2861: 2759: 2735: 2731: 2643: 2191: 2107: 1965: 1825: 1738: 1609: 1589: 1465: 1325: 1166: 1139: 1101: 966: 414: 9968:

Headnote to Lydia Maria Child's 'The Quadroons' and 'Slavery's Pleasant Homes'

9067:

Brecher, Elinor J. (October 25, 2008). "Grandmother of 'The Rock,' promoter".

8129: 8107: 7310: 6987: 6943: 6047: 5905:"IndiVisible: African-Native American Lives in the Americans – Shared Spirits" 4805: 3043:

African-American chattel slave descended family who remained black-identified.

2110:, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in 1320:

Historically, non-Native governments have forced numerous Native Americans to

923: 493:(which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black. 13019: 12110: 11981: 11929: 11917: 11912: 11902: 11892: 11887: 11807: 11780: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11335: 10455: 10022:"Mulattoes, Half-Breeds, and Hapas: Multiracial Representation in the Movies" 9898: 9632: 9264: 9247: 8890:"Rosa Salazar: From "Abbreviated" 'Bird Box' Role to James Cameron's 'Alita'" 8524:"LatinoLA – Forum :: Blonde, Blue-Eyed, Euro-Cute Latinos on Spanish TV" 7440: 7413: 6995: 5690: 4605: 4369: 4227: 4031: 3847: 3844: 3801:; father is of English, Irish, and German ancestry, while her mother is from 3531: 3393: 3366: 3264: 2992: 2539: 2364: 2334: 2330: 2223: 2195: 2119: 1848: 1821: 1719: 1536: 1512: 1446: 1442: 1268: 1256: 1242: 1154: 1078: 902:

enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "

611: 562: 533: 508:

rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.

340: 336: 225: 9008:

Pacific Diaspora: Island Peoples in the United States and Across the Pacific

2363:, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the 1360:. Native Americans are more likely than any other racial group to practice 12090: 11966: 11750: 9572: 9317: 9006:. In Paul R. Spickard; Joanne L. Rondilla; Debbie Hippolite Wright (eds.). 8790: 8531: 7394: 7260: 7211: 7027:"More Blacks are Exploring the African-American/Native American Connection" 7003: 6951: 6598:"Maria Tallchief, a Dazzling Ballerina and Muse for Balanchine, Dies at 88" 6496: 5708: 5425:"Article: Extra-Sensuous Perception;Soprano Maria Ewing, a Steamy 'Salome'" 4389:

Passel, Mark Hugo Lopez, Jens Manuel Krogstad and Jeffrey S. (2023-09-05).

3752: 3702: 3679: 3636:, by some calculations the largest part white biracial population is white/ 3607: 3342: 3334: 3310: 3279: 3260: 3040: 2865: 2717: 2494: 2467: 2398: 2267: 2240: 2135: 2115: 2040: 1984: 1873: 1700: 1635: 1566: 1473: 1250: 1200: 1116: 512:

19th century: American Civil War, emancipation, Reconstruction and Jim Crow

359: 297: 221: 9469:"Olivia Munn Facts: 29 Things You (Probably) Don't Know About the Actress" 8291: 7174: 3484: 2977: 12552: 12085: 12006: 11986: 11872: 11745: 11650: 9413:"Sean Lennon on Singing John's Songs, Making Music and Yoko Ono's Legacy" 8870: 8464: 4065: 3921: 3884: 3798: 3783: 3771: 3736: 3717: 3550: 3466: 3358: 3302: 3204: 3115: 2661: 2440: 2368: 2207: 2151: 2147: 2087: 2068: 1957: 1934: 1784: 1663: 1508: 1426:, African-American and Scottish descent through his maternal grandfather 1207:

of English, German, Dutch and African-American extraction and an English

1204: 1185: 1181: 1051: 883:. The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003. 793: 603: 537: 9920:"Marilyn Strickland's Black, Korean American roots are 1st for Congress" 7113: 6739:""The Realities of Enslaved Female Africans in America", excerpted from 6234:, Chapter 1, excerpted from the book published by Lipper/Viking (2000), 5550:"Why Do So Many People Claim They Have Cherokee In Their Blood? – Nerve" 4486: 4313:"Over Half a Million People Self-Identified as Brazilian in 2020 Census" 3906:, or of Indian or Indo-Caribbean and African or Afro-Caribbean descent. 2770:(Greenstead, Grinsted and Grimsted), Johnsons, Timrods, Darnalls of the 1787:

was born to a mother of Cherokee descent and an African-American father.

1468:, Vice President of the United States, was a Native American, born to a 909:

In 1997, Greg Mayeda, a member of the board of directors person for the

12569: 12048: 11991: 11822: 9818:"Interview with 'The Wire's' Sonja Sohn: Not 'Your Typical Black Girl'" 7281: 7242: 6049:

Booboo Stewart | Asian Pacific American Heritage Month | Disney Channel

5934: 5292: 4358:"Behind the Surprising Jump in Multiracial Americans, Several Theories" 4166: 4050: 4012: 3982: 3836: 3775: 3385: 3174: 2211: 2032: 2024: 1812: 1757: 1539: 1477: 1469: 1120: 541: 401: 320: 289: 193: 93: 88: 12095: 11847: 8394: 7059:"Genetic Ancestral Testing Cannot Deliver On Its Promise, Study Warns" 5154:

How Did You Get to Be Mexican, A White/Brown Man's Search for Identity

4435:

Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary Americans Reclaimed Their Pasts

4286:"2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country" 569:

and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of

12622: 12422: 12399: 12374: 12100: 11996: 11852: 11802: 11720: 9472: 8465:"For Latinos "being white" is more of a state of mind than skin tone" 7989:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Greenstead" 7615: 7563:

Office of the Historian of the United States House of Representatives

3721: 3664: 3585: 3461:. The term has evolved to encompass all people of mixed Asian and/or 3405: 3401: 3337:'s Mexican-American ancestry consists of 70% European, 27% Asian and 3283: 2713: 2425: 2421: 2159: 2048: 1907: 1856:

Native American lineage and admixture in White and European-Americans

1677: 1570: 1353: 209: 11832: 10103:

The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals

9376: 6575:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Pendarvis" 3443:

While some American Pacific Islanders continue traditional cultural

2815:

One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets

1622:

Native American lineage and admixture in Black and African-Americans

1142:

was born to an Irish-American mother and an African-American father.

12379: 12033: 12023: 11951: 11924: 11837: 11817: 11755: 11735: 11715: 11710: 10151:, an organization advocating for mixed heritage people and families 8921:""Faces of America" Reveals Eva Longoria Parker's Surprising Roots" 8689: 8490: 7860:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Stafford" 7745:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Cheswell" 7635: 7633: 7333: 7156: 6925:"Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping" 5056:

challenge this logic, and consequently, to fall outside both camps.

4715:"Interracial marriages now more common, but not without challenges" 4356:

Tavernise, Sabrina; Mzezewa, Tariro; Heyward, Giulia (2021-08-13).

4153: 3779: 3756: 3740: 3573: 3444: 3362: 3330: 3096: 3092: 2171: 2076: 2072: 2028: 1942: 1765: 1761: 1704: 1681: 1655: 1597: 1423: 1415: 1392: 1230: 579: 570: 161: 156: 10192:

Gregory Rodriguez (2001), "Multiracial identity, a shared destiny"

9248:"#Wasian Check: Remixing 'Asian + White' Multiraciality on TikTok" 8035:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Yturria" 7966:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Fairfax" 7943:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Galphin" 7920:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Drigger" 5176:""Moana" Star Auli'i Cravalho is Not Your Average Disney Princess" 3095:, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as 2615:

should refer strictly to the descendants of American Colonial Era

12591: 12579: 12458:

Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

12191: 12105: 12080: 12028: 12013: 11897: 11725: 11695: 10433: 10141: 8754: 8650:"Skin tone consciousness in Asian and Latin American populations" 8183: 7883:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Gibson" 7837:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Elding" 7814:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Boston" 7791:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Battis" 7768:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Newell" 5209: 4203: 4193: 4130: 4027: 3802: 3656: 3615: 3527: 3263:'s mother was of Scottish and Italian descent and her father was 3088: 2798: 2542:

is 89% Sub-Saharan African, 8% Native American and 3% East Asian.

2181: 2163: 1865: 1861: 1605: 1427: 1234: 1226: 1222: 886:

In 2000, Cindy Rodriguez reported on reactions to the new census:

490: 473: 409:. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in 348: 344: 127: 122: 79: 9758:. St. Cloud State University. September 25, 2008. Archived from 7722:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Black" 7699: 7681:"Nicolas Sarkozy Mistakes Condoleezza Rice for Recent Immigrant" 7630: 5347:. Jamaican Information Service. December 2, 2010. Archived from 5289:"Jennifer Beals Tackles Issues of Race, Sexuality on The L Word" 1707:

mother and was part English, African-American, Irish and German.

520:

Charley Taylor holding an American flag. Charley was the son of

12384: 11976: 11961: 11956: 11944: 11939: 11867: 11797: 11700: 11494: 10058:

More Than Black?: Multiracial Identity and the New Racial Order

9595:"Desis On Cable: Reshma Shetty and Danny Pudi - India Currents" 8954:"What Sal Vulcano Was Doing Before Impractical Jokers Took Off" 8058:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Bush" 8012:"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Pico" 3903: 3862: 3389: 3370: 2995:

was born to a part Moorish, German Jewish and Sephardic Jewish

2857: 2444: 2023:

European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614,

2007: 1903: 1742: 1547: 1246: 1162: 615:

2002, 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

10123: 9313:"Actress Chloe Bennet says changing her name changed her luck" 8719: 7187: 2660:

accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "

2031:

woman in present-day Virginia, married the Virginian colonist

1368:

unable to provide proof of Native ancestry, usually through a

12075: 12058: 12038: 11971: 11934: 11862: 11792: 10173: 4980:

Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project

4096: 4053:

was born to an African-American mother and a Filipino father.

3944: 3821: 3748: 3614:

father. Colloquially, the term has sometimes been considered

3143: 2611:

immigrants. There is a consensus that suggests that the term

1515:

people and is the first Native American Cabinet Secretary as

110: 105: 9945:

What Blood Won't Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America

9870:"Northwest Asian Weekly: Harrell makes run for City Council" 8995: 8840:

Finding Your Roots: The Official Companion to the PBS Series

5253:

Myself When I am Real: The Life and Music of Charles Mingus,

3024:

in the famous film, but was against passing in her own life.

2102:, a physician of Sioux and European ancestry who trained at 948:

white/Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander at 125,628.

274:

bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country

12389: 11740: 9756:"Ne-Yo: Grammy-winning singer to perform at Halenbeck Hall" 9523:"Jennifer Tilly – Poker Pro Bio, Pictures and Poker Videos" 9024: 7365:

Counting Americans: How the US Census Classified the Nation

6901:"Transcript excerpt: Senator Barack Obama on Sixty Minutes" 3997: 3457: 3397: 1543: 1022: 910: 316: 189: 10160: 9977:," Bucknell University, Summer 1997, accessed June 4, 2012 5579:"Why Do So Many Americans Think They Have Cherokee Blood?" 5319:"The New Face of Politics…An Interview with Kamala Harris" 5228:"The Next Disney Princess is Native Hawaiian AuliCravalho" 599:

ruled that anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional.

10155:"NEAMF: The New England Alliance of Multiracial Families" 7397:, they discovered that their father has English ancestry. 7136: 6736: 5662: 2633:

Descendants of American Colonial Era Chattel Slaves (DOS)

879:" and "Other." Further details are given in the article: 9086:"Through The Years – Dwayne 'Not Just The Rock' Johnson" 6128:. National Museum of the American Indian. Archived from 3125: 2428:

descent and her father is of English and Irish ancestry.

1261:

First Families of Virginia claim descent from Pocahontas

12454:

Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity

10176:, an organization supporting multiracial classification 8866:"Q&A: Chita Rivera reflects on life in the theater" 7367:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 155–168. 7024: 6712:""White Native Americans", A First Nations Perspective" 5725:"White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkier" 5136:

racial authenticity for families in which race matters.

4865:"Multiracial Group Views Change to Census as a Victory" 4355: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 2968:

was born to two mixed race black identified parents of

2695: 1356:, a number of Native Americans may have fair skin like 939:

white/Native American and Alaskan Native, at 7,015,017,

9222:"Lou Diamond Phillips: From Young Gun to Young Writer" 9001: 8309:. Albany: State University of New York. pp. 7–8. 7905:"Slavery and the Making of America – Emmanuel Driggus" 7510:"DNA used to reveal MLK and Garvey's European lineage" 3487:

was of Indigenous Hawaiian and Scots-American descent.

2125: 10252: 7116:"Genetic Markers Not a Valid Test of Native Identity" 6762: 6464: 6436:

Muslims in American History : A Forgotten Legacy

5372:"Who, me? Why everyone is talking about Rebecca Hall" 4600:(Reprint ed.). Snakegirl Press. pp. 25–26. 4129:

Abolitionists sometimes featured attractive, escaped

3413: 2805:

Some biographical accounts include the autobiography

2578:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 1239:

Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

927:

US Census reporting of Two or Mixed Races 2010 – 2017

386:

hardened as a racial caste associated with people of

323:

and several other communities found primarily in the

224:

with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the

9188:"The Return of the Native". Starweek Magazine. 1999. 7528: 5274:

Beneath the Underdog: His Life as Composed by Mingus

5035: 4241: 3177:– rather than the typical nonwhite Latin Americans. 2631:

descended community. A growing sentiment within the

2527:

was of English, Native American and African descent.

989: 9030: 8824:. Interfaithfamily.com. Retrieved on July 14, 2013. 8292:"Obama's true colors: Black, white ... or neither?" 7114:Brett Lee Shelton; J.D. and Jonathan Marks (2008). 6789: 6678: 5761:"Putting to a Vote the Question 'Who Is Cherokee?'" 4189:

Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States

3632:According to James P. Allen and Eugene Turner from 3455:originally described the mixed race descendants as 3102:After whites regained power in the South following 1878:

Slavery among Native Americans in the United States

1820:established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the 1322:

assimilate into colonial and later American society

931:According to James P. Allen and Eugene Turner from 669:

Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States

9135: 9033:Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, the Kalakaua Dynastism 8832: 8830: 8554:"Vida de Oro: Latinos not reflected on Spanish TV" 8351: 8152: 8055: 8032: 8009: 7986: 7963: 7940: 7917: 7880: 7857: 7834: 7811: 7788: 7765: 7742: 7719: 7700:"Book Excerpt: Condoleezza Rice: An American Life" 7697: 7608: 7437:"James Brown — James Brown's Indian Heritage" 6824: 6764: 6572: 6546: 6408: 6152: 5759: 5723: 4656:Handbook of Race, Racism, and the Developing Child 4653:Quintana, Stephen M.; McKown, Clark, eds. (2008). 4520:. Anti-Slavery International. 2007. Archived from 4099:to a Korean mother and an African-American father. 1372:. Disenrollment has become a contentious issue in 1309:have less than one-quarter Cherokee blood. Former 12507: 8453:AFRICAN ANCESTRY OF THE WHITE AMERICAN POPULATION 7561:Black Americans in Congress: John Mercer Langston 5265: 4806:"Civil rights groups wary of Census data on race" 2547: 2055:in the West, married the French-Canadian trapper 1123:was of mostly English and Irish ancestry and his 13017: 9245: 9010:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 242–248. 6884:. BBSNews.com. December 22, 2006. Archived from 6490: 6342: 4883: 4881: 3091:, with one black grandparent and three white as 2619:descendants which includes various, subsequent, 956: 9410: 8827: 8409: 8289: 7409:"Being James Brown: Rolling Stone's 2006 Story" 7406: 6650: 6467:"Tri-Racials: Black Indians of the Upper South" 6381: 6317: 6150: 5896: 5150:"Multiracialism: The Final Piece of the Puzzle" 3878: 2930: 1332:. In many cases, this process occurred through 1188:mother with partial Chinese and Dutch ancestry. 10130:The Association of MultiEthnic Americans, Inc. 9848:"Japanese enka star to perform at DC festival" 9682:. Asian-Nation: The Landscape of Asian America 9645: 8226:. Johnson Publishing Company. November 4, 2002 8079:Stearns, Stephen C.; Koella, Jacob C. (2008). 7225:Murray, Tanda; et al. (August 17, 2010). 5658: 5656: 4652: 4465:"Obama raises profile of mixed-race Americans" 4161:", "a typically female character who tries to 2722:Some of the most notable families include the 881:Race and ethnicity in the United States Census 439: 12493: 10238: 10200:. BBS News. December 22, 2006. Archived from 9520: 8220:"Carol Channing reveals her father was Black" 8154:"Herriman: Cartoonist who equalled Cervantes" 8078: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7434: 6799:. Virginia Historical Society. Archived from 6704: 6199: 5255:Gene Santoro (Oxford University Press, 1994) 5199: 4878: 4590: 4278: 4034:was born to an African-American father and a 3597: 2742:, Newells, Battises, Bostons, Eldings of the 2051:, who would help translate for and guide the 963:Biracial and multiracial identity development 546:Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty 9809: 9443:"Style Battle – Olivia Wilde Vs Olivia Munn" 8863: 8596:"Racial Bias Charged On Spanish-language Tv" 7502: 7056: 6797:"Virginia Magazine of History and Biography" 6568: 6566: 5202:"Yes indeed! I've got the luck of the Irish" 4428: 4426: 4424: 4413:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1014:refusal of interracial marriage in Louisiana 847:Two or more races population pyramid in 2020 390:descent in Colonial America. Several of the 10217:"Interracial Marriage in the United States" 10170:, US-based mixed community, founded in 2000 9035:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 477. 8929:. Latina Media Ventures LLC. Archived from 7911: 7897: 7657: 7655: 7087: 6542: 6540: 5721: 5653: 5369: 5280: 4781:"Grid View: Table B02003 - Census Reporter" 4757:"Grid View: Table B03002 - Census Reporter" 4733:"Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter" 4518:"Campaigners From History: Olaudah Equiano" 1317:, is 1/32 Cherokee, amounting to about 3%. 1216: 12500: 12486: 10245: 10231: 9549:"Jennifer Tilly: Little voice, big talent" 9461: 8435: 8433: 8144: 7980: 7957: 7851: 7736: 7639: 7597: 6756: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6283:, October 3, 2004. Retrieved July 1, 2008. 5878:"How much Cherokee is he?: Editor's Note. 5286: 4432: 2917:, born to a slave and the youngest son of 2868:. His death certificate identified him as 2817:written by Bliss Broyard about her father 9962: 9960: 9780: 9618: 9304: 9263: 9219: 9192: 9181: 8864:Ratner-Arias, Sigal (September 4, 2009). 8512:"The Blond, Blue-Eyed Face of Spanish TV" 8403: 8026: 7934: 7782: 7480: 7250: 7164: 7052: 7050: 7048: 6563: 6151:Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1995). 6069:Starr, Michael Seth (September 1, 2011). 5698: 5680: 4803: 4630:. University of Minnesota. Archived from 4481: 4479: 4421: 4260:"Race and Ethnicity in the United States" 4199:Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category) 2598:Learn how and when to remove this message 2348:Maryland, as documented by Paul Heinegg. 1340:far from their families. Those who could 996:Interracial marriage in the United States 877:Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 353:Interracial marriage in the United States 216:. The term may also include Americans of 13031:Multiracial affairs in the United States 10088:Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology 9840: 9701: 9141: 8951: 8483: 7874: 7828: 7805: 7759: 7698:Elisabeth Bumiller (December 22, 2007). 7652: 6595: 6589: 6537: 6486: 6484: 5937:ramillacody.net. Accessed July 15, 2010. 5573: 5422: 5396: 5117:. Temple University Press. p. 138. 5061: 4994: 4840:. University of Michigan. Archived from 4832: 4830: 4828: 4646: 4619: 2673:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 2625:Chattel Slavery Era in the United States 2574:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1839:. For example, in 1726, the governor of 1023:Multiracial families and identity issues 922: 842: 578:, white Democrats passed laws to impose 515: 443: 268:in the former Confederacy following the 12423:People of the United States / Americans 10649:African immigrants to the United States 9671: 9066: 8714: 8712: 8430: 8412:"Passing as White: Anita Hemmings 1897" 8307:But One Race: The Life of Robert Purvis 8265:"Who is Black? One Nation's Definition" 8049: 7907:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 7713: 7609:Debra J. Dickerson (January 22, 2007). 7576:Finding Oprah's Roots: Finding Your Own 7536:"Partners « African Ancestry Blog" 7486: 7218: 7137:Parra, Esteban J.; et al. (1998). 7083: 7081: 7079: 6922: 6637: 6493:"Black indians want a place in history" 6202:"Claudia McNeil, stage, screen actress" 6021: 5928: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5147: 5114:Love's Revolution: Interracial Marriage 4625: 4584: 4570:"Jefferson's Blood: Mixed Race America" 4542: 4184:Race and ethnicity in the United States 3634:California State University, Northridge 2043:was an ancestor to many descendants in 1726:, African-American and Haitian descent. 1045:Love's Revolution: Interracial Marriage 212:who have mixed ancestry of two or more 14: 13018: 10738:Southern Africans in the United States 9957: 9781:Silvestre, Edmund (November 8, 2008). 9571:. Officialmegtilly.com. Archived from 9246:King-o'Riain, Rebecca Chiyoko (2022). 9077: 8918: 8256: 8003: 7224: 7045: 6923:Shriver, Mark D.; et al. (2003). 6820: 6818: 6413:. AfricanAmericans.com. Archived from 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6268:"Why You Need to Know the Scots-Irish" 5757: 5669:The American Journal of Human Genetics 5604:"The Cherokee Syndrome – Daily Yonder" 5454:Marsh, Robert C. (December 18, 1988). 5423:McLellan, Joseph (November 15, 1990). 5397:Isenberg, Barbara (November 8, 1992). 5141: 5080: 5029: 4913:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4659:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 211. 4476: 4388: 4000:is part African-American and Japanese. 1745:mother and an African-American father. 1311:Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation 1271:as Native American, sometimes through 782:Native American and "Some Other Race" 619:(Joyner and Kao, 2005). The number of 12481: 10654:Central Africans in the United States 10226: 9325:from the original on October 22, 2014 9110: 9104: 8900:from the original on January 14, 2019 8836: 8304: 8290:G. Wayne Miller (December 24, 2008). 8167:from the original on January 12, 2022 8150: 7572: 7428: 7407:Jonathan Lethem (December 24, 2010). 7400: 7362: 7331: 7296: 7029:. BlackAmericaWeb.com. Archived from 7018: 6730: 6481: 6402: 6068: 5790: 5736:from the original on October 21, 2018 5453: 5074: 5039:; Beals, Gregory (February 1, 2008). 4825: 4804:Rodriguez, Cindy (December 8, 2000). 4628:"Identity Problems in Biracial Youth" 3947:is part African-American and Chinese. 3126:Hispanic and Latino American identity 2470:was of English, African-American and 2250:Since the 1990s and 2000s, the terms 2071:tribes of the Southeast, such as the 1370:Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood 536:. As noted in the 2012 collaborative 436:and Asian Americans until the 1950s. 13000: 10625:Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans 10560:Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans 10013: 9310: 9146:. Island Connections. Archived from 9083: 8744: 8709: 8677: 7640:Ehrenstein, David (March 19, 2007). 7487:Houston, Cissy (September 2, 2009). 7338:International Social Science Journal 7076: 6521:. September 27, 2002. Archived from 6519:"INS Delays Deporting Honor Student" 6260: 5633: 5622: 5478: 5447: 5416: 5370:Hattenstone, Simon (June 12, 2010). 5222: 5216: 5110: 5104: 4927: 4862: 4856: 4686: 3985:is part African-American and Korean. 2696:White and European-American identity 2551: 1374:Native American reservation politics 971: 630: 370:have been continuing processes. The 69:Regions with significant populations 11675:White Hispanic and Latino Americans 10910:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans 10848:North Africans in the United States 10637:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans 10019: 9525:. Bankrollboost.com. Archived from 9449:from the original on March 19, 2017 9411:Dekel, Jonathan (October 8, 2010). 9220:Honeycutt, Kirk (August 19, 1990). 9113:"The Rock's on a roll in Hollywood" 9060: 8912: 8745:Dash, Stacey (November 25, 2017). 8726:from the original on March 14, 2018 8484:Quinonez, Ernesto (June 19, 2003). 7287:, 2005, accessed February 15, 2008. 7107: 6815: 6458: 6366: 6336: 6311: 6184: 5962: 5363: 5200:@auliicravalho (January 21, 2017). 5173: 4687:Lang, Susan S. (November 2, 2005). 4626:Nitardy, Charlotte (May 14, 2008). 4567: 3140:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans 2856:, and sometimes self-identified as 2710:White Hispanic and Latino Americans 2300:The critic Troy Duster, writing in 2126:Black and African-American identity 1828:. The Spanish settlement was named 64:10.21% of the total U.S. population 24: 13026:Ethnic groups in the United States 12975: 10765:West Africans in the United States 10691:East Africans in the United States 10620:Stateside Virgin Islands Americans 10186:"Hapa/Multiracial Asian Americans" 10086:Yo Jackson, Yolanda Kaye Jackson, 10047: 9709:The New Queen Bee|Meet Nicki Minaj 9680:"Multiracial/Hapa Asian Americans" 9285:. October 20, 2003. Archived from 8919:Miller, Gerri (February 2, 2010). 8874:. Associated Press. Archived from 8857: 8443:, ch. IV, "The Fruits of Passion." 7144:American Journal of Human Genetics 7118:. Counsel for Responsible Genetics 6737:Gloria J. Browne-Marshall (2009). 6688:. Students on Site. Archived from 6386:. American Visions. Archived from 6200:Oliver, Myrna (December 1, 1993). 5793:"Blood affects US Indian identity" 5497: 4310: 3782:, and English and Irish descended 3414:Pacific Islander American identity 3309:descent and an American father of 2852:family, wore a hat to conceal his 1628:Black Indians in the United States 582:and racial segregation to restore 25: 13042: 12270:Americans of Euro Oceanic origin 11604:Nordic and Scandinavian Americans 10254:Demographics of the United States 10117: 10060:, Temple University Press (2002) 9895:"Men: Steve Lacy — FANTASTIC MAN" 9815: 9084:Crow, Jonathan (March 12, 2008). 8665:"Corpus: A Home Movie For Selena" 8262: 8179:Dictionary of American Biography, 8110:. Door Knob Films. March 17, 2009 7090:"Deep Roots and Tangled Branches" 6686:"Native Americans: Early Contact" 6596:Anderson, Jack (April 12, 2013). 6495:. Djembe Magazine. Archived from 6318:Hilary de Vries (June 14, 1998). 6075:. Applause Theatre & Cinema. 5772:from the original on Jun 20, 2018 5722:Carl Zimmer (December 24, 2014). 5148:Johnson, Kevin R. (August 2000). 2848:, who was born into a mixed-race 2512:was of Irish and African descent. 2303:The Chronicle of Higher Education 2180:ancestry for historical reasons: 990:Contemporary interracial marriage 873:American Indian or Alaskan Native 481:censuses, they were included as " 472:, a former slave from modern-day 264:After a lengthy period of formal 12999: 12990: 12989: 12947:Stereotypes in the United States 12448:Race and ethnicity in the census 10555:African diaspora in the Americas 10126:, an online activist publication 10020:Pak, Greg (September 23, 2003). 10000: 9980: 9937: 9912: 9887: 9862: 9854:. March 28, 2009. Archived from 9774: 9748: 9718: 9612: 9587: 9561: 9541: 9514: 9491: 9435: 9404: 9390: 9369: 9337: 9272: 9239: 9213: 9162: 9111:Young, Graham (April 10, 2010). 9049: 8970: 8945: 8882: 8843:. UNC Press Books. p. 382. 8808: 8783: 8761: 8738: 8658: 8643: 8618: 8588: 8567: 8546: 8516: 8505: 8477: 8458: 8446: 8388: 8379: 8323: 8298: 8283: 8238: 8212: 8191: 8122: 8100: 8072: 7691: 7673: 7566: 7554: 7454: 7381: 7356: 7350:10.1111/j.0020-8701.2005.00533.x 7325: 7290: 7275: 7181: 7130: 7025:Sherrel Wheeler Stewart (2008). 6966: 6320:"Della Reese: Earning Her Wings" 6022:Samuels, Iris (August 9, 2022). 5902: 5758:Nieves, Evelyn (March 3, 2007). 5085:. UCLA Hapa Club. Archived from 4930:"Multi-Race and the 2010 Census" 4433:Gates, Jr., Henry Louis (2010). 4152:Comic book writer and filmmaker 4085: 4058: 4043: 4020: 4005: 3990: 3975: 3952: 3937: 3914: 3855: 3829: 3820:is part Native American, Irish, 3810: 3791: 3764: 3729: 3710: 3691: 3672: 3562: 3543: 3515: 3492: 3477: 3378: 3350: 3322: 3291: 3272: 3253: 3234: 3212: 3197: 3182: 3048: 3029: 3004: 2985: 2958: 2907: 2892: 2877: 2838: 2556: 2532: 2517: 2502: 2479: 2460: 2433: 2414: 2202:, even if they have significant 1996: 1973: 1950: 1927: 1915: 1884: 1792: 1777: 1750: 1731: 1712: 1693: 1670: 1582: 1559: 1528: 1501: 1458: 1435: 1408: 1381: 1294:averaged to 0.18%, and those of 1193: 1174: 1147: 1132: 1109: 1094: 1059: 919:person's background checking it. 635: 155: 138: 121: 104: 87: 60: 59: 46: 45: 10565:Antiguan and Barbudan Americans 10101:Joel Perlmann, Mary C. Waters, 9783:"Fil-Am elected to US Congress" 9002:Karina Kahananui Green (2002). 8837:Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2014). 8082:Evolution in Health and Disease 7204:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.013 6916: 6873: 6853: 6771:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 6615: 6511: 6449: 6429: 6286: 6224: 6193: 6159:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 6144: 6118: 6096: 6062: 6040: 6015: 5990: 5940: 5870: 5840: 5810: 5784: 5751: 5715: 5596: 5567: 5542: 5500:"American FactFinder – Results" 5491: 5390: 5337: 5311: 5246: 5193: 5167: 5003: 4968: 4943: 4921: 4797: 4773: 4749: 4725: 4707: 4680: 4591:Yuen Thompson, Beverly (2006). 4561: 4536: 4510: 4497: 3970:(maternal grandfather) descent. 3606:is a person born in Asia to an 2921:, contributed to advancing the 2623:ethnic groups who survived the 1344:for white had the advantage of 853:Office of Management and Budget 626: 565:was enacted in Virginia's 1924 556: 10610:Kittian and Nevisian Americans 10585:Dominican Americans (Dominica) 9820:. Racialicious. Archived from 9677: 9657:Chinese Blacks in the Americas 9475:. July 4, 2014. Archived from 9345:"Complex - Making Culture Pop" 9088:. Yahoo Movies. Archived from 8199:Passing for Who You Really Are 7191:Forensic Science International 6763:Ellinghaus, Katherine (2006). 6465:Angela Y. Walton-Raji (2008). 5634:Hitt, Jack (August 21, 2005). 5277:. New York, NY: Vintage, 1991. 4928:Cohn, D'Vera (April 6, 2011). 4458: 4445: 4382: 4349: 4304: 3873:mother and an American father. 3720:is part Spanish, Chinese, and 3420:Demographics of American Samoa 3161:and/or Native American and/or 3074:formed in Virginia before the 2702:Admixture in the United States 2548:Definition of African-American 2327:Admixture in the United States 1348:. Today, after generations of 13: 1: 12957:In the United States Congress 12509:Hispanic and Latino Americans 12127:Hispanic and Latino Americans 10136:Multiethnic Education Program 9619:Tolentino, Jia (2018-12-12). 8771:. ABC News. February 26, 2008 8305:Bacon, Margaret Hope (2007). 8151:Boxer, Sarah (July 7, 2007). 8060:. WGBH Educational Foundation 8037:. WGBH Educational Foundation 8014:. WGBH Educational Foundation 7991:. WGBH Educational Foundation 7968:. WGBH Educational Foundation 7945:. WGBH Educational Foundation 7922:. WGBH Educational Foundation 7885:. WGBH Educational Foundation 7862:. WGBH Educational Foundation 7839:. WGBH Educational Foundation 7816:. WGBH Educational Foundation 7793:. WGBH Educational Foundation 7770:. WGBH Educational Foundation 7747:. WGBH Educational Foundation 7724:. WGBH Educational Foundation 7094:Chronicle of Higher Education 6903:. CBS News. February 11, 2007 6577:. WGBH Educational Foundation 6551:. WGBH Educational Foundation 5852:indiancountrymedianetwork.com 5822:indiancountrymedianetwork.com 5791:Adams, Paul (July 10, 2011). 4838:"Census 1990: Ancestry Codes" 4572:. WGBH Educational Foundation 4545:Slavery in America, 1619–1877 4234: 4104: 3465:ancestry. Subsequently, many 3136:Hispanic and Latino Americans 1445:is an enrolled member of the 1269:opportunistic ethnic identity 957:Multiracial American identity 485:" if they were not living on 12197:Indigenous Mexican Americans 9897:. 2018-08-27. Archived from 9872:. 2007-03-24. Archived from 9597:. 2011-06-04. Archived from 9569:"Official Meg Tilly Website" 9557:. London. November 19, 2004. 9178:, Retrieved August 18, 2011. 9031:Ralph S. Kuykendall (1967). 8980:. 2017-01-30. Archived from 8952:Bucholtz, Meg (2019-11-05). 8720:"About Stacey Lauretta Dash" 6828:More Than Black?:Multiracial 6767:Taking assimilation to heart 6155:Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy 5948:"Kansapedia: Charles Curtis" 5649:– via www.nytimes.com. 5287:Sarah Warn (December 2003). 4491:www.freeafricanamericans.com 3879:Afro-Asian-American identity 3655:The U.S. Census categorizes 3602:In its original meaning, an 3396:and Hungarian and Ukrainian 3244:mother is Mexican (Spanish, 3153:", while others identify as 2931:Racial passing and ambiguity 2320: 1036:identified with culturally. 758:Black and "Some Other Race" 237:Hispanic or Latino Americans 7: 12438:Maps of American ancestries 12234:French Polynesian Americans 10590:Dutch West Indian Americans 9311:Wong, Tony (May 11, 2014). 8820:September 27, 2007, at the 8670:September 24, 2015, at the 7573:Gates, Henry Louis (2007). 6831:. Temple University Press. 6825:G. Reginald Daniel (2002). 6409:William Loren Katz (2008). 5950:. Kansas Historical Society 4976:"The Rise of Intermarriage" 4547:. New York: Hill and Wang. 4264:United States Census Bureau 4176: 3627:United States Census Bureau 3039:belonged to a middle-class 2355:In their attempt to ensure 1847:For African-Americans, the 1330:conversions to Christianity 1004:In 2009, Keith Bardwell, a 945:white/Asian at 727,197, and 933:California State University 463:colonial period in Virginia 440:Early United States history 10: 13047: 12219:Pacific Islander Americans 10180:Notable Multiracial People 9621:"The Misreading of Mitski" 9503:December 29, 2011, at the 9498:"Meg Tilly is Asian Irish" 9056:Kamehameha III#Family Tree 8747:"My mother died overnight" 8600:tribunedigital-sunsentinel 8332:"The Underground Railroad" 8085:. OUP Oxford. p. 50. 8056:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 8033:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 8010:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 7987:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 7964:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 7941:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 7918:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 7881:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 7858:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 7835:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 7812:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 7789:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 7766:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 7743:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 7720:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 6714:. Galafilm. Archived from 6573:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 6547:Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. 5682:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 5321:. DesiClub. Archived from 5111:Root, Maria P. P. (2001). 5011:"Thandie Newton – Actress" 4867:. The Multiracial Activist 3882: 3686:and her father is Chinese. 3598:Eurasian-American identity 3417: 3129: 2934: 2754:, Locklears, Pendarvises, 2699: 2637:Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade 2489:was part Native American, 2324: 2129: 2053:Lewis and Clark Expedition 2045:First Families of Virginia 1870:Métis in the United States 1859: 1625: 1220: 993: 960: 666: 589:In 1967 the United States 498:American Revolutionary War 334: 330: 76:Southwestern United States 12970: 12939: 12834: 12808: 12782: 12739: 12678: 12633: 12600: 12545: 12515: 12418: 12410:Punjabi Mexican Americans 12360: 12289: 12209: 11683: 11544:Liechtensteiner Americans 11368: 10897: 10542: 10531: 10399: 10269: 10260: 9004:"Colonialism's Daughters" 8722:. Stacey Dash Congress. 8486:"Y Tu Black Mama Tambien" 7642:"Obama the 'Magic Negro'" 7311:10.1017/S0738248000004259 6988:10.1007/s00439-002-0818-z 6944:10.1007/s00439-002-0896-y 6657:. ABC-CLIO. p. 214. 6491:Nomad Winterhawk (1997). 6343:Andrea LeVasseur (2009). 6249:October 19, 2017, at the 5903:Bell, Steve; et al. 4863:Tate, Eric (1997-07-08). 4439:New York University Press 3400:ancestry and a mother of 3222:is half Puerto Rican and 2937:Passing (racial identity) 2275:classified him as black. 1941:to mixed race parents of 1604:ancestry and a mother of 865:Black or African-American 770:Black and Native American 644:This section needs to be 230:2020 United States census 175: 170: 153: 136: 119: 102: 85: 73: 68: 40: 35: 12433:Native American ancestry 11220:Hungarian Slovak Gypsies 11076:Indo-Caribbean Americans 10825:Sierra Leonean Americans 10775:Bissau-Guinean Americans 10716:South Sudanese Americans 10166:August 11, 2015, at the 10124:The Multiracial Activist 9265:10.3390/genealogy6020055 9170:"Momoa Makes Hawaii Hot" 8815:Do the Jews Need Geraldo 8410:Mancini, Olivia (2001). 8132:. Lianig. March 17, 2009 7462:"Ali has Irish ancestry" 7387:During an appearance on 6651:Dorothy A. Mays (2008). 6438:by Dr. Jerald F. Dirks. 6382:Mary A. Dempsey (1996). 6345:"Della Reese: Biography" 6257:. Retrieved July 1, 2008 5234:. New York: NBCUniversal 2306:, thought Gates' series 1592:was born to a father of 1366:disenroll tribal members 1338:special boarding schools 1336:of children sent off to 1303:Native American identity 1288:Native American identity 1284:Native American ancestry 1277:Indian Wedding Blessings 1273:Cherokee heritage groups 1217:Native American identity 12395:Louisiana Creole people 11554:Luxembourgish Americans 10753:South African Americans 10669:Equatoguinean Americans 9816:Chang, Wah-Ming Chang. 9707:McGarry, Kevin (2009) " 9168:Staff (July 19, 2004). 8630:www.blackelectorate.com 8575:"What are Telenovelas?" 8455:, Ohio State University 8182:have been considered a 7390:The Wendy Williams Show 6865:that he had resolved to 6745:. University of Daytona 6384:"The Indian connection" 6294:"Della Reese Biography" 4543:Kolchin, Peter (1993). 4470:San Francisco Chronicle 4171:played by a white actor 3774:is the son of Japanese 3085:Anita Florence Hemmings 3067:partus sequitur ventrem 2811:Gregory Howard Williams 2187:partus sequitur ventrem 2156:Louisiana Creole people 1892:Ben Nighthorse Campbell 1824:in what is now eastern 1818:Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón 1768:, African-American and 1648:Louisiana Creole people 942:white/black at 737,492, 576:disenfranchising blacks 397:partus sequitur ventrem 12182:Puerto Rican Americans 10780:Cape Verdean Americans 10615:Saint Lucian Americans 10391:Ethnocultural politics 10359:Racial achievement gap 10289:Educational attainment 10147:March 9, 2012, at the 9973:June 29, 2011, at the 9732:. 2009. Archived from 8894:The Hollywood Reporter 8769:"Excerpt: "His Panic"" 8348:, accessed May 3, 2008 8201:(Palm Coast FL, 2005) 7579:. Crown. p. 154. 7435:Contact Music (2004). 7299:Law and History Review 6870: 6654:Women in early America 5071: 5015:Mixed-Race Celebrities 4951:"Multiracial Children" 4453:Multiracial Experience 4136:White slave propaganda 3020:portrayed a woman who 2510:Martin Luther King Jr. 2424:Her mother is of Afro- 2309:African American Lives 1830:San Miguel de Gualdape 928: 921: 893: 848: 525: 502:Second Great Awakening 449: 12279:New Zealand Americans 12244:Micronesian Americans 12239:Marshallese Americans 12140:Costa Rican Americans 11599:Sammarinese Americans 11574:Montenegrin Americans 11311:Azerbaijani Americans 11274:Palestinian Americans 11196:Singaporean Americans 11044:Bangladeshi Americans 10659:Cameroonian Americans 10381:Unemployment by state 9479:on September 20, 2016 8626:"BlackElectorate.com" 8606:on September 15, 2012 8470:May 11, 2013, at the 7646:The Los Angeles Times 7057:ScienceDaily (2008). 6866: 6862:Dreams from My Father 6623:"Frontline: Locklear" 6351:. MSN. Archived from 6273:July 4, 2009, at the 5970:"Obituaries: Haaland" 5858:on September 22, 2017 5504:factfinder.census.gov 5498:Bureau, U.S. Census. 5224:Wang, Frances Kai-Hwa 5067: 4222:Dreams from My Father 3895:Chinese Exclusion Act 3590:Scotch-Irish American 3130:Further information: 2885:Patrick Francis Healy 2831:Shreveport, Louisiana 2289:Henry Louis Gates Jr. 2140:Chestnut Ridge people 2057:Toussaint Charbonneau 1898:mother and father of 1517:Secretary of Interior 1165:Indian mother and an 994:Further information: 961:Further information: 926: 916: 888: 846: 667:Further information: 621:interracial marriages 519: 447: 372:Civil Rights Movement 335:Further information: 258:racial discrimination 202:Multiracial Americans 171:Related ethnic groups 74:Predominantly in the 42:Mixed-race (any race) 31:Multiracial Americans 12558:Creoles of Louisiana 12352:Venezuelan Americans 12342:Surinamese Americans 12332:Paraguayan Americans 12322:Ecuadorian Americans 12274:Australian Americans 12165:Salvadoran Americans 12160:Panamanian Americans 12155:Nicaraguan Americans 12145:Guatemalan Americans 11584:Portuguese Americans 11559:Macedonian Americans 11549:Lithuanian Americans 11403:Belarusian Americans 11316:Circassian Americans 11206:Vietnamese Americans 11176:Indonesian Americans 11130:Sri Lankan Americans 10983:Fuzhounese Americans 10820:Senegalese Americans 10758:Zimbabwean Americans 10630:Vincentian Americans 10056:G. Reginald Daniel, 9858:on February 2, 2017. 9793:on November 10, 2008 9762:on December 16, 2008 9575:on February 23, 2011 9529:on December 28, 2010 9123:on December 23, 2010 8896:. January 11, 2019. 8534:on September 2, 2017 7332:Schor, Paul (2005). 7231:Genetic Epidemiology 7088:Troy Duster (2008). 6718:on December 26, 2007 6028:Anchorage Daily News 5636:"The Newest Indians" 5575:Smithers, Gregory D. 5325:on December 11, 2010 5089:on September 5, 2006 4695:. Cornell University 4291:United States census 3580:, Spanish, Chinese, 3570:Lou Diamond Phillips 3500:Queen Emma of Hawaii 3072:free people of color 3056:Daniel Hale Williams 3037:Walter Francis White 2621:Free People of Color 2567:factual accuracy is 2525:John Mercer Langston 2385:free people of color 2232:free people of color 2144:Free people of color 1983:was a member of the 1945:and English descent. 1006:justice of the peace 857:United States Census 567:Racial Integrity Law 506:free people of color 483:Free people of color 459:free people of color 382:, especially before 18:Multiracial American 12962:Women in journalism 12525:Hispanic and Latino 12347:Uruguayan Americans 12317:Colombian Americans 12307:Brazilian Americans 12297:Argentine Americans 12177:Dominican Americans 12071:Alaskan Athabaskans 11670:Non-Hispanic whites 11663:Ukrainian Americans 11641:Slovenian Americans 11619:Norwegian Americans 11614:Icelandic Americans 11517:Hungarian Americans 11450:Bulgarian Americans 11254:Jordanian Americans 11191:Malaysian Americans 11161:Cambodian Americans 11113:Pakistani Americans 11103:Maldivian Americans 11056:Bhutanese Americans 11027:Taiwanese Americans 11017:Mongolian Americans 10998:Hong Kong Americans 10726:Tanzanian Americans 10701:Ethiopian Americans 10664:Congolese Americans 10595:Grenadian Americans 10580:Bermudian Americans 10575:Barbadian Americans 10309:Housing segregation 10263:Demographic history 10006:Lawrence R. Tenzer, 9824:on October 13, 2007 9787:The Philippine Star 9653:"The United States" 9521:BankrollBoost.com. 9357:on February 6, 2012 9292:on October 20, 2003 9200:"Second Generation" 9150:on January 19, 2012 9117:The Birmingham Post 8984:on January 30, 2017 8474:, Politics in Color 8294:. Associated Press. 8160:The Daily Telegraph 8130:"The Sanders Women" 8108:"Colored White Boy" 7687:. November 7, 2007. 7033:on November 5, 2007 6803:on October 18, 2008 6355:on December 3, 2013 6253:on the site of the 6132:on January 13, 2012 5975:Albuquerque Journal 5916:on January 23, 2012 5828:on October 21, 2017 5610:. February 10, 2011 5608:www.dailyyonder.com 5577:(October 1, 2015). 5466:on October 22, 2012 5435:on October 22, 2012 5429:The Washington Post 5351:on January 15, 2012 5226:(October 7, 2015). 5081:Thiphavong, Chris. 4982:. February 16, 2012 4395:Pew Research Center 4311:Bureau, US Census. 4143:Charles W. Chesnutt 4109:The figure of the " 3555:Indigenous Hawaiian 3106:, they established 3076:American Revolution 2997:free woman of color 2915:Mary Ellen Pleasant 2648:New York Daily News 2401:and Representative 2178:sub-Saharan African 2168:Redbone (ethnicity) 1684:and his father was 1680:'s mother was half 1660:Redbone (ethnicity) 1334:forced assimilation 1298:averaged to 18.0%. 1159:Oakland, California 487:Indian reservations 176:African Americans, 32: 12337:Peruvian Americans 12327:Guyanese Americans 12302:Bolivian Americans 12224:Chamorro Americans 12150:Honduran Americans 12135:Belizean Americans 12120:Canadian Americans 11589:Romanian Americans 11569:Moldovan Americans 11502:Galician Americans 11480:Estonian Americans 11460:Croatian Americans 11438:Scottish Americans 11393:Austrian Americans 11388:Asturian Americans 11383:Albanian Americans 11326:Georgian Americans 11306:Assyrian Americans 11301:Armenian Americans 11264:Lebanese Americans 11239:Bahraini Americans 11166:Filipino Americans 11108:Nepalese Americans 11071:Gujarati Americans 11022:Ryukyuan Americans 11007:Japanese Americans 10885:Egyptian Americans 10873:Tunisian Americans 10858:Algerian Americans 10830:Togolese Americans 10815:Nigerian Americans 10805:Liberian Americans 10790:Ghanaian Americans 10770:Beninese Americans 10748:Malawian Americans 10721:Sudanese Americans 10696:Eritrean Americans 10674:Gabonese Americans 10605:Jamaican Americans 10570:Bahamian Americans 10476:Moorish Scientists 10376:Standard of living 9901:on August 27, 2018 8697:on October 1, 2015 8364:The New York Times 7516:. January 13, 2011 7468:. February 9, 2002 7243:10.1002/gepi.20512 6692:on August 20, 2008 6324:The New York Times 6230:Douglas Brinkley, 5766:The New York Times 5730:The New York Times 5640:The New York Times 5534:has generic name ( 5486:Finding Your Roots 5299:on August 26, 2011 5041:"In Living Colors" 4895:on October 2, 2008 4785:censusreporter.org 4761:censusreporter.org 4737:censusreporter.org 4391:"Who is Hispanic?" 4362:The New York Times 4341:has generic name ( 4215:Loving v. Virginia 4209:Race of the Future 4093:Marilyn Strickland 3891:Reconstruction era 3747:mother and Indian 3536:Black Nova Scotian 3485:Princess Kaʻiulani 3132:Garifuna Americans 3108:racial segregation 2821:; the documentary 2669:Charles Steele Jr. 1896:Azorean Portuguese 1724:Mississauga Ojibwe 1652:Mardi Gras Indians 1521:Norwegian-American 1403:from 2011 to 2019. 1292:European Americans 1000:Loving v. Virginia 929: 849: 690:Number as of 2022 596:Loving v. Virginia 526: 450: 425:Anti-miscegenation 305:Hispanic Americans 270:Reconstruction Era 266:racial segregation 253:European colonists 178:Hispanic Americans 30: 13013: 13012: 12674: 12673: 12475: 12474: 12471: 12470: 12428:American ancestry 12312:Chilean Americans 12254:Palauan Americans 12187:Mexican Americans 11646:Spanish Americans 11631:Serbian Americans 11624:Swedish Americans 11594:Russian Americans 11564:Maltese Americans 11539:Latvian Americans 11527:Italian Americans 11485:Finnish Americans 11465:Cypriot Americans 11455:Catalan Americans 11428:English Americans 11423:Cornish Americans 11418:British Americans 11413:Bosnian Americans 11408:Belgian Americans 11358:Turkish Americans 11353:Kurdish Americans 11341:Israeli Americans 11331:Iranian Americans 11321:Chechen Americans 11259:Kuwaiti Americans 11244:Emirati Americans 11186:Laotian Americans 11181:Iu Mien Americans 11149:Burmese Americans 11118:Punjabi Americans 11081:Punjabi Americans 11066:Bengali Americans 11049:Bengali Americans 11032:Tibetan Americans 10976:Chinese Americans 10954:Turkmen Americans 10927:Pashtun Americans 10868:Moroccan American 10800:Ivorian Americans 10795:Guinean Americans 10785:Gambian Americans 10743:Angolan Americans 10731:Ugandan Americans 10600:Haitian Americans 10550:African Americans 10349:Racial inequality 10319:Income inequality 10284:Gender inequality 10111:978-0-87154-658-6 10096:978-1-4129-0948-8 10081:978-0-585-11477-4 10066:978-1-56639-909-8 10010:, Multiracial.com 9953:978-0-674-03130-2 9943:Ariela J. Gross, 9876:on March 24, 2007 9692:According to the 9423:on August 4, 2020 9226:Los Angeles Times 9092:on March 16, 2009 9042:978-0-87022-433-1 9017:978-0-8248-2619-2 8439:Winthrop Jordan, 8316:978-0-7914-7007-7 8263:Davis, F. James. 8092:978-0-19-920745-9 7374:978-0-19-991785-3 6838:978-1-56639-909-8 6782:978-0-8032-1829-1 6455:Katz WL 1997 p103 6244:Chapter excerpted 6206:The Baltimore Sun 6170:978-0-312-13062-6 5488:, January 4, 2022 5460:Chicago Sun-Times 5403:Los Angeles Times 5271:Mingus, Charles: 5180:Honolulu Magazine 5124:978-1-56639-826-8 4524:on March 28, 2007 4266:. August 12, 2021 4124:Lydia Maria Child 3743:, New York to an 3625:According to the 3504:Hawaiian Nobility 3434:Kingdom of Hawaii 3282:is of French and 3013:Imitation of Life 2976:descent from the 2966:G. K. Butterfield 2827:The Sanders Women 2823:Colored White Boy 2706:Race and genetics 2608: 2607: 2600: 2339:African Americans 2272:European-American 2204:European-American 2104:Boston University 2096:Hampton Institute 1900:Northern Cheyenne 1640:Cherokee Freedman 1535:President of the 1420:Billy Bowlegs III 1010:Robert, Louisiana 972:Political history 841: 840: 665: 664: 522:Alexander Withers 407:Revolutionary War 392:Thirteen Colonies 313:Louisiana Creoles 199: 198: 186:Louisiana Creoles 16:(Redirected from 13038: 13003: 13002: 12993: 12992: 12982: 12979: 12931:Washington, D.C. 12809:Religious groups 12634:Central American 12598: 12597: 12502: 12495: 12488: 12479: 12478: 12264:Tongan Americans 12259:Samoan Americans 12249:Native Hawaiians 12229:Fijian Americans 12131:Central America 11691:Native Americans 11636:Slovak Americans 11609:Danish Americans 11579:Polish Americans 11507:German Americans 11490:French Americans 11398:Basque Americans 11348:Lezgin Americans 11336:Jewish Americans 11294:Yemeni Americans 11289:Syrian Americans 11279:Qatari Americans 11215:Romani Americans 11123:Sindhi Americans 11096:Telugu Americans 11086:Sindhi Americans 11061:Indian Americans 11012:Korean Americans 10959:Uyghur Americans 10944:Kyrgyz Americans 10939:Kazakh Americans 10934:Baloch Americans 10922:Afghan Americans 10880:Coptic Americans 10863:Libyan Americans 10853:Berber Americans 10837:Yoruba Americans 10810:Malian Americans 10711:Somali Americans 10706:Kenyan Americans 10540: 10539: 10533:By continent and 10304:Household income 10247: 10240: 10233: 10224: 10223: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10204:on April 3, 2007 10142:MAVIN Foundation 10041: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10026: 10017: 10011: 10004: 9998: 9986:Werner Sollors, 9984: 9978: 9964: 9955: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9931: 9916: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9906: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9881: 9866: 9860: 9859: 9852:Associated Press 9844: 9838: 9837: 9831: 9829: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9800: 9798: 9789:. Archived from 9778: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9730:Complex Magazine 9722: 9716: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9689: 9687: 9675: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9639: 9616: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9518: 9512: 9509:Asiance Magazine 9495: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9419:. Archived from 9408: 9402: 9401: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9373: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9353:. Archived from 9350:Complex Networks 9341: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9330: 9308: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9291: 9284: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9243: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9139: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9119:. Archived from 9108: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9070:The Miami Herald 9064: 9058: 9053: 9047: 9046: 9028: 9022: 9021: 8999: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8978:"Mr. Everything" 8974: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8964: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8933:on April 1, 2010 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8834: 8825: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8791:"Geraldo Rivera" 8787: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8716: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8693:. Archived from 8681: 8675: 8662: 8656: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8622: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8602:. Archived from 8592: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8530:. Archived from 8520: 8514: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8481: 8475: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8441:Black Over White 8437: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8418:. Vassar College 8407: 8401: 8392: 8386: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8367:. April 16, 1898 8355: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8334:. Archived from 8327: 8321: 8320: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8216: 8210: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8174: 8172: 8156: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8104: 8098: 8096: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7665:. Archived from 7659: 7650: 7649: 7637: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7606: 7595: 7594: 7591:Internet Archive 7570: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7542:on June 30, 2013 7538:. Archived from 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7506: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7404: 7398: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7294: 7288: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7254: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7168: 7151:(6): 1839–1851. 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7085: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7054: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7022: 7016: 7015: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6929: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6888:on April 3, 2007 6877: 6871: 6857: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6822: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6770: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6648: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6570: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6544: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6499:on July 14, 2009 6488: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6447: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6417:on June 10, 2008 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6379: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6290: 6284: 6264: 6258: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6208:. Archived from 6197: 6191: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6158: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6106:. March 11, 2008 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5880:Cherokee Phoenix 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5854:. Archived from 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5824:. Archived from 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5763: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5741: 5727: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5702: 5684: 5660: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5631: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5533: 5529: 5527: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5510:on July 21, 2011 5506:. Archived from 5495: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5462:. Archived from 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5431:. Archived from 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5295:. Archived from 5284: 5278: 5269: 5263: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5078: 5072: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4912: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4891:. Archived from 4885: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4834: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4811:The Boston Globe 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4721:. June 13, 2021. 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4693:Chronicle Online 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4634:on July 20, 2011 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4599: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4568:PBS (May 1999). 4565: 4559: 4558: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4514: 4508: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4483: 4474: 4462: 4456: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4430: 4419: 4418: 4412: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4334: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4256: 4147:William Faulkner 4089: 4074:Indo-Trinidadian 4062: 4047: 4024: 4009: 3994: 3979: 3964:African-American 3956: 3941: 3930:Indo-Trinidadian 3926:Afro-Trinidadian 3918: 3859: 3833: 3814: 3795: 3768: 3745:English-American 3733: 3714: 3695: 3676: 3667:, and Eurasian. 3650:Pacific Islander 3566: 3547: 3519: 3496: 3481: 3463:Pacific Islander 3428:Pacific Islander 3382: 3354: 3326: 3295: 3276: 3257: 3238: 3216: 3201: 3186: 3052: 3033: 3018:Fredi Washington 3008: 2989: 2962: 2911: 2896: 2881: 2842: 2678:Condoleezza Rice 2652:David Ehrenstein 2613:African-American 2603: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2580:reliably sourced 2560: 2559: 2552: 2536: 2521: 2506: 2491:African-American 2483: 2464: 2449:African-American 2437: 2418: 2403:Augustus Hawkins 2245:Augustus Hawkins 2243:and Congressman 2220:Thomas Jefferson 2200:African-American 2112:Dakota Territory 2092:Indian Territory 2004:Heather Locklear 2000: 1977: 1962:Landgrave family 1954: 1937:was born in the 1931: 1919: 1888: 1809:American history 1800:James Earl Jones 1796: 1781: 1754: 1735: 1716: 1697: 1686:African-American 1674: 1644:Choctaw Freedmen 1586: 1563: 1532: 1519:. Her father is 1505: 1462: 1451:African-American 1439: 1412: 1385: 1350:racial whitening 1197: 1178: 1151: 1136: 1113: 1098: 1063: 979:Civil Rights Era 898: 808:Pacific Islander 684: 683: 660: 657: 651: 639: 638: 631: 530:Thomas Jefferson 415:Spanish colonies 204:, also known as 160: 159: 143: 142: 126: 125: 109: 108: 92: 91: 63: 62: 49: 48: 36:Total population 33: 29: 21: 13046: 13045: 13041: 13040: 13039: 13037: 13036: 13035: 13016: 13015: 13014: 13009: 12986: 12985: 12980: 12976: 12966: 12935: 12830: 12804: 12778: 12735: 12670: 12629: 12596: 12541: 12511: 12506: 12476: 12467: 12414: 12356: 12285: 12205: 12172:Cuban Americans 11813:Mission Indians 11679: 11658:Swiss Americans 11522:Irish Americans 11512:Greek Americans 11475:Dutch Americans 11470:Czech Americans 11443:Welsh Americans 11378:White Americans 11364: 11284:Saudi Americans 11269:Omani Americans 11249:Iraqi Americans 11171:Hmong Americans 11154:Karen Americans 11135:Tamil Americans 11091:Tamil Americans 10993:Hoklo Americans 10988:Hakka Americans 10964:Uzbek Americans 10949:Tajik Americans 10905:Asian Americans 10893: 10535:ethnic ancestry 10534: 10527: 10493:Native American 10481:Nation of Islam 10471:Five Percenters 10395: 10364:Racial wage gap 10354:Race and health 10339:Personal income 10271: 10265: 10256: 10251: 10207: 10205: 10196: 10168:Wayback Machine 10149:Wayback Machine 10120: 10071:Teja Arboleda, 10050: 10048:Further reading 10045: 10044: 10034: 10032: 10029:Matters of Race 10024: 10018: 10014: 10005: 10001: 9988:Interracialism, 9985: 9981: 9975:Wayback Machine 9965: 9958: 9942: 9938: 9929: 9927: 9918: 9917: 9913: 9904: 9902: 9893: 9892: 9888: 9879: 9877: 9868: 9867: 9863: 9846: 9845: 9841: 9827: 9825: 9814: 9810: 9796: 9794: 9779: 9775: 9765: 9763: 9754: 9753: 9749: 9739: 9737: 9724: 9723: 9719: 9706: 9702: 9685: 9683: 9676: 9672: 9662: 9660: 9659:. Color Q World 9651: 9650: 9646: 9637: 9635: 9617: 9613: 9604: 9602: 9601:on June 4, 2011 9593: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9567: 9566: 9562: 9554:The Independent 9547: 9546: 9542: 9532: 9530: 9519: 9515: 9505:Wayback Machine 9496: 9492: 9482: 9480: 9467: 9466: 9462: 9452: 9450: 9445:. May 2, 2015. 9441: 9440: 9436: 9426: 9424: 9409: 9405: 9396: 9395: 9391: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9374: 9370: 9360: 9358: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9328: 9326: 9309: 9305: 9295: 9293: 9289: 9282: 9278: 9277: 9273: 9244: 9240: 9230: 9228: 9218: 9214: 9204: 9202: 9198: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9182: 9167: 9163: 9153: 9151: 9140: 9136: 9126: 9124: 9109: 9105: 9095: 9093: 9082: 9078: 9065: 9061: 9054: 9050: 9043: 9029: 9025: 9018: 9000: 8996: 8987: 8985: 8976: 8975: 8971: 8962: 8960: 8950: 8946: 8936: 8934: 8926:Latina magazine 8917: 8913: 8903: 8901: 8888: 8887: 8883: 8862: 8858: 8851: 8835: 8828: 8822:Wayback Machine 8813: 8809: 8799: 8797: 8789: 8788: 8784: 8774: 8772: 8767: 8766: 8762: 8743: 8739: 8729: 8727: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8700: 8698: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8672:Wayback Machine 8663: 8659: 8648: 8644: 8634: 8632: 8624: 8623: 8619: 8609: 8607: 8594: 8593: 8589: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8568: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8547: 8537: 8535: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8506: 8496: 8494: 8482: 8478: 8472:Wayback Machine 8463: 8459: 8451: 8447: 8438: 8431: 8421: 8419: 8408: 8404: 8393: 8389: 8384: 8380: 8370: 8368: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8341: 8339: 8338:on July 5, 2008 8330: 8328: 8324: 8317: 8303: 8299: 8288: 8284: 8274: 8272: 8261: 8257: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8229: 8227: 8218: 8217: 8213: 8196: 8192: 8170: 8168: 8149: 8145: 8135: 8133: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8113: 8111: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8093: 8077: 8073: 8063: 8061: 8054: 8050: 8040: 8038: 8031: 8027: 8017: 8015: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7985: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7962: 7958: 7948: 7946: 7939: 7935: 7925: 7923: 7916: 7912: 7903: 7902: 7898: 7888: 7886: 7879: 7875: 7865: 7863: 7856: 7852: 7842: 7840: 7833: 7829: 7819: 7817: 7810: 7806: 7796: 7794: 7787: 7783: 7773: 7771: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7718: 7714: 7704: 7702: 7696: 7692: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7669:on May 3, 2011. 7661: 7660: 7653: 7638: 7631: 7621: 7619: 7607: 7598: 7587: 7571: 7567: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7519: 7517: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7493: 7491: 7485: 7481: 7471: 7469: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7433: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7405: 7401: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7361: 7357: 7344:(183): 89–101. 7330: 7326: 7295: 7291: 7280: 7276: 7223: 7219: 7186: 7182: 7135: 7131: 7121: 7119: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7086: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7055: 7046: 7036: 7034: 7023: 7019: 6971: 6967: 6927: 6921: 6917: 6906: 6904: 6899: 6891: 6889: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6858: 6854: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6823: 6816: 6806: 6804: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6761: 6757: 6748: 6746: 6735: 6731: 6721: 6719: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6693: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6649: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6594: 6590: 6580: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6554: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6525:on June 6, 2011 6517: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6489: 6482: 6472: 6470: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6411:"Black Indians" 6407: 6403: 6393: 6391: 6390:on June 9, 2005 6380: 6367: 6358: 6356: 6349:All Movie Guide 6341: 6337: 6328: 6326: 6316: 6312: 6303: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6275:Wayback Machine 6265: 6261: 6251:Wayback Machine 6229: 6225: 6215: 6213: 6212:on May 16, 2012 6198: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6053: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6032: 6030: 6020: 6016: 6007: 6005: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5978:. March 4, 2005 5968: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5789: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5756: 5752: 5739: 5737: 5720: 5716: 5661: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5632: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5531: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5513: 5511: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5285: 5281: 5270: 5266: 5251: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5221: 5217: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5146: 5142: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5109: 5105: 5092: 5090: 5079: 5075: 5066: 5062: 5049: 5047: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4906: 4905: 4898: 4896: 4889:"Archived copy" 4887: 4886: 4879: 4870: 4868: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4787: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4765: 4763: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4741: 4739: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4624: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4502: 4498: 4485: 4484: 4477: 4463: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4431: 4422: 4406: 4405: 4399: 4397: 4387: 4383: 4374: 4372: 4354: 4350: 4338: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4309: 4305: 4296: 4294: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4179: 4167:Half Breed Hero 4115:stock character 4111:tragic octoroon 4107: 4100: 4090: 4081: 4078:Afro-Panamanian 4063: 4054: 4048: 4039: 4025: 4016: 4010: 4001: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3957: 3948: 3942: 3933: 3919: 3887: 3881: 3874: 3860: 3851: 3841:Polish American 3834: 3825: 3815: 3806: 3796: 3787: 3769: 3760: 3734: 3725: 3715: 3706: 3701:is part Irish, 3696: 3687: 3677: 3646:Native Hawaiian 3638:American Indian 3600: 3593: 3567: 3558: 3548: 3539: 3520: 3511: 3497: 3488: 3482: 3430: 3424:History of Guam 3416: 3409: 3392:to a father of 3383: 3374: 3355: 3346: 3327: 3318: 3296: 3287: 3277: 3268: 3258: 3249: 3239: 3230: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3193: 3187: 3151:Some other race 3146: 3128: 3112:white supremacy 3059: 3053: 3044: 3034: 3025: 3009: 3000: 2990: 2981: 2963: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2919:James Pleasants 2912: 2903: 2897: 2888: 2882: 2873: 2846:George Herriman 2843: 2819:Anatole Broyard 2795:White Americans 2720: 2698: 2682:Nicolas Sarkozy 2604: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2573: 2565:This article's 2561: 2557: 2550: 2543: 2537: 2528: 2522: 2513: 2507: 2498: 2487:Whitney Houston 2484: 2475: 2465: 2456: 2438: 2429: 2419: 2357:white supremacy 2341: 2325:Main articles: 2323: 2295:Genetic testing 2176:Americans with 2174: 2132:Atlantic Creole 2128: 2100:Charles Eastman 2011: 2001: 1992: 1981:Maria Tallchief 1978: 1969: 1955: 1946: 1939:Cherokee Nation 1932: 1923: 1920: 1911: 1894:was born to an 1889: 1880: 1858: 1803: 1797: 1788: 1782: 1773: 1755: 1746: 1741:was born to an 1736: 1727: 1717: 1708: 1698: 1689: 1675: 1666: 1632:Black Seminoles 1624: 1617: 1587: 1578: 1575:German American 1564: 1555: 1533: 1524: 1506: 1497: 1463: 1454: 1440: 1431: 1413: 1404: 1401:Cherokee Nation 1397:Principal Chief 1391:, who is 3.13% 1389:Bill John Baker 1386: 1358:White Americans 1346:white privilege 1326:language shifts 1324:, e.g. through 1315:Bill John Baker 1307:Cherokee Nation 1286:(distinct from 1265:Indian princess 1263:or some other " 1253: 1219: 1212: 1198: 1189: 1179: 1170: 1152: 1143: 1137: 1128: 1127:was from Kenya. 1114: 1105: 1099: 1090: 1067:Auliʻi Cravalho 1064: 1033:social identity 1025: 1002: 992: 984:chattel slavery 974: 969: 959: 895: 794:Black and Asian 732:Native American 703:Some Other Race 679:some other race 675:some other race 671: 661: 655: 652: 649: 640: 636: 629: 584:white supremacy 559: 550:Madison Hemings 532:with his slave 514: 470:Olaudah Equiano 448:Olaudah Equiano 442: 355: 333: 309:Métis Americans 246:some other race 206:Mixed Americans 182:Métis Americans 154: 137: 120: 103: 86: 58: 44: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13044: 13034: 13033: 13028: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13007: 12997: 12984: 12983: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12943: 12941: 12937: 12936: 12934: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12922: 12921: 12911: 12910: 12909: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12860: 12859: 12854: 12844: 12838: 12836: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12812: 12810: 12806: 12805: 12803: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12786: 12784: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12776: 12775: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12743: 12741: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12682: 12680: 12679:South American 12676: 12675: 12672: 12671: 12669: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12637: 12635: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12627: 12626: 12625: 12615: 12610: 12604: 12602: 12595: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12583: 12582: 12572: 12567: 12566: 12565: 12555: 12549: 12547: 12546:North American 12543: 12542: 12540: 12539: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12522: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12505: 12504: 12497: 12490: 12482: 12473: 12472: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12452: 12451: 12450: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12366: 12364: 12358: 12357: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12293: 12291: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12276: 12268: 12267: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12215: 12213: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12203: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12199: 12194: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12168: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12123: 12122: 12116: 12115: 12114: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12066:Alaska Natives 12063: 12062: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12044:Tohono Oʼodham 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12010: 12009: 12004: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11687: 11685: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11654: 11653: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11627: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11535: 11534: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11446: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11433:Manx Americans 11430: 11425: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11374: 11372: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11344: 11343: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11234:Arab Americans 11225: 11224: 11223: 11222: 11211: 11210: 11209: 11208: 11203: 11201:Thai Americans 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11144:Southeast Asia 11141: 11140: 11139: 11138: 11137: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11120: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11058: 11053: 11052: 11051: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 11003: 11002: 11001: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10968: 10967: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10914: 10913: 10912: 10901: 10899: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10891: 10890: 10889: 10888: 10887: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10834: 10833: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10688: 10686:Igbo Americans 10683: 10681:Fula Americans 10678: 10677: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10546: 10544: 10537: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10513:Scientologists 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10486:Value Creators 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10416: 10411: 10405: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10334:Middle classes 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10299:Home-ownership 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10275: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10261: 10258: 10257: 10250: 10249: 10242: 10235: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10214: 10194: 10189: 10188:, Asian-Nation 10183: 10177: 10171: 10158: 10152: 10139: 10133: 10132:, founded 1988 10127: 10119: 10118:External links 10116: 10115: 10114: 10099: 10084: 10069: 10054: 10049: 10046: 10043: 10042: 10012: 10008:"White Slaves" 9999: 9979: 9966:Kathy Davis. " 9956: 9936: 9911: 9886: 9861: 9839: 9808: 9804:"Philippines") 9773: 9747: 9736:on May 6, 2014 9717: 9715:, June 4, 2009 9713:New York Times 9700: 9670: 9644: 9625:The New Yorker 9611: 9586: 9560: 9540: 9513: 9490: 9460: 9434: 9403: 9389: 9368: 9336: 9303: 9271: 9238: 9212: 9191: 9180: 9161: 9142:Morgan, Kaya. 9134: 9103: 9076: 9059: 9048: 9041: 9023: 9016: 8994: 8969: 8944: 8911: 8881: 8878:on 2016-03-04. 8856: 8849: 8826: 8807: 8782: 8760: 8753:) – via 8737: 8708: 8676: 8657: 8642: 8617: 8587: 8566: 8545: 8515: 8504: 8476: 8457: 8445: 8429: 8402: 8395:Paul Heinegg, 8387: 8378: 8350: 8322: 8315: 8297: 8282: 8255: 8237: 8211: 8190: 8143: 8121: 8099: 8091: 8071: 8048: 8025: 8002: 7979: 7956: 7933: 7910: 7896: 7873: 7850: 7827: 7804: 7781: 7758: 7735: 7712: 7690: 7672: 7651: 7629: 7596: 7585: 7565: 7553: 7527: 7501: 7479: 7453: 7427: 7399: 7380: 7373: 7355: 7324: 7305:(3): 467–512. 7289: 7282:Paul Heinegg, 7274: 7237:(6): 561–568. 7217: 7180: 7157:10.1086/302148 7129: 7106: 7075: 7044: 7017: 6976:Human Genetics 6965: 6938:(4): 387–399. 6932:Human Genetics 6915: 6872: 6852: 6837: 6814: 6788: 6781: 6755: 6729: 6703: 6677: 6663: 6636: 6614: 6602:New York Times 6588: 6562: 6536: 6510: 6480: 6457: 6448: 6428: 6401: 6365: 6335: 6310: 6285: 6259: 6255:New York Times 6223: 6192: 6183: 6169: 6143: 6117: 6095: 6081: 6072:Black and Blue 6061: 6052:, May 23, 2017 6039: 6014: 5989: 5961: 5939: 5927: 5895: 5884:. June 1, 2011 5869: 5839: 5809: 5783: 5750: 5714: 5652: 5621: 5595: 5566: 5541: 5490: 5477: 5446: 5415: 5389: 5362: 5336: 5310: 5279: 5264: 5245: 5215: 5208:) – via 5192: 5174:Wallace, Don. 5166: 5140: 5123: 5103: 5073: 5060: 5028: 5002: 4993: 4967: 4942: 4920: 4877: 4855: 4844:on May 2, 2008 4824: 4796: 4772: 4748: 4724: 4706: 4679: 4666:978-0470189801 4665: 4645: 4618: 4583: 4560: 4553: 4535: 4509: 4503:Paul Heinegg, 4496: 4475: 4473:July 21, 2008. 4457: 4455:, pp. xv–xviii 4444: 4420: 4381: 4348: 4303: 4277: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4163:pass for white 4159:Tragic mulatto 4106: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4091: 4084: 4082: 4076:father and an 4064: 4057: 4055: 4049: 4042: 4040: 4026: 4019: 4017: 4011: 4004: 4002: 3996: 3989: 3987: 3981: 3974: 3972: 3958: 3951: 3949: 3943: 3936: 3934: 3920: 3913: 3883:Main article: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3867:Mie Prefecture 3861: 3854: 3852: 3839:was born to a 3835: 3828: 3826: 3824:, and Chinese. 3818:Jennifer Tilly 3816: 3809: 3807: 3797: 3790: 3788: 3770: 3763: 3761: 3735: 3728: 3726: 3716: 3709: 3707: 3699:Moon Bloodgood 3697: 3690: 3688: 3678: 3671: 3642:Alaskan Native 3620:Asian-American 3599: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3568: 3561: 3559: 3549: 3542: 3540: 3524:Dwayne Johnson 3521: 3514: 3512: 3498: 3491: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3467:ethnic Chinese 3451:ancestry. The 3415: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3384: 3377: 3375: 3356: 3349: 3347: 3328: 3321: 3319: 3301:was born to a 3299:John H. Sununu 3297: 3290: 3288: 3278: 3271: 3269: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3242:Adrian Grenier 3240: 3233: 3231: 3220:Geraldo Rivera 3218: 3211: 3209: 3203: 3196: 3194: 3190:Harry Shum Jr. 3188: 3181: 3127: 3124: 3104:Reconstruction 3081:Vassar College 3061: 3060: 3054: 3047: 3045: 3035: 3028: 3026: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2991: 2984: 2982: 2964: 2957: 2935:Main article: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2913: 2906: 2904: 2900:Carol Channing 2898: 2891: 2889: 2883: 2876: 2874: 2844: 2837: 2697: 2694: 2644:Stanley Crouch 2606: 2605: 2564: 2562: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2523: 2516: 2514: 2508: 2501: 2499: 2485: 2478: 2476: 2466: 2459: 2457: 2439: 2432: 2430: 2420: 2413: 2359:decades after 2322: 2319: 2192:one-eighth law 2127: 2124: 2122:in Minnesota. 2108:Elaine Goodale 2013: 2012: 2002: 1995: 1993: 1979: 1972: 1970: 1966:South Carolina 1956: 1949: 1947: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1914: 1912: 1890: 1883: 1857: 1854: 1837:runaway slaves 1826:South Carolina 1805: 1804: 1798: 1791: 1789: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1756: 1749: 1747: 1739:Claudia McNeil 1737: 1730: 1728: 1718: 1711: 1709: 1703:was born to a 1699: 1692: 1690: 1676: 1669: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1590:Booboo Stewart 1588: 1581: 1579: 1569:was born to a 1565: 1558: 1556: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1484:mother and an 1466:Charles Curtis 1464: 1457: 1455: 1441: 1434: 1432: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1387: 1380: 1362:racial exogamy 1259:. Many of the 1218: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1203:was born to a 1199: 1192: 1190: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1153: 1146: 1144: 1140:Jennifer Beals 1138: 1131: 1129: 1115: 1108: 1106: 1102:Charles Mingus 1100: 1093: 1091: 1065: 1058: 1024: 1021: 991: 988: 973: 970: 967:Multiracialism 958: 955: 950: 949: 946: 943: 940: 839: 838: 835: 832: 828: 827: 824: 821: 817: 816: 813: 810: 803: 802: 799: 796: 790: 789: 786: 783: 779: 778: 775: 772: 766: 765: 762: 759: 755: 754: 751: 748: 741: 740: 737: 734: 727: 726: 723: 720: 713: 712: 709: 706: 695: 694: 691: 688: 663: 662: 643: 641: 634: 628: 625: 558: 555: 513: 510: 441: 438: 380:colonial years 332: 329: 197: 196: 173: 172: 168: 167: 164: 151: 150: 147: 134: 133: 130: 117: 116: 113: 100: 99: 96: 83: 82: 71: 70: 66: 65: 38: 37: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13043: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13023: 13021: 13006: 12998: 12996: 12988: 12987: 12978: 12974: 12969: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12944: 12942: 12938: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12912: 12908: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12879:Massachusetts 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12858: 12857:San Francisco 12855: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12833: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12783:Ethnic groups 12781: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12738: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12677: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12638: 12636: 12632: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12605: 12603: 12599: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12587:Nuevomexicano 12585: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12564: 12561: 12560: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12544: 12538: 12535: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12514: 12510: 12503: 12498: 12496: 12491: 12489: 12484: 12483: 12480: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12453: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12417: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12363: 12359: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12290:South America 12288: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12271: 12269: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12220: 12217: 12216: 12214: 12212: 12208: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12132: 12130: 12129: 12128: 12125: 12124: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12068: 12067: 12064: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 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11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11379: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11367: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11221: 11218: 11217: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11150: 11147: 11146: 11145: 11142: 11136: 11133: 11132: 11131: 11128: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 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10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10736: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10650: 10647: 10643: 10642:Black Indians 10640: 10638: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10503:Non-religious 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10421: 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7605: 7603: 7601: 7592: 7588: 7586:9780307382382 7582: 7578: 7577: 7569: 7562: 7557: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7490: 7483: 7467: 7463: 7457: 7442: 7441:Contact Music 7438: 7431: 7416: 7415: 7414:Rolling Stone 7410: 7403: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7384: 7376: 7370: 7366: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7285: 7278: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7192: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7133: 7117: 7110: 7095: 7091: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6902: 6892:September 23, 6887: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6863: 6856: 6844:September 19, 6840: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6821: 6819: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6784: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6759: 6744: 6742: 6733: 6717: 6713: 6707: 6691: 6687: 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