Murder of James Bulger

753:. The boys were taught to conceal their real names and the crime they had committed which resulted in their being in the units. Venables' parents regularly visited their son at Red Bank, just as Thompson's mother did, every three days, at Barton Moss. The boys received education and rehabilitation; despite initial problems, Venables was said to have eventually made good progress at Red Bank, resulting in him being kept there for the full eight years, despite the facility only being a short-stay remand unit. Both boys were reported to suffer 719: 6596: 6608: 2547: 589:... In my judgment, your conduct was both cunning and very wicked." Morland sentenced them to be detained at Her Majesty's pleasure, with a recommendation that they should be kept in custody for "very, very many years to come", recommending a minimum term of eight years. At the close of the trial, the judge lifted reporting restrictions and allowed the names of the killers to be released, saying: "I did this because the public interest overrode the interest of the defendants 2555: 477:. Early press reports and police statements had referred to Bulger being seen with "two youths" (suggesting that the killers were teenagers), the ages of the boys being difficult to ascertain from the images captured by CCTV. Forensic tests confirmed that both boys had the same blue paint on their clothing as found on Bulger's body. Both had blood on their shoes; the blood on Thompson's shoe was matched to Bulger's through 6584: 370:, went with his mother, Denise, to the New Strand Shopping Centre. While inside the A.R. Tym's butcher's shop on the lower floor of the centre at around 15:40, Denise, who had let go of her son's hand to pay for her shopping, realised that her son was missing. Thompson and Venables had approached Bulger, took him by the hand, and led him out of the shopping centre. The moment was caught on CCTV at 15:42. 5449: 994:"There are many different images circulating online claiming to be of Venables or Thompson; potentially innocent individuals may be wrongly identified as being one of the two men and placed in danger. The order, and its enforcement, is therefore intended to protect not only Venables and Thompson, but also those members of the public who have been incorrectly identified as being one of the two men." 402:-mile (4-kilometre) walk across Liverpool; they were seen by around 38 people, but most bystanders did nothing to intervene. Two people challenged Thompson and Venables, but they either claimed that Bulger was their brother, or that he was lost, and that they were taking him to a police station. At one point, the boys took Bulger into a pet shop, from which they were ejected. 409:, close to Walton Park Cemetery. One of the boys threw the blue paint that they had shoplifted earlier into Bulger's left eye. They kicked him, stamped on him, and threw bricks and stones at him. They placed batteries in Bulger's mouth and may have inserted some into his anus, although none were found there. Finally, the boys dropped a 10 kg (22 lb) railway 332: 538:

the trial, was asked in court whether he would know the difference between right and wrong, that it was wrong to take a young child away from his mother, and that it was wrong to cause injury to a child. Vizard replied, "If the issue is on the balance of probabilities, I think I can answer with certainty." Vizard also said that Thompson was suffering from

5243: 1524:("The Oscars"). The film is based on transcripts of the police interviews with Thompson and Venables after their arrests. Bulger's mother was not consulted before the film's release. She criticised its nomination and circulated a petition to have the film removed from the nominations. In response, the film's director 627:, in a bid to increase the time spent by both boys in custody. This campaign was successful, and Howard announced in July 1994 that the boys would be kept in custody for a minimum of fifteen years, meaning that they would not be considered for release until February 2008, by which time they would be 25 years old. 5253: 566:. After his appearances in court, Venables would strip off his clothes, saying: "I can smell James like a baby smell." The prosecution admitted a number of exhibits during the trial, including a box of 27 bricks, a blood-stained stone, Bulger's underpants, and the rusty iron bar described as a railway 1253:

In November 2011, it was reported that officials had decided that Venables would stay in prison for the foreseeable future, as he would be likely to reveal his true identity if released. A Ministry of Justice spokesman declined to comment on the reports. On 4 July 2013, it was reported that

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and European Court of Human Rights have since ruled that although the parliament may set minimum and maximum terms for individual categories of crime, it is the responsibility of the trial judge, with the benefit of all the evidence and argument from both prosecution and defence counsel, to determine

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In late June 2019, it was reported that British officials had considered resettling Venables in Canada, Australia, or New Zealand, due to the high costs behind protecting his anonymity. British authorities had reportedly spent £65,000 in legal fees to keep Venables' identity a secret. In response to

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stated that Venables had been returned to prison because of "extremely serious allegations", and stated that he was "unable to give further details of the reasons for Jon Venables' return to custody, because it was not in the public interest to do so". On 7 March, media reports said that he had

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and ordered to pay costs of £120,000. No significant publication or vigilante action against Thompson or Venables has occurred. Despite this, Bulger's mother, Denise, told how in 2004 she received a tip-off from an anonymous source that helped her locate Thompson. Upon seeing him, she was "paralysed

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with the accused in the dock away from their parents, and the judge and court officials in legal regalia. The boys denied the charges of murder, abduction and attempted abduction. The attempted abduction charge related to an incident at the New Strand Shopping Centre earlier on 12 February 1993, the

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The boys were each charged with the murder of James Bulger on 20 February 1993, and appeared at South Sefton Youth Court on 22 February 1993, where they were remanded in custody to await trial. In the aftermath of their arrest, and throughout the media accounts of their trial, the boys were referred

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In response to the controversy, Morris stated that the humour in his play was "never at the expense of the various people, Mrs Fergus included, who have suffered so much in the aftermath of James's murder". He commented that the work "is emphatically not a comedy" but instead "intended as a serious

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child sexual abuse images, and was sentenced to three years and four months in prison. In September 2020, he was denied parole. On 13 December 2023, Venables was again denied parole, with the Parole Board saying that "The panel was not satisfied that release at this point would be safe for the

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Venables began living independently in March 2002. Some time thereafter, he began a relationship with a woman who had a five-year-old child; it is not known whether Venables had already begun downloading child abuse images at the time of dating the woman, although he denies having ever met the

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tests. A pattern of bruising on Bulger's right cheek matched the features of the upper part of a shoe worn by Thompson; a paint mark in the toecap of one of Venables's shoes indicated he must have used "some force" when he kicked Bulger. Thompson is said to have asked police whether Bulger had been

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Thompson and Venables laid Bulger across the railway tracks and weighted his head down with rubble, hoping that a train would hit him and his death would be ruled an accident. After they left the scene, his body was cut in half by a train. Bulger's severed body was discovered by a group of children

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by Thompson and Venables. The scene in the game involves a computer-generated detective pointing out the picture, which is meant to represent a fictional child abduction that the player is then asked to investigate. Bulger's family, along with many others, complained, and the game was subsequently

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Thompson and Venables were considered by the court to be capable of "mischievous discretion", meaning an ability to act with criminal intent as they were mature enough to understand that they were doing something seriously wrong. A child psychiatrist, Eileen Vizard, who interviewed Thompson before

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Thompson and Venables did not speak during the trial, and the case against them was based to a large extent on the more than 20 hours of tape-recorded police interviews with the boys, which were played back in court. Thompson was considered to have taken the leading role in the abduction process,

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Each boy sat in view of the court on raised chairs so they could see out of the dock designed for adults, and were accompanied by two social workers and guards. Although they were separated from their parents, they were within touching distance when their families attended the trial. News stories

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The police quickly found low-resolution video images of Bulger's abduction from the New Strand Shopping Centre by two unidentified boys. The railway embankment upon which his body had been discovered was soon adorned with hundreds of bunches of flowers. The family of one boy, who was detained for

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The play generated controversy due to the similarities between the character and James' killers. Although she had not seen the play, Denise Fergus denounced it as a work that was "just designed to try and shock people and grab publicity" and that "anyone who would stoop so low as to use my son's

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imagery. The Ministry of Justice declined to comment on the reports. On 5 January 2018, Venables was charged with unspecified offences relating to indecent images of children. On 7 February 2018, Venables pleaded guilty to possession of indecent images of children for a second time. He

916:, citing his lack of remorse during his trial and arrest. That report was ultimately dismissed; however, Thompson's lack of remorse at the time, in stark contrast to Venables, led to considerable scrutiny from the parole panel. Upon release, both Thompson and Venables had lost all trace of their 1236:

On 4 May 2011, it was reported that Venables would once again be given a new identity, following what was described as a "serious security breach", which revealed an identity that he had been using before his imprisonment in 2010; details of the breach could not be reported for legal reasons. A

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via a video link, visible only to the judge hearing the case. He pleaded guilty to charges of downloading and distributing child sexual abuse material, and was sentenced to two years' imprisonment. At the court hearing, it emerged that Venables had posed in online chat rooms as 35-year-old Dawn

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Bulger's mother, Denise Fergus, said she was angry that the parole board did not tell her that Venables had been returned to prison, and called for his anonymity to be removed if he was charged with a crime. A spokesperson for the Ministry of Justice stated that there was a worldwide injunction

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game. A Merseyside detective said, "We went through something like 200 titles rented by the Venables family. There were some you or I wouldn't want to see, but nothing—no scene, or plot, or dialogue—where you could put your finger on the freeze button and say that influenced a boy to go out and

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was imposed on the media after the trial, preventing the publication of details about Thompson and Venables. The worldwide injunction was kept in force following their release on parole, so their new identities and locations could not be published. In 2001, Blunkett stated: "The injunction was

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spokesman for the Ministry of Justice commented: "Such a change of identity is extremely rare, and granted only when the police assess that there is clear and credible evidence of a sustained threat to the offender's life on release into the community." The incident occurred after a man from

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of his computer with a knife and a tin opener. The officer's suspicions were aroused, and the computer was taken away for examination leading to the discovery of the child sexual abuse material, which included children as young as two being raped by adults, and penetrative rape of seven- or

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mile (400 metres) from the New Strand Shopping Centre, where they dropped him on his head, and he suffered injuries to his face. The boys joked about pushing Bulger into the canal. An eyewitness said that when he saw Bulger at the canal, the boy was "crying his eyes out". The boys went on a

1502:) is a 2016 Polish drama thriller directed by Bartosz M. Kowalski. The story includes Thompson and Venables, but presented as "Szymek" and "Czarek". The case is used at the end of the film, as both boys abduct a little boy from a mall, taking him to a railroad, abusing and murdering him. 1186:

On 21 June 2010, Venables was charged with possession and distribution of indecent images of children. It was alleged that he had downloaded 57 indecent images of children over a 12-month period to February 2010, and had allowed other people to access the files through a

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though it was Venables who had apparently initiated the idea of taking Bulger to the railway line. Venables later described how Bulger seemed to like him, holding his hand and allowing him to pick him up on the meandering journey to the scene of his murder. Laurence Lee, who was the

1228:, said that only 24 hour surveillance would have stopped Venables. Venables was eligible for parole in July 2011. On 27 June 2011, the parole board decided that he would remain in custody, and that his parole would not be considered again for at least another year. 1392:, released a statement in which it apologised for the image's inclusion in the game; according to the statement, the image's use was "inadvertent", and took place "without any knowledge of the crime, which occurred in the UK, and was minimally publicised in the United States". 6510: 790:

In September 1999, Bulger's parents appealed to the European Court of Human Rights but failed to persuade the court that a victim of a crime has the right to be involved in determining the sentence of the perpetrator. The European Court case led to the new Lord Chief Justice,

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On 31 January 2019, a man and a woman pleaded guilty to eight contempt-of-court offences at the High Court after they admitted to posting photos on social media that they claimed identified Venables; both received suspended prison sentences. In March 2019, actress

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On 26 April 2013, two men received suspended jail sentences of nine months after admitting to contempt of court, by publishing photographs that they claimed to be of Venables and Thompson on Facebook and Twitter. The posts were seen by 24,000 people. According to

449:. The breakthrough came when a woman, upon seeing slightly enhanced images of the two boys on national television, recognised Venables, and remembered seeing him playing truant with Thompson in the Bootle area that day. She contacted the police, and the boys were arrested. 1107:

After a period of apparently reduced supervision, Venables began excessively drinking, taking drugs, and downloading child abuse images, as well as visiting Merseyside, which was a breach of his licence. In September 2002, Venables was arrested on suspicion of

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In 1999, lawyers for Thompson and Venables appealed to the European Court of Human Rights that the boys' trial had not been impartial, since they were too young to follow proceedings and understand an adult court. The court dismissed their claim that the trial was

749:. These locations were not publicly known until after the boys' release. Details of the boys' lives were recorded twice daily on running sheets and signed by the member of staff who had written them; the records were stored at the units and copied to officials in 818:'-like programme." This was supported by the fabrication of passports, national insurance numbers, qualification certificates, and medical records. Blunkett added his own conditions to their licence and insisted on being sent daily updates on the boys' actions. 5481: 436:

had been forcibly pulled back. When Thompson and Venables were questioned about this aspect of the attack by detectives and a child psychiatrist, Eileen Vizard, the pair were reluctant to give details. When Venables was let out on parole, his psychiatrist,

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decision in June 2001 recommended their release on a lifelong licence at age 18. Venables was sent to prison in 2010 for breaching the terms of his licence, was released on parole again in 2013, and in November 2017 was again sent to prison for possessing

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message that one of his former colleagues was Thompson. In passing sentence, Deputy High Bailiff Alastair Montgomerie said that the teenager had "put that person at significant risk of serious harm" and in a "perilous position" by making the allegation.

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turned down the request, saying that the "uniquely notorious" nature of the case meant there is "a strong possibility, if not a probability, that if his identity were known, he would be pursued, resulting in grave and possibly fatal consequences."

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Venables contacted his probation officer in February 2010, reporting that he feared that his new identity had been compromised at his place of work. When the officer arrived at his flat, Venables was attempting to remove or destroy the

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published details that suggested the names of the secure institutions in which the pair were housed, in breach of the injunction against publicity that had been renewed early in 2001. In December that year, the paper was fined £30,000 for

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said that "society needs to condemn a little more, and understand a little less." The trial judge Mr Justice Morland stated that exposure to violent videos might have encouraged the actions of Thompson and Venables; this was disputed by

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The terms of their release included the following: They were not allowed to contact each other or Bulger's family; they were prohibited from visiting the Merseyside region; curfews may be imposed on them, and they must report to

1112:, following a fight outside a nightclub; he claimed he was acting in self-defence, and the charges were later dropped after he agreed to go on an alcohol-awareness course. Three months later, he was found to be in possession of 5535: 923:

In a psychiatric report prepared in 2000 before Venables' release, he was described as posing a "trivial" risk to the public and unlikely to reoffend. The chances of his successful rehabilitation were described as "very high".

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received a prison sentence of eight months, suspended for 15 months: in November 2017, she had published an alleged photograph of Venables on Facebook, with the advice "share this as much as possible". Lord Justice

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denied that the incident had been covered up, saying, "All allegations were thoroughly investigated by an independent team on the orders of the Home Office and chaired by Arthur de Frischling, a retired prison governor."

5098: 5471: 787:; regarding the fairness of the trial of Thompson and Venables, they stated: "The public trial process in an adult court must be regarded in the case of an 11 year-old child as a severely intimidating procedure." 4636: 774:

by the nature of the court proceedings. The court also held that the Home Secretary's intervention had led to a "highly charged atmosphere", which resulted in an unfair judgment. On 15 March 1999, the court in

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During Venables' and Thompson's incarcerations, the court order protecting their identities was renewed, but details about them, both real and fabricated, gradually leaked into the press and via the internet.

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during the boys' initial court appearances. The parents of the accused were moved to different parts of the country and assumed new identities following death threats from vigilantes. The full trial opened at

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modelling paint. One of the boys later said that before abducting Bulger, they were planning to abduct a child, lead him to the busy road alongside the shopping centre, and push him into the oncoming traffic.

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pleaded guilty via video link to three charges of making indecent images of children, and one of possessing a "paedophile manual", that included advice for would-be child molesters, including instructions on

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to raise the age of criminal responsibility from ten to twelve. She said that the killers of James Bulger should have undergone "programmes" to help turn their lives around, rather than being prosecuted. The

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at the time of his arrest. The High Court also heard that Venables had been arrested on suspicion of affray in September 2008, following a drunken street fight with another man. Late that year, he was

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during their sentences. The paper also stated that the Bulger family's lawyers had consulted psychiatric experts in order to present the parole panel with a report that suggested Thompson is an undiagnosed

1179:, was Venables. While the claim was reported and dismissed in September 2005, it reappeared in March 2010 when it was circulated widely via SMS messages and Facebook. Chief Inspector Tracie O'Gara of 6252: 5503: 3411: 5955: 1224:

handling of the case by David Omand found that probation officers could not have prevented Venables from downloading child sexual abuse material. Harry Fletcher, the assistant general secretary of the

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Police suspected that the boys had sexually assaulted Bulger, as his shoes, socks, trousers, and underpants had been removed. The pathologist's report, which was read out in court, found that Bulger's

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was one of the films that Venables' father had rented in the months prior to the killing, but it was not established that Venables had ever watched it. One scene in the film shows the malevolent doll

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In 2005, when Venables was age 23, his probation officer met another girlfriend of his, who was aged 17. After a number of "young girlfriends", it was presumed that Venables was having a

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announced that it was instituting contempt of court proceedings against several people who had allegedly published photographs online showing Thompson or Venables as adults. A spokesman commented:

31: 5185: 4797: 2195: 2617: 4828: 4609: 5882: 5576: 2761: 978:, was arrested after allegedly setting up a Facebook group with the title "What happened to Jamie Bulger was fucking hilarious". The man's computer was seized for further investigations. 235: 152: 4659: 1147:

On 2 March 2010, the Ministry of Justice revealed that Venables had been returned to prison for an unspecified violation of the terms of his licence of release. Justice Secretary

869:. A memorial garden in Bulger's memory was created in Sacred Heart Primary School in his hometown of Kirkby, the school he would have been expected to attend had he not been murdered. 4732: 2996: 5218: 2946: 581:

The boys, by then aged 11, were found guilty of Bulger's murder at the Preston court on 24 November 1993, becoming the youngest convicted murderers of the 20th century. The judge,

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said that the offence was "close to the line" for an immediate prison sentence, but suspended the sentence after observing an early admission of guilt and remorse by the woman.

463: 1352:. The play featured an 18-year-old character called Timmy, who was due to be released from a secure unit after luring a toddler away from his mother and beating him to death. 1719: 3846: 1200:"Dawnie" Smith, a supposedly married woman from Liverpool, who boasted about abusing her 8-year-old daughter, in the hope of obtaining further child sexual abuse material. 47: 4064: 2230: 1046:

was jailed for three years after sending Twitter messages to Bulger's mother, in which she posed as one of his killers, and as Bulger's ghost. The sentence was reduced to

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Eventually, the boys arrived in Walton. With Walton Lane Police Station across the road, they hesitated, then led Bulger up a steep bank to a railway line near the former

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legal correspondent Clive Coleman, the purpose of the prosecution was to ensure that the public was aware that Internet users were also subject to the law of contempt.

4463: 613:, recommended that the two boys should serve a minimum of ten years, which would have made them eligible for release in February 2003 at the age of 20. The editors of 570:. The pathologist spent 33 minutes outlining the injuries sustained by Bulger; many of those to his legs had been inflicted after he was stripped from the waist down. 5727: 4576: 3972: 2486: 6116: 2862: 6183: 1681: 847:

In the months after the trial, and following the birth of their second son, the marriage of Bulger's parents, Ralph and Denise, broke down; they divorced in 1995.

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to as "Child A" (Thompson) and "Child B" (Venables). Awaiting trial, they were held in the secure units where they would eventually be sentenced to be detained

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On 25 October 2016, a man was jailed for 26 weeks for stalking Denise Fergus; he had previously received a police warning for stalking her in 2008.

6139: 2973: 2800: 441:, reported that "visiting and revisiting the issue with Jon as a child, and now as an adolescent, he gives no account of any sexual element to the offence." 5120: 1576: 946:

confirmed that the Home Office had spent £13,000 on an injunction to prevent a foreign magazine from revealing the new identities of Thompson and Venables.

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ruled the boys were no longer a threat to public safety and could be released, as their minimum tariff had expired in February of that year. Home Secretary

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and her friend Chrissy, who had been given new identities before arriving in the village, after being convicted of murdering a child at the age of 12.

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On 27 November 2013, a man from Liverpool received a 14-month suspended prison sentence for posting images on Twitter claiming to show Venables.

4884: 3256: 2892: 2609: 524:, which ruled in 1999 that they had not received a fair trial by being tried in public in an adult court. At the trial, the lead prosecution counsel 4667: 1163:

on 8 March 2010, Straw reiterated that it was "not in the interest of justice" to reveal the reason why Venables had been returned to custody.

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commit murder." Inspector Ray Simpson of Merseyside Police commented: "If you are going to link this murder to a film, you might as well link it to

4820: 5543: 5319: 4599: 1627: 4161: 3294: 2970:"Judgments – Reg. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex parte V. and Reg. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex parte T" 4764: 3674: 2916:"James Bulger suffered multiple fractures: Pathologist reveals two-year-old had 42 injuries including fractured skull. Jonathan Foster reports" 2414:"James Bulger suffered multiple fractures: Pathologist reveals two-year-old had 42 injuries including fractured skull. Jonathan Foster reports" 2287: 1086:

article written by David James Smith, who had been following the Bulger case since the 1993 trial, and again later in a BBC documentary titled

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later criticised this decision and outlined the difficulties created by it in his 2010 review of the probation service's handling of the case.

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day of Bulger's death. Thompson and Venables had attempted to lead away another two-year-old boy, but had been prevented by the boy's mother.

4722: 4236: 3660: 1605: 1517: 1164: 987: 3813: 3004: 2831: 3837:"Twenty years after the murder of Liverpool toddler James Bulger, his mum Denise Fergus reflects on the past and the battles still to come" 3508: 1447:. They answered the question the next day by relaying the Australian government's denial that the killers had been settled in the country. 630: 2938: 2455: 2375: 1995: 1167:, the judge who made the decision to grant Venables anonymity in 2001, warned that Venables could be killed if his identity was revealed. 6710: 6680: 6075: 6053: 4041: 3869: 2743: 1380:(made in 2003), was withdrawn from stores in the UK following reports that it contained an image of Bulger. The image in question is the 796: 299:

Thompson and Venables were charged on 20 February 1993 with abduction and murder. They were found guilty on 24 November, making them the

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Bulger being abducted by Thompson (in front of Bulger) and Venables (holding Bulger's hand) in an image captured on shopping centre CCTV

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The fact that the suspects were so young came as a shock to investigating officers, headed by Detective Superintendent Albert Kirby of

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was set to begin in December 2009, but cancelled after the series makers gave Bulger's mother Denise Fergus a private screening.

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On 4 March 2019, Bulger's father, Ralph, lost a legal challenge to lift the lifelong order protecting Venables' anonymity. Judge

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of Venables during the trial, later said that Thompson was one of the most frightening children he had seen, and compared him to the

499: 6419: 6387: 6355: 2670:"James Bulger documentary: Jon Venables so haunted by toddler victim he detected 'baby smell' on everything he wore, C5 show claims" 6725: 6621: 3316: 1711: 1258:

had approved the release again of Venables. On 3 September 2013, it was reported that Venables had been released from prison.

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on 12 February 1993 showed Thompson and Venables casually observing children, apparently selecting a target. The boys were playing

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against publication of either killer's location or new identity. Venables' return to prison revived a false claim that a man from

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rejected the call, saying that children over the age of ten knew the difference "between bad behaviour and serious wrongdoing".

5791: 3749: 3475: 2181: 1160: 811: 247: 5057: 3317:"Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. Obscenity and Pornography and Videos – Section 90, Video recordings: suitability" 3225: 2643: 3962: 1964: 834:

granted because there was a real and strong possibility that their lives would be at risk if their identities became known."

795:, reviewing the minimum sentence. In October 2000, he recommended the tariff be reduced from ten to eight years, adding that 6464: 3915: 2090: 814:

after serving eight years. It was reported that both boys "were given new identities and moved to secret locations under a '

6695: 6102: 5640: 5608: 4566: 4543: 3443: 3378: 3130: 2854: 2478: 1207:, ruled that Venables' new identity could not be revealed, but the media were allowed to report that he had been living in 878: 4511: 1404:

used the interview transcripts from interrogations with the murderers and their families to recreate the story. His play,

673:, the Minister of State at the Home Office at the time, who said that police had found no evidence linking the case with " 6730: 6690: 6670: 6214: 1886: 421:

Alan Williams stated that Bulger suffered so many injuries—42 in total—that none could be identified as the fatal blow.

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Shortly before his 2001 release, when aged 17, Venables was alleged to have had sex with a woman who worked at the

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stated: "An individual who was targeted four-and-a-half years ago was not Jon Venables, and now he has left the area."

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where he was held. In April 2011, in the aftermath of his 2010 imprisonment, these allegations were outlined in a

803: 738: 308: 4851: 3627: 2712: 2337:"James Bulger suffered multiple fractures: Pathologist reveals two-year-old had 42 injuries including fractured skull" 2026: 1806: 1376: 1090:

The female staff member was suspended for sexual misconduct; she never returned to work at Red Bank. A spokesman for

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On 23 November 2017, it was reported that Venables had again been recalled to prison for possession of more

1192: 943: 6275: 3401: 6511:"Michael Jackson's 'Heal the World' released to support new Liverpool James Bulger centre for bullied children" 5342: 5162: 2969: 1528:

refused to withdraw the film from consideration, saying that "it would defeat the purpose of making the film".

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from their local primary school, which they did regularly. Throughout the day, Thompson and Venables were seen

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asked whether the killers were now living in Australia, in an apparent tie-in with that week's episode of

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during which he said: "We hear of crimes so horrific they provoke anger and disbelief in equal proportions

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that ruled it "unlawful" for the Home Secretary to decide on minimum sentences for young offenders. The

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was given an eight-month suspended prison sentence for posting Venables' alleged identity on Facebook.

285: 2762:"Bulger ruling: If the defendants could not talk about their crime, how could they conduct a defence?" 1631: 6178: 5916:"Jacinda Ardern on UK child-killer Jon Venables' possible relocation to NZ - 'Don't bother applying'" 5058:"My ordeal at being mistaken for Jon Venables: Terror of young father accused of being Bulger killer" 3278: 2196:"Schoolboy tells of James Bulger's tears: Children said murder case victim was a brother, court told" 1689: 1349: 1345: 374: 339: 304: 5472:"James Bulger's killer Jon Venables could get second new identity after pictures leaked on internet" 2279: 826:. If they breached the rules or were deemed a risk to the public, they could be returned to prison. 637:... a politician playing to the gallery". The increased minimum term was overturned in 1997 by the 6675: 1303: 1123:. In 2008, a new probation officer said that Venables spent "a great deal of leisure time" playing 792: 691: 615: 4226: 2823: 1628:"Thompson & Venables Recommendations as to Tariffs to the Secretary of State for Home Affairs" 1601: 554:

who interviewed Venables, said unequivocally that he knew the difference between right and wrong.

316:

images on his computer. He remained in prison in 2023 after his appeals for parole were rejected.

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remarked that, due to his criminal history, Venables would need an exemption under New Zealand's

1180: 929: 633:

criticised Howard's intervention, describing the increased tariff as "institutionalised vengeance

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Shortly after the trial, and after the judge had recommended a minimum sentence of eight years,

585:, told Thompson and Venables that they had committed a crime of "unparalleled evil and barbarity 5728:"Jon Venables jailed for owning 'paedophile manual' and a thousand indecent images of children" 5089:"Jon Venables: Man wrongly accused of being James Bulger killer 'living in fear of vigilantes'" 4171: 4027: 2735: 1547: 230: 147: 6079: 6043: 4097: 6612: 6482: 5948:"'Don't bother applying' – PM's message to Jon Venables, killer of two-year-old James Bulger" 5125: 5029: 3808: 1082: 771: 742: 653: 642: 551: 217: 91: 5817: 5695: 5406: 5374: 4951: 4919: 4754: 4633:"Mother of James Bulger calls for Venables parole inquiry after reports he slept with carer" 4399: 4335: 4303: 4204: 3929: 3179: 3029: 6515: 5190: 1401: 1381: 1321: 1077: 757:, and Venables in particular told of experiencing nightmares and flashbacks of the murder. 680:

Some British tabloid newspapers claimed that the attack on Bulger was inspired by the film

593:... There was a need for an informed public debate on crimes committed by young children." 534:, which presumes that young children cannot be held legally responsible for their actions. 426: 5850:"Child killer of 2 year-old James Bulger, Jon Venables, might be sent to New Zealand" 5759: 4431: 1776: 8: 6409: 6377: 6345: 6247: 5223: 5219:"James Bulger killer Jon Venables jailed for two years for downloading child pornography" 5093: 4792: 4069: 3967: 1521: 710:

clarified the rules on the availability of certain types of video material to children.

5977: 5920: 5854: 5732: 5668: 5476: 5276: 4571: 4283: 3891: 3841: 3771: 1267: 1225: 1204: 959: 815: 727: 610: 313: 251: 2112: 5539: 5508: 4994: 4894: 4475: 3741: 3465: 3286: 3187: 3067: 2390: 2113:"Uncropped Mothercare CCTV still of the abduction, showing the timestamp at 15:42:32" 1537: 1512: 1153: 1091: 935: 682: 525: 520:

reported the demeanour of the defendants. These aspects were later criticised by the

474: 293: 60: 3731: 3217: 2635: 2173: 6600: 2479:"Drug dealer who found James Bulger's body jailed after crashing into family's car" 1878: 1217: 284:(16 March 1990 – 12 February 1993). Thompson and Venables led Bulger away from the 4065:"Bulger killer Jon Venables posed 'trivial' risk to the public, said psychiatrist" 2305: 1902: 1573:"James Bulger's father demands son's killer Jon Venables is stripped of anonymity" 1434:. The use of the footage was criticised by Bulger's mother, and Seven apologised. 718: 6685: 6474: 5630: 5598: 5571: 4727: 4533: 4199: 3911: 2082: 1275:

and evading detection. He admitted being in possession of 392 category

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questioning but subsequently released, had to flee the city due to threats from

4501: 1882: 1752: 1747: 1477: 1409: 1370: 1317: 1213: 866: 807: 657: 638: 624: 620: 414: 320: 125: 99: 1867: 1743:"A question of release and redemption as Bulger killer goes back into custody" 6654: 6636: 6623: 6544:"Jon Venables: 'How attitudes towards criminality have changed and hardened'" 5152: 4998: 4898: 3745: 3290: 3191: 3071: 1525: 1465: 1430: 1425: 670: 226: 143: 111: 22: 4129: 3994: 3699: 3594: 3562: 3530: 3100: 3060:"James Bulger killing: the case history of Jon Venables and Robert Thompson" 6588: 6548: 6501: 6487: 6284: 6111: 6048: 6015: 5347: 5314: 4989: 4856: 4695: 4604: 4102: 4037: 4032: 3776: 3736: 3632: 3503: 3470: 3406: 3368: 2702: 2018: 1868:"Bulger James Patrick (1990–1993), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" 1802: 1389: 1188: 899: 853:

Ralph Bulger also remarried, and had three daughters with his second wife.

571: 543: 530: 438: 6483:"Recollections from key people involved in the Bulger trial, ten years on" 4567:"Web troll who targeted James Bulger's mum has sentence reduced on appeal" 303:

in modern British history. They were sentenced to indefinite detention at

6558: 6528: 4367: 1552: 1428:

used real footage of James Bulger's abduction to promote its crime drama

1027: 1022: 1011: 955: 913: 872:

In March 2010, a call was made by England's Children's commissioner

674: 594: 575: 547: 512: 418: 351: 207: 95: 5760:"James Bulger killer Jon Venables denied parole over child abuse images" 4502:"Jon Venables: Woman who posted picture said to show killer avoids jail" 2310: 1242: 1196: 1176: 1148: 1130:

On two occasions, Jon Venables revealed his true identity to a friend.

1124: 975: 865:

in Merseyside in memory of James Bulger was launched by his mother and

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moral examination of what contemporary society is doing to children".

6497:"'James would be 18 now – the pain of losing him will never go away'" 6243:"Hollyoaks producers drop scenes echoing the killing of James Bulger" 5887: 5281: 4889: 4885:"Jack Straw refuses to reveal why Bulger killer has returned to jail" 3874: 3665: 2885:"'James would be 18 now – the pain of losing him will never go away'" 1542: 1457: 1172: 1018: 750: 695: 567: 559: 469:

of Jon Venables and Robert Thompson taken at the time of their arrest

410: 129: 6166: 5883:"James Bulger murder: Infamous child killer could move to Australia" 3342:

enquiries@ofsted.gov.uk, Ofsted Communications Team (5 April 2024).

6563: 6533: 6469: 6414: 6382: 6350: 5982: 5822: 5764: 5700: 5635: 5603: 5444: 5411: 5379: 5248: 5157: 4956: 4924: 4788:"James Bulger killer Jon Venables 'accused of child porn offences'" 4759: 4538: 4506: 4436: 4404: 4372: 4340: 4308: 4231: 4166: 4134: 3999: 3934: 3704: 3599: 3567: 3535: 3438: 3373: 2707: 1208: 963: 810:

approved the decision, and they were released a few weeks later on

737:

Venables was detained in Vardy House, a small eight-bedded unit at

466: 462: 433: 319:

The Bulger case has prompted widespread debate about how to handle

5310:"Jon Venables jailed for two years over child pornography charges" 4464:"Tina Malone avoids jail for contempt of court over Bulger killer 1245:, allegedly showing Venables as an adult, and revealing his name. 779:

ruled by 14 votes to five that there had been a violation of

4600:"Man jailed for stalking mother of murdered toddler James Bulger" 4260:"Denise Fergus calls for crack down after sickening James Bulger 1297: 1113: 1039: 971: 908: 850:

Denise Bulger married Stuart Fergus, with whom she had two sons.

731: 359: 3661:"James Bulger mother: Killer Jon Venables is 'where he belongs'" 6583: 5951: 5696:"James Bulger killer Jon Venables charged over indecent images" 4852:"Jon Venables back in prison 'over child pornography offences'" 1413: 1238: 1195:. On 23 July, Venables appeared at a court hearing at the 1109: 917: 367: 347: 343: 331: 289: 255: 5664:"Child killer Jon Venables 'back in jail' after latest arrest" 5504:"City man defends decision to publish photos of Bulger killer" 429:

testified that Bulger died before he was struck by the train.

46: 6450: 6202: 5818:"James Bulger's father loses Jon Venables identity challenge" 2582: 2520: 2252: 2143: 2056: 1929: 1368:

In June 2007, a computer game based on the television series

949: 884: 730:, which was then known as Barton Moss Secure Care Centre, in 366:

That same afternoon, two-year-old James Patrick Bulger, from

121: 5186:"James Bulger killer Jon Venables is 'suspected paedophile'" 4691:"Child porn charges send James Bulger's killer back to jail" 1332: 6529:"James Bulger's father on surviving 20 years of grief" 5399: 5301: 4336:"Attorney general takes action over 'Bulger killer images'" 3628:"Bulger killers prove child criminals can be rehabilitated" 1098: 1043: 904: 6011:"Family attacks use of Bulger case in 'funny' Fringe play" 5792:"James Bulger killer Jon Venables has parole bid rejected" 4821:"Bulger killer Jon Venables jailed again 'for child porn'" 3402:"Jon Venables sent back to prison over child porn offence" 903:

revealed that both Venables and Thompson had passed their

6465:"How Edlington case follows course paved by Bulger trial" 3587: 3555: 2610:"Liverpool Tries to Reconcile Murder and a Boy Next Door" 1033: 1000: 478: 6410:"Bulger film director 'won't withdraw' from Oscars race" 4755:"Bulger killer Venables faces 'extremely serious' claim" 3995:"Calls to raise age of criminal responsibility rejected" 1419: 6378:"Bulger mother calls on director to drop out of awards" 5440:"Security breach sees child killer Venables get new ID" 5367: 5017: 4400:"'James Bulger killer picture': James Baines sentenced" 4368:"'Bulger killers' images': Two admit contempt of court" 3878:. London, UK. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010 3700:"Bulger killers released: What the home secretary said" 3341: 2579:"Death of James Bulger: Pt 5, Robert Denies, Jon Cries" 1241:

posted photographs on a website devoted to identifying

842: 619:

handed a petition bearing nearly 280,000 signatures to

280:, abducted, tortured, and murdered a two-year-old boy, 5375:"Report finds no probation lapse over Venables images" 5177: 4952:"Bulger's mother says Venables 'should be identified'" 4660:"Cover-up denial in case of Bulger killer's sex romps" 4534:"Margate woman jailed for 'cruel' James Bulger tweets" 2167: 2165: 1437:

On 24 August, co-hosts on Seven's breakfast show

6572: 5153:"Bulger killer Jon Venables faces child porn charges" 4195:"£13,000 spent protecting Bulger killers' identities" 1395: 1356:

death as a subject for comedy is sick and pathetic."

856: 4162:"£13K to protect Bulger killers' new IDs-injunction" 3344:"Find an inspection report and registered childcare" 3053: 3051: 2733: 2517:"Death of James Bulger: Pt 4, Ten-Year-Old Suspects" 6559:"Legal dilemma of granting child killers anonymity" 6346:"James Bulger's mother 'disgusted' over nomination" 4723:"Jon Venables jailed for two years over child porn" 4304:"'Bulger killer Jon Venables images' appear online" 4154: 4028:"The secret meetings that set James's killers free" 2736:"The secret meetings that set James's killers free" 2162: 5113: 4715: 4227:"Man sentenced for lying over James Bulger killer" 3954: 1866: 1679: 1310: 1248: 1152:been accused of offences related to possession of 893: 323:when they are sentenced or released from custody. 6076:"Legacy Apologises For Law And Order Crime Photo" 6068: 5631:"Bulger killer Jon Venables released from prison" 5235: 5145: 3048: 2697: 2695: 942:In April 2007, documents released under the 802:In June 2001, after a six-month review, the 6652: 5407:"James Bulger killer Jon Venables denied parole" 5025:"I'm living in fear over 'child killer' rumours" 4883:Jenkins, Russell; Ford, Richard (4 March 2010). 3142: 3140: 2997:"Bulger killers: identifying them was a mistake" 2967: 2299: 2297: 799:was a "corrosive atmosphere" for the juveniles. 4651: 4270:. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013 4219: 4186: 3764: 3694: 3692: 2939:"James Bulger case: timeline of key quotations" 2755: 2753: 2727: 2359: 2330: 2328: 1864: 1017:In January 2020, a 53-year-old woman from 954:In April 2010, a 19-year-old man from the 646:the minimum term in individual criminal cases. 6556: 5599:"James Bulger killer Jon Venables to be freed" 5567:"James Bulger killer Jon Venables to be freed" 5464: 4843: 4026:Harris, Paul; Bright, Martin (24 June 2001) . 3780:(composite of news articles). September 2023. 3218:"Two youngsters who found a new rule to break" 2692: 1298:2019 legal challenge to lift anonymity refused 1220:of cocaine. In November 2010, a review of the 1191:network. Venables faced two charges under the 939:with hatred", and was unable to confront him. 726:Following the trial, Thompson was detained at 354:various items, including sweets, batteries, a 6078:. gamasutra.com. 21 June 2007. Archived from 5623: 5591: 5431: 4392: 3137: 3127:"Outrage at call for Bulger killers' release" 3095: 3093: 2846: 2734:Harris, Paul; Bright, Martin (24 June 2001). 2629: 2627: 2294: 1926:"Death of James Bulger: Pt 1, The Video Tape" 1771: 1769: 1066: 861:On 14 March 2008, an appeal to set up a 5655: 5558: 5496: 4819:Chung, Alison; Bonnett, Tom (8 March 2010). 4818: 4360: 4025: 3922: 3689: 3652: 2750: 2663: 2661: 2325: 1877:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1734: 1324:, and that he should "not bother" applying. 482:taken to hospital to "get him alive again." 342:(CCTV) at the New Strand Shopping Centre in 4944: 4882: 3870:"'It was like my son had been taken again'" 3523: 3119: 2539: 2441: 2439: 2016: 970:In March 2012, a 26-year-old man from 6706:February 1993 events in the United Kingdom 6100: 5341:Batty, David; Pidd, Helen (24 July 2010). 5244:"James Bulger Killer guilty of child porn" 4747: 4657: 4432:"Two admit posting 'Bulger killer photos'" 4296: 4257: 3090: 2633: 2624: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2271: 2242: 2240: 2188: 2174:"James Bulger in distress, say passers-by" 2171: 2046: 2044: 1919: 1917: 1766: 1505: 1226:National Association of Probation Officers 950:False identification and internet trolling 885:Court protective injunction and violations 770:but upheld their claim they were denied a 708:Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 417:as a result of the bar striking his head. 45: 6557:Freeman-Powell, Shamaan (18 April 2019). 6094: 5343:"Inquiry ordered into parole supervision" 5340: 2658: 2601: 2405: 2382: 2303: 1795: 1712:"Bulger killers to be released on parole" 1487: 1340:In August 2001, a stage play titled 373:Thompson and Venables took Bulger to the 6541: 6137: 5080: 4785: 4328: 3987: 3960: 3177: 3057: 3024: 3022: 2994: 2790: 2608:Schmidt, William E. (24 February 1993). 2445: 2436: 2365: 2277: 2249:"Death of James Bulger: Pt 6, The Trial" 2218: 2140:"Death of James Bulger: Pt 3, The Trial" 2053:"Death of James Bulger: Pt 2, Abduction" 2010: 1985: 1570: 1099:Misdemeanours while on release 2002–2008 797:Her Majesty's Young Offender Institution 717: 694:being splashed with blue paint during a 461: 330: 6035: 6008: 5183: 4591: 4558: 4526: 4251: 4192: 3963:"James Bulger memorial appeal launched" 3619: 3399: 3246: 2936: 2703:"Young suspects 'intimidated' by trial" 2636:"Blood on boy's shoe 'was from victim'" 2634:Pilkington, Edward (11 November 1993). 2607: 2570: 2501: 2476: 2388: 2237: 2224: 2131: 2041: 1914: 1874:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1450: 981: 785:the European Convention on Human Rights 528:successfully rebutted the principle of 16:1993 child murder in Liverpool, England 6653: 6041: 5661: 5274: 5216: 5055: 4849: 4597: 3625: 3434:"Summary of the judgement of the ECHR" 3240: 3210: 3149:"Video link to Bulger murder disputed" 3133:from the original on 22 December 2015. 2988: 2913: 2895:from the original on 21 September 2016 2852: 2821: 2784: 2759: 2746:from the original on 12 November 2013. 2667: 2620:from the original on 31 December 2017. 2545: 2411: 2334: 2184:from the original on 21 December 2016. 2172:Pilkington, Edward (5 November 1993). 1954: 1889:from the original on 24 September 2015 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1571:Paterson, Stewart (26 November 2017). 1471: 1455:A storyline in the British soap opera 1385:withdrawn by its UK distributor, GSP. 1034:Trolling and stalking of James' mother 511:, on 1 November 1993, conducted as an 6273: 6223:from the original on 4 September 2009 5913: 5740:from the original on 13 November 2021 5676:from the original on 23 November 2017 5643:from the original on 3 September 2013 5564: 5437: 5387:from the original on 24 November 2010 5086: 4630: 4564: 4412:from the original on 30 November 2013 4348:from the original on 25 February 2013 4316:from the original on 17 February 2013 4142:from the original on 13 February 2009 4098:"Paper fined for Bulger order breach" 4062: 4044:from the original on 12 November 2013 4007:from the original on 15 December 2011 3912:"Bulger's father visits murder scene" 3867: 3812:. Sydney, NSW, AU. 11 February 2013. 3658: 3543:from the original on 17 February 2009 3496: 3478:from the original on 18 February 2014 3297:from the original on 13 February 2017 3228:from the original on 23 December 2015 3146: 3019: 2914:Foster, Jonathan (10 November 1993). 2834:from the original on 12 November 2013 2803:from the original on 22 December 2015 2760:Foster, Jonathan (17 December 1999). 2680:from the original on 14 November 2018 2646:from the original on 12 November 2013 2514: 2470: 2448:"James Bulger 'battered with bricks'" 2412:Foster, Jonathan (10 November 1993). 2378:from the original on 5 November 2013. 2335:Foster, Jonathan (10 November 1993). 2246: 1988:"James Bulger 'battered with bricks'" 1923: 1809:from the original on 24 December 2002 1803:"Bulger killers eligible for release" 1740: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1596: 1594: 1510:In January 2019, the short film 1420:Australian television publicity stunt 1327: 760: 498:Up to 500 protesters gathered at the 6422:from the original on 24 January 2019 6390:from the original on 24 January 2019 6358:from the original on 22 January 2019 6255:from the original on 8 November 2014 5880: 5484:from the original on 13 October 2012 5322:from the original on 8 November 2014 5307: 5241: 5231:from the original on 27 August 2017. 5068:from the original on 8 November 2014 4985:"James Bulger killer back in prison" 4982: 4864:from the original on 8 November 2014 4688: 4682: 4612:from the original on 25 October 2016 4579:from the original on 26 October 2016 4514:from the original on 25 January 2020 4444:from the original on 31 January 2019 4268:Click Liverpool (clickliverpool.com) 4095: 3849:from the original on 8 November 2014 3497:Bates, Stephen (16 September 1999). 3369:"Bulger killers' trial ruled unfair" 3259:from the original on 7 November 2012 3159:from the original on 18 January 2012 3036:from the original on 5 November 2012 2976:from the original on 19 January 2012 2926:from the original on 29 August 2009. 2865:from the original on 7 November 2012 2853:Foster, Jonathan (2 December 1993). 2458:from the original on 5 November 2013 2347:from the original on 2 February 2010 2206:from the original on 7 November 2012 2075: 1998:from the original on 5 November 2013 1955:Blease, Stephen (23 February 2009). 1722:from the original on 8 February 2018 1620: 1261: 1231: 1133: 843:Dissolution of James Bulger's family 837: 452: 407:Walton & Anfield railway station 6326:from the original on 7 January 2019 6292:from the original on 8 January 2014 6023:from the original on 22 August 2021 5772:from the original on 4 October 2020 5708:from the original on 5 January 2018 5536:"Venables 'locked up indefinitely'" 5528: 5355:from the original on 27 August 2017 5033:. 10 September 2005. Archived from 4932:from the original on 27 August 2017 4920:"Ex-judge backs Venables anonymity" 4786:Jamieson, Alastair (7 March 2010). 4703:from the original on 3 January 2015 4130:"Bulger mother 'sees son's killer'" 3918:from the original on 21 March 2008. 3834: 3712:from the original on 6 January 2022 3640:from the original on 3 January 2015 3511:from the original on 4 January 2015 3247:Nowicka, Helen (19 December 1993). 3178:Morrison, Blake (6 February 2003). 2822:Gillan, Audrey (17 December 1999). 2424:from the original on 29 August 2009 2304:Mikkelson, Barbara (21 July 2001). 1821: 1680:Smith, David James (3 April 2011). 1484:with the story of Bulger's murder. 1382:CCTV frame of Bulger being led away 1038:On 14 July 2016, a woman from 13: 6711:Incidents of violence against boys 6681:1993 murders in the United Kingdom 6119:from the original on 9 August 2014 6101:Billington, Michael (9 May 2009). 6056:from the original on 10 April 2021 6009:Gibbons, Fiachra (6 August 2001). 5101:from the original on 12 March 2010 4831:from the original on 10 March 2010 4800:from the original on 10 March 2010 4658:McConville, Tony (28 March 2011). 4380:from the original on 28 April 2013 4077:from the original on 13 March 2010 3975:from the original on 16 March 2008 3942:from the original on 17 March 2008 3575:from the original on 11 March 2004 3381:from the original on 29 April 2010 3198:from the original on 19 March 2014 3032:. Omand Review. 23 November 2010. 2855:"Right and wrong paths to justice" 2772:from the original on 11 April 2010 2389:Coslett, Paul (25 November 1993). 2278:Ferguson, Euan (9 February 2003). 1638: 1608:from the original on 28 March 2010 1591: 1579:from the original on 11 April 2019 1396:2008 'true crime'-style stage play 1377:Law & Order: Double or Nothing 1256:Parole Board for England and Wales 857:Bulger memorial and legal activism 728:Barton Moss Secure Children's Home 307:, and remained in custody until a 14: 6757: 6473:. 22 January 2010. Archived from 6437: 5958:from the original on 24 June 2019 5928:from the original on 24 June 2019 5895:from the original on 24 June 2019 5862:from the original on 24 June 2019 5830:from the original on 4 March 2019 5542:. 9 November 2011. Archived from 5419:from the original on 29 June 2011 5289:from the original on 7 March 2016 5275:Spence, Alex (21 December 2010). 4735:from the original on 25 July 2010 4635:. Click Liverpool. 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London, UK. 16 September 1999. 3414:from the original on 9 March 2010 3147:Kirby, Terry (26 November 1993). 3107:from the original on 30 July 2004 3101:"New sentencing rules: Key cases" 3058:Siddique, Haroon (3 March 2010). 2995:Johnston, Philip (3 March 2010). 2949:from the original on 7 March 2010 2937:Edwards, Richard (4 March 2010). 2791:Morrison, Blake (11 April 2009). 2668:Lusher, Adam (14 November 2018). 2576: 2546:Sereny, Gitta (6 February 1994). 2515:Scott, Shirley (29 August 2009). 2446:Sharratt, Tom (2 November 1993). 2401:from the original on 10 May 2017. 2391:"Lessons of an avoidable tragedy" 2366:Sharratt, Tom (2 November 1993). 2290:from the original on 10 May 2017. 2247:Scott, Shirley (29 August 2009). 2233:from the original on 2 June 2009. 2225:Coslett, Paul (4 December 2006). 2137: 2119:from the original on 6 March 2012 2093:from the original on 31 July 2010 2050: 2029:from the original on 2 March 2012 1986:Sharratt, Tom (2 November 1993). 1924:Scott, Shirley (29 August 2009). 1865:Davenport-Hines, Richard (2004). 1630:. 26 October 2000. 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London, UK. 23 November 2010. 5334: 5268: 5210: 5165:from the original on 19 May 2022 5049: 5005:from the original on 10 May 2017 4976: 4964:from the original on 19 May 2022 4912: 4876: 4812: 4779: 4767:from the original on 19 May 2022 4587:– via liverpoolecho.co.uk. 4239:from the original on 19 May 2022 4110:from the original on 10 May 2014 4063:Laing, Aislinn (10 March 2010). 3816:from the original on 19 May 2022 3784:from the original on 19 May 2022 3752:from the original on 10 May 2017 3677:from the original on 26 May 2010 3400:Penrose, Justin (7 March 2010). 3078:from the original on 9 July 2013 2715:from the original on 7 July 2003 2489:from the original on 2 June 2021 1781:Ordinance Survey Find My Address 1363: 1116:; he was subjected to a curfew. 1071: 722:The Red Bank secure unit in 2022 6726:Missing person cases in England 6455:. Crime Library. Archived from 6042:Morris, Peter (8 August 2001). 5524:– via thisisexeter.co.uk. 5452:from the original on 7 May 2011 5318:(online ed.). London, UK. 5217:Rayner, Gordon (23 July 2010). 5129:. 10 March 2010. Archived from 5087:Hough, Andrew (10 March 2010). 4624: 4494: 4456: 4424: 4193:Barrett, David (9 April 2007). 4122: 4096:Dyer, Clare (5 December 2001). 4089: 4056: 4019: 3904: 3861: 3835:Lee, Susan (11 February 2013). 3828: 3796: 3724: 3595:"Bulger killers 'face dangers'" 3499:"Bulger's mother puts her case" 3490: 3458: 3446:from the original on 8 May 2012 3426: 3393: 3361: 3335: 3309: 3271: 3171: 2961: 2930: 2907: 2877: 2815: 2105: 2017:McKay, Mike (26 October 2000). 1979: 1948: 1587:– via www.nzherald.co.nz. 1316:media coverage, Prime Minister 1311:Potential overseas resettlement 1249:2013 parole hearing and release 1193:Protection of Children Act 1978 944:Freedom of Information Act 2000 894:Early reports about prison life 768:inhuman and degrading treatment 6274:Coles, Richard (30 May 2010). 6210:"Rumour-fuelled ratings chase" 6186:30 August 2009. Archived from 6138:McAlpine, Emma (15 May 2009). 6115:(theatre review). London, UK. 5881:Wood, Richard (24 June 2019). 5565:Osley, Richard (4 July 2013). 5184:Cheston, Paul (21 June 2010). 5056:Carter, Helen (9 March 2010). 4850:Walker, Peter (7 March 2010). 4631:Sharp, Aaron (27 March 2011). 4565:Duffy, Tom (12 October 2016). 4490:– via rhyljournal.co.uk. 4170:. 8 April 2007. Archived from 2972:. Publications.parliament.uk. 2824:"Fear and trauma in courtroom" 1704: 1564: 1476:In 2010 the critical theorist 1088:Jon Venables: What went wrong? 986:On 25 February 2013, the 755:post-traumatic stress disorder 540:post-traumatic stress disorder 522:European Court of Human Rights 504:Metropolitan Borough of Sefton 1: 6542:Williams, Zoe (5 July 2013). 6448:. Notorious murders / Young. 6174:"Seven 'sorry' for Bulger ad" 5914:Cheng, Derek (24 June 2019). 4983:Dodd, Vikram (2 March 2010). 3659:Booth, Jenny (3 March 2010). 3319:. Opsi.gov.uk. Archived from 2477:Docking, Neil (17 May 2017). 1682:"The Secret Life of a Killer" 1602:"The killers and the victims" 1558: 1464:The storyline was to feature 1287:, and 630 category 600: 574:was extensive and included a 6446:"The murder of James Bulger" 5512:. 5 May 2011. Archived from 5438:Brunt, Martin (4 May 2011). 5363:– via theguardian.com. 5308:Pidd, Helen (23 July 2010). 4689:Pidd, Helen (23 July 2010). 4203:. London, UK. Archived from 3868:Pavia, Will (8 March 2010). 3732:"Young men, full of remorse" 3466:"The Bulger case chronology" 3003:. London, UK. Archived from 1903:UK public library membership 1777:"UPRN Entry for Barton Moss" 1741:Firth, Paul (3 March 2010). 1400:In 2008, Swedish playwright 1203:The judge, Mr. Justice 713: 542:after the attack on Bulger. 301:youngest convicted murderers 140:James Patrick Bulger, aged 2 7: 6696:Deaths by person in England 6288:(book review). London, UK. 5242:Jack, Andy (23 July 2010). 3792:– via guardian.co.uk. 3531:"Bulger killers 'released'" 2548:"Re-examining the evidence" 2202:. London. 9 November 1993. 1531: 1518:Best Live Action Short Film 1294:protection of the public." 1154:child sexual abuse material 413:on Bulger. He sustained 10 10: 6762: 6731:Murder committed by minors 6691:Child abduction in England 6671:1990s missing person cases 3563:"Bulger statement in full" 3030:"The Case of Jon Venables" 2019:"Every parent's nightmare" 1957:"Young know what is wrong" 1222:National Probation Service 1067:Later life of Jon Venables 962:for falsely claiming in a 863:Red Balloon Learner Centre 286:New Strand Shopping Centre 6179:The Sydney Morning Herald 4288:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4182:– via news.sky.com. 3896:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1690:The Sunday Times Magazine 1350:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 1281:, 148 category 988:Attorney General's Office 960:suspended prison sentence 488:at Her Majesty's pleasure 457: 375:Leeds and Liverpool Canal 340:Closed-circuit television 326: 262: 243: 213: 203: 195: 178: 174: 161: 136: 117: 85: 67: 56: 44: 39: 6316:makes Oscars short list" 5121:"'I'm not Jon Venables'" 4731:. London. 23 July 2010. 3914:. BBC. 4 February 2003. 3129:. BBC. 28 October 1999. 2554:. London. Archived from 2306:"Murder of Jamie Bulger" 2227:"Murder of James Bulger" 1805:. BBC. 26 October 2000. 958:was given a three-month 493: 272:, two 10-year-old boys, 6746:Child murder in England 6716:Kidnapping in the 1990s 6044:"In defence of my play" 5285:(profile). London, UK. 5277:"Mr. Justice Bean" 3249:"Chucky films defended" 3044:– via Scribd.com. 1961:North-West Evening Mail 1693:: 22–34. Archived from 1506:2019 Oscars controversy 1333:Fringe 2001 stage play 1181:Lancashire Constabulary 930:Manchester Evening News 607:Lord Taylor of Gosforth 509:Sessions House, Preston 268:On 12 February 1993 in 224: 141: 27:Infobox civilian attack 20: 6721:Kidnappings in England 6637:53.442667°N 2.959861°W 6184:Nine Entertainment co. 6144:at the Arcola Theatre" 2968:Law Lords Department. 2793:"Let the circus begin" 1883:10.1093/ref:odnb/76074 1548:Murder of Brianna Ghey 1388:The game's developer, 1159:In a statement to the 723: 470: 336: 305:Her Majesty's pleasure 236:considered for merging 153:considered for merging 73:; 31 years ago 40:Murder of James Bulger 32:considered for merging 5768:. 29 September 2020. 5345:. Jon Venables case. 5126:The Blackpool Gazette 5030:The Blackpool Gazette 3809:Sydney Morning Herald 3772:"James Bulger murder" 3348:reports.ofsted.gov.uk 2368:"James Bulger murder" 2083:"CCTV: Does it work?" 1909:Subscription Required 1604:. CNN. 22 June 2001. 1348:was performed at the 1165:Baroness Butler-Sloss 1127:and on the Internet. 1083:Sunday Times Magazine 721: 654:Shadow Home Secretary 643:High Court of Justice 552:forensic psychiatrist 465: 334: 92:Child-on-child murder 71:12 February 1993 6701:February 1993 crimes 6642:53.442667; -2.959861 6516:Liverpool Daily Post 6477:on 16 December 2011. 6322:. 21 December 2018. 5639:. 3 September 2013. 5191:The Evening Standard 4408:. 27 November 2013. 4344:. 25 February 2013. 4312:. 14 February 2013. 4138:. 28 November 2004. 3442:. 16 December 1999. 3224:. 25 November 1993. 2585:.com. Archived from 2523:.com. Archived from 2255:.com. Archived from 2059:.com. Archived from 1932:.com. Archived from 1700:on 12 November 2013. 1634:on 26 December 2005. 1480:introduced his book 1451:Soap opera storyline 1322:Immigration Act 2009 1078:Red Bank secure unit 982:Internet photo posts 739:Red Bank Secure Unit 702:The Railway Children 427:forensic pathologist 358:, and a can of blue 282:James Patrick Bulger 6736:Murder in Liverpool 6666:1990s in Merseyside 6633: / 6537:. 12 February 2013. 6523:on 16 October 2009. 6459:on 21 January 2009. 6418:. 24 January 2019. 6386:. 24 January 2019. 6354:. 22 January 2019. 6248:The Daily Telegraph 5736:. 7 February 2018. 5094:The Daily Telegraph 4793:The Daily Telegraph 4510:. 24 January 2020. 4440:. 31 January 2019. 4070:The Daily Telegraph 3740:. 27 October 2000. 3103:. BBC. 7 May 2003. 1522:91st Academy Awards 1472:Scholarly reference 1121:delayed adolescence 879:Ministry of Justice 656:, gave a speech in 335:Victim James Bulger 248:Indefinite sentence 6741:Torture in England 6661:1990s in Liverpool 6491:. 6 February 2003. 6280:by Terry Eagleton" 6219:. 31 August 2009. 6190:on 29 January 2024 5921:New Zealand Herald 5855:New Zealand Herald 5798:. 13 December 2023 5733:The Yorkshire Post 5704:. 5 January 2018. 5669:The Liverpool Echo 5509:Express & Echo 5477:The Liverpool Echo 5256:on 2 February 2013 4670:on 19 January 2013 4572:The Liverpool Echo 4207:on 12 January 2008 3842:The Liverpool Echo 3323:on 30 October 2007 3180:"Life after James" 3007:on 8 November 2014 2614:The New York Times 2089:. 13 August 2002. 1936:on 21 January 2009 1516:was nominated for 1390:Legacy Interactive 1342:The Age of Consent 1335:The Age of Consent 1328:In popular culture 1268:child sexual abuse 824:probation officers 816:witness protection 761:Appeal and release 724: 611:Lord Chief Justice 583:Mr Justice Morland 500:Magistrates' Court 471: 425:two days later. A 337: 314:child sexual abuse 296:, two days later. 252:juvenile detention 165:Kirkdale Cemetery, 5986:. 6 August 2001. 5540:Press Association 4478:. 13 March 2019. 4476:Press Association 4376:. 26 April 2013. 4235:. 23 April 2010. 4003:. 13 March 2010. 3938:. 14 March 2008. 3285:. 21 March 1999. 2711:. 15 March 1999. 2589:on 2 October 2008 2527:on 2 October 2008 2259:on 2 October 2008 2150:on 2 October 2008 2063:on 2 October 2008 1901:(Subscription or 1538:Edlington attacks 1262:2017 imprisonment 1232:New identity 2011 1144:eight-year-olds. 1134:2010 imprisonment 1092:St Helens Council 1060:years on appeal. 936:contempt of court 838:Subsequent events 526:Richard Henriques 475:Merseyside Police 453:Legal proceedings 294:Walton, Liverpool 266: 265: 61:Walton, Liverpool 6753: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6587: 6586: 6578: 6568: 6553: 6538: 6524: 6506: 6492: 6478: 6460: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6320:Winchester Today 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6150:. Archived from 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6082:on 29 April 2008 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5954:. 24 June 2019. 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5858:. 24 June 2019. 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5826:. 4 March 2019. 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5415:. 27 June 2011. 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5252:. Archived from 5239: 5233: 5232: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5194:. Archived from 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5161:. 21 June 2010. 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5133:on 11 March 2010 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5037:on 11 March 2010 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4960:. 6 March 2010. 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4928:. 8 March 2010. 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4763:. 6 March 2010. 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4666:. Archived from 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4542:. 14 July 2016. 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4472:The Rhyl Journal 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4287: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4174:on 10 April 2007 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3895: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3708:. 2 March 2010. 3696: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3671:News Corporation 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3603:. 24 June 2001. 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3571:. 22 June 2001. 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3539:. 22 June 2001. 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3055: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2891:. 2 March 2008. 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2757: 2748: 2747: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2699: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2665: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2577:Scott, Shirley. 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2512: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2443: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2301: 2292: 2291: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2169: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2146:. Archived from 2138:Scott, Shirley. 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2051:Scott, Shirley. 2048: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1963:. Archived from 1952: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1921: 1912: 1906: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1870: 1862: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1773: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1718:. 22 June 2001. 1708: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1686: 1677: 1636: 1635: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1598: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1568: 1304:Andrew McFarlane 1292: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1279: 1161:House of Commons 1059: 1058: 1054: 1051: 812:lifelong licence 663: 636: 592: 588: 401: 400: 396: 393: 386: 385: 381: 81: 79: 74: 49: 37: 36: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6676:1993 in England 6651: 6650: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6607: 6605: 6595: 6593: 6581: 6573: 6571: 6527: 6509: 6505:. 2 March 2008. 6495: 6481: 6463: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6425: 6423: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6393: 6391: 6380:. Oscars 2019. 6376: 6375: 6371: 6361: 6359: 6348:. Oscars 2019. 6344: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6293: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6148:Spoonfed London 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6099: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6059: 6057: 6040: 6036: 6026: 6024: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5607:. 4 July 2013. 5597: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5572:The Independent 5563: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5436: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5240: 5236: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5198:on 24 June 2010 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4728:The Independent 4721: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4664:Click Liverpool 4656: 4652: 4642: 4640: 4639:on 29 July 2012 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4281: 4280: 4273: 4271: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4200:The Independent 4191: 4187: 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