Murder of Keith Blakelock

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Nove's inquiry, on the grounds that it might help their clients; anything that implicated Silcott would support the detectives' contention that their interview notes were genuine and that Silcott had, in effect, confessed. The lawyers argued that the detectives should not be prosecuted until all related criminal proceedings had concluded. Nove fought the application because he had promised his witnesses confidentiality, but he agreed to give the lawyers access to relevant passages from seven witness statements that implicated Silcott. The witnesses themselves refused to testify, so the passages were read out to the jury during the detectives' trial. According to Rose, only one of the statements seriously implicated Silcott, alleging that he had acted "like a general, sending out his little troops", and that he had joined in the attack himself. The day before the detectives' trial began in 1994, the Crown Prosecution Service announced that the nine suspects would not be prosecuted because it was not in the public interest.

2697:"John Brown", aged 20 at the time of the attack, had served a sentence for affray for his role in the rioting. He was a member of the Park Lane Crew, a Tottenham gang that he said Jacobs had also joined. Approached by police again during Nove's second inquiry, Brown said in a statement in August 1993 that Jacobs was a "nutter" who was "out to get blood" that night. He said Jacobs had "broadcast it everywhere that he was going to try and do a copper", and that the Park Lane Crew had stored weapons and petrol bombs in preparation for such an attack. Brown admitted to having kicked Blakelock up to ten times, and said that he had seen Jacobs attack Blakelock with a machete or similar. The police gave Brown £5,000 in 1993 and an additional £590 in January 2011 toward his rent; they also paid for credits for his mobile phone so that they could reach him, and paid to have his car put through a 1590:

to David Rose, Hill described inflicting injuries to Blakelock's chest and leg that did not match the autopsy report. After he had cut Blakelock, Hill said, Silcott told him he was cool and asked what he had seen. Hill said he had replied, "Nothing", and that Silcott had said, "Well, you can go." Hill said the aim of the attack had been to decapitate Blakelock and put his head on a stick. In 1991 he told Rose that, throughout the interview, the police had said, "Go on, admit it, you had a stab," and "It was Sticks, wasn't it?" He said they had threatened to keep him in the station for two weeks and said he would never see his family again. "They could have told me it was Prince Charles and I would have said it was him."

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and disoriented. He was interviewed by Det Sgt van Thal and Det Insp John Kennedy ten times over a period of four days. He made several incriminating statements, first that he had thrown stones, then during the second interview that he had seen the attack on Blakelock. During the third, he said he had spoken to Silcott about the murder, and that Silcott owned a hammer with a hook on one side. After the fifth interview he was charged with affray, and during the sixth he described the attack on Blakelock: "It was like you see in a film, a helpless man with dogs on him. It was just like that, it was really quick." He did not sign this interview, Rose writes, and after it he vomited.

473:'s policy of "using the estate as a gathering ground for its problem tenants", combined with low rents that left no funds for adequate maintenance. The elevated linked walkways meant that the estate could be crossed without descending to street level. Combined with the ground-level parking spaces beloved of drug dealers, these had turned the estate into what commentators called a "rabbit warren" for criminals, to the point where residents were afraid to leave their homes. From May 1985 police entering the estate regularly faced lumps of concrete, bricks, bottles and beer barrels being thrown at them from the first-floor walkways. Dutch architectural historian 2391: 691: 363: 801:

neck up to the hilt. His body was covered in marks from having been kicked or stamped on. His hands and arms were badly cut, and he had lost several fingers trying to defend himself. There were 14 stab wounds on his back, one on the back of his right thigh, and six on his face. Stabbing injuries to his armpits had penetrated his lungs. His head had been turned to one side and his jawbone smashed by a blow that left a six-inch gash across the right side of his head. Bowen said the force of this blow had been "almost as if to sever his head", which gave rise to the view that an attempt had been made to decapitate him.

1555:. One resident told the 1986 Gifford Inquiry into the rioting: "You would go to bed and you would just lie there and you would think, are they going to come and kick my door, what's going to happen to my children? ... It was that horrible fear that you lived with day by day, knowing they could come and kick down your door and hold you for hours." The inquiry heard that 9,165 police officers were either deployed on the estate or held in reserve between 10 and 14 October 1985. Thus, argues Rose, the police created, or at least intensified, a climate of fear in which witnesses were afraid to step forward. 300: 2714:

around as a trophy; he said he could not recall the names of those who had handled it. Levin was interviewed by police in November 1985, when he said Winston Silcott had led the attack with a machete; he told the court in 2014 that that had been a mistake. The court heard that, during Nove's 1992–1994 investigation, police had offered Levin immunity from prosecution, given him £5,000, and paid for a flight from Spain when he missed his flight home from a holiday. They approached him again in January 2008 for his testimony and helped him with expenses and a deposit for accommodation.

2726: 2447:, for the prosecution, alleged that the detectives' reportedly contemporaneous notes of the fifth interview with Silcott had been altered after the fact to include the self-incriminating remarks. Silcott had refused to answer questions during the first four interviews. During the fifth, when told there were witness statements that he had struck Blakelock with a machete or similar, the notes show him saying: "Those kids will never go to court. You wait and see. No one else will talk to you. You can't keep me away from them." Silcott denied ever having said those words. 831: 1942: 2251: 1742:

night of the death, and had stopped someone from throwing a scaffolding pole through the window of his shop. A friend of his, Pam, had then invited him to her apartment to keep him out of trouble. He told Rose: "And look, I'm on bail for a murder. I know I'm stupid, but I'm not that stupid. There's helicopters, police photographers everywhere. All I could think about was that I didn't want to lose my bail." He said he had first learned of Blakelock's death when he heard cheering in the apartment he was staying in, in response to a news report about it.

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police had a photograph of him from the night carrying a petrol bomb, a basket of rocks, and a crate. He told them he had first arrived at the estate after midnight, two hours after Blakelock was killed; he said he had been at home during the attack. He was charged with affray, and in November 1986 Judge Neil Denison sentenced him to eight years, ruling that Jacobs had "played a leading part" in the riots and had thrown a petrol bomb. The longest sentence handed out for affray during the riot, according to Rose, it was reduced on appeal to six years.

2600: 448: 2464:, the 13-year-old who had been held for three days in his underpants and a blanket, without access to his parents or a lawyer. (Hill received £30,000 in damages from the police over his treatment.) Hill had not been told that his statement was going to be read out in court during the detectives' trial; he first learned that it had been used when he heard it on television. Another statement was from Mark Pennant, also a juvenile who had been arrested during the first inquiry. Overall it appeared that Silcott was being retried. 779: 2717:"Q", the third witness, first told police in 2009 that he had seen the attack, after they posted a note through his letterbox asking for witnesses. The court heard that Q had a long history of using drugs and alcohol. He said he had known Nicholas Jacobs all his life and had seen him attack Blakelock with a "mini sword" or similar, making "repeated stabbing motions" toward Blakelock. The defence lawyer told the court that Q was a fantasist. Q was unable to describe accurately where the attack had taken place. 2023:, decided that he should not take the stand to avoid exposing him to questions about his previous convictions. The effort to avoid introducing the conviction for the murder of Anthony Smith worked against Silcott too. It meant that the jury could not be told that he had signed on for his bail at Tottenham police station at around 7 pm on the evening of Blakelock's death. This was when witnesses had placed Silcott at a Broadwater Youth Association meeting, making inflammatory speeches against the police. 2457:, which suggested that the disputed words had been added to the notes later, was not reliable. The defence also produced 14 witness statements from the two Blakelock inquiries, seven of them excerpts from Nove's 1992–1994 inquiry and seven from the original investigation in 1985; the latter were read out to the jury as statements H to N. One of the 1985 statements said that Silcott had been carrying a knife with a two-foot-long blade on the night of the murder, and that he had attacked Blakelock. 2081:

They returned on 19 March 1987 with a unanimous guilty verdict against Silcott, Raghip and Braithwaite; the men were sentenced to life imprisonment, with a recommendation that Silcott serve at least 30 years. One black female juror fainted when the verdicts were read out. Rose writes that the tabloids knew no restraint, writing about the beasts of Broadwater Farm, hooded animals and packs of savages, with the old jail-cell image of Silcott published above captions such as "smile of evil".

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whistles, throwing bottles and hacking at the police shields with machetes. Pengelly ordered the officers and firefighters to retreat. They were forced to run backwards down the unlit narrow staircase, fearful of tripping over the fire hoses, which had been flat before but were now full of water. PC Coombes, armed with just a short truncheon, recalled that the noise—"Kill the pigs!"—was deafening, and he could barely see through the scratched Perspex visor on his helmet.

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he had pushed Smith back but had not been carrying a knife. Silcott was convicted of Smith's murder in February 1986, while awaiting trial for the Blakelock murder, and was sentenced to life imprisonment; he was released in 2003 after serving 17 years. After the conviction he told his lawyer he had indeed known Smith, that there had been bad blood between them, and that he had stabbed the man in self-defence, because one of Smith's friends had had a knife.

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officer denied this; the police said she had simply collapsed. When it became clear she had stopped breathing, the same officer tried to revive her using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, to no avail. The pathologist testified at the inquest that the fall may have been a precipitating factor; the jury returned a verdict of accidental death, following the coroner's direction that such a verdict would mean Mrs. Jarrett had been pushed, but perhaps accidentally.

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He reported being kept in a very hot cell, which he said made sleeping and even breathing difficult. His clothes and shoes were removed for forensic tests and he was interviewed wearing only underpants and a blanket, the latter of which by the third day of detention was stained with his own vomit. Hyacinth Moody of the Haringey Community Relations Council sat in as an "appropriate adult"; she was criticized by the judge for having failed to intervene.

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some firms of solicitors left a lot to be desired"; he believed solicitors were being retained by people who had an interest in learning what other suspects had said. The Crown prosecutor, Roy Amlot QC, told the court during the first trial that the police had one effective weapon, namely that suspects did not know who else had spoken to police and what they had said, and that "the use of that weapon by the police was legitimate and effective".

1913:. He had a girlfriend who lived on Broadwater Farm, with whom he had a child. On 16 January 1986, three months after the murder, his name was mentioned for the first time to detectives by a man they had arrested, Bernard Kinghorn. Kinghorn told them he had seen Braithwaite, whom he said he knew only by sight, stab Blakelock with a kitchen knife. Kinghorn later withdrew the allegation, telling the BBC three years later that it had been false. 645: 498: 2226:, the test "also revealed an imprint of a different page five from the one submitted in evidence which was clearly the same interview with Silcott but in which he made no implicit admissions". In addition to this, David Baxendale, a Home Office forensic scientist who was asked to investigate by Essex police, said that the paper on which the disputed notes were written came from a different batch of paper from the rest of the interview. 2362:(CPS) drew a distinction between the "kickers and the stabbers"—those who had kicked or punched Blakelock and those who had used weapons—and decided that the former could be called as witnesses in exchange for immunity from prosecution. By the end of 1993, Rose writes, Nove had identified nine suspects against whom at least two eyewitnesses would testify, supported by evidence such as photographs. The suspect list included 805:

and eyesight, epileptic fits, nightmares, and a memory so poor that he was left unable to read a book or drive. A third constable, Michael Shepherd, was hit by an iron spike; Shepherd collapsed next to Coombes and placed his shield over him to protect Coombes from the crowd, who were kicking and hitting them both. Several officers and firefighters turned and ran back toward the crowd to try to save Blakelock and Coombes.

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mother was not told that he had been taken into custody, and the police reportedly told him that she had refused to help him. He told the police that he had cut Blakelock and kicked him twice, and he named Winston Silcott as the ringleader, and several others, including another juvenile, Mark Lambie. When charged with the murder, he asked the teacher who accompanied him: "Does that mean I have to go and live with you?"

2799:, awarded for acts of great bravery, for having proceeded "with total disregard for his own safety". Trevor Stratford of the London Fire Brigade was also awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal; he and another firefighter, Graham Holloway, received commendations from the fire brigade for outstanding bravery. Two firefighters, James Ryan and David Kwai, received the Chief Fire Officer's letter of congratulations. 2944:, ITN, 8 October 1985): "Witnesses say that having wrenched his riot helmet from him, his attackers then repeatedly stabbed him in the body, and continuously hacked away at his neck. PC Blakelock lost several fingers as he tried to defend himself before the attackers fled ... Tonight Scotland Yard confirmed that the injuries were so grievous that it did appear the men were trying to behead the officer." 2831: 2812: 2332:

would not have gone on against Braithwaite, against Raghip, against any other defendants, having learned of the apparent dishonesty of the officer in charge of the case. I say that because the Crown has to depend on the honesty and integrity of officers in a case ... The impact is obviously severe." Rose writes that the statement was "one of the more sensational speeches in English legal history."

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trial that he had seen Lambie force his way through the crowd to reach Blakelock, although the testimony was discredited; the witness was caught in several lies and admitted he had offered evidence only to avoid a prison sentence. (Seventeen years later, in May 2002, Lambie was jailed for 12 years for kidnap and blackmail after detaining and torturing two men; newspapers described him at that time as a

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him: "I had a weapon when I was running toward the policeman, a broom handle." He said he might have kicked or hit him had he been able to get close enough. Rose writes that Raghip also offered the order in which Blakelock's attackers had launched the assault. He was held for another two days, released on bail, then charged with murder six weeks later, in December 1985, under the doctrine of

1750:"You ain't got enough evidence. Those kids will never go to court. You wait and see. No one else will talk to you. You can't keep me away from them." The notes show him saying of the murder weapons: "You're too slow, man, they gone." He was at that point charged with murder, to which he reportedly responded: "They won't give evidence against me." It was this interview that led to Silcott's 673:

officers were injured, and two policemen and three journalists—one from the Press Association and two from the BBC—suffered gunshot wounds. At least 30 shots were fired from three firearms, the first time shots had been fired by rioters in Britain. At 9:45 pm the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, Sir Kenneth Newman, authorized the deployment of specialist police armed with

997:, argued that senior officers had pursued a policy at Broadwater Farm of avoiding confrontation at all costs, and that "community policing" had led to compromises with criminals, rather than a focus on upholding the law. As a result, the journal wrote, officers had failed to appreciate the seriousness of the situation that had developed on the estate. 954:—who had immigrated from Guyana in 1963—to an ape, writing that he had spoken to reporters while, in Rose's words, "peeling a banana and juggling an orange". Grant caused uproar with his comments after the killing. He told reporters that "the police got a bloody good hiding", and "Maybe it was a policeman who stabbed another policeman." Censured by 797:

against the machetes. As the firefighters and police ran out of the stairwell toward a car park and a patch of grass, one of the firefighters, Divisional Fire Officer Trevor Stratford, saw that Blakelock had tripped: "He just stumbled and went down and they were upon him. It was just mob hysteria. ... There were about 50 people on him."

2007:, the accused were "divided almost equally between black and white". Five defendants were 29 or older; most were teenagers or in their early 20s. The youngest was aged 12. The trial of the six accused of murder—Silcott, Raghip and Braithwaite, the adults; and Pennant, Hill and Lambie, the youths—began in court number two of the 2661:

We chopper we start chop him on his hand we chop him on him finger we chop him on him leg we chop him on his shoulder him head him chest him neck we chop him all over when we done kill him off lord er feel much better ...me just wipe off me knife and go check on daughter we sit down and talk and

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In July 2013 the Crown Prosecution Service announced that, although suspicions remained about six of those arrested, no action would be taken against five of them because of insufficient evidence. The remaining suspect, Nicholas "Nicky" Conrad Jacobs, 16 years old at the time of the riot, was charged

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Six years later, between February and October 2010, 10 men between the ages of 42 and 52 were arrested on suspicion of Blakelock's murder. The first to be arrested, in February, was Nicholas Jacobs, who had been questioned in 1985 in connection with Blakelock's death and had been convicted of affray.

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Detectives began re-examining 10,000 witness statements, and submitting items for forensic tests not available in 1985. In September 2004 the back garden of a terraced council house in Willan Road, near the Broadwater Farm estate, was excavated after a tip-off. A female friend of Cynthia Jarrett, the

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Roy Amlot QC told the court that Blakelock had been stabbed 40 times by at least two knives and a machete. There were eight injuries to his head, and one of the weapons had penetrated his jawbone. In the view of the prosecution, the killers had intended to decapitate him and place his head on a pole.

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During a seventh interview the next day, Raghip described noises he said Blakelock had made during the attack. During the eighth interview, he said he had armed himself that night with a broom handle, and had tried to get close to what was happening to Blakelock, but there were too many people around

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Known as "Sticks" locally, Silcott was living in the Martlesham block of Broadwater Farm at the time of the riots, and was running his greengrocer's shop in the Tangmere block, the block near the spot where Blakelock was killed. He told David Rose in 2004 that he had been in the Tangmere block on the

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He at first denied being anywhere near the Farm, then during interview four said he had been there and had thrown stones, and during interview five said he had been at the Tangmere block, but had played no role in the murder. During interview six, he said he had hit Blakelock with an iron bar in the

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Raghip's parents had moved from Cyprus to England in 1956. Raghip left school at age 15, illiterate, and by the time of the murder had three convictions, one for burglary and two for stealing cars. He had a common-law wife, Sharon Daly, with whom he had a two-year-old boy, and he worked occasionally

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cut. Silcott was charged with the murder in May 1985 and was out on bail when Blakelock was killed in October that year. At first he told police he had not known Smith and had not been at the party, although at trial he acknowledged having been there. He said Smith had started punching him, and that

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Over the course of several interviews, Hill told police that he had witnessed the attack and named Silcott and others, including Mark Lambie. He described almost a ritualistic killing and said that Silcott—whom he called "Sticks"—had forced him to make his "mark" on Blakelock with a sword. According

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Melvin defended his decision to hold people without access to legal advice by arguing that lawyers, unwittingly or otherwise, might pass information they had gleaned during interviews to other suspects. He said under cross-examination during the 1987 murder trial that, in his view, "the integrity of

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Melvin's first problem was that there was no forensic evidence. Senior officers had not allowed the estate to be sealed off immediately after the attack, which meant that the crime scene had not been secured. Witnesses and those directly involved had been allowed to leave without giving their names,

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Detective Chief Superintendent Graham Melvin of the Serious Crime Squad was placed in charge of the investigation a few hours after the killing, at 2:00 am on 7 October. With 150 officers assigned full-time, the inquiry became the largest in the history of the Metropolitan Police. Born in Halifax in

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but died on the way. Coombes was taken to hospital by fire engine. Stratford was left with a spinal injury, and 19-year-old PC Maxwell Roberts had been stabbed. Pengelly said in 2010 that, when the other officers got back to the safety of their van, "We just sat there, numb with shock, and life was

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A second group surrounded PC Coombes, who sustained a five-inch-long cut to his face, had his neck slit open, and was left with broken upper and lower jaws. As of 2016 he was still suffering the effects of the attack, which the police regard as attempted murder, including constant pain, poor hearing

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The rioters removed Blakelock's protective helmet, which was never found. The pathologist, David Bowen, found 54 holes in Blakelock's overalls, and 40 stabbing or slashing injuries, eight of them to his head, caused by a weapon such as a machete, axe or sword. A six-inch-long knife was buried in his

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Police re-opened the murder inquiry in 1992 and again in 2003. Ten men were arrested in 2010 on suspicion of murder, and in 2013 one of them, Nicholas Jacobs, became the seventh person to be charged with Blakelock's murder, based largely on evidence gathered during the 1992 inquiry. He was found not

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PC Blakelock had been assigned, on the night of his death, to Serial 502, a unit of 11 constables and one sergeant, dispatched to protect firefighters who were themselves under attack. When the rioters forced the officers back, Blakelock stumbled and fell. Surrounded by a mob of around 50 people, he

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around 12 October 1985: "What is required and what the Government has signally failed to provide is effective action to get at the roots of the violence. I understand that consideration is being given by your council to attempting to withhold the rates precept paid to the police. The withholding of

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The main prosecution witnesses were three pseudonymous men who testified from behind a curtain with their voices distorted. Two of them, "John Brown" and "Rhodes Levin", had offered testimony to Nove during his 1992–1994 investigation; the third, "Q", was Brown's cousin. Richard Whittam QC, for the

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In parallel with the second investigation, a case was being prepared against Det Ch Supt Melvin and Det Insp Dingle. In July 1992 Melvin was charged with perjury and conspiracy to pervert the course of justice, and Dingle with conspiracy. In 1994 their lawyers applied for access to information from

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The court heard that Silcott's interview notes were contaminated, and that Raghip's suggestibility and Braithwaite's having been denied a lawyer rendered their confessions unreliable. The Crown prosecutor, Roy Amlot, conceded that the apparent contamination rendered all three convictions unsafe: "e

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In Silcott's case, according to the scientist who conducted the ESDA test, Robert Radley, the notes from the section of the fifth interview in which Silcott appeared to incriminate himself had been inserted after the other notes were written. The seventh and final page of the fifth interview, where

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The notes show him asking: "Who told you that?" When the detectives said they had witnesses, he reportedly said: "They are only kids. No one is going to believe them." The notes say he walked around the interview room with tears in his eyes, saying: "You cunts, you cunts", and "Jesus, Jesus", then:

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Silcott was arrested for Blakelock's murder on 12 October 1985, six days after the riot; he was interviewed five times over 24 hours; Det Ch Supt Melvin asked the questions and Det Insp Maxwell Dingle took the notes. During the first four interviews, Silcott stayed mostly silent and refused to sign

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Jason Hill, a 13-year-old white boy who lived on Broadwater Farm, was seen looting from a store in the Tangmere block during the riot, near where Blakelock was killed. He was arrested on 13 October 1985 and taken to Leyton Police Station, where he was held for three days without access to a lawyer.

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until he was nine, after which he returned to the UK; he was diagnosed with learning difficulties and was attending a special school. Arrested and handcuffed at school, he was taken to Wood Green Police Station and interviewed six times over the course of two days, with a teacher in attendance. His

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to be used "as a last resort should all else fail"; it would have been the first use of plastic bullets during a riot in Britain. The unit arrived at 10:20 pm, but the senior officers at the scene refused to use them, apparently to the dismay of junior officers. The rioting continued until the

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According to Rose, Cynthia Jarrett's death was "not just a spark but ... a flamethrower aimed at a powder keg". Protesters began to gather outside Tottenham police station, a few hundred yards from Broadwater Farm, around 1:30 am on Sunday morning, 6 October. Four of the station's windows

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was one of the first on the scene when police raided Jarrett's house. Archaeologists dug up the garden, while surveyors used infra-red beams to create a three-dimensional map of the area. A machete was found and sent for forensic tests. Police also searched the garden for Blakelock's truncheon and

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put it. Silcott said he had been asleep in a police cell when it was taken; he said he was woken up, held in a corridor with his arms pinned against a wall and photographed, and that the expression on his face was one of fear. Its publication constituted "the most gross contempt", according to the

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At the time of Raghip's arrest, he had been drinking and smoking cannabis for several days, and his common-law wife had just left him, taking their son with her. He was held for two days without representation, first speaking to a solicitor on the third day, who said he had found Raghip distressed

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for a few months, and in 1979 he was sentenced to six months for wounding. In September 1980 he stood trial for the murder of 19-year-old Lennie McIntosh, a postal worker, who was stabbed and killed at a party in Muswell Hill in 1979. The first trial resulted in a hung jury; a second trial saw him

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The firefighters made their way back up an enclosed staircase inside Tangmere with Serial 502 behind them. Dozens of rioters suddenly appeared at the top of the stairs. Pengelly told them the police were helping firefighters put out a fire, then they would leave. Suddenly the rioters began blowing

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Blakelock was assigned on the night to Serial 502, a Metropolitan police unit consisting of a sergeant and 11 constables from Hornsey and Wood Green police stations. A "shield serial" was a unit equipped with shields, NATO helmets and a personnel carrier; expecting trouble, the Metropolitan Police

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Four senior officers were in control of police deployment in the area that night: Chief Superintendent Colin Couch, who was the Tottenham Division Chief, Chief Superintendent David French, Superintendent William Sinclair, and Chief Inspector John Hambleton. Apart from Blakelock's death, 250 police

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in Reading in 1983–1984 as a result of a care order, and in 1985 he joined a Tottenham gang, the Park Lane Crew. He was named shortly after the riot by two of those arrested, and was arrested himself five days later "in connection with the murder of PC Blakelock", according to police records. The

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The judge dismissed the charges against the youths because they had been detained without access to parents or a lawyer; in the absence of the jury, the judge was highly critical of the police on that point. Four armoured police vehicles waited in Tottenham as the jury deliberated for three days.

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Braithwaite was taken to Enfield Police Station and interviewed by Det Sgt Dermot McDermott and Det Con Colin Biggar. He was held for three days and was at first denied access to a lawyer, on the instruction of Det Ch Supt Melvin. He was interviewed eight times over the first two days, and with a

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two years earlier. He told Rose that he had experienced racism throughout his entire upbringing, particularly from the police. After leaving school at 15, he took a series of low-paying jobs and in 1976 began breaking into houses. The following year he was convicted of nine counts of burglary and

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Sergeant Pengelly, in charge of the serial, turned and ran at the mob, driving them off. Couch, Mr Stratford, and other officers ran back too and managed to pull PC Blakelock away, but by then he had sustained multiple stab wounds and within minutes the 40-year-old father of three was near death.

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There were rioters at the bottom of the stairs too, wearing masks or crash helmets, and carrying knives, machetes, baseball bats, bricks, petrol bombs and paving stones. The bombs started exploding, the paving stones were thrown at the officers' helmets, and the riot shields were the only defence

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Detectives came under enormous pressure to find those responsible. Faced with a lack of scientific evidence—because for several hours it had not been possible to secure the crime scene—police officers arrested 359 people, interviewed most of them without lawyers, and laid charges based on untaped

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with a brown handle and six-inch (15 cm) blade that night (Blakelock was found with a six-inch blade with a wooden handle embedded in his neck up to the hilt). Afterwards, Levin said, Jacobs told him he had "got a couple of jukes in". Levin testified that Blakelock's helmet had been passed

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Mark Lambie, aged 14, was the third juvenile to be charged with murder. He was named by Mark Pennant and Jason Hill, and was interviewed with his father and a solicitor present. Lambie admitted to having taken part in the rioting, but denied involvement in the murder. One witness said during the

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The next few hours saw some of the most violent rioting the country had experienced. By early evening a crowd of 500 mostly young black men had gathered on the estate, setting fire to cars, throwing petrol bombs and bricks, and dropping concrete blocks and paving stones from the estate's outdoor

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PC Dick Coombes, badly injured during the attack, went back to work part-time in July 1986 but was forced to retire in 1991, partly because of the epilepsy that developed as a result of brain damage. His eyesight deteriorated and he was left barely able to stand. In January 1988 every member of

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In March 1999 the Metropolitan Police included Blakelock's killing in a review of 300 unsolved murders in London going back to 1984, when details were first recorded on computer. In December 2003, weeks after Silcott was released from jail after serving 17 years for the murder of Anthony Smith,

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The disputed section of the interview had been written down by Det Insp Maxwell Dingle. It said that, when the police told Silcott that they had witness statements saying he had attacked Blakelock, Silcott replied: "They are only kids. No one is going to believe them"; he reportedly said later:

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The jury consisted of eight white men, two black women and two white women. They were not told that it was Silcott's fourth murder trial, that he had been out on bail for the murder of Anthony Smith when Blakelock was killed, or that he had subsequently been convicted of that murder. Silcott's

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According to David Rose, a former detective inspector called the Blakelock investigation a "pre-scientific inquiry, it was all about how to get Winston Silcott convicted, not discovering who killed Keith Blakelock." By the time of the murder, local police saw Silcott as the "biggest mafioso in

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The police, without a search warrant, had let themselves into the house using Floyd Jarrett's keys, without knocking or announcing themselves, while his mother and her family were watching television. The family said that an officer had pushed 49-year-old Mrs. Jarrett, causing her to fall. The

1715:

In 1983, Silcott was given a government grant to open a greengrocer's on the deck of the Tangmere block of Broadwater Farm. More convictions followed: in October that year he was fined for possessing a flick knife and in March 1984 for obstructing police. In 1985 he made the news when he told

2657:

Me have de chopper we have intention to kill an police officer PC Blakelock de unlucky f***** him dis an help de fireman. Who did an out an fire de fireman see we av come and decide to scatter but PC Blakelock him never smell the danger but when we fly down upon him he start scream and holla

481:

here are elevated walkways, there are little stairs that connect them, there are these huge stairwells where the different elevated walkways come together ... there is a huge underground zone that is completely unmonitored, which consists of parking places ... so it's an incredible

1547:

Melvin therefore resorted to arresting suspects—including juveniles, some of them regarded as vulnerable—and holding them for days without access to lawyers. Of the 359 people arrested in 1985 and 1986 in connection with the riot, 94 were interviewed in the presence of a lawyer. Many of the

1825:

Nineteen-year-old Engin Raghip, of Turkish–Cypriot descent, was arrested on 24 October 1985 after a friend mentioned his name to police, the only time anyone had linked him to the murder. During his trial, the court heard from an expert that Raghip was "in the middle of the mildly mentally

2220:

the participants would normally sign, was missing. The ESDA test suggested that, on the third to sixth pages of the interview, no impressions had been left from previous pages, although these earlier impressions appeared throughout the rest of the notes. According to Will Bennett in

2694:

prosecution, told the court that all three had admitted kicking or hitting Blakelock and would normally face murder charges themselves, but the CPS had decided during Commander Perry Nove's inquiry to offer the "kickers" immunity in exchange for testimony against the "stabbers".

2556:

Jacobs was one of nine suspects that the Crown Prosecution Service had decided not to charge with Blakelock's murder at the conclusion of Commander Perry Nove's 1992–1994 inquiry. Nothing appeared to come of the arrests. In October 2010, to mark the 25th anniversary, the BBC's

2340:

to sue the police for conspiracy to pervert the course of justice. The Metropolitan Police settled out of court in 1999, awarding him £50,000 for false imprisonment and malicious prosecution. He was released on licence in October 2003 having served 17 years for Smith's murder.

6402:

Keith Tompson is a pen name for Silicon Valley entrepreneur Keith Teare. He was active in anti-racist campaigns in the UK between 1979 and 1996. This book was written at a time when extreme right wing groups were targeting activists, hence the use of a pen name to protect his

2961:

the precept would be a fruitless course of action that would benefit no one."It cannot help anyone either to allocate blame for tragedy and uproar exclusively to the police or to be dismissive of a horrific and brutal murder that cannot be justified on any grounds whatsoever."

618:, on suspicion of being in a stolen car. It was a suspicion that turned out to be groundless, but a decision was made several hours later to search the home of his mother, Cynthia Jarrett, for stolen goods. In the course of the search, she collapsed and died of heart failure. 216:, north London. The riot broke out after Cynthia Jarrett died of heart failure during a police search of her home, and took place against a backdrop of unrest in several English cities and a breakdown of relations between the police and some people in the Black community. 2151:

and Braithwaite by Steven Kamlish. Mills noted the lack of photographic or scientific evidence, and argued that Silcott would have been unlikely to stop firefighters from extinguishing a fire on the deck of the Tangmere block, given that he was renting a shop there.

2974:, 2 June 2010): "On 5 February , a 40-year-old man, originally from Tottenham, was arrested in Suffolk and released on bail after questioning. Two men, aged 46 and 52, who had lived in Tottenham in 1985 were arrested at separate North London addresses in May 2010." 5540: 482:

nest ... one of these typical modernist, multi-level network city constructions that make it extremely difficult for the police to exert any control over it, and it makes the police extremely vulnerable for attacks from behind, underneath, from the top.

2708:

The second witness, "Rhodes Levin", had also served a sentence for affray for his role in the riots, and had a history of using cocaine, crack cocaine and heroin. He admitted to having kicked Blakelock several times. He said that Jacobs had been carrying a

2677:". The court was also told that, when Jacobs was arrested for attempted burglary in May 2000, by then aged 30, he reportedly told an officer: "F*** off, I was one of them who killed PC Blakelock," which the defence called a "flippant street remark". 1540:

and objects that might have held fingerprints had not been collected. Police had not been allowed into the estate in great numbers until 4 am on 7 October, by which time much of the evidence had disappeared. Whatever remained was removed during

746:

had increased the deployment of these patrols across the capital. Serial 502 consisted of three Scots, three Londoners (including an officer originally from Jamaica), and officers from Cumbria, Gloucestershire, Merseyside, Sunderland, and Yorkshire.

536:, who was wanted on suspicion of robbery and firearms offences. Believing she had died in the shooting—in fact, she had survived but was left paralysed from the waist down—a group of protesters gathered outside Brixton police station, sparking the 2211:

In parallel with the efforts of Pierce, Silcott's lawyers had requested access in November 1990 to his original interview notes, so that the seven pages from his crucial fifth interview—the notes he said were fabricated—could be submitted for an

5248: 2928:

Serial 502 consisted of Sgt David Pengelly and 11 constables: Miles Barton, Keith Blakelock, Robin Clark, Richard "Dick" Coombes, Martyn Howells, Stephen Martin, Kenneth "Gordon" Milne, Ricky Pandya, Maxwell Roberts, Michael Shepherd, and Alan

1921:

chest and leg. Rose writes that there were no such injuries on Blakelock's body. In a seventh interview, he said he had hit a police officer, but that it was not Blakelock. On the basis of this confession evidence, he was charged with murder.

355:. Built between 1967 and 1973, the Farm consists of 1,063 flats (apartments) in 12 blocks raised on stilts, linked by first-floor outdoor connecting walkways; no homes or shops were built at ground level for fear of flooding from the nearby 2815: 2335:

Braithwaite and Raghip were released immediately. Silcott remained in jail for the 1984 murder of Anthony Smith. He received £17,000 compensation in 1991 for his conviction in the Blakelock case, and in 1995 was offered up to £200,000 in

1727:

In December 1984 Silcott was arrested for the murder of a 22-year-old boxer, Anthony Smith, at a party in Hackney. Smith had been slashed more than once on his face, there were two wounds to his abdomen, a lung had been lacerated and his

2794:

for "outstanding bravery and devotion to duty"; Blakelock's wife attended the ceremony on his behalf. Sgt David Pengelly, who single-handedly fought to hold the crowd away from Blakelock and Richard Coombes after they fell, received the

2323:

heard Silcott's appeal on 25 November 1991 and took just 90 minutes to overturn the conviction, delivering its 74-page decision on 5 December. Raghip and Braithwaite's appeal was heard a few days later and was also swiftly overturned.

2859:

A lack of clarity about who was in charge of the police operation on the night of Blakelock's death led to a failure to deploy reinforcements and equipment in a timely manner. To ensure that such a situation was never repeated, a new

2467:

The detectives were acquitted on 26 July 1994 by a unanimous verdict. Both had been suspended during the case. Dingle retired immediately. Melvin was greeted as a hero when he returned to work, but he retired three months later.

1917:

lawyer present four times on the third. During the first 30 hours of his detention he had nothing to eat, and said in court—as did several other suspects—that the heat in the cells was oppressive, making it difficult to breathe.

280:, north London. At the time of his death, he was married to Elizabeth Blakelock (later Johnson), with three sons, Mark, Kevin and Lee. Lee Blakelock, eight years old when his father died, became a police officer himself, joining 757:

and six round ones. At 9:30 pm Sgt David Pengelly led the unit onto the estate to protect firefighters who had earlier attended a supermarket fire in the Tangmere block but had been forced out. Tangmere had been built as a

5295: 5537: 2216:(ESDA). The test can identify a small electrostatic charge left on a page when the page above it is written on; in this way, the test's developers say, the chronological integrity of interview notes can be determined. 1687:

Burglary (1977), wounding (1979), murder of Lennie McIntosh (acquitted 1980), possession (1983), obstruction (1984), murder of Anthony Smith (convicted 1986), murder of Keith Blakelock (convicted 1987, overturned

2658:

everybody gather round and av pure laughter he try to head out but we trip him over he start beg for mercy but it didn't matter him try to play super man and him ger capture him and have to face the consequences.

2114:

students' union elected Silcott as the college's honorary president, to the dismay of its director and governors. Silcott resigned shortly afterwards, saying he did not want the students to become scapegoats.

985:

reported on 8 October 1985 that a "Moscow-trained hit squad gave orders as mob hacked PC Blakelock to death", alleging that "crazed left-wing extremists" trained in Moscow and Libya had coordinated the riots.

661:

were smashed, but the Jarrett family asked the crowd to disperse. Later that day, two police officers were attacked with bricks and paving stones at the Farm, and a police inspector was attacked in his car.

7160: 4605: 1746:

the detectives' notes, but during the fifth interview on 13 October, when Melvin said he knew Silcott had struck Blakelock with a machete or sword, his demeanour changed, according to the notes.

5941: 2871:, believing that he was armed, around 120 people marched from Broadwater Farm to the local police station, echoing the protests that preceded the rioting on 6 October 1985. Violence and looting 1754:. According to a scientist who conducted forensic tests on the original interview notes, the detectives' notes from the portion of the interview in which Silcott appeared to incriminate himself 5594: 669:. The local council's community relations officer said there was a "shifting convoy of ambulances: as soon as one was loaded up with injured officers, another would move up to take its place". 3069: 5685: 3200: 2098:

and Lennox Hinds, two American law professors who had attended part of the trial, and who wrote that Silcott's conviction "represents a serious miscarriage of justice". Rose writes that the

1572:

Mark Pennant, aged 15, was arrested on 9 October 1985 and charged with murder two days later, the first to be charged. Born in England to West-Indian parents, Pennant had been raised in the

1548:

confessions that resulted, whether directly about the murder, or about having taken part in the rioting, were made before the lawyer was given access to the interviewee, according to Rose.

5751: 6325: 38: 4138: 2705:

had offered a £100,000 reward. He told the police in 1993 that he had difficulty identifying black people: "I can't tell the difference between them. To me a black man is a black man."

6567: 5870: 2139:. Peirce applied for leave to appeal. She began to explore Raghip's mental state, arguing that his confession could not be relied upon, and arranged for him to be examined by Dr. 5065: 2056: 5572: 232:, Engin Raghip and Mark Braithwaite (the "Tottenham Three"), were convicted in 1987. A widely supported campaign arose to overturn the convictions, which were quashed in 1991 when 5629: 4979: 4970: 4962: 4958: 3118: 766:, as well as flats with balconies. According to PC Richard Coombes, several men shouted from one of the balconies that the supermarket was on fire. He feared that it was a trap. 5781: 5519: 5176: 4853: 4358: 6298: 5860: 5665: 1625: 5472: 4450: 4424: 2646:

at the Old Bailey on 3 March 2014. Jacobs did not take the stand. He was found not guilty on 9 April 2014 by a 10–2 verdict, reached after the jury was out for one day.

2884: 737: 2864:" (strategic–tactical–operational) was created in 1985 that replaced ranks with roles. It is used by all British emergency services at every type of major incident. 5341: 6067: 2230:"Those kids will never go to court, you wait and see." As a result of the ESDA test evidence, the Home Secretary added Silcott and Braithwaite to Raghip's appeal. 6089: 2147:, a specialist in suggestibility. Gísli concluded that Raghip was unusually suggestible, with a mental age of between 10 and 11. Silcott was again represented by 6014: 3734: 3136: 585: 1842:

on 23 October 1985, boasting about his involvement. When Broomfield was arrested, he implicated Raghip. Broomfield was later convicted of an unrelated murder.

528:

in Birmingham; two people were killed. On 28 September, a black woman, Dorothy "Cherry" Groce, was accidentally shot by police while they searched her home in

236:

cast doubt on the authenticity of detectives' notes of an interview in which Silcott appeared to incriminate himself. Two detectives were charged in 1992 with

453:

Now mostly demolished, they linked the estate so that it could be crossed without descending to street level, making police vulnerable to attack from above.

5602: 5888: 2144: 5529: 5501: 6428: 1826:

handicapped range", although this testimony was withheld from the jury. His mental impairment became a key issue during his successful appeal in 1991 in

6104: 2770:

hall joined in by closed-circuit television. A public-address system was installed to allow 500 people standing outside the church to hear the service.

7289: 7274: 5945: 2094:

A campaign to free the "Tottenham Three" gathered pace, organized by the Broadwater Farm Defence Campaign. They published an 18-page report in 1987 by

2011:

on 19 January 1987 in front of Mr Justice Hodgson. All were charged with murder, riot, and affray; Lambie was also charged with throwing petrol bombs.

989:

There was also internal pressure on detectives from the rank and file, who saw their superior officers as sharing the blame for Blakelock's death. The

855: 5488: 2867:

Comparisons were made to the 1985 Broadwater Farm Riot when rioting broke out again in Tottenham in August 2011. After police shot and killed a man,

7102: 5376: 3807: 5682: 5156: 4942: 3204: 4020: 5748: 2166:

criticized the decision, pointing to the problems with confessions made in the absence of a lawyer, and was criticized in turn by Home Secretary

6317: 5312: 3837: 3423: 1294: 2187:, said the convictions ought to be overturned. Gareth Peirce obtained another psychologist's report about Raghip and, supported by Raghip's MP 1698:

Silcott was 26 years old when he was arrested, the oldest of the six charged with murder. He was born in Tottenham in 1959; his parents, both

7112: 724: 2162:, dismissed the applications on 13 December 1988, arguing of Raghip that the jury had had ample opportunity to form its own opinion of him. 4577: 2861: 2072:, of a notorious close-up of a half-smiling Silcott, one that "created a monster to stalk the nightmares of Middle England", as journalist 2003:

Of the 359 men and youths arrested, 159 were charged, including with affray and throwing petrol bombs, and 88 were convicted. According to

1526: 559:, Liverpool. The police searched all vehicles entering Broadwater Farm that day; the following day they found a petrol bomb on the estate. 5709: 3970:

The collection includes works from the pioneering Daily Mirror newspaper, the Daily Express and hundreds more leading regional newspapers.

7279: 7259: 7155: 6200:

The Broadwater Farm Inquiry: Report of the Independent Inquiry into Disturbances of October 1985 at the Broadwater Farm Estate, Tottenham

5792: 5554: 2043: 299: 7007: 6546: 3122: 1083: 944:

Rose writes that there was a racist media frenzy after the killing, placing intense external pressure on detectives to solve the case.

3333: 1838:

and had gone to the Farm with two friends to watch the riot, he said. One of those friends, John Broomfield, gave an interview to the

5840: 5828: 5729: 320: 5523: 4861: 711: 2787: 391: 6305: 4038:

As north London is gripped by riots, we take a look at the events on the Broadwater Farm estate that rocked Tottenham 25 years ago

521:

in south London, a series of incidents had sparked violent confrontations between black youths and largely white police officers.

3219: 5813: 1695:

Tottenham ... running the mugging gangs, paying them with drugs", according to another former senior officer in Tottenham.

5328: 3899: 2889: 2328:

is regarded as a landmark ruling because it recognized that "interrogative suggestibility" might make a confession unreliable.

990: 383: 3892:, pp. 71, 85–86; Rose, David (29 January 1987). "Blakelock died needlessly in riot on Broadwater estate, says officer"], 2894: 2200: 1308: 466: 6255:

Jones, Cecily (2007). "Broadwater Farm estate: pre-riot problems". In Dabydeen, David; Gilmore, John; Jones, Cecily (eds.).

5869:

For an officer's statement that the knife in Blakelock's neck had a brown wooden handle, see Barrett, David (5 March 2014).

6009: 2899: 2320: 1407: 344: 5528:; for full name, see "Court Appearances in England and Wales", causelist.org, 4 March 2013. Evans, Martin (23 July 2013). 2460:

Several of the statements H–N originated from the juveniles who had been arrested shortly after the murder. They included

442: 7304: 7294: 7269: 6518:. The two were eventually released within a year of each other, and recently met up to compare notes on life after prison 3488: 2490:

woman whose death sparked the Broadwater Farm riot, lived alone at the house between 1984 and 1989, and according to the

2196: 603: 6467: 7137: 6473: 6195: 6078: 6056: 4479: 1099: 423: 152: 950:

newspaper reportedly compared the Labour leader of Haringey Council and Labour's prospective candidate for Tottenham,

524:

On 9 September 1985, a month before Blakelock's murder, the arrest of a black man for a traffic offence triggered the

6642: 6395: 6275: 6114: 4233:

Rose, David (20 March 1987). "Police broke rules in hunt for killers of PC who fell victim to bloodlust of the mob".

1298: 1244:: Silcott, Raghip and Braithwaite convicted of murder. Pennant, Hill, Lambie acquitted at the direction of the judge. 1131: 1111: 1007: 540:

that saw police lose control of the area for 48 hours. A photojournalist, 29-year-old David Hodge, was killed when a

6805: 6211: 3368: 1361: 1198: 359:. At the time of Blakelock's death, the estate housed 3,400 people, 49 percent white, 43 percent African-Caribbean. 7264: 6698: 6418:

Walker, Clive (1999). "Miscarriages of Justice in Principle and Practice". In Walker, Clive; Starmer, Keir (eds.).

1551:

When people did confess to even a minor role in the rioting, such as throwing a few stones, they were charged with

1519: 1143: 1072: 474: 237: 4946: 7107: 7074: 6488: 6461: 5416: 4550:"'They created Winston Silcott, the beast of Broadwater Farm. And they won't let this creation lie down and die'" 2766:—the church's seating capacity had to be extended from 600 to 800, and a further 300 police officers in a nearby 2020: 5906:

The family of PC Keith Blakelock, who died in the 1985 Tottenham riots, at the unveiling by Labour Party leader

4854:"Free at last, but still a prisoner. Why Winston Silcott refuses to celebrate his release after 17 years inside" 1179: 6539: 2213: 2192: 1637:, another member of the Tottenham Three, and Stafford Scott, co-founder of the Broadwater Farm Defence Campaign 1474: 1455: 1167: 1023: 386:

report had suggested demolition, although a regeneration project after the 1985 riots led to improvements. Sir

233: 6436: 1720:, who was on an official visit to Broadwater Farm, that she should not have come without bringing jobs, which 1155: 7117: 6757: 6145:

Cashmore, Ellis; McLaughlin, Eugene (2013) . "Out of order?". In Cashmore, Ellis; McLaughlin, Eugene (eds.).

4887: 2483: 2180: 2159: 1411: 1345:: DCI Melvin and DI Dingle charged with conspiracy to pervert the course of justice, and Melvin with perjury. 1043: 6136:

Cashmore, Ellis; McLaughlin, Eugene (2013) . "Introduction". In Cashmore, Ellis; McLaughlin, Eugene (eds.).

5366: 3676: 3401: 3391: 3249: 2569:

Jacobs was living with his mother in Manor Road, Tottenham, at the time of the riot. He had spent time in a

2516: 1905:

Aged 18 when Blakelock was killed, Mark Braithwaite was a rapper and disc jockey living with his parents in

1769: 626:, told the inquest that Mrs. Jarrett had a heart condition that meant she probably only had months to live. 6840: 2790:

of the Metropolitan Police. In August that year, all the constables, including Blakelock, were awarded the

2570: 2450: 547:

Rumours spread throughout London at the end of September 1985 that more rioting was imminent, including in

1327: 7022: 6815: 2759: 2184: 1512: 1233: 134: 6446:

Internal Police Report on the disorders of the 6th October 1985 at the Broadwater Farm Estate, Tottenham

2566:

with Blakelock's murder that month and was remanded in custody. He pleaded not guilty in November 2013.

936: 6667: 5358: 5192: 2791: 2111: 1275: 336: 325: 248: 178: 2750:

on 11 December 1985. For his funeral service at St. James's Church, Muswell Hill—conducted by the Rev

2701:(an annual roadworthiness test). The court heard that Brown had also been "made aware" by police that 2685: 513:

The riots in which Blakelock died took place within a wave of social unrest across England. Since the

7233: 7177: 6866: 6599: 6532: 3551: 2390: 2359: 2155: 2046:

on the second day of the trial, a "most gross contempt", according to the judge speaking years later.

611: 5434: 447: 7284: 7027: 6810: 6742: 6672: 6154:

Fennell, Philip W. H. (March 1994). "Mentally Disordered Suspects in the Criminal Justice System".

5538:"PC Keith Blakelock murder: Friends pledge to fight Nicky Jacobs' corner ahead of Old Bailey trial" 4170: 2482:

police announced that the Blakelock investigation had been re-opened, and would be led by Det Supt

1717: 1011: 946: 813: 690: 6845: 6225: 3098: 2649:

The court heard that, in 1988 while Jacobs was serving his sentence for affray, a guard had found

2140: 782:

Front and back of Blakelock's overalls. Each piece of tape represents a stabbing or cutting wound.

7254: 7218: 6982: 6825: 6577: 6360: 3621: 2834: 2492: 2433:

The trial of Det Ch Supt Melvin and Det Insp Dingle opened in June 1994 at the Old Bailey before

2261: 619: 375: 224:

or similar weapons, and was found with a six-inch-long knife in his neck, buried up to the hilt.

5630:"Nicky Jacobs cleared of PC Keith Blakelock murder during 1985 Tottenham's Broadwater Farm riot" 5394: 5138: 4842: 4549: 4499: 3823: 268:. He joined the Metropolitan Police on 14 November 1980, and was assigned to a response team in 7213: 7127: 7079: 6820: 6652: 4559: 2763: 2755: 2747: 1699: 873: 666: 653: 362: 356: 285: 273: 97: 7132: 6997: 5114: 3870: 3686: 3649: 3580: 3411: 3273: 3152: 1429:: Archaeologists dig up garden, Willan Road, Broadwater Farm; retrieve possible murder weapon. 778: 7228: 7167: 7069: 6992: 6934: 6927: 6912: 6835: 5911: 5155:

Rose 1996, pp. 300–301; for "kickers and stabbers", see Halliday, Josh (10 March 2014).

5085: 4934: 2775: 2730: 2163: 1995: 525: 415: 4800: 2875:

for several days, leading to five deaths, extensive property damage and over 3,000 arrests.

2774:

described it as a "miniature state occasion". A memorial for Blakelock, commissioned by the

7086: 6956: 6944: 6881: 6871: 6800: 6762: 5455: 3378: 2868: 2850: 2778:, stands by the roundabout at Muswell Hill, north London, where he was a homebeat officer. 2725: 2643: 2634: 895: 891: 649: 639: 209: 5573:"Man aged 45 denies murdering PC Keith Blakelock during Broadwater Farm riot 28 years ago" 4527: 1865: 1834:

as a mechanic. He had little connection with Broadwater Farm, although he lived in nearby

1048:

Gloucester Road entrance to Broadwater Farm, where Blakelock's unit waited before entering

8: 7172: 7064: 7054: 6922: 6790: 6752: 6582: 6572: 2666: 2444: 2106: 1941: 1573: 914: 789: 615: 552: 281: 205: 6462:

Silcott v Commissioner of The Police for the Metropolis 1996 EWCA Civ 1311 (24 May 1996)

5450: 2191:, asked the Home Secretary to review the case. She also submitted an application to the 7299: 7122: 7002: 6961: 6917: 6902: 6897: 6876: 6747: 6730: 6708: 6625: 6171: 5710:"PC Blakelock murder: family grief and questions for police as Nicky Jacobs acquitted " 3103: 2872: 2845: 2674: 2337: 2077:

trial judge speaking to David Rose in 1992. No action was taken against the newspaper.

1026:

in March 1985, when he joined the elite International and Organised Crime Squad (SO1).

919: 514: 492: 5997: 5871:"Pc Keith Blakelock murder trial: police colleagues in 'hand-to-hand combat' with mob" 5861:"PC Keith Blakelock murder trial: Anonymous witness denies being 'paranoid fantasist'" 5774: 3661: 3211: 3079: 2599: 7059: 7017: 6987: 6939: 6907: 6861: 6725: 6703: 6647: 6615: 6391: 6271: 6110: 2689:

Broadwater Farm Defence Campaign protest during the trial of Nicky Jacobs, March 2014

2136: 830: 787:"In total, 230 police officers were injured and one, PC Keith Blakelock, was killed"— 623: 537: 518: 506: 395: 228:

confessions. Three adults and three youths were charged with the murder; the adults,

3607:

Rose, David (20 March 1987). "Softly softly fractured by an explosion of violence".

2250: 2110:

wrote sympathetic pieces, and MPs and trade unionists were lobbied. In May 1989 the

6830: 6693: 6620: 6587: 6346: 6163: 6124: 5177:"Pc Keith Blakelock murder trial: Questions for Met Police as Nicky Jacobs cleared" 2188: 2095: 1541: 502: 470: 6267:

The Policing of Protest, Disorder and International Terrorism in the UK since 1945

7012: 6688: 6662: 6637: 6507: 6385: 6265: 6207: 6183: 5843:, Press Association, 17 March 2014; for the knife found in Blakelock's neck, see 5755: 5689: 5544: 4828:

Rose, David (22 January 1987). "Riot mob tried to behead PC Blakelock, says QC".

4399: 3838:"Broadwater Farm: What's the future for Britain's most notorious housing estate?" 2940: 2222: 1910: 1801: 1617: 1087: 1019: 607: 407: 367: 340: 332: 229: 81: 6129:

The Burnham Report of International Jurists in Respect to Broadwater Farm Trials

5473:"Pc Keith Blakelock murder trial: witnesses received cash and perks from police" 5126: 2441:

with Silcott—Melvin, Dingle and Silcott himself—and none of them gave evidence.

7197: 6977: 6365:

Climate of Fear: The Murder of PC Blakelock and the Case of the Tottenham Three

6294: 5157:"Keith Blakelock murder witness denies 'fitting up' knife suspect Nicky Jacobs" 2905: 2767: 2751: 2132: 2128: 1851: 1661: 962: 674: 541: 387: 348: 37: 6410: 5814:"Keith Blakelock murder trial: witness says he thinks 'all blacks look alike'" 4785:

Tendler, Stewart (20 January 1987). "Six deny murder of policeman on estate".

3549:

David Rose interviewed for "Keith Blakelock & the Broadwater Farm Riots".

622:, a British author and investigative journalist, writes that the pathologist, 7248: 6718: 6100: 2498: 2148: 2124: 2100: 2016: 1380: 1018:, and was known for having solved several notorious cases, including that of 644: 599: 533: 352: 62: 2358:, who appealed for help from the local black community. In January 1993 the 1819:

Theft, burglary (c. 1984), murder of Keith Blakelock (1987, overturned 1991)

7161:

Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests

6767: 6657: 6594: 6493: 5907: 5893: 5666:"Pc Keith Blakelock murder trial: rioter 'admitted killing police officer'" 4025: 2957: 2953: 2822: 2796: 2783: 2739: 2710: 2502: 2434: 2425: 2173:

There was disquiet that the application to appeal had failed. During a BBC

2167: 2073: 1791: 1436: 1015: 958:, then Labour leader, Grant later described the violence as "inexcusable". 955: 951: 924: 902: 879: 860: 590: 411: 399: 277: 160: 156: 4904:

Tendler, Stewart (20 March 1987). "Blakelock killers get life sentences".

1398:: Silcott released after serving 17 years for the murder of Anthony Smith. 343:), emerged from the British government's policy from the 1930s onwards of 6737: 6713: 6515: 6484: 6381: 6106:

A History of Policing in England and Wales from 1974: A Turbulent Journey

6031: 5841:"Blakelock murder trial: police helmet was 'passed around like a trophy'" 5829:"Blakelock murder trial: police helmet was 'passed around like a trophy'" 5793:"Keith Blakelock murder trial: witnesses took part in attack, court told" 754: 426:

into the rioting criticized the police for having adopted this attitude.

379: 4745:

Stewart, Tendler (20 March 1987). "Blakelock hunt dogged by hostility".

2084: 2068:

The press coverage of the trial included the publication on day two, by

6795: 6351: 6334: 6175: 5782:"Pc Keith Blakelock murder: gang of attackers paid for giving evidence" 3875:

Horsnell, Michael (8 October 1985). "Knife in PC was plunged to hilt".

2734: 2670: 2610: 2558: 2401: 2355: 2008: 1952: 1835: 1703: 978: 966: 548: 265: 58: 6048:(News sources and websites are listed in the References section only.) 5926:

Ezard, John (12 December 1985). "Riot PC's funeral silences streets".

3790:, p. 149; "Interview with Richard Coombes and Steve Martin". BBC 1830:, when the court accepted that it had rendered his confession unsafe. 727:; police and firefighters ran down backwards, with rioters in pursuit. 665:

walkways, knocking several police officers unconscious, despite their

6015:"Tottenham riot reminds north London of Broadwater Farm riot in 1985" 4061:

Carvel, John (14 October 1985). "Haringey responds to Kinnock plea".

3735:"Tottenham riot reminds north London of Broadwater Farm riot in 1985" 3137:"Widow of Pc Keith Blakelock urges witnesses to 'search their heart'" 2175: 1906: 970: 763: 753:

van at around 7:45 pm, armed with truncheons and shields: three long

750: 497: 419: 213: 85: 6167: 7223: 6630: 6524: 5730:"Keith Blakelock murder accused wrote rap about attack, court told" 4012: 4005:

Pallister, David (9 October 1985). "Anger smoulders in Tottenham".

3620:

Perry, Gareth; Ezard, John; and Rawnsley, Andrew (7 October 1985).

2698: 2549:

Affray (convicted 1986), murder of Keith Blakelock (acquitted 2014)

1651: 759: 6506:

For part of his 18-year sentence for the murder of Anthony Smith,

6287:

The Killing of Constable Keith Blakelock: The Broadwater Farm Riot

2313:

Lord Justice Farquharson, Mr Justice Alliott, Mr Justice Cresswell

2118: 1301:

test indicates that some pages were not written contemporaneously.

1006:

1941, Melvin had joined the Metropolitan Police in 1960, then the

762:(with successively receding levels) with a shopping precinct on a 247:

Blakelock and the other constables of Serial 502 were awarded the

6216: 5014: 4578:"Winston Silcott calls for inquiry into PC Blakelock murder case" 4043: 4021:"Anger smoulders in Tottenham: the Broadwater Farm riots of 1985" 2650: 2505:

for DNA tests. Nothing was found that could be used as evidence.

1708: 556: 529: 403: 269: 221: 5775:"PC Keith Blakelock: Murder trial told armed mob killed officer" 5417:"PC Keith Blakelock murder: man arrested 25 years after killing" 5377:"'They butchered Keith Blakelock and they wanted to butcher me'" 4405: 4264: 3808:"'They butchered Keith Blakelock and they wanted to butcher me'" 3673:"Interview with Dave Pengelly", BBC Crimewatch, 26 October 2010. 3070:"PC Keith Blakelock murder trial: Nicky Jacobs found not guilty" 2195:, arguing that the way Raghip had been interviewed breached the 614:, having been stopped in a vehicle with an allegedly suspicious 5595:"Acquitted of PC Blakelock's murder: A profile of Nicky Jacobs" 5313:"Blakelock and Nickell cases in review of 300 unsolved murders" 3716: 1600: 1552: 749:

They arrived at the estate's Gloucester Road entrance in their

678: 456: 5530:"PC Keith Blakelock: Family welcome murder charge development" 5502:"PC Keith Blakelock: Family welcome murder charge development" 2508: 555:

near Broadwater Farm. On 1 October there were disturbances in

5683:"PC Blakelock murder trial: Accused refuses to give evidence" 5002: 4425:"Silcott to be released 18 years after Blakelock murder case" 3961: 2354:

A second criminal inquiry was opened in 1992 under Commander

2344: 1729: 6230:

The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions: A Handbook

4291: 5520:"Nicholas Jacobs charged with murder of PC Keith Blakelock" 3280:, p. 8; for other "symbolic locations" in London, see 544:

was dropped on his head while he photographed the looting.

394:

from 1982 to 1987, regarded the estate as one of London's "

6318:"From the AJ archive: Broadwater Farm riots, London, 1985" 3080:"PC Blakelock murder trial: Why did the latest case fail?" 2885:

List of British police officers killed in the line of duty

2206: 5522:. Crown Prosecution Service. 23 July 2013. Archived from 4766: 4560:"Silcott talks for first time about night of PC's murder" 3558: 2497:

helmet. In October 2004 his overalls were retrieved from

1259:: Silcott, Raghip and Braithwaite denied leave to appeal. 1122:: Police allowed onto the estate; forensic evidence gone. 477:

described the estate as it was at the time of the riots:

201: 28: 6077: 6055: 5969: 5967: 5555:"PC Blakelock: black people are waiting for justice too" 5410: 5408: 5258: 5043: 4990: 4912: 4759:

Rose, David (20 January 1987). "Blakelock jury warned".

4726: 4699: 4505: 4327: 3939: 3848: 3662:"PC Keith Blakelock colleague relives 'terrifying' riot" 3312: 3305: 1209:: Silcott convicted of the 1984 murder of Anthony Smith. 973:

had orchestrated the violence, a theme picked up by the

5944:. Police Memorial Trust. 6 October 2008. Archived from 5744: 5742: 5365:. Sims, Paul and Mowling, Rebecca (30 September 2004). 4339: 4252: 4165: 4163: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3900:"Mob attempted to cut off policeman's head, court told" 3163: 3161: 2233: 1924: 567: 6429:"The Slum Clearance Movement in the Nineteen Thirties" 5855: 5853: 5724: 5722: 5451:"Ten arrests this year over Pc Keith Blakelock murder" 5095: 4645: 3744: 3050: 3038: 3007: 3005: 2562:

staged a reconstruction and appealed for information.

2373: 1435:: Blakelock's overalls retrieved from Scotland Yard's 562: 6464:, England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division). 6420:

Miscarriages of Justice: A Review of Justice in Error

6413:. Design as Politics, Delft University of Technology. 5979: 5964: 5952: 5881: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5467: 5465: 5405: 5171: 5169: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4460: 4148: 4104: 4092: 4080: 3975: 3692: 3591: 3589: 3445: 3287: 208:

constable, was murdered on 6 October 1985 during the

6427:

Whitehead, Jack; Robinson, Keith (23 October 2011).

6188:

My Heroes: Extraordinary Courage, Exceptional People

6103:(2010). "Handsworth, Brixton, and Broadwater Farm". 5749:"PC Blakelock murder trial: The witnesses in detail" 5739: 5639: 5229: 5217: 4869: 4810: 4657: 4522: 4520: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4160: 4068: 3910: 3756: 3728: 3704: 3531: 3203:. Haringey Council. 12 February 2007. Archived from 3158: 2203:

referred Raghip's case back to the Court of Appeal.

6144: 6135: 5850: 5719: 4368: 4315: 4303: 4180: 3457: 3340: 3281: 3277: 3002: 2349: 2170:, who said Amnesty had abandoned its impartiality. 2089: 378:writes that by 1976 the Farm was already seen as a 6304:. Police Foundation Annual Lecture. Archived from 6210:, MP for Bury St. Edmunds (23 October 1985). 5704: 5702: 5651: 5617: 5462: 5285: 5166: 4674: 4672: 4587: 4570: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4116: 3987: 3586: 3469: 3433: 3227: 2782:Serial 502 was awarded a High Commendation by Sir 2295:Silcott v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis 1981:Silcott v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis 977:and others. Falling for a story from media hoaxer 264:Keith Henry Blakelock was born on 28 June 1945 in 6426: 6387:Under Siege: Racism and Violence in Britain Today 5824: 5822: 5809: 5807: 5589: 5587: 5585: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4517: 4434: 3248:, pp. 27–30; Rayner, Jan (19 October 2003). 3183: 3107:(Supplement). 23 August 1988. pp. 9535–9536. 1899:Murder of Keith Blakelock (1987, overturned 1991) 656:, and fire-resistant overalls, but no body armour 633: 370:open parking level, which attracted drug dealers. 7246: 5275: 5273: 5207: 5205: 5151: 5149: 5147: 4635: 4633: 3802: 3800: 2437:. Only three people had been present during the 714:, and the shop (far left) where the fire started 606:man, Floyd Jarrett, who lived about a mile from 5780:Carter, Claire; Barrett, David (3 March 2004). 5699: 5249:"Key 'witness' was not called to give evidence" 4669: 4281: 4279: 4220: 2476: 2119:(1988) Raghip's application for leave to appeal 486: 6411:"Blame the Architect (lecture 3, part 1 of 6)" 5914:stone on Muswell Hill roundabout north London. 5819: 5804: 5582: 5511: 4533: 1758:after the other interview notes were written. 1217:: Trials begin for youths charged with affray. 6540: 6299:"Police-Public Relations: The Pace of Change" 6257:The Oxford Companion to Black British History 5294:, p. 304; Bennett, Will (27 July 1994). 5270: 5202: 5144: 5132: 4630: 4133: 4131: 3797: 1562: 1520: 4359:"Britain's most feared Yardie leader jailed" 4276: 3956: 3954: 3667: 3424:"Woman whose shooting sparked Brixton riots" 2653:lyrics in his cell, in Jacobs' handwriting: 1274:: Silcott elected honorary president of the 1000: 7156:George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom 6468:"1985: Policeman killed in Tottenham riots" 6408: 6315: 6131:. London: Broadwater Farm Defence Campaign. 5033: 5031: 5029: 4963:"Police killer remains as students' choice" 4716: 4714: 4689: 4687: 4620: 4618: 4451:"Second Life Sentence for Blakelock Killer" 4171:"Relatives renew Tottenham Three case plea" 3768: 3374: 3319: 2992: 2990: 2642:The trial of Nicholas Jacobs opened before 2577: 2509:(2010 and 2013) Ten arrests; Jacobs charged 2085:Campaign on behalf of the "Tottenham Three" 6547: 6533: 6248:Black Politics and Urban Crisis in Britain 6224: 6079:"Not working on Maggie's farm (editorial)" 5107: 4753: 4678: 4606:"Detectives 'fabricated Silcott evidence'" 4128: 2345:Second investigation and detectives' trial 2061:, 19 March 1987, reporting the convictions 1527: 1513: 694:Tangmere block, where Blakelock was killed 7290:October 1985 events in the United Kingdom 7275:History of the London Borough of Haringey 6350: 6206: 5942:"Police Memorial Trust – Local Memorials" 4959:"Britons vexed by election of cop killer" 4793: 4049: 3951: 3570: 3334:"Notopia: The fall of streets in the sky" 351:were bulldozed to make way for high-rise 6443: 6250:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6010:"Tottenham in flames as protesters riot" 5026: 4945:, Massachusetts Historical Society, and 4711: 4684: 4615: 4139:"Silcott officer will return in triumph" 4018: 3874: 3362: 3097: 2987: 2724: 2684: 1311:refers case back to the Court of Appeal. 829: 812:Blakelock was taken by ambulance to the 777: 689: 643: 496: 398:", or potential no-go areas, along with 361: 6380: 6194: 6182: 6153: 6123: 6057:"RIBA blames council for riot 'ghetto'" 5435:"Two men held over PC Blakelock murder" 5414: 5342:"House link to death that sparked riot" 4938: 4930: 4903: 4835: 4784: 4744: 4651: 4198: 3945: 3698: 3641: 3521: 3463: 3293: 3093: 3091: 3089: 2754:, the vicar of St. James's; the Rt Rev 2438: 2207:(1990) Electrostatic detection analysis 1022:, the Stockwell Strangler. He became a 517:in Bristol, and particularly since the 306: 220:received over 40 injuries inflicted by 7247: 6417: 6335:"Fit to be interviewed by the police?" 6293: 6245: 6220:. House of Commons. col. 348–388. 5357:Mowling, Rebecca (29 September 2004). 5331:, Metropolitan Police, 6 October 2010. 5296:"Detectives cleared over Silcott case" 5127:"Silcott police pay-out 'disgraceful'" 5081: 4949:, Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences. 4851: 4380: 3927: 3774:"Interview with Richard Coombes". BBC 3629: 3331: 3062: 2890:List of recipients of the George Medal 2471: 1870:speaking in April 2014, from 00:09:25. 1752:conviction for murder being overturned 961:The Metropolitan Police Commissioner, 820: 773: 501:Police line up with shields (left) by 6528: 6483: 6470:, "On this day, 6 October". BBC News. 6284: 6263: 6254: 6236: 6190:. London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. 6109:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6099: 5985: 5973: 5958: 5925: 4398:Casciani, Dominic (20 October 2003). 4074: 3921: 3866: 3854: 3835: 3787: 3762: 3750: 3722: 3710: 3682: 3645: 3576: 3537: 3509: 3407: 3358: 3346: 3269: 3195: 3167: 3121:. Metropolitan Police. Archived from 3028: 3011: 2996: 2895:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 1736: 817:never the same again for any of us." 467:Royal Institute of British Architects 6554: 6371: 6359: 6012:, Press Association, 6 August 2011. 5844: 5645: 5291: 5279: 5264: 5235: 5223: 5211: 5101: 5061: 5049: 5037: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4952: 4918: 4875: 4816: 4772: 4732: 4720: 4705: 4693: 4663: 4639: 4624: 4511: 4495: 4466: 4411: 4386: 4374: 4345: 4333: 4321: 4309: 4297: 4285: 4270: 4258: 4246: 4214: 4202: 4186: 4154: 4122: 4110: 4098: 4086: 3993: 3981: 3933: 3889: 3595: 3564: 3525: 3505: 3493:cf-particle-html.eip.telegraph.co.uk 3475: 3451: 3439: 3265: 3245: 3233: 3179: 3086: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3024: 2900:Royal Commission on Criminal Justice 2862:gold–silver–bronze command structure 2720: 2363: 2123:Engin Raghip's solicitor was by now 568:(5 October) Death of Cynthia Jarrett 6643:1768 Massacre of St George's Fields 6489:"Winston Silcott: His life outside" 6332: 6316:Ravenscroft, Tom (11 August 2011). 6149:. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. 6147:Out of order? Policing Black People 6140:. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. 6138:Out of order? Policing Black People 5831:, Press Association, 17 March 2014. 5816:, Press Association, 12 March 2014. 5415:Laville, Sandra (9 February 2010). 5089: 4801:"Why Met caved in and paid Silcott" 4423:Bennetto, Jason (16 October 2003). 4400:"Winston Silcott: An infamous past" 3898:McKillop, James (22 January 1987). 2197:European Convention on Human Rights 1857: 1114:placed in charge of murder inquiry. 563:(October 1985) Broadwater Farm riot 284:in 2000. PC Blakelock is buried in 107:Elizabeth Blakelock (later Johnson) 13: 7280:History of the Metropolitan Police 7260:1985 murders in the United Kingdom 7028:1999 Carnival Against Capital riot 6454: 6409:Vanstiphout, Wouter (April 2011). 5998:"What led to Mark Duggan's death?" 5694:Tottenham & Wood Green Journal 5599:Tottenham & Wood Green Journal 5491:, BBC Crimewatch, 26 October 2010. 5458:, CPS News Brief, 7 October 2010. 5395:"DNA test for Blakelock's uniform" 5064:, pp. 214, 217; John Mullin, 4841:Taylor, Diane (13 November 2002). 4526:Barling, Kurt (27 February 2004). 4169:Pallister, David (19 March 1991). 3824:"Pc's widow in 1985 murder appeal" 3222:from the original on 18 June 2017. 3031:, pp. 142–144. For the rest, 2199:. In December 1990 Home Secretary 1606: 291: 259: 14: 7316: 6339:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 6333:Rix, Keith J. B. (January 1997). 6328:from the original on 5 July 2018. 6095:from the original on 19 May 2018. 6073:from the original on 18 May 2018. 5571:Peachey, Paul (7 November 2013). 5536:. Moore, Stephen (24 July 2013). 5456:"CPS Update – Thursday 7 October" 4980:"Killer students elected resigns" 4852:Taylor, Diane (22 October 2003). 4480:"Focus: In the Face of Prejudice" 4478:Rose, David (20 September 1998). 4449:McKillop, James (20 March 1987). 3794:, 26 October 2010, from 00:15:49. 2520:after his acquittal in April 2014 2453:QC, for the defence, argued that 1008:Criminal Investigation Department 825: 7108:2011 Stokes Croft riot (Bristol) 6025: 6003: 5991: 5934: 5919: 5834: 5765: 5760:Tottenham and Wood Green Journal 5675: 5565: 5553:Scott, Stafford (25 July 2013). 5549:Tottenham and Wood Green Journal 5494: 5482: 5444: 5427: 5387: 5351: 5334: 5329:"Remembering PC Keith Blakelock" 5322: 5305: 5241: 5186: 5120: 5075: 5055: 4961:, Associated Press, 2 May 1989. 4924: 4897: 4881: 4822: 4778: 4738: 4489: 4472: 4019:Stoddard, Katy (8 August 2011). 2964: 2829: 2810: 2598: 2389: 2350:(1992–1994) Commander Perry Nove 2249: 2214:electrostatic detection analysis 2090:Broadwater Farm Defence Campaign 2051: 2034: 1940: 1671:William Foster School, Tottenham 1295:Silcott's lawyers request access 1042: 965:, told reporters that groups of 931: 909: 886: 868: 850: 732: 719: 706: 580: 446: 437: 418:; and the Stonebridge Estate in 392:Metropolitan Police Commissioner 305: 298: 238:perverting the course of justice 36: 7113:2011 UK anti-austerity protests 7075:2009 G20 London summit protests 7008:1994 Criminal Justice Bill riot 6568:1189–1190 Massacres of the Jews 6217:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 5859:Peachey, Paul (25 March 2014). 5773:Geoghegan, Ben (3 March 2014). 5728:Halliday, Josh (4 March 2014). 5681:Moore, Stephen (2 April 2014). 5664:Barrett, David (4 March 2014). 5471:Barrett, David (6 March 2014). 5175:Barrett, David (9 April 2014). 4576:McDougall, Dan (3 March 2004). 4558:Rose, David (18 January 2004). 4548:Rose, David (18 January 2004). 4528:"Winston Silcott: Not free yet" 4417: 4392: 4357:Bennetto, Jason (21 May 2002). 4351: 4240: 4208: 4192: 4055: 3999: 3883: 3860: 3829: 3817: 3781: 3655: 3635: 3614: 3601: 3543: 3515: 3499: 3481: 3417: 3390:Cohen, Nick (20 October 2005). 3384: 3365:, p. 73, para. 3.2.5. 3352: 3332:Murphy, Douglas (9 June 2016). 3325: 3299: 3282:Cashmore & McLaughlin 2013b 3278:Cashmore & McLaughlin 2013a 3259: 3239: 3189: 3173: 3146: 3119:"PC Keith Blakelock Remembered" 3068:Barrett, David (9 April 2014). 2947: 2932: 2922: 2021:Director of Public Prosecutions 1761: 1611: 1567: 6998:1992 Hartcliffe riot (Bristol) 6867:1974 Red Lion Square disorders 6811:1932 Old Market riot (Bristol) 6448:. London: Metropolitan Police. 6232:. London: John Wiley and Sons. 6041: 5628:Cheston, Paul (9 April 2014). 5601:. 9 April 2014. Archived from 5375:Craig, Olga (3 October 2004). 5367:"Blade could be murder weapon" 5247:Bennett, Will (27 July 1994). 4604:Bennett, Will (29 June 1994). 4137:Victor, Peter (31 July 1994). 3836:Shute, Joe (15 October 2016). 3806:Craig, Olga (3 October 2004). 3153:"Honour for murdered Pc's son" 3129: 3111: 3078:Barling, Kurt (9 April 2014). 3017: 2669:QC, defending, responded that 2461: 2193:European Court of Human Rights 1702:, had arrived in England from 1593: 1024:detective chief superintendent 634:(6 October) Rioting breaks out 1: 7118:2011 London anti-cuts protest 6743:1838 Battle of Bossenden Wood 6699:1816 Ely and Littleport riots 6673:1795 Revolt of the housewives 5889:"Blakelock Family – Memorial" 5791:Dodd, Vikram (3 March 2014). 5708:Dodd, Vikram (9 April 2014). 5433:O'Neill, Sean (2 June 2010). 4888:"Obituary: Sir Derek Hodgson" 4530:. BBC News, 27 February 2004. 3184:Whitehead & Robinson 2011 3135:Barett, David (14 May 2014). 2980: 2673:had not been prosecuted for " 2160:Lord Chief Justice of England 1580: 1297:to original interview notes; 1029: 685: 455:(willfaichneyphotography via 384:Department of the Environment 347:, in which poorly maintained 254: 6983:1990 Strangeways Prison riot 6841:1958 Notting Hill race riots 6826:1943 Battle of Bamber Bridge 6758:1866 Hyde Park demonstration 6578:1355 St Scholastica Day riot 5453:, BBC News, 6 October 2010. 5141:, BBC News, 20 October 2003. 5129:, BBC News, 16 October 1999. 5023:, pp. 206–207, 211–212. 4789:. No. 62670. p. 3. 4749:. No. 62721. p. 2. 4502:, BBC News, 20 October 2003. 4414:, pp. 21–24, 26–27, 91. 4402:, BBC News, 20 October 2003. 4273:, pp. 50, 141, 145–146. 3201:"History of Broadwater Farm" 2680: 2662:she cook me dinner ..." 2477:(2003) Det Supt John Sweeney 738:Where Blakelock was attacked 682:early hours of the morning. 487:Social unrest across England 324:Broadwater Farm, Tottenham, 240:and were acquitted in 1994. 7: 7023:1996 Trafalgar Square riots 6821:1936 Battle of Cable Street 6653:1776 Nottingham cheese riot 6444:Williams, David A. (1986). 6239:Transformations of Policing 6034:, BBC News, 15 August 2011. 6000:, BBC News, 8 January 2014. 5489:"PC Keith Blakelock murder" 3826:. BBC News, 6 October 2005. 3250:"In the shadow of the past" 3212:"Broadwater Farm, Haringey" 2878: 1751: 1362:Melvin and Dingle acquitted 602:on 5 October 1985, a young 135:Metropolitan Police Service 10: 7321: 7305:Unsolved murders in London 7295:Stabbing attacks in London 7270:Deaths by person in London 6816:1932 National Hunger March 6806:1919 Luton Peace Day riots 6422:. Oxford University Press. 6289:. London: Waterside Press. 6259:. Oxford University Press. 6156:Journal of Law and Society 4941:. For the professors, see 3725:, pp. 29–30, 145–147. 3622:"Policeman killed in riot" 3155:. BBC News, 16 April 2003. 3082:. BBC News, 9 April 2014. 2911: 2112:London School of Economics 1615: 1563:(1985–1986) Murder charges 1276:London School of Economics 712:Tangmere block first floor 637: 553:Wood Green shopping centre 490: 7234:Territorial Support Group 7206: 7190: 7178:2024 United Kingdom riots 7148: 7095: 7047: 7040: 6970: 6950:Murder of Keith Blakelock 6945:1985 Broadwater Farm riot 6890: 6882:1979 Death of Blair Peach 6854: 6801:1919 Battle of Bow Street 6783: 6776: 6681: 6608: 6560: 6478:Broadwater Farm Revisited 6390:. London: Penguin Books. 6032:"England's week of riots" 5359:"Dramatic Blakelock find" 5139:"Silcott freed from jail" 4500:"Silcott freed from jail" 4143:The Independent on Sunday 3664:, BBC News, 4 March 2014. 3552:Crimes That Shook Britain 3023:For the crime scene, see 2873:spread throughout England 2828: 2809: 2804: 2630: 2625: 2617: 2606: 2597: 2592: 2585: 2545: 2537: 2529: 2524: 2515: 2454: 2421: 2416: 2408: 2397: 2388: 2383: 2360:Crown Prosecution Service 2309: 2304: 2290: 2280: 2275: 2267: 2257: 2248: 2243: 2127:—who had represented the 2050: 2033: 2028: 1991: 1986: 1972: 1967: 1959: 1948: 1939: 1934: 1895: 1887: 1879: 1874: 1864: 1815: 1807: 1797: 1786: 1781: 1768: 1755: 1724:interpreted as a threat. 1683: 1675: 1667: 1657: 1646: 1641: 1624: 1112:Det Ch Supt Graham Melvin 1100:PC Keith Blakelock killed 1001:Det Ch Supt Graham Melvin 930: 908: 885: 867: 849: 842: 731: 718: 705: 700: 579: 574: 436: 432:Outdoor elevated walkways 431: 192: 184: 174: 166: 148: 140: 130: 123: 111: 103: 93: 70: 44: 35: 23: 7103:2010 UK student protests 6753:1865 Leeds dripping riot 6668:1793 Bristol Bridge riot 6376:. London: Jonathan Cape. 6237:Henry, Alistair (2017). 5011:, pp. 201, 204–205. 4627:, pp. 132–133, 187. 4300:, pp. 142, 144–145. 3392:"Politics of the ghetto" 2916: 2746:Blakelock was buried in 1718:Diana, Princess of Wales 1679:Ran a greengrocer's shop 1408:reopen the investigation 1073:Death of Cynthia Jarrett 1012:Bramshill Police College 814:North Middlesex Hospital 7265:1980s murders in London 6877:1977 Battle of Lewisham 6709:1821 Cinderloo Uprising 6510:shared a corridor with 6433:locallocalhistory.co.uk 5517:For date of birth, see 3276:; for Stonebridge, see 2792:Queen's Gallantry Medal 2262:Royal Courts of Justice 2145:Institute of Psychiatry 1544:'s clean-up operation. 1458:on suspicion of murder. 1234:Trial of the six begins 937:large police occupation 249:Queen's Gallantry Medal 179:Queen's Gallantry Medal 7128:Killing of Mark Duggan 7080:Death of Ian Tomlinson 6988:1991 Meadow Well riots 6862:1970 Garden House riot 6704:1819 Peterloo Massacre 6648:1769 Spitalfield riots 6616:1710 Sacheverell riots 6600:1668 Bawdy House riots 6480:. London: Karia Press. 6374:In the Name of the Law 6246:Jacobs, Brian (2009). 6202:. London: Karia Press. 2748:East Finchley Cemetery 2743: 2690: 2664: 2611:Central Criminal Court 2402:Central Criminal Court 2285:R v Silcott and others 1953:Central Criminal Court 1935:R v Silcott and others 1927:R v Silcott and others 1700:Seventh-day Adventists 1633:with Mark Braithwaite 1492:: Jacobs' trial opens. 1328:Convictions overturned 837: 794: 783: 695: 657: 510: 484: 371: 286:East Finchley Cemetery 244:guilty in April 2014. 155:, homebeat officer in 98:East Finchley Cemetery 16:1985 murder in England 7229:Public Order Act 1986 7168:2022 Leicester unrest 7070:2005 Birmingham riots 6993:1991 Handsworth riots 6935:1985 Handsworth riots 6928:1981 Handsworth riots 6913:1981 Chapeltown riots 6831:1944 Park Street riot 6694:1816 Spa Fields riots 6621:1714 Coronation riots 6583:1381 Peasants' Revolt 6367:. London: Bloomsbury. 6264:Joyce, Peter (2017). 5912:Police Memorial Trust 5754:13 April 2014 at the 5688:13 April 2014 at the 5113:Brain 2010, pp. 5066:"Court clear Silcott" 4971:"Ballot over Silcott" 4943:"Margaret A. Burnham" 4201:, pp. 132, 144; 3567:, pp. 61–62, 64. 3361:, p. 91, citing 3027:, pp. 86–87 and 2820:in civilian clothes, 2776:Police Memorial Trust 2728: 2688: 2655: 2384:R v Melvin and Dingle 2376:R v Melvin and Dingle 2326:R v Raghip and others 2299:R v Melvin and Dingle 2244:R v Raghip and others 2236:R v Raghip and others 2164:Amnesty International 1977:R v Raghip and others 1828:R v Raghip and others 1777:with Mark Braithwaite 1364:by unanimous verdict. 833: 785: 781: 693: 652:, with long shields, 647: 638:Further information: 532:looking for her son, 526:1985 Handsworth riots 500: 479: 469:blamed the unrest on 416:Notting Hill Carnival 382:, and that by 1980 a 365: 335:in Tottenham, in the 251:for bravery in 1988. 199:Keith Henry Blakelock 117:Kevin Blakelock (son) 7133:House of Reeves fire 7087:2009 Upton Park riot 7013:1995 Manningham riot 6957:1987 Chapeltown riot 6872:1975 Chapeltown riot 6791:1907 Brown Dog riots 6689:1809 Old Price riots 6663:1791 Priestley riots 6439:on 16 November 2018. 6372:Rose, David (1996). 6285:Moore, Tony (2015). 6241:. London: Routledge. 6212:"Urban Disturbances" 5543:8 March 2016 at the 5348:, 28 September 2004. 4775:, pp. 128, 133. 4681:, pp. 464, 616. 4498:, pp. 230–233; 4336:, pp. 116, 136. 3632:, pp. 190, 197. 2851:Broadwater Farm Riot 2835:"Back to the future" 1477:charged with murder. 1383:begin a case review. 1201:charged with murder. 1182:charged with murder. 1170:charged with murder. 1158:charged with murder. 1146:charged with murder. 1134:charged with murder. 1010:. He had studied at 650:Broadwater Farm riot 640:Broadwater Farm riot 321:class=notpageimage| 210:Broadwater Farm riot 115:Mark Blakelock (son) 7198:1981 Scarman report 7173:2024 Harehills riot 7065:2001 Harehills riot 7055:2001 Bradford riots 6978:1990 Poll Tax riots 6923:1981 Moss Side riot 6836:1945 Aldershot riot 6561:12th–17th centuries 6322:Architects' Journal 6088:. 16 October 1985. 6086:Architects' Journal 6066:. 16 October 1985. 6064:Architects' Journal 6019:The Daily Telegraph 5875:The Daily Telegraph 5786:The Daily Telegraph 5670:The Daily Telegraph 5534:The Daily Telegraph 5506:The Daily Telegraph 5477:The Daily Telegraph 5381:The Daily Telegraph 5267:, pp. 302–303. 5193:"Police face trial" 5181:The Daily Telegraph 5072:, 25 November 1991. 5052:, pp. 215–216. 5040:, pp. 214–215. 4999:, pp. 201–203. 4921:, pp. 193–195. 4892:The Daily Telegraph 4735:, pp. 182–183. 4723:, pp. 172–173. 4708:, pp. 169–170. 4696:, pp. 162–164. 4642:, pp. 160–161. 4514:, pp. 234–235. 4348:, pp. 138–139. 4261:, pp. 104–109. 4217:, pp. 174–175. 4205:, pp. 111–112. 3857:, pp. 149–150. 3842:The Daily Telegraph 3812:The Daily Telegraph 3739:The Daily Telegraph 3428:The Daily Telegraph 3314:Architects' Journal 3307:Architects' Journal 3141:The Daily Telegraph 3074:The Daily Telegraph 3059:, pp. 298–299. 3047:, pp. 214–215. 2999:, pp. 106–110. 2667:Courtenay Griffiths 2472:Third investigation 2445:David Calvert-Smith 2135:—and his barrister 1891:Rapper, disc jockey 1500:: Jacobs acquitted. 843:Day After The Riot 821:First investigation 790:The Daily Telegraph 774:Attack on Blakelock 374:British journalist 337:Borough of Haringey 282:Durham Constabulary 206:Metropolitan Police 119:Lee Blakelock (son) 7123:2011 England riots 7003:1993 Welling riots 6962:1989 Dewsbury riot 6918:1981 Toxteth riots 6903:1981 England riots 6898:1980 St Pauls riot 6846:1968 student riots 6763:1887 Bloody Sunday 6748:1842 Pottery Riots 6731:1831 Bristol riots 6626:1715 England riots 6573:The revolt of 1196 6352:10.1192/apt.3.1.33 5340:Justin Davenport, 4984:The Glasgow Herald 4975:The Glasgow Herald 4967:The Glasgow Herald 4894:, 21 October 2002. 4807:, 23 October 1999. 4455:The Glasgow Herald 3962:"Life in pictures" 3904:The Glasgow Herald 3778:, 26 October 2010. 3268:, pp. 31–32; 3198:, pp. 29–30; 3104:The London Gazette 2846:2011 England riots 2760:Bishop of Edmonton 2744: 2691: 2675:I Shot the Sheriff 2571:residential school 2546:Criminal charge(s) 2538:Occupation in 1985 2439:disputed interview 2435:Mr. Justice Jowitt 2426:Mr. Justice Jowitt 2291:Subsequent actions 1973:Subsequent actions 1896:Criminal charge(s) 1888:Occupation in 1985 1816:Criminal charge(s) 1808:Occupation in 1985 1737:Disputed interview 1684:Criminal charge(s) 1676:Occupation in 1985 1084:Rioting breaks out 1014:, served with the 920:Alisdair Macdonald 876:, Julian Herbert 838: 784: 696: 658: 610:, was arrested by 515:1980 St Pauls riot 511: 507:1981 Brixton riots 493:1981 England riots 475:Wouter Vanstiphout 396:symbolic locations 372: 272:before becoming a 234:scientific testing 141:Service years 7242: 7241: 7186: 7185: 7060:2001 Oldham riots 7036: 7035: 7018:1995 Brixton riot 6940:1985 Brixton riot 6908:1981 Brixton riot 6768:1896 Newlyn riots 6726:1831 reform riots 6658:1780 Gordon riots 6595:1517 Evil May Day 6487:(29 March 2005). 6226:Guðjónsson, Gísli 6125:Burnham, Margaret 6021:, 7 August 2011. 5401:. 3 October 2004. 5104:, pp. 14–15. 4947:"Lennox S. Hinds" 4864:on 13 April 2014. 4157:, pp. 86–87. 4113:, pp. 82–83. 4101:, pp. 80–81. 4089:, pp. 78–79. 3984:, pp. 76–77. 3968:. 20 March 2019. 3948:, pp. 53–54. 3936:, pp. 72–73. 3753:, pp. 29–30. 3555:. 2017, 00:07:41. 3454:, pp. 53–56. 3284:, pp. 36–37. 3125:on 13 April 2011. 2857: 2856: 2762:; and Archdeacon 2721:Awards and legacy 2640: 2639: 2553: 2552: 2431: 2430: 2317: 2316: 2137:Michael Mansfield 2065: 2064: 2001: 2000: 1996:Sir Derek Hodgson 1903: 1902: 1823: 1822: 1756:had been inserted 1692: 1691: 1662:African-Caribbean 1537: 1536: 1307:: Home Secretary 1096:6 Oct, c. 10:00pm 991:Police Federation 942: 941: 834:Broadwater Farm, 743: 742: 624:Walter Somerville 596: 595: 538:1985 Brixton riot 519:1981 Brixton riot 463: 462: 274:home beat officer 196: 195: 7312: 7045: 7044: 6781: 6780: 6738:1832 Days of May 6714:1830 Swing riots 6588:Treason Act 1381 6555:Riots in England 6549: 6542: 6535: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6503: 6501: 6474:Gifford, Anthony 6449: 6440: 6435:. Archived from 6423: 6414: 6405: 6377: 6368: 6356: 6354: 6329: 6312: 6311:on 21 July 2011. 6310: 6303: 6290: 6281: 6260: 6251: 6242: 6233: 6221: 6203: 6196:Gifford, Anthony 6191: 6184:Fiennes, Ranulph 6179: 6150: 6141: 6132: 6120: 6096: 6094: 6083: 6074: 6072: 6061: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5903: 5901: 5885: 5879: 5857: 5848: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5817: 5811: 5802: 5769: 5763: 5746: 5737: 5726: 5717: 5706: 5697: 5679: 5673: 5662: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5634:Evening Standard 5626: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5605:on 10 April 2014 5591: 5580: 5569: 5563: 5527: 5526:on 5 March 2014. 5515: 5509: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5469: 5460: 5448: 5442: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5391: 5385: 5371:Evening Standard 5363:Evening Standard 5355: 5349: 5346:Evening Standard 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5319:, 26 March 1999. 5311:Jason Bennetto, 5309: 5303: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5200: 5190: 5184: 5173: 5164: 5153: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5079: 5073: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4956: 4950: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4901: 4895: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4860:. Archived from 4839: 4833: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4799:David Palliser, 4797: 4791: 4790: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4682: 4676: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4628: 4622: 4613: 4602: 4585: 4574: 4568: 4546: 4531: 4524: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4493: 4487: 4476: 4470: 4469:, p. 93–94. 4464: 4458: 4447: 4432: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4231: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4167: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4135: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4016: 4010: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3958: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3908: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3804: 3795: 3785: 3779: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3741:, 7 August 2011. 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3639: 3633: 3618: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3584: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3519: 3513: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3430:, 29 April 2011. 3421: 3415: 3405: 3399: 3388: 3382: 3375:Vanstiphout 2011 3372: 3366: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3329: 3323: 3320:Ravenscroft 2011 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3263: 3257: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3208: 3207:on 10 June 2007. 3193: 3187: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3095: 3084: 3076:, 9 April 2014. 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3000: 2994: 2975: 2968: 2962: 2951: 2945: 2936: 2930: 2926: 2833: 2832: 2814: 2813: 2802: 2801: 2644:Mr Justice Nicol 2635:Mr Justice Nicol 2626:Court membership 2602: 2590: 2589: 2513: 2512: 2493:Evening Standard 2451:Richard Ferguson 2417:Court membership 2393: 2381: 2380: 2305:Court membership 2271:25 November 1991 2253: 2241: 2240: 2189:Michael Portillo 2141:Gísli Guðjónsson 2096:Margaret Burnham 2055: 2054: 2038: 2037: 2026: 2025: 1987:Court membership 1944: 1932: 1931: 1866:Mark Braithwaite 1862: 1861: 1858:Mark Braithwaite 1766: 1765: 1622: 1621: 1542:Haringey Council 1529: 1522: 1515: 1406:: Scotland Yard 1199:Mark Braithwaite 1046: 1034: 1033: 935: 934: 913: 912: 890: 889: 872: 871: 854: 853: 840: 839: 736: 735: 723: 722: 710: 709: 698: 697: 584: 583: 572: 571: 503:Coldharbour Lane 471:Haringey Council 451: 450: 441: 440: 429: 428: 339:, north London ( 309: 308: 302: 153:Police constable 77: 54: 52: 40: 21: 20: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7285:Attacks in 1985 7245: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7219:Riots in London 7202: 7182: 7144: 7091: 7032: 6966: 6886: 6850: 6796:1919 Epsom riot 6772: 6677: 6638:1766 food riots 6604: 6556: 6553: 6523: 6508:Winston Silcott 6499: 6497: 6457: 6455:Further reading 6452: 6398: 6308: 6301: 6295:Newman, Kenneth 6278: 6208:Eldon Griffiths 6168:10.2307/1410270 6117: 6092: 6081: 6070: 6059: 6044: 6039: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5948:on 9 July 2011. 5940: 5939: 5935: 5924: 5920: 5899: 5897: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5865:The Independent 5858: 5851: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5805: 5770: 5766: 5762:, 9 April 2014. 5756:Wayback Machine 5747: 5740: 5727: 5720: 5707: 5700: 5690:Wayback Machine 5680: 5676: 5663: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5627: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5593: 5592: 5583: 5577:The Independent 5570: 5566: 5545:Wayback Machine 5518: 5516: 5512: 5508:, 23 July 2013. 5499: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5470: 5463: 5449: 5445: 5432: 5428: 5413: 5406: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5356: 5352: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5317:The Independent 5310: 5306: 5300:The Independent 5290: 5286: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5253:The Independent 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5203: 5199:, 12 July 1992. 5197:The Independent 5191: 5187: 5174: 5167: 5154: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5080: 5076: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4986:, 10 May 1989. 4957: 4953: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4902: 4898: 4886: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4858:The Independent 4840: 4836: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4798: 4794: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4758: 4754: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4685: 4679:Guðjónsson 2003 4677: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4616: 4610:The Independent 4603: 4588: 4575: 4571: 4547: 4534: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4494: 4490: 4484:The Independent 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4448: 4435: 4429:The Independent 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4363:The Independent 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4312:, pp. 145. 4308: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4136: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4060: 4056: 4052:, col. 373–374. 4048: 4044: 4031: 4029: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3960: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3911: 3888: 3884: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3805: 3798: 3786: 3782: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3644:, p. 115; 3640: 3636: 3619: 3615: 3606: 3602: 3594: 3587: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3520: 3516: 3504: 3500: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3422: 3418: 3406: 3402: 3389: 3385: 3373: 3369: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3330: 3326: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3264: 3260: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3210: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3134: 3130: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3096: 3087: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3003: 2995: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2969: 2965: 2952: 2948: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2881: 2848: 2843: 2840:The Independent 2838: 2830: 2821: 2819: 2816:Keith Blakelock 2811: 2805:External images 2738: 2723: 2683: 2588: 2583: 2533:30 October 1968 2519: 2517:Nicholas Jacobs 2511: 2479: 2474: 2379: 2364:Nicholas Jacobs 2352: 2347: 2321:Court of Appeal 2297: 2239: 2234:(1991) Appeal: 2223:The Independent 2209: 2121: 2092: 2087: 2052: 2035: 2029:External images 1979: 1930: 1883:c. 1967, London 1869: 1860: 1802:Turkish-Cypriot 1776: 1764: 1739: 1650:1959, London's 1632: 1626:Winston Silcott 1620: 1618:Winston Silcott 1614: 1609: 1607:Winston Silcott 1596: 1583: 1570: 1565: 1533: 1504: 1503: 1486: 1475:Nicholas Jacobs 1467: 1456:14 men arrested 1448: 1423: 1392: 1373: 1354: 1339: 1320: 1287: 1268: 1253: 1226: 1191: 1144:Winston Silcott 1090:housing estate. 1088:Broadwater Farm 1065: 1057: 1049: 1032: 1020:Kenneth Erskine 1003: 975:Daily Telegraph 932: 923:via Mirrorpix, 922: 917: 910: 901:via Mirrorpix, 900: 899:by Andy Hosie 898: 887: 877: 869: 851: 844: 835: 828: 823: 776: 733: 725:South stairwell 720: 707: 701:External images 688: 675:plastic bullets 642: 636: 608:Broadwater Farm 588: 586:Cynthia Jarrett 581: 570: 565: 495: 489: 454: 452: 445: 438: 424:Gifford Inquiry 408:All Saints Road 368:Broadwater Farm 349:terraced houses 333:Broadwater Farm 330: 329: 328: 323: 317: 316: 315: 314: 313:Broadwater Farm 310: 294: 292:Broadwater Farm 262: 260:Keith Blakelock 257: 230:Winston Silcott 118: 116: 89: 82:Broadwater Farm 79: 75: 66: 56: 50: 48: 31: 26: 25:Keith Blakelock 17: 12: 11: 5: 7318: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7255:1985 in London 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7214:Riots in Leeds 7210: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7051: 7049: 7042: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6900: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6787: 6785: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6529: 6522: 6521: 6481: 6471: 6465: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6441: 6424: 6415: 6406: 6396: 6382:Tompson, Keith 6378: 6369: 6357: 6330: 6313: 6291: 6282: 6276: 6261: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6222: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6151: 6142: 6133: 6121: 6115: 6101:Brain, Timothy 6097: 6075: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6024: 6002: 5990: 5988:, p. 183. 5978: 5976:, p. 160. 5963: 5961:, p. 163. 5951: 5933: 5918: 5880: 5849: 5833: 5818: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5789: 5778: 5764: 5738: 5718: 5698: 5674: 5650: 5648:, p. 123. 5638: 5616: 5581: 5564: 5510: 5500:Martin Evans, 5493: 5481: 5461: 5443: 5426: 5404: 5386: 5350: 5333: 5321: 5304: 5284: 5282:, p. 304. 5269: 5257: 5240: 5238:, p. 298. 5228: 5226:, p. 305. 5216: 5214:, p. 302. 5201: 5185: 5165: 5143: 5131: 5119: 5106: 5094: 5074: 5054: 5042: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4977:, 6 May 1989. 4969:, 3 May 1989. 4951: 4923: 4911: 4896: 4880: 4878:, p. 227. 4868: 4834: 4821: 4819:, p. 158. 4809: 4792: 4777: 4765: 4752: 4737: 4725: 4710: 4698: 4683: 4668: 4666:, p. 218. 4656: 4644: 4629: 4614: 4586: 4569: 4532: 4516: 4504: 4488: 4471: 4459: 4433: 4416: 4404: 4391: 4379: 4377:, p. 115. 4367: 4365:, 21 May 2002. 4350: 4338: 4326: 4324:, p. 152. 4314: 4302: 4290: 4288:, p. 142. 4275: 4263: 4251: 4249:, p. 186. 4239: 4219: 4207: 4191: 4189:, p. 110. 4179: 4159: 4147: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4077:, p. 114. 4067: 4054: 4050:Griffiths 1985 4042: 4011: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3950: 3938: 3926: 3924:, p. 152. 3909: 3882: 3859: 3847: 3828: 3816: 3796: 3780: 3767: 3765:, p. 148. 3755: 3743: 3727: 3715: 3713:, p. 146. 3703: 3691: 3675: 3666: 3654: 3634: 3613: 3600: 3585: 3569: 3557: 3542: 3540:, p. 341. 3530: 3524:, p. 65; 3514: 3512:, p. 111. 3508:, p. 57; 3498: 3489:"Breakout Box" 3480: 3478:, pp. 57. 3468: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3416: 3400: 3383: 3367: 3351: 3339: 3324: 3298: 3286: 3258: 3238: 3226: 3188: 3182:, p. 27; 3172: 3170:, p. 158. 3157: 3145: 3128: 3110: 3085: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3035:, p. 186. 3016: 3014:, p. 113. 3001: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2970:Sean O'Neill ( 2963: 2946: 2931: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2906:Scarman Report 2903: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2855: 2854: 2844:comparing the 2826: 2825: 2807: 2806: 2768:British Legion 2752:Michael Bunker 2722: 2719: 2682: 2679: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2578:(2014) Trial: 2576: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2510: 2507: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2374:(1994) Trial: 2372: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2310:Judges sitting 2307: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2232: 2208: 2205: 2133:Birmingham Six 2129:Guildford Four 2120: 2117: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2063: 2062: 2048: 2047: 2031: 2030: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1925:(1987) Trial: 1923: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1859: 1856: 1852:common purpose 1821: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1763: 1760: 1738: 1735: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1616:Main article: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603:gang leader.) 1595: 1592: 1582: 1579: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1517: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1494: 1493: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1400: 1399: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1302: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1238: 1237: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1210: 1203: 1202: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1172: 1171: 1160: 1159: 1148: 1147: 1136: 1135: 1124: 1123: 1116: 1115: 1104: 1103: 1092: 1091: 1076: 1075: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1028: 1002: 999: 963:Kenneth Newman 940: 939: 928: 927: 906: 905: 883: 882: 865: 864: 847: 846: 845:7 October 1985 836:7 October 1985 827: 826:Media response 824: 822: 819: 775: 772: 741: 740: 729: 728: 716: 715: 703: 702: 687: 684: 648:Police at the 635: 632: 594: 593: 589:PA Images via 577: 576: 575:External image 569: 566: 564: 561: 488: 485: 461: 460: 434: 433: 388:Kenneth Newman 353:social housing 345:slum clearance 319: 318: 312: 311: 304: 303: 297: 296: 295: 293: 290: 261: 258: 256: 253: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 168: 167:Badge no. 164: 163: 150: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 121: 120: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 80: 78:(aged 40) 74:6 October 1985 72: 68: 67: 57: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7317: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6719:Captain Swing 6717: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6550: 6545: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6447: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6404: 6399: 6397:9780140523911 6393: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6297:(July 1986). 6296: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6277:9781137290595 6273: 6269: 6268: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6116:9780199218660 6112: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6011: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5975: 5970: 5968: 5960: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5930:. p. 32. 5929: 5922: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5854: 5847:, p. 73. 5846: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5823: 5815: 5810: 5808: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5745: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5647: 5642: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5459: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5409: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5330: 5325: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5140: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5116: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5092:, p. 33. 5091: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4831: 4825: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4756: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4665: 4660: 4654:, p. 64. 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4508: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4395: 4389:, p. 89. 4388: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4299: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4280: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4216: 4211: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4125:, p. 75. 4124: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4002: 3996:, p. 78. 3995: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3955: 3947: 3942: 3935: 3930: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3701:, p. 48. 3700: 3695: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3598:, p. 67. 3597: 3592: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3528:, p. 60. 3527: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3442:, p. 53. 3441: 3436: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3363:Williams 1986 3360: 3355: 3349:, p. 72. 3348: 3343: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3302: 3296:, p. 52. 3295: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3236:, p. 77. 3235: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3216:Hidden London 3213: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3083: 3081: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3013: 3008: 3006: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2986: 2973: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2942: 2938:Terry Lloyd ( 2935: 2925: 2921: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2852: 2847: 2841: 2836: 2827: 2824: 2817: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2764:Robert Coogan 2761: 2757: 2756:Brian Masters 2753: 2749: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2687: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2633: 2631:Judge sitting 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2499:Scotland Yard 2495: 2494: 2487: 2485: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2455:the ESDA test 2452: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2427: 2424: 2422:Judge sitting 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2281:Appealed from 2279: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2217: 2215: 2204: 2202: 2201:Kenneth Baker 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2149:Barbara Mills 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2125:Gareth Peirce 2116: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2101:New Statesman 2097: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2060: 2059: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2017:Barbara Mills 2012: 2010: 2006: 1997: 1994: 1992:Judge sitting 1990: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1853: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1743: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1604: 1602: 1591: 1587: 1578: 1575: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1390: 1382: 1381:Scotland Yard 1378: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1318: 1310: 1309:Kenneth Baker 1306: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1189: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 998: 996: 992: 987: 984: 983:Daily Express 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 948: 938: 929: 926: 921: 916: 907: 904: 897: 893: 884: 881: 875: 866: 863: 862: 857: 848: 841: 832: 818: 815: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 792: 791: 780: 771: 767: 765: 761: 756: 752: 747: 739: 730: 726: 717: 713: 704: 699: 692: 683: 680: 676: 670: 668: 662: 655: 651: 646: 641: 631: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 592: 587: 578: 573: 560: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 534:Michael Groce 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 508: 504: 499: 494: 483: 478: 476: 472: 468: 458: 449: 444: 435: 430: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 369: 366:Far right, a 364: 360: 358: 357:River Moselle 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 327: 322: 301: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 252: 250: 245: 241: 239: 235: 231: 225: 223: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 200: 191: 187: 183: 180: 177: 173: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136: 133: 129: 126: 125:Police career 122: 114: 110: 106: 102: 99: 96: 94:Resting place 92: 87: 83: 73: 69: 64: 63:Tyne and Wear 60: 47: 43: 39: 34: 30: 22: 19: 7041:21st century 6949: 6777:20th century 6682:19th century 6609:18th century 6512:The Guardian 6511: 6505: 6498:. Retrieved 6494:The Guardian 6492: 6485:James, Erwin 6477: 6445: 6437:the original 6432: 6419: 6401: 6386: 6373: 6364: 6345:(1): 33–40. 6342: 6338: 6321: 6306:the original 6286: 6270:. Springer. 6266: 6256: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6215: 6199: 6187: 6162:(1): 57–71. 6159: 6155: 6146: 6137: 6128: 6105: 6085: 6063: 6047: 6027: 6018: 6013: 6005: 5993: 5981: 5954: 5946:the original 5936: 5928:The Guardian 5927: 5921: 5908:Neil Kinnock 5905: 5898:. Retrieved 5894:Getty Images 5892: 5883: 5874: 5868: 5864: 5836: 5797:The Guardian 5796: 5785: 5767: 5759: 5734:The Guardian 5733: 5714:The Guardian 5713: 5693: 5677: 5669: 5641: 5633: 5607:. 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