31:
208:
384:
for Uttar
Pradesh showed the Musahar population as around 250,000. The same census also showed around 250,000 Mushahars in Bihar. However, Musahar activists have disputed this figure, claiming the Mushahar population in Bihar is over 4,000,000. Over 230,000 Musahars live in Nepal, most in conditions
296:. They are now mostly landless agricultural labourers and sometimes still have to resort to rat catching to survive during lean times. They are one of the most marginalised castes in India, even among Dalits. The Musahar are Hindu, and celebrate most local Hindu festivals like
351:
Almost all
Musahars live in rural areas, with a mere 3% living in the city. In the rural areas, Musahar are primarily bonded agricultural labourers, but often go without work for as much as eight months in a year. Children work alongside their parents in the fields or as
260:, and demonstrate similar haplogroup frequencies for both maternal and paternal lineages. Some Musahars have claimed that they once had their own language but it was lost when they migrated. This process has been observed in another tribal population, the
247:
who migrated to the
Gangetic plains approximately 6-7 generations prior to his survey, around 300-350 years before present. It is now believed that this theory is generally correct. Modern genetic studies have found Musahars cluster very closely with
199:. The other names of the Musahar are Bhuiyan and Rajawar. Their name literally means 'rats-ridder' due to their main former occupation of catching rats, and there are many who are still forced to do this work due to destitution and poverty.
411:
such as
Teliapara and Rema where they continue the same livelihood. They are an ethnic minority with a mere population of 3,000. They are divided into 6 clans; Trihutia, Maghaiya, Ghatwar, Darwar, Khairawar and Rikhian.
234:
created man and gave him the horse to ride. The first
Musahar decided to dig holes in the belly of the horse to fix his feet as he rode. This offended Lord Brahma, who cursed him and his descendants to be rat-catchers.
685:
30:
327:
The
Musahar are found throughout eastern Uttar Pradesh, southern Nepal and Bihar, and are employed in Bihar's stone quarries. Many have also emigrated to the states of
377:
The
Government of Bihar operates the Mahadalit Mission, which partially funds some programs to expand education and other social welfare programs for the Musahar.
431:. At the time of the Nepali census of 2011, 234,490 people (0.9% of the population of Nepal) were Musahar. The frequency of Musahar by province was as follows:
969:
392:, citing their claimed tribal roots that they saw in tribals from other areas of the country as well as the perception that richer Dalit castes like other
848:
819:. Paudel, Madan,, Mishra, Rajesh (Editor),, Informal Sector Service Centre (Kathmandu, Nepal) (First ed.). Kathmandu, Nepal. 2018.
1408:
1448:
962:
1423:
1418:
360:
is 3% overall, and falls to an abysmal 1% among women. By some estimates, as many as 85% of some villages of
Musahars suffer from
1428:
335:
as agricultural labourers, with many Nepali
Musahars working as migrant labourers for 6 months at a time. They speak Bhojpuri,
658:
624:
389:
955:
239:, in his 1881 survey of castes and tribes of Bengal, speculated that the Musahars were an offshoot of the hunter-gatherer
1443:
1107:
817:
Nepal human rights year book 2018 : English edition : this report covers the period - January to
December 2017
1438:
1433:
1413:
929:
881:
1004:
824:
1403:
581:
1367:
1065:
978:
1398:
1283:
852:
788:
Politico economic history of marginalization and change among the Musahars of east-central Tarai Nepal
939:
320:, in which participants bathe in boiling milk to worship ancestors. They also offer liquor during
1362:
1220:
882:"A-10 Individual Scheduled Caste Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix - Uttar Pradesh"
471:
370:
265:
648:
614:
1372:
1208:
1081:
686:"UP elections 2017: Plagued by 'divine curse', Musahars see no redemption in new politicians"
478:
The frequency of Musahar was higher than national average (0.9%) in the following districts:
230:), on account of their traditional occupation as rat catchers. According to a local legend,
1097:
400:
381:
244:
903:
8:
236:
212:
174:
1203:
986:
842:
727:
494:
763:
746:
1288:
1180:
1089:
830:
820:
791:
768:
719:
654:
620:
573:
548:
536:
512:
421:
408:
407:
where they were made to work in tea plantations. They can still be found in areas in
340:
220:
73:
65:
1337:
758:
710:
Mukul (1999). "The Untouchable Present: Everyday Life of Musahars in North Bihar".
518:
500:
488:
465:
459:
453:
447:
435:
393:
269:
268:
in the distant past. However, unlike the Musahar, the Baiga remained isolated from
142:
40:
207:
994:
542:
506:
482:
336:
162:
138:
69:
1293:
1170:
1128:
524:
441:
425:
328:
947:
834:
747:"Language Shift by Indigenous Population: A Model Genetic Study in South Asia"
1392:
1332:
1271:
1256:
1246:
1233:
1188:
1133:
1123:
795:
772:
723:
530:
404:
357:
253:
146:
101:
1377:
1266:
1251:
1198:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1046:
1031:
999:
361:
249:
1344:
1325:
1320:
1308:
1303:
1241:
1228:
1165:
1036:
261:
1313:
1024:
904:"Elections 2019: Polls Come and Go, No Progress for Mushahars of Bihar"
731:
353:
91:
602:. Vol. XLII Part Three. Manohar Publications. pp. 1006–1012.
1298:
1041:
1019:
257:
109:
1051:
1014:
55:
1056:
365:
332:
36:
1276:
1261:
1118:
356:, earning as little as ₹25-30 ($ 0.35-0.40) a day. The Musahar
304:
240:
231:
1070:
1009:
428:
308:, They also believe in a number of tribal deities, including
273:
178:
170:
120:
105:
87:
83:
44:
646:
298:
870:. Vol. XVI Part Two. Seagull Books. pp. 702–707.
424:
classifies the Musahar within the broader social group of
364:
and with access to health centres scant, diseases such as
219:
In Bihar, the word Musahar is said to be derived from the
264:, who also once spoke a Munda language but shifted to an
396:
were the only ones with access to reservation benefits.
388:
Some Musahars in Uttar Pradesh wish to be listed as a
211:
Photo of a Musahar taken as part of a caste survey by
865:
884:. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
272:at large and so were seen as a tribe rather than a
16:
Dalit community in the Gangetic plain and the Terai
647:Vijay S. Upadhyay; Gaya Pandey (1 January 1993).
640:
606:
597:
1390:
578:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
316:. Musahars also have their own rituals like the
284:The Musahar consists of three endogamous clans:
977:
940:2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report
612:
343:but many now have working knowledge of Hindi.
963:
653:. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 436–.
619:. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 124–.
970:
956:
847:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
928:Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II
762:
567:
565:
385:similar to their counterparts in India.
279:
206:
751:International Journal of Human Genetics
745:Chaubey, Gyaneshwer (8 February 2008).
744:
593:
591:
403:were transported by the British to the
35:Musahar woman collecting firewood near
1391:
683:
202:
951:
859:
709:
562:
811:
809:
807:
805:
679:
677:
588:
571:
415:
13:
650:History Of Anthropological Thought
14:
1460:
1409:Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh
866:S Gopal & Hetukar Jha (ed.).
802:
738:
684:Sharda, Shailvee (2 March 2017).
674:
613:Sachchidananda (1 January 1988).
1449:Scheduled Castes of Chhattisgarh
785:
29:
1424:Scheduled Castes of West Bengal
1419:Scheduled Castes of Uttarakhand
933:
922:
896:
874:
764:10.31901/24566330.2008/08.01.04
346:
173:community found in the eastern
119:Eastern Gangetic Plain and the
779:
703:
1:
1429:Scheduled Castes of Jharkhand
712:Economic and Political Weekly
600:People of India Uttar Pradesh
598:A Hasan & J C Das (ed.).
582:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
555:
7:
1005:Stranded Pakistanis/Biharis
979:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
10:
1465:
1444:Scheduled Castes of Odisha
1439:Scheduled Castes of Delhi
1434:Scheduled Castes of Assam
1414:Scheduled Castes of Bihar
1355:
1219:
1179:
1106:
985:
616:Tradition And Development
181:. They are also known as
166:
134:
126:
115:
97:
79:
61:
51:
28:
23:
1404:Social groups of Nepal
472:Sudurpashchim Province
266:Indo-European language
216:
1066:Bishnupriya Manipuris
868:People of India Bihar
851:) CS1 maint: others (
280:Present circumstances
210:
1098:Urdu-speaking people
401:Chota Nagpur Plateau
382:2011 Census of India
245:Chota Nagpur Plateau
572:Jengcham, Subhash.
399:Mushahars from the
270:Brahminical society
237:Herbert Hope Risley
213:Herbert Hope Risley
203:Origins and history
690:The Times of India
217:
1399:Dalit communities
1386:
1385:
718:(49): 3465–3470.
660:978-81-7022-492-1
626:978-81-7022-072-5
422:2011 Nepal census
152:
151:
1456:
972:
965:
958:
949:
948:
942:
937:
931:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
878:
872:
871:
863:
857:
856:
846:
838:
813:
800:
799:
783:
777:
776:
766:
742:
736:
735:
707:
701:
700:
698:
696:
681:
672:
671:
669:
667:
644:
638:
637:
635:
633:
610:
604:
603:
595:
586:
585:
569:
466:Karnali Province
460:Gandaki Province
454:Bagmati Province
448:Lumbini Province
436:Madhesh Province
416:Musahar in Nepal
394:Scheduled Castes
168:
143:Jitan Ram Manjhi
41:Chitwan District
33:
21:
20:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1351:
1215:
1175:
1102:
981:
976:
946:
945:
938:
934:
927:
923:
913:
911:
902:
901:
897:
887:
885:
880:
879:
875:
864:
860:
840:
839:
827:
815:
814:
803:
784:
780:
743:
739:
708:
704:
694:
692:
682:
675:
665:
663:
661:
645:
641:
631:
629:
627:
611:
607:
596:
589:
570:
563:
558:
418:
390:Scheduled Tribe
374:are prevalent.
349:
282:
215:in Bihar, 1890s
205:
139:Dashrath Manjhi
135:Notable members
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1209:Sauria Paharia
1206:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1129:Jalia Kaibarta
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1108:Austro-Asiatic
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
989:
983:
982:
975:
974:
967:
960:
952:
944:
943:
932:
921:
910:. 9 April 2019
895:
873:
858:
825:
801:
778:
737:
702:
673:
659:
639:
625:
605:
587:
560:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
476:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
442:Koshi Province
439:
417:
414:
348:
345:
324:and weddings.
281:
278:
204:
201:
175:Gangetic plain
150:
149:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
117:
113:
112:
99:
98:Original state
95:
94:
81:
77:
76:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1461:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1221:Tibeto-Burman
1218:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
973:
968:
966:
961:
959:
954:
953:
950:
941:
936:
930:
925:
909:
905:
899:
883:
877:
869:
862:
854:
850:
844:
836:
832:
828:
826:9789937896498
822:
818:
812:
810:
808:
806:
797:
793:
789:
786:Giri, Madhu.
782:
774:
770:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
691:
687:
680:
678:
662:
656:
652:
651:
643:
628:
622:
618:
617:
609:
601:
594:
592:
583:
579:
575:
568:
566:
561:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
480:
479:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
433:
432:
430:
427:
423:
413:
410:
406:
405:Sylhet region
402:
397:
395:
391:
386:
383:
378:
375:
373:
372:
367:
363:
359:
358:literacy rate
355:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
301:
300:
295:
291:
287:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Munda peoples
246:
242:
238:
233:
229:
225:
222:
214:
209:
200:
198:
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
164:
160:
156:
148:
147:Bhagwati Devi
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
102:Uttar Pradesh
100:
96:
93:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1193:
1189:Kurukh/Oraon
1166:Pnar/Jaintia
1047:Shershabadia
935:
924:
912:. Retrieved
907:
898:
886:. Retrieved
876:
867:
861:
816:
787:
781:
754:
750:
740:
715:
711:
705:
693:. Retrieved
689:
666:28 September
664:. Retrieved
649:
642:
632:28 September
630:. Retrieved
615:
608:
599:
577:
477:
419:
398:
387:
379:
376:
369:
362:malnutrition
350:
347:Distribution
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
303:
297:
293:
289:
285:
283:
227:
223:
218:
195:
194:
190:
186:
182:
158:
154:
153:
127:Family names
18:
1204:Mal Paharia
987:Indo-Aryans
354:rag-pickers
314:Buniya Baba
232:Lord Brahma
226:(literally
1393:Categories
1289:Tanchangya
1090:Rajbongshi
1025:Mahifarash
888:6 February
835:1030370989
574:"Mushahar"
556:References
310:Dinabhadri
167:मुसहर जाति
92:Bangladesh
1363:Armenians
1338:Hrangkhol
1181:Dravidian
1042:Rohingyas
1020:Dhakaiyas
908:NewsClick
843:cite book
796:927407719
773:0972-3757
724:0012-9976
695:28 August
495:Mahottari
371:kala-azar
318:kul pooja
252:like the
243:from the
228:rat eater
110:Jharkhand
62:Languages
52:Religions
1194:Mushahar
1094:Ranjoarh
1052:Sylhetis
1015:Bengalis
995:Assamese
549:Rautahat
537:Udayapur
513:Dhanusha
426:Madheshi
409:Habiganj
341:Maithili
294:Turkahia
290:Sakatiya
256:and the
254:Santhals
224:mūs+ahar
221:Bhojpuri
183:Rishidev
177:and the
169:) are a
159:Mushahar
74:Maithili
66:Bhojpuri
56:Hinduism
1373:Indians
1368:Chinese
1294:Tripuri
1284:Rakhine
1171:Santals
1082:Nepalis
1057:Mahimal
914:13 June
732:4408689
519:Sarlahi
501:Sunsari
489:Saptari
366:malaria
333:Haryana
196:Banbasi
155:Musahar
80:Country
37:Sauraha
24:Musahar
1378:Jummas
1356:Others
1333:Pankho
1277:Pangal
1272:Meitei
1262:Laleng
1257:Khyang
1247:Hajong
1234:Chakma
1134:Kharia
1124:Bhumij
833:
823:
794:
771:
730:
722:
657:
623:
551:(1.1%)
545:(1.1%)
543:Parasi
539:(1.2%)
533:(1.4%)
527:(1.6%)
521:(1.8%)
515:(2.6%)
509:(3.0%)
507:Morang
503:(3.4%)
497:(3.7%)
491:(6.1%)
485:(6.3%)
483:Siraha
474:(0.0%)
468:(0.0%)
462:(0.0%)
456:(0.0%)
450:(0.1%)
444:(1.4%)
438:(3.0%)
337:Magahi
329:Punjab
322:poojas
305:Diwali
286:Bhagat
241:Bhuiya
191:Manjhi
163:Nepali
130:Manjhi
116:Region
70:Magahi
1326:Halam
1267:Marma
1252:Khumi
1199:Malto
1159:Sabar
1149:Munda
1144:Mahle
1139:Khasi
1119:Bauri
1086:Polia
1071:Bonaz
1032:Kahar
1010:Beens
1000:Barua
757:(1).
728:JSTOR
525:Parsa
429:Dalit
274:caste
262:Baiga
179:Terai
171:Dalit
121:Terai
106:Bihar
88:Nepal
84:India
45:Nepal
1345:Mizo
1321:Kuki
1309:Chin
1304:Bawm
1242:Garo
1238:Dalu
1229:Chak
1154:Kora
1115:Aowe
1078:Koch
1075:Keot
916:2019
890:2017
853:link
849:link
831:OCLC
821:ISBN
792:OCLC
769:ISSN
720:ISSN
697:2019
668:2012
655:ISBN
634:2012
621:ISBN
531:Bara
420:The
380:The
368:and
339:and
331:and
312:and
302:and
299:Holi
292:and
187:Sada
1314:Mru
1037:Kan
759:doi
258:Hos
157:or
1395::
1299:Zo
906:.
845:}}
841:{{
829:.
804:^
790:.
767:.
755:08
753:.
749:.
726:.
716:34
714:.
688:.
676:^
590:^
580:.
576:.
564:^
288:,
276:.
193:,
189:,
185:,
165::
145:,
141:,
108:,
104:,
90:,
86:,
72:,
68:,
43:,
39:,
971:e
964:t
957:v
918:.
892:.
855:)
837:.
798:.
775:.
761::
734:.
699:.
670:.
636:.
584:.
161:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_(39403497735).jpg)
