1351:; in sphincters such as in the uterus, and the eye. In addition, it plays an important role in the ducts of exocrine glands. It fulfills various tasks such as sealing orifices (e.g. pylorus, uterine os) or the transport of the chyme through wavelike contractions of the intestinal tube. Smooth muscle cells contract more slowly than skeletal muscle cells, but they are stronger, more sustained and require less energy. Smooth muscle is also involuntary, unlike skeletal muscle, which requires a stimulus.
851:
2558:
831:
815:
3241:
823:
154:
43:
135:
3253:
1184:
465:
Vertebrate skeletal muscle tissue is an elongated, striated muscle tissue, with the fibres ranging from 3-8 micrometers in width and from 18 to 200 micrometers in breadth. In the uterine wall, during pregnancy, they enlarge in length from 70 to 500 micrometers. Skeletal striated muscle tissue is
1308:. Cardiac and smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by internal pacemaker cells which regularly contract, and propagate contractions to other muscle cells they are in contact with. All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by the
925:, "white" muscle that is even less dense in mitochondria and myoglobin. In small animals like rodents, this is the major fast muscle type, explaining the pale color of their flesh. In laboratory house mice, an intronic single nucleotide polymorphism in the
498:. Postural control is generally maintained as an unconscious reflex, but the responsible muscles can also react to conscious control. The body mass of an average adult man is made up of 42% of skeletal muscle, and an average adult woman is made up of 36%.
513:. Cardiac muscle tissue is striated like skeletal muscle, containing sarcomeres in highly regular arrangements of bundles. While skeletal muscles are arranged in regular, parallel bundles, cardiac muscle connects at branching, irregular angles known as
909:
Type IIx (also known as type IId), which is less dense in mitochondria and myoglobin. This is the fastest muscle type in humans. It can contract more quickly and with a greater amount of force than oxidative muscle, but can sustain only short,
461:
that are based on their pattern of striation: transversely striated, obliquely striated, and smooth muscle. In arthropods there is no smooth muscle. The transversely striated type is the most similar to the skeletal muscle in vertebrates.
1081:. The structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs, but the inducing stimuli differ substantially, in order to perform individual actions in the body at individual times. In addition, the
1258:(muscle progenitor cells) either remain in the somite to form muscles associated with the vertebral column or migrate out into the body to form all other muscles. Myoblast migration is preceded by the formation of
2002:
Olivetti G, Cigola E, Maestri R, et al. (July 1996). "Aging, cardiac hypertrophy and ischemic cardiomyopathy do not affect the proportion of mononucleated and multinucleated myocytes in the human heart".
1724:"A novel intronic single nucleotide polymorphism in the myosin heavy polypeptide 4 gene is responsible for the mini-muscle phenotype characterized by major reduction in hind-limb muscle mass in mice"
1379:: transversely striated, obliquely striated, and smooth muscle. In arthropods there is no smooth muscle. The transversely striated type is the most similar to the skeletal muscle in vertebrates.
1684:
Smerdu, V; Karsch-Mizrachi, I; Campione, M; Leinwand, L; Schiaffino, S (December 1994). "Type IIx myosin heavy chain transcripts are expressed in type IIb fibers of human skeletal muscle".
1600:
Larsson, L; Edström, L; Lindegren, B; Gorza, L; Schiaffino, S (July 1991). "MHC composition and enzyme-histochemical and physiological properties of a novel fast-twitch motor unit type".
929:
gene causes a great reduction in the amount of Type IIb muscle, yielding the "Mini-Muscle" phenotype, which was discovered based on its greatly reduced (~50%) hind-limb muscle mass.
1161:
Cardiac muscle cells, unlike most other tissues in the body, rely on an available blood and electrical supply to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove waste products such as
1953:
Park SJ, Gavrilova O, Brown AL, Soto JE, Bremner S, Kim J, Xu X, Yang S, Um JH, Koch LG, Britton SL, Lieber RL, Philp A, Baar K, Kohama SG, Abel ED, Kim MK, Chung JH (May 2017).
1812:
Farvid, MS; Ng, TW; Chan, DC; Barrett, PH; Watts, GF (2005). "Association of adiponectin and resistin with adipose tissue compartments, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia".
202:
333:. Smooth and cardiac muscle contract involuntarily, without conscious intervention. These muscle types may be activated both through the interaction of the
349:
are a form of non-conscious activation of skeletal muscles, but nonetheless arise through activation of the central nervous system, albeit not engaging
1637:"Skeletal muscle fiber type: using insights from muscle developmental biology to dissect targets for susceptibility and resistance to muscle disease"
1119:, (also called cardiomyocytes or myocardiocytes), predominantly contain only one nucleus, although populations with two to four nuclei do exist. The
53:
2221:
969:
and skeletal muscle of both mouse and rat with age. Also, DNA double-strand breaks accumulate with age in the skeletal muscle of mice.
1284:. The three types of muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) have significant differences. However, all three use the movement of
1546:
520:
Smooth muscle tissue is non-striated and involuntary. Smooth muscle is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the
2599:
345:(hormonal) activation. Striated or skeletal muscle only contracts voluntarily, upon the influence of the central nervous system.
2156:
Zile, M. R.; Richardson, K.; Cowles, M. K.; Buckley, J. M.; Koide, M.; Cowles, B. A.; Gharpuray, V.; Cooper, G. (1998-08-11).
2668:
2085:
2047:
1584:
1773:"Specific Force Deficit in Skeletal Muscles of Old Rats Is Partially Explained by the Existence of Denervated Muscle Fibers"
1722:
Kelly SA, Bell TA, Selitsky SR, Buus RJ, Hua K, Weinstock GM, Garland T, Pardo-Manuel de
Villena F, Pomp D (December 2013).
1518:
Paniagua, R; Royuela, M; GarcĂa-Anchuelo, RM; Fraile, B (January 1996). "Ultrastructure of invertebrate muscle cell types".
2985:
3016:
906:
Type IIa, which, like a slow muscle, is aerobic, rich in mitochondria and capillaries and appears red when deoxygenated.
1363:
and must continue to contract in a rhythmic fashion for the whole life of the organism. Hence it has special features.
1266:. Myoblasts follow chemical signals to the appropriate locations, where they fuse into elongate skeletal muscle cells.
1467:
114:
72:
2214:
950:
86:
93:
2686:
197:
939:
of mammalian skeletal muscle tissue is about 1.06 kg/liter. This can be contrasted with the density of
914:
bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful (often incorrectly attributed to a build-up of
474:, which give the tissue its striated (striped) appearance. Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle, anchored by
1236:
701:
2592:
2207:
943:(fat), which is 0.9196 kg/liter. This makes muscle tissue approximately 15% denser than fat tissue.
911:
100:
3231:
3021:
2561:
962:
958:
1904:
Hamilton ML, Van Remmen H, Drake JA, Yang H, Guo ZM, Kewitt K, Walter CA, Richardson A (August 2001).
1447:
1235:(which forms muscle). The myotome is divided into two sections, the epimere and hypomere, which form
987:
383:
Sub-categorization of muscle tissue is also possible, depending on among other things the content of
61:
1855:
Bou Saada Y, Zakharova V, Chernyak B, Dib C, Carnac G, Dokudovskaya S, Vassetzky YS (October 2017).
3278:
2652:
1360:
510:
169:
82:
2238:
3214:
3088:
3083:
2271:
1275:
991:
954:
57:
31:
17:
3273:
3172:
3001:
2641:
2631:
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1376:
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1240:
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1022:
1011:
604:
451:
334:
314:
301:
209:
181:
1955:"DNA-PK Promotes the Mitochondrial, Metabolic, and Physical Decline that Occurs During Aging"
1857:"Control of DNA integrity in skeletal muscle under physiological and pathological conditions"
1054:
246:
1573:
158:
Three distinct types of muscle (L to R): smooth (non-striated), cardiac, and skeletal muscle
2616:
1232:
1166:
918:). N.B. in some books and articles this muscle in humans was, confusingly, called type IIB.
863:
1550:
8:
2801:
1116:
1082:
859:
325:, and is responsible for movements of the body. Other tissues in skeletal muscle include
2411:
1881:
1856:
1010:
individual cells; as such, they allow for fine control and gradual responses, much like
2498:
2310:
2305:
2284:
1979:
1954:
1837:
1748:
1723:
1661:
1636:
1281:
1224:
1155:
1151:
1135:
1058:
894:
266:
254:
242:
1247:. All other muscles, including those of the limbs are hypaxial, and innervated by the
3134:
3050:
2957:
2710:
2474:
2246:
2185:
2177:
2138:
2130:
2091:
2081:
2053:
2043:
2020:
1984:
1935:
1930:
1905:
1886:
1829:
1825:
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1753:
1701:
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1200:
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1147:
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553:
514:
491:
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1841:
1191:
on both sides of the neural fold. The anterior (forward) portion has begun to form
265:
which interact to cause movement. Among many other muscle proteins, present are two
107:
2750:
2509:
2230:
2169:
2122:
2012:
1974:
1966:
1925:
1917:
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1821:
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1123:
is the muscle tissue of the heart and forms a thick middle layer between the outer
778:
357:
342:
3257:
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2970:
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2523:
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238:
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2038:
Pollard, Thomas D.; Earnshaw, William C.; Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer (2008).
1739:
68:
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3035:
3011:
2385:
2351:
2290:
2261:
1970:
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and small intervertebral muscles, and are innervated by the dorsal rami of the
1162:
1143:
1098:
1086:
1078:
1074:
940:
495:
443:
423:
297:
2126:
1872:
1777:
The
Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
419:, because the appearance of the flexed biceps resembles the back of a mouse.
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2405:
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2256:
2181:
2134:
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1421:
1312:
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983:
978:
634:
447:
392:
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234:
190:
186:
2173:
2110:
2779:
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2504:
2447:
2422:
2157:
2142:
2016:
1988:
1939:
1921:
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1757:
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1496:
1397:
1372:
1344:
1340:
1328:
1324:
1248:
1244:
1108:
1026:
889:, giving the muscle tissue its characteristic red color. It can carry more
882:
650:
549:
458:
388:
377:
338:
322:
2189:
2024:
1711:
Note: Access to full text requires subscription; abstract freely available
1705:
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903:
has three major kinds that are, in order of increasing contractile speed:
3129:
3104:
2923:
2894:
2695:
2440:
1305:
1150:
to the blood vessels of the left/body/systemic and right/lungs/pulmonary
1128:
915:
850:
479:
318:
274:
230:
3199:
3160:
3155:
3045:
3006:
2980:
2975:
2945:
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2796:
2774:
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2529:
2485:
2417:
2366:
2356:
2329:
2300:
2251:
1220:
1178:
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1120:
1038:
986:
is involuntary and non-striated. It is divided into two subgroups: the
922:
506:
373:
330:
284:
250:
71:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
3204:
3109:
3095:
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2663:
2566:
2534:
2490:
2427:
2199:
1683:
1652:
1348:
1007:
1003:
995:
994:. Within single-unit cells, the whole bundle or sheet contracts as a
886:
878:
830:
684:
667:
529:
521:
471:
467:
384:
1517:
3240:
3194:
3165:
3125:
2930:
2468:
2458:
2380:
2318:
1359:
Cardiac muscle is the muscle of the heart. It is self-contracting,
1255:
1034:
1006:
that is not separated into cells). Multiunit smooth muscle tissues
814:
533:
487:
270:
2037:
822:
215:
153:
3209:
2914:
2838:
2324:
2158:"Constitutive properties of adult mammalian cardiac muscle cells"
1332:
936:
541:
525:
361:
2577:
3150:
2904:
2345:
1770:
1289:
1208:
1204:
1192:
1050:
890:
537:
475:
380:
depending on muscle type and the exact location of the muscle.
346:
326:
262:
280:
Muscle tissue varies with function and location in the body.
2909:
2899:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2395:
2390:
2374:
1854:
1285:
1139:
1112:
1042:
1030:
966:
502:
416:
258:
1599:
1483:
Dave, Heeransh D.; Shook, Micah; Varacallo, Matthew (2024),
858:
Skeletal muscle is broadly classified into two fiber types:
2858:
2789:
2784:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2432:
2155:
2111:"Skeletal muscle: a brief review of structure and function"
1903:
1239:, respectively. The only epaxial muscles in humans are the
1070:
483:
1771:
Urbancheka, M; Picken, E; Kalliainen, L; Kuzon, W (2001).
1183:
2078:
Basic
Concepts in Embryology: A Student's Survival Guide
1579:(7th ed.). Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p. 317.
1045:. Smooth muscle is also found in lymphatic vessels, the
501:
Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the walls of the
1085:
of the kidneys contain smooth muscle-like cells called
438:
There are three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates:
1952:
1641:
1564:
1448:"Vertebrate Embryo: Myogenesis and Muscle Development"
3229:
2042:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.
2001:
1721:
356:
The different muscle types vary in their response to
353:
structures until after the contraction has occurred.
556:
in the skin that control the erection of body hair.
509:, and it is an involuntary muscle controlled by the
337:
as well as by receiving innervation from peripheral
1811:
2109:Frontera, Walter R.; Ochala, Julien (March 2015).
1572:
1482:
854:Striated skeletal muscle cells in microscopic view
1906:"Does oxidative damage to DNA increase with age?"
1300:In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by
3265:
470:, which contain many contractile units known as
2071:
2069:
2067:
1764:
1491:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2108:
1021:(such smooth muscle specifically being termed
67:Please review the contents of the article and
2593:
2215:
1203:. The paraxial mesoderm is divided along the
2064:
2005:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
1402:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
1262:frameworks, usually formed from the somatic
1138:of cardiac muscle cells in the heart propel
1805:
1634:
1593:
1570:
1017:Smooth muscle is found within the walls of
450:. Skeletal and cardiac muscle are types of
2600:
2586:
2222:
2208:
1677:
1513:
1511:
1395:
1371:There are three types of muscle tissue in
457:There are three types of muscle tissue in
152:
1978:
1929:
1880:
1788:
1747:
1660:
1280:The primary function of muscle tissue is
949:is a highly oxygen-consuming tissue, and
466:arranged in regular, parallel bundles of
1215:of the body (most obviously seen in the
1182:
849:
2075:
1508:
800:the increase in the force/length curve
14:
3266:
2229:
1445:
1366:
803:at the peak of the force/length curve
559:
2581:
2203:
1628:
1571:Marieb, Elaine; Hoehn, Katja (2007).
1441:
1439:
1323:Smooth muscle is found in almost all
1154:. This complex mechanism illustrates
317:consists of elongated, multinucleate
2986:Connective tissue in skeletal muscle
1398:"Calcium ion and muscle contraction"
1295:
36:
2685:
1375:that are based on their pattern of
1354:
1219:. Each somite has three divisions,
1115:, specifically the myocardium. The
1107:that is found in the walls and the
628:cylindrical, long (<15 cm)
430:, means both "mouse" and "muscle".
24:
1814:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
1686:The American Journal of Physiology
1602:The American Journal of Physiology
1544:
1436:
1318:
839:
622:fusiform, short (<0.4 mm)
25:
3290:
2607:
1635:Talbot, J; Maves, L (July 2016).
1092:
763: Response to stimulus
678:present, max. length 3.7 ÎĽm
675:present, max. length 2.6 ÎĽm
454:. Smooth muscle is non-striated.
253:. Muscle tissue contains special
233:, one of the four basic types of
3251:
3239:
2557:
2556:
1826:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00410.x
1698:10.1152/ajpcell.1994.267.6.C1723
1339:; in tubular structures such as
972:
829:
821:
813:
563:
422:The same phenomenon occurred in
133:
41:
3017:Excitation–contraction coupling
2149:
2102:
2031:
1995:
1946:
1897:
1848:
1715:
1195:(labeled "primitive segments").
1103:Cardiac muscle is involuntary,
797:Force/length curve is variable
758:none (requires nerve stimulus)
2115:Calcified Tissue International
1614:10.1152/ajpcell.1991.261.1.C93
1575:Human Anatomy & Physiology
1538:
1476:
1460:10.1002/9780470015902.a0026598
1389:
1187:A chicken embryo, showing the
1172:
921:Type IIb, which is anaerobic,
692:none (but functional as such)
69:add the appropriate references
13:
1:
1396:Ebashi, S.; Endo, M. (1968).
1382:
1199:All muscles are derived from
2080:. McGraw-Hill Professional.
1520:Histology and Histopathology
1414:10.1016/0079-6107(68)90023-0
1237:epaxial and hypaxial muscles
1169:help fulfill this function.
961:. The oxidative DNA damage
901:Type II, fast-twitch muscle,
749: Self-regulation
433:
398:
7:
1740:10.1534/genetics.113.154476
1269:
54:reliable medical references
10:
3295:
3022:Sliding filament mechanism
1971:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.008
1485:"Anatomy, Skeletal Muscle"
1446:Robson, Lesley G. (2017).
1273:
1176:
1096:
976:
927:Myosin heavy polypeptide 4
843:
752:spontaneous action (slow)
245:. Muscle is formed during
29:
3185:
3143:
3118:
3071:
3064:
3034:
2994:
2956:
2880:
2847:
2770:
2763:
2741:
2676:
2662:
2651:
2640:
2615:
2552:
2270:
2237:
2127:10.1007/s00223-014-9915-y
1873:10.1007/s00018-017-2530-0
957:tends to accumulate with
826:
818:
689:none (independent cells)
208:
196:
180:
168:
163:
151:
146:
60:or relies too heavily on
2076:Sweeney, Lauren (1997).
1910:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1790:10.1093/gerona/56.5.B191
1292:to create contraction.
1231:(which forms skin), and
511:autonomic nervous system
486:, and is used to effect
287:, the three types are:
249:, in a process known as
3215:Fukutin-related protein
2174:10.1161/01.cir.98.6.567
1361:autonomically regulated
1276:Sliding filament theory
1211:, corresponding to the
1069:, the arrector pili of
992:multiunit smooth muscle
955:reactive oxygen species
32:Muscle (disambiguation)
27:Basic biological tissue
3173:Sarcoplasmic reticulum
3002:Neuromuscular junction
2910:elastic filament/titin
2632:Vascular smooth muscle
2017:10.1006/jmcc.1996.0137
1922:10.1073/pnas.171202698
1264:lateral plate mesoderm
1251:of the spinal nerves.
1196:
1063:gastrointestinal tract
1023:vascular smooth muscle
1012:motor unit recruitment
855:
794: Workspace
709:moderately elaborated
702:Sarcoplasmic reticulum
644:many to few (by type)
605:Neuromuscular junction
452:striated muscle tissue
335:central nervous system
315:Skeletal muscle tissue
237:. Muscle tissue gives
210:Anatomical terminology
2905:thick filament/myosin
1274:Further information:
1186:
1055:uterine smooth muscle
877:muscle is dense with
873:, slow oxidative, or
853:
247:embryonic development
1254:During development,
1127:layer and the inner
1117:cardiac muscle cells
1029:layer of the large (
1014:in skeletal muscle.
951:oxidative DNA damage
866:(fast-twitch).
809:Response to stimulus
255:contractile proteins
30:For other uses, see
2900:thin filament/actin
2886:(a, i, and h bands;
2469:Meristematic tissue
1692:(6 pt 1): C1723–8.
1608:(1 pt 1): C93–101.
1367:Invertebrate muscle
1304:transmitted by the
1302:electrical impulses
1152:circulatory systems
1059:reproductive tracts
1057:), male and female
953:that is induced by
871:Type I, slow-twitch
619: Fibers
560:Comparison of types
267:regulatory proteins
2231:Biological tissues
1197:
1111:foundation of the
862:(slow-twitch) and
856:
712:highly elaborated
706:little elaborated
515:intercalated discs
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3181:
3180:
3135:Myosatellite cell
3051:Intercalated disc
3030:
3029:
2958:Connective tissue
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2839:Synemin/desmuslin
2759:
2758:
2575:
2574:
2362:Phloem parenchyma
2087:978-0-07-063308-7
2049:978-1-4377-0063-3
1965:(5): 1135–46.e7.
1861:Cell Mol Life Sci
1586:978-0-8053-5387-7
1260:connective tissue
1201:paraxial mesoderm
1189:paraxial mesoderm
1167:coronary arteries
1067:respiratory tract
1025:) such as in the
837:
836:
772:"all-or-nothing"
769:"all-or-nothing"
490:movement such as
407:comes from Latin
358:neurotransmitters
224:
223:
219:
142:
141:
118:
16:(Redirected from
3286:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3069:
3068:
2852:
2768:
2767:
2751:Laminin, alpha 2
2683:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2648:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2560:
2559:
2510:Vascular cambium
2396:Xylem parenchyma
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2073:
2062:
2061:
2035:
2029:
2028:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1916:(18): 10469–74.
1901:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1653:10.1002/wdev.230
1632:
1626:
1625:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1549:. Archived from
1542:
1536:
1535:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1393:
1310:neurotransmitter
1217:vertebral column
833:
825:
817:
779:Action potential
564:
496:maintain posture
478:or sometimes by
426:, in which μῦς,
411:, diminutive of
239:skeletal muscles
216:edit on Wikidata
213:
203:5022 30316, 5022
156:
144:
143:
137:
136:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3279:Muscular system
3264:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3238:
3230:
3228:
3219:
3187:
3177:
3139:
3114:
3060:
3037:
3026:
2990:
2952:
2887:
2885:
2868:
2848:
2843:
2755:
2737:
2678:
2667:
2654:
2643:
2636:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2576:
2571:
2548:
2481:Ground meristem
2340:Vascular tissue
2311:Subsidiary cell
2266:
2233:
2228:
2198:
2197:
2154:
2150:
2107:
2103:
2088:
2074:
2065:
2050:
2036:
2032:
2000:
1996:
1951:
1947:
1902:
1898:
1867:(19): 3439–49.
1853:
1849:
1810:
1806:
1769:
1765:
1720:
1716:
1682:
1678:
1633:
1629:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1547:"Muscle Tissue"
1543:
1539:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1499:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1444:
1437:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1369:
1357:
1321:
1298:
1296:Skeletal muscle
1278:
1272:
1207:'s length into
1181:
1175:
1105:striated muscle
1101:
1095:
1087:mesangial cells
1079:iris of the eye
1047:urinary bladder
981:
975:
965:accumulates in
947:Skeletal muscle
881:and is rich in
848:
846:Skeletal muscle
842:
840:Skeletal muscle
581:skeletal muscle
562:
436:
401:
310:(non-striated).
241:the ability to
220:
159:
138:
134:
129:
123:
120:
77:
66:
62:primary sources
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3261:
3260:
3248:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3075:
3073:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3012:Muscle spindle
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2891:
2889:
2888:z and m lines)
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2692:
2690:
2680:
2671:
2657:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2444:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:Vessel element
2383:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:Companion cell
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Bulliform cell
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2168:(6): 567–579.
2148:
2121:(3): 183–195.
2101:
2086:
2063:
2048:
2030:
2011:(7): 1463–77.
1994:
1945:
1896:
1847:
1820:(4): 406–413.
1804:
1763:
1734:(4): 1385–95.
1714:
1676:
1627:
1592:
1585:
1563:
1545:Potter, Hugh.
1537:
1526:(1): 181–201.
1507:
1475:
1468:
1435:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1368:
1365:
1356:
1355:Cardiac muscle
1353:
1331:including the
1320:
1317:
1297:
1294:
1271:
1268:
1241:erector spinae
1177:Main article:
1174:
1171:
1163:carbon dioxide
1158:of the heart.
1099:Cardiac muscle
1097:Main article:
1094:
1093:Cardiac muscle
1091:
1075:ciliary muscle
990:(unitary) and
977:Main article:
974:
971:
941:adipose tissue
933:
932:
931:
930:
919:
907:
898:
844:Main article:
841:
838:
835:
834:
827:
819:
811:
805:
804:
801:
798:
795:
791:
790:
787:
784:
781:
774:
773:
770:
767:
764:
760:
759:
756:
753:
750:
746:
745:
742:
739:
736:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
714:
713:
710:
707:
704:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
663:
662:
659:
656:
653:
646:
645:
642:
639:
637:
630:
629:
626:
623:
620:
616:
615:
612:
610:
607:
600:
599:
596:
593:
590:
584:
583:
578:
576:cardiac muscle
573:
568:
561:
558:
435:
432:
400:
397:
312:
311:
305:
295:
222:
221:
212:
206:
205:
200:
194:
193:
184:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
161:
160:
157:
149:
148:
140:
139:
132:
130:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3291:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Muscle tissue
3272:
3271:
3269:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3184:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:Microfilament
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2883:
2879:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2764:Intracellular
2762:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:extracellular
2675:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2609:Muscle tissue
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:Ground tissue
2403:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Pavement cell
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2280:Dermal tissue
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1783:(5): B191–7.
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:(4): 518–34.
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1553:on 2014-10-21
1552:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1469:9780470015902
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:invertebrates
1364:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:lymph vessels
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:hollow organs
1326:
1325:organ systems
1319:Smooth muscle
1316:
1314:
1313:acetylcholine
1311:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:spinal nerves
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:(which forms
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:blood vessels
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:multinucleate
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:Smooth muscle
980:
979:Smooth muscle
973:Smooth muscle
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
942:
938:
928:
924:
920:
917:
913:
908:
905:
904:
902:
899:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
869:
868:
867:
865:
861:
852:
847:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
799:
796:
793:
792:
788:
785:
782:
780:
776:
775:
771:
768:
766:unresponsive
765:
762:
761:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
727:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
705:
703:
699:
698:
694:
691:
688:
686:
682:
681:
677:
674:
671:
669:
665:
664:
660:
657:
654:
652:
648:
647:
643:
640:
638:
636:
632:
631:
627:
624:
621:
618:
617:
613:
611:
608:
606:
602:
601:
597:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
571:smooth muscle
569:
566:
565:
557:
555:
554:arrector pili
551:
550:blood vessels
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
463:
460:
459:invertebrates
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
431:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
396:
394:
393:myosin ATPase
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
370:noradrenaline
367:
366:acetylcholine
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:muscle fibers
320:
316:
309:
308:smooth muscle
306:
303:
299:
296:
293:
290:
289:
288:
286:
281:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:animal tissue
232:
228:
217:
211:
207:
204:
201:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:
183:
179:
176:
173:
171:
167:
162:
155:
150:
145:
131:
127:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
74:
70:
64:
63:
59:
55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3079:Muscle fiber
2849:
2780:Dystrobrevin
2733:Dystroglycan
2541:
2522:
2518:
2505:Cork cambium
2497:
2473:
2467:
2448:Sclerenchyma
2446:
2439:
2423:Chlorenchyma
2410:
2404:
2373:
2357:Phloem fiber
2344:
2338:
2317:
2283:
2279:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2077:
2040:Cell Biology
2039:
2033:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1710:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1574:
1566:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1540:
1523:
1519:
1500:, retrieved
1488:
1478:
1451:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1370:
1358:
1322:
1306:motor nerves
1299:
1279:
1253:
1249:ventral rami
1213:segmentation
1198:
1160:
1136:contractions
1134:Coordinated
1133:
1109:histological
1102:
1033:) and small
1027:tunica media
1016:
982:
945:
934:
926:
900:
893:and sustain
883:mitochondria
874:
870:
857:
808:
777:
755:yes (rapid)
733:
717:
700:
683:
666:
649:
635:Mitochondria
633:
603:
587:
580:
575:
570:
519:
500:
464:
456:
437:
427:
421:
412:
408:
404:
402:
389:mitochondria
382:
378:nitric oxide
355:
319:muscle cells
313:
282:
279:
226:
225:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
58:verification
51:
3130:Muscle cell
3105:Myofilament
2924:Tropomyosin
2895:Myofilament
2696:Sarcoglycan
2441:Collenchyma
2391:Xylem fiber
2162:Circulation
1408:: 123–183.
1282:contraction
1173:Development
1142:out of the
1129:endocardium
988:single-unit
916:lactic acid
879:capillaries
480:aponeuroses
285:vertebrates
275:tropomyosin
231:soft tissue
164:Identifiers
52:needs more
3268:Categories
3200:Telethonin
3161:Sarcolemma
3156:Sarcoplasm
3089:extrafusal
3084:intrafusal
3046:Myocardium
3007:Motor unit
2981:Endomysium
2976:Perimysium
2864:Caveolin 3
2797:Syntrophin
2775:Dystrophin
2627:Calmodulin
2530:Endodermis
2486:Procambium
2418:Aerenchyma
2412:Parenchyma
2367:Sieve tube
2330:Phelloderm
2301:Guard cell
2252:Epithelial
2247:Connective
1959:Cell Metab
1557:2014-09-02
1502:2024-04-22
1489:StatPearls
1383:References
1349:bile ducts
1221:sclerotome
1179:Myogenesis
1148:ventricles
1125:epicardium
1121:myocardium
1077:, and the
1039:arterioles
923:glycolytic
734:Physiology
668:Sarcomeres
625:branching
552:, and the
530:intestines
507:myocardium
492:locomotion
472:sarcomeres
468:myofibrils
374:adrenaline
331:perimysium
251:myogenesis
94:newspapers
3205:Dysferlin
3188:ungrouped
3110:Sarcomere
3096:Myofibril
3056:Nebulette
2966:Epimysium
2882:Sarcomere
2834:Dysbindin
2829:Syncoilin
2746:Sarcospan
2677:Membrane/
2664:Costamere
2567:Histology
2535:Exodermis
2499:Secondary
2491:Protoderm
2428:Mesophyll
2285:Epidermis
2182:0009-7322
2135:1432-0827
2096:606951249
2058:489073468
1454:. Wiley.
1422:0079-6107
1377:striation
1256:myoblasts
1229:dermatome
1225:vertebrae
1083:glomeruli
1008:innervate
1004:cytoplasm
996:syncytium
912:anaerobic
897:activity.
887:myoglobin
728:abundant
725:moderate
685:Syncytium
641:numerous
522:esophagus
434:Structure
403:The word
399:Etymology
385:myoglobin
343:endocrine
3258:Medicine
3195:Myotilin
3166:T-tubule
3126:Myoblast
2971:Fascicle
2931:Troponin
2850:related:
2653:Skeletal
2642:Striated
2562:Category
2459:Sclereid
2381:Tracheid
2319:Periderm
2257:Muscular
2143:25294644
1989:28467930
1940:11517304
1891:28444416
1882:11107590
1842:46736884
1834:15955127
1799:11320099
1758:24056412
1728:Genetics
1671:27199166
1497:30725921
1327:such as
1288:against
1270:Function
1053:(termed
1035:arteries
1002:mass of
998:(i.e. a
695:present
614:present
488:skeletal
440:skeletal
415:meaning
409:musculus
364:such as
362:hormones
351:cortical
347:Reflexes
302:striated
292:skeletal
271:troponin
243:contract
124:May 2023
83:"Muscle"
3246:Biology
3232:Portals
3210:Fukutin
3036:Cardiac
2995:General
2915:nebulin
2475:Primary
2325:Phellem
2296:Cuticle
2262:Nervous
2239:Animals
2190:9714115
2025:8841934
1980:5485859
1749:3832280
1706:7545970
1662:5180455
1622:1858863
1532:8720463
1430:4894870
1337:bladder
1333:stomach
1233:myotome
1209:somites
1193:somites
1156:systole
1131:layer.
937:density
895:aerobic
864:type II
744:
741:
738:
722:little
598:
595:
592:
588:Anatomy
567:
546:bladder
542:urethra
534:bronchi
526:stomach
494:and to
476:tendons
444:cardiac
327:tendons
321:called
298:cardiac
257:called
175:D009132
108:scholar
73:removed
18:Muscles
3186:Other/
3151:Desmin
3038:muscle
2655:muscle
2644:muscle
2619:muscle
2617:Smooth
2524:Cortex
2346:Phloem
2272:Plants
2188:
2180:
2141:
2133:
2094:
2084:
2056:
2046:
2023:
1987:
1977:
1938:
1928:
1889:
1879:
1840:
1832:
1797:
1756:
1746:
1704:
1669:
1659:
1620:
1583:
1530:
1495:
1466:
1428:
1420:
1347:, and
1335:, and
1290:myosin
1205:embryo
1165:. The
1073:, the
1065:, the
1061:, the
1051:uterus
963:8-OHdG
891:oxygen
860:type I
718:ATPase
661:>1
651:Nuclei
538:uterus
448:smooth
446:, and
405:muscle
391:, and
376:, and
339:plexus
304:), and
300:(both
263:myosin
227:Muscle
147:Muscle
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
3144:Other
3119:Cells
3072:Fiber
2543:Stele
2519:Mixed
2454:Fiber
2375:Xylem
1931:56984
1838:S2CID
1341:blood
1286:actin
1144:atria
1140:blood
1113:heart
1043:veins
1031:aorta
967:heart
672:none
609:none
503:heart
484:bones
424:Greek
417:mouse
395:etc.
259:actin
229:is a
214:[
115:JSTOR
101:books
3065:Both
2859:NOS1
2726:SGCZ
2721:SGCG
2716:SGCE
2711:SGCD
2706:SGCB
2701:SGCA
2669:DAPC
2433:Pith
2186:PMID
2178:ISSN
2139:PMID
2131:ISSN
2092:OCLC
2082:ISBN
2054:OCLC
2044:ISBN
2021:PMID
1985:PMID
1936:PMID
1887:PMID
1830:PMID
1795:PMID
1754:PMID
1702:PMID
1667:PMID
1618:PMID
1581:ISBN
1528:PMID
1493:PMID
1464:ISBN
1426:PMID
1418:ISSN
1343:and
1146:and
1071:skin
1041:and
935:The
885:and
789:yes
786:yes
783:yes
360:and
329:and
273:and
261:and
191:1994
187:1975
170:MeSH
87:news
56:for
2687:DAP
2170:doi
2123:doi
2013:doi
1975:PMC
1967:doi
1926:PMC
1918:doi
1877:PMC
1869:doi
1822:doi
1785:doi
1744:PMC
1736:doi
1732:195
1694:doi
1690:267
1657:PMC
1649:doi
1610:doi
1606:261
1456:doi
1452:eLS
1410:doi
1227:),
959:age
875:red
505:as
482:to
428:mČłs
413:mus
341:or
283:In
198:FMA
182:TA2
3270::
2822:G2
2817:G1
2812:B2
2807:B1
2521::
2472::
2409::
2343::
2282::
2184:.
2176:.
2166:98
2164:.
2160:.
2137:.
2129:.
2119:96
2117:.
2113:.
2090:.
2066:^
2052:.
2019:.
2009:28
2007:.
1983:.
1973:.
1963:25
1961:.
1957:.
1934:.
1924:.
1914:98
1912:.
1908:.
1885:.
1875:.
1865:74
1863:.
1859:.
1836:.
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1742:.
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1616:.
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1524:11
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1315:.
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442:,
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277:.
269:,
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3234::
3128:/
3103:/
2946:I
2941:C
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2884:/
2802:A
2790:B
2785:A
2689::
2666:/
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1651::
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112:·
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98:·
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