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and then restrains them the next. Many states in Greece considered it important to preserve the ancient style of music; yet their morals changed along with their songs and slid to decadence as a result. Either they were corrupted by the sweet seductiveness of music, as some people think, or, once the stringency of their morals was undermined by their other vices, then their ears and minds became changed, leaving room for this musical change also. For this reason the wisest and by far the most learned man in Greece was greatly afraid of this decline. For he denies that the laws of music can be changed without heralding a change in the laws of the state. However, I for one do not think that this should be feared so greatly, although it should not be overlooked either. Indeed, how the theatre, which once used to be filled with the tunes of Livius and
Naevius, pleasing in their simplicity, is now filled with people who leap up and toss their heads and roll their eyes in time with the twists and turns of the music. In the old days, Greece used to punish such behaviour harshly, anticipating far in advance how the deadly plague might sink gradually into the minds of citizens and suddenly overturn entire states with evil pursuits and evil ideasāif, indeed, it is true that stern Sparta ordered the strings above the number of seven to be cut off the lyre of Timotheus.
26:
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863:
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54:
1173:, which worked by water pressure, was "one of the most significant technical and musical achievements of antiquity". Essentially, the air to the pipes that produce the sound comes from a mechanism of a wind-chest connected by a pipe to a dome submerged in a tank of water. Air is pumped into the top of the dome, compressing the air and forcing the water out the bottom; the displaced water rises in the tank. This increased hydraulic head and the compression of the air in the dome provides a steady supply of air to the pipes The
844:
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331:
1320:, and treated it with disdain. Cicero stated that no sober person would dance unless they were a "lunatic." He likely did not object to the usage of dance as entertainment, but instead considered it to be beneath the upper-class Romans. Cicero may have believed that it should be relegated to only lower-class professional dancers. It is also possible he was exclusively referring to erotic or foreign dancing.
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other's arguments and detect imperfections. Numerous ancient Roman writers such as Plato, Seneca, or Cicero believed that music could effeminize men. Female musicians were highly respected compared to male musicians. It was seen as a potential way of enhancing their attractiveness. However, being too skilled at music, when combined with other activities which were seen as less respectable, such as
414:. They would dance to the tune of the instruments. Musicians could be driven off of the stage for even small musical errors. The tune of the instruments would signify the emotions and traits of the characters and the pace of the story. Music was also used to ensure the story remained in the memory of audiences.
771:) to hold both pipes steadily between the player's lips. Modern changes indicate that they produced a low, clarinet-like sound. There is some confusion about the exact nature of the instrument; alternate descriptions indicate each pipe having a single reed (like a modern clarinet) instead of a double reed.
529:
stated that musicians "sit for many years practicing delivery, and every day, before they begin to speak, gradually arouse their voices while lying in bed; and when they have done that they sit up and make their voices run down from the highest to the lowest level, in some way joining the highest and
608:
For I agree with Plato that nothing so easily flows into young and impressionable minds as the various notes of the musical scale; it is hard to express the extent of their power in one way or the other. For music animates the indolent and calms the excited; it causes spirits to relax at one moment
520:
Musical training and skills were common amongst the Roman upper-class, and it may have been especially common amongst female Romans of the upper-class. Singers were expected to spend large amounts of time and energy practicing their craft. In ancient Rome, the term for music or speech teachers was
599:
wrote that musicians would change their art based on popular demand. Cicero discussed the superior quality of traditional Roman music. He describes archaic Roman music as civilizing the "barbaric." Cicero believed that musical education could help aspiring politicians learn to better listen to
1164:
Mosaics depict instruments that look like a cross between the bagpipe and the organ. The pipes were sized to produce many of the modes (scales) learned from the Greeks. It is unclear whether they were blown by the lungs or by some mechanical bellows.The hydraulic pipe organ
582:
society was designed by their legislators to "relax and mollify their strong and impetuous natures in earliest boyhood." The ancient Romans considered music to be a powerful tool and believed that it was capable of inciting strong emotions in people.
675:. Extant examples are about 1.3 meters long, and have a cylindrical bore from the mouthpiece to the point where the bell flares abruptly, similar to the modern straight trumpet seen in presentations of 'period music'. Since there were no valves, the
1016:, but instead had a sounding body of wood or a tortoise shell covered with skin, and arms of animal horn or wood, with strings stretched from a cross bar to the sounding body. The strings were tuned "by adjusting sticks seen in the engraving."
4123:
381:
was used to draw in the viewer's attention during the ceremony and a trumpet was used to announce the presence of the triumphator. Music was also used to silence the crowd. Music, primarily pipe music, held an important place in
798:
556:
was also important for a singer. Other ancient texts describe singers perform warm-up exercises consisting of vocalized successive sounds before singing. There may have been "music schools" for musicians of low class.
878:
1064:
as early as 2340ā2198 BC, and also occur in
Egyptian iconography, the lute in the Greco-Roman world was far less common than the lyre and cithara. The lute of the medieval West is thought to owe more to the Arab
1299:
described ancient Roman pantomimes twisting, leaping, and standing like a statue. He also wrote that criminals may be condemned to dancing in festivals. Dancing was used as way to accentuate beauty and could be
565:
In ancient Rome music was confined to domestic settings. Plutarch praises a man named
Numerius Furius, who is said to have sung when it was "appropriate." Music had some negative connotations in Roman society.
3873:
193:. Music was initially discovered by Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras. Pythagoras was able to find the first 7 pitches in a scale and this knowledge carried over into the Roman Empire.
1095:
253:
were also used to drown out any distracting noise. To the ancient Romans, it must have been unimaginable for a sacrifice to lack music. Music, usually pipe music, would accompany public prayers.
651:. Roman-style instruments are found in parts of the Empire where they did not originate, and indicate that music was among the aspects of Roman culture that spread throughout the provinces.
525:
They focused on developing the flexibility of their student's voice. It also believed that a singer's neck should be soft and smooth to ensure that the voice did not sound harsh or broken.
591:
believed that music was capable of ennobling the populace. Quintilian believed that music was "the most beautiful art" and that it was necessary for properly reading the work of ancient
3708:
3266:
Antique
Musical Instruments and their Players: 152 Plates from Bonanni's 18th-Century "Gabinetto armonico", with a new introduction and captions by Frank Ll. Harrison and Joan Rimmer
894:
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was dedicated to perform at public funerals. Musicians' Collegia were highly respected in ancient Rome. They were used to preserve and perfect ancient Roman musical practices.
4277:, musicarchaeology, scientific review of ancient Roman music as well as performances, bibliography and descriptions for instruments and notations online (English and German).
3768:
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accompanied gladiator contests and events in the arena, as well as stage performances. It might also be found in homes, and was among the instruments that the emperor
578:
and dancing as a negative characteristic. He described his musical talents as: "trivial, or rather, contemptible". Plutarch wrote that the prominence of the flute in
3826:
1048:) was known by several names among the Greeks and Romans. In construction, the lute differs from the lyre in having fewer strings stretched over a solid neck or
4644:
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notes. Each lute string is thereby capable of producing a greater range of notes than a lyre string. Although long-necked lutes are depicted in art from
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are depicted as having sung and danced in the privacy of their homes. Women in ancient Rome had different instruments from men. They played the
4017:
473:, also held musical competitions. The Greeks and Romans might have held musical performances in between the meal and the drinking party during
4531:
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believed that maintaining good physical health through diet and exercise was important for maintain a proper voice. According to
Quintilian,
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A Companion to Sport and
Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity: Christesen/A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity
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trained ancient Roman aristocrats. Improper dance in ancient Rome, was defined as being un-Roman. Foreign dancing styles were disliked.
843:
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3026:, translated, with introduction and notes by Calvin M. Bower; edited by Claude V. Palisca. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.)
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as "no part of the body should be debarred from religious experiences." Dance was a popular form of entertainment in ancient Rome.
4385:
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716:(Latin "horn") was a long tubular metal wind instrument that curved around the musician's body, shaped rather like an uppercase
6395:
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25:
117:, music was thought to reflect the orderliness of the cosmos, and was associated particularly with mathematics and knowledge.
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made one seem less respectable. Music was also considered inappropriate for married women or older women. Cicero once wrote:
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realized there were no musicians for religious services. Processions of trumpeters and dancers were also important to the
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was a rattle consisting of rings strung across the cross-bars of a metal frame, which was often used for ritual purposes.
4707:
624:
758:), usually double, had two double-reed (as in a modern oboe) pipes, not joined but generally played with a mouth-band
6375:
5135:
4702:
4697:
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4524:
4283:, an evolving database of the entire corpus of Latin music theory written during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
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720:. It had a conical bore (again like a French horn) and a conical mouthpiece. It may be hard to distinguish from the
4289:, dedicated to the reconstruction of historical musical instruments, sound theatre, dance on the basis of ethnology.
6390:
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4712:
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Ginsberg-Klar, Maria E. (1981-02-01). "The archaeology of musical instruments in
Germany during the Roman period".
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1226:) were small cymbals: metal discs with concave centers and turned rims, used in pairs which were clashed together.
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Bleiberg, Edward; Evans, James; Figg, Kristen; Soergel, Philip; Friedman, John (2005), "Women in
Ancient Music",
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4198:
4193:, translated by Rosaria V. Munson. Ancient Society and History. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
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595:. It was a common belief throughout the Roman world that traditional styles of music should be maintained.
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of the ritual and invoke certain emotions. Various instruments had different roles in Roman religion.
113:), a woodwind instrument, was played at sacrifices to ward off ill influences. Under the influence of
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The World of
Ancient Rome: A Daily Life Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Daily Life Encyclopedia
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Benzing, G. M. 2009. "'Se vuoi far soldi, studia la cetra': musica e luxus nell'antica Roma". In
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made up of flute and lyre players was attested for the first time in the second century CE. The
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in 58 BCE, was known to hold such parties. His house was described as filled with "singing and
4124:"The Music of Power and the Power of Music: Studying Popular Auditory Culture in Ancient Rome"
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began with a blast of horns and were accompanied by music. Musicians, usually players of the
357:
Music was a popular form of entertainment in ancient Rome. It was important to ancient Roman
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Franklin, James L. Jr. (1987). "Pantomimists at
Pompeii: Actius Anicetus and His Troupe".
8:
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5871:
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5140:
4737:
4373:
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1205:āa "clapper"āused to beat time. Also, there were various rattles, bells, and tambourines.
909:
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The Ancient Romans: History and Society from the Early Republic to the Death of Augustus
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describes drunk people dancing and singing in the streets during festivals such as the
1264:
1244:
853:
532:
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4062:
1455:, a device used by Roman singers in the belief that it would help preserve their voice
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series that would probably sound familiar to the modern ear, given the limitations of
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269:. Female musicians, dancers, and singers would perform at a festival for the goddess
53:
18:"Roman music" redirects here. For music associated with the modern city of Rome, see
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who had a temple in Rome. They would also perform at a festival dedicated to the
238:
3529:
Higgins, R.A.; Winnington-Ingram, Reginald (1965). "Lute-Players in Greek Art".
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4178:, edited by Elena Fontanella, Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato.
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3247:, vol. VIII, no. 1 (13th ed.), Editura MuzicalÄ, pp. 9ā13.
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also appears as accompaniment for public events and spectacle entertainments.
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FernƔndez, Zoa Alonso (2020), Lynch, Tosca A.C.; Rocconi, Eleonora (eds.),
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314:
313:, and were allowed to continue eating and drinking in the temples when the
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Rocconi, Eleonora (2015-05-01), DestrƩe, Pierre; Murray, Penelope (eds.),
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Ancient Greek Music in Performance: Symposion Wien 29. Sept.ā1. Okt. 2003
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1247:. Dance was used to thank the gods and it held an important place in the
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1087:
1061:
1049:
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was a military signal officer who translated orders into calls. Like the
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for instruments of this construction. In the military, it was used for "
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1372:, Carmina Canere Music of Ancient Rome, Vol. I āTarragona - Spain 2012.
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Maas, Martha (2001), Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.), "Kithara",
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185:. According to Cicero, Roman musical tradition was adapted during the
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Pair of 1st century AD bronze cymbals from Pompeii, preserved at the
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or parties. Sometimes these private musicians were specially trained
403:
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362:
339:
218:
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Hagel, Stefan; Lynch, Tosca (2015-06-26), Bloomer, W. Martin (ed.),
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433:." Private musicians could be hired to provide entertainment during
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Performance and research on the music and dance in the ancient Rome
4216:. Vienna: Verlag der Ćsterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
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Sempronia's Song: Attitudes to Women's Music-making in Ancient Rome
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danced using bells and clappers. Another popular kind of dance was
1251:. Before battles Roman soldiers could hold dances to honor the god
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and dedicated to the recreation of ancient Greek and Roman music.
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421:. These parties were associated with debauchery in ancient Rome.
395:
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that combined expressive dancing, instrumental music, and a sung
62:
57:
Masked theatrical troupe around an aulos player (mosaic from the
46:
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2745:
2743:
1275:. The Romans would hire dancers from conquered nations or train
301:, a Roman historian, described an incident where players of the
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Das Reich Tanzt ā¦ Dance In The Roman Empire And Its Discontents
3872:
Moore, Timothy J. (2021), Curtis, Lauren; Weiss, Naomi (eds.),
3069:. Harold B. Lee Library. New York : Harper & Brothers.
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D'Euripide aux premiers chrƩtiens : musique de l'antiquitƩ
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would dance and sing while moving through the city in honor of
262:
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214:
123:
music had an early influence on that of the Romans. During the
88:
4231:. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press.
4074:
The Lute in Britain: A History of the Instrument and Its Music
3182:
Varro, Marcus Terentius (2013-02-07). Astbury, Raymond (ed.).
1544:
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1540:
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with a detachable, conical mouthpiece like that of the modern
417:
Romans would sometimes hold private musical concerts known as
73:
was a part of Roman culture from the earliest of times. Songs
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Music, spectacle, and society in ancient Rome, 168 BC - AD 68
3492:, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, pp. 401ā412,
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1295:. They wore cloaks, masks with closed mouths, and costumes.
1255:. Music and dancing was also used to ensure the efficacy of
1029:
instrument used by the ancient Romans similar to the modern
245:. The tibia was likely the most important instrument in the
6294:
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5383:
4759:
4302:
4033:, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, pp. 81ā93,
3880:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 234ā258,
3833:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 203ā244,
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criticized dancers for "improper display of their bodies."
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1178:
1053:
1037:
1013:
1009:
953:
702:
537:
474:
465:, which was a festival involving musical competitions. The
450:
446:
434:
342:
combat and wild-animal events in the arena: from left, the
324:
298:
289:. Musicians would also play the flute to worship Mars. The
270:
266:
230:
140:
81:
were an integral part of almost every social occasion. The
2871:
2755:
2347:
2163:
1953:
1905:
1669:
1243:
were ancient Roman organizations of priests who danced at
4855:
4252:
Musica Romana: Die Bedeutung der Musik im Leben der Rƶmer
4067:. Internet Archive. New York : W.W. Norton & Co.
3245:
Proceedings of the Education, Research Creation Symposium
2979:
2967:
2955:
2919:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2337:
2335:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2271:
1312:
was heavily scrutinized for his usage of foreign dances.
1066:
484:
and other instruments such as the tuba were used to give
3528:
3251:
2895:
2722:
2259:
2157:
2093:
2091:
2076:
2004:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1828:
1738:
1513:
570:, a Roman historian and biographer, in his biography of
548:, and lying on his back with a lead sheet on his chest.
504:
would play at religious or official ceremonies. Another
2694:
2692:
2655:
2653:
2626:
2064:
2052:
2016:
1982:
1980:
1818:
1816:
1789:
1710:
1708:
1659:
1657:
1644:
1642:
1525:
1201:
Variations of a hinged wooden or metal device called a
3878:
Music and Memory in the Ancient Greek and Roman Worlds
3566:
Christesen, Paul; Kyle, Donald G., eds. (2013-11-11).
3176:
10.4159/DLCL.suetonius-lives_caesars_book_vi_nero.1914
2943:
2844:
2820:
2779:
2551:
2332:
2303:
2286:
2247:
2235:
2028:
1566:
4212:
Hagel, Stefan, and Christine Harrauer (eds.) (2005).
4122:
Vincent, Alexandre (July 4, 2017), Grig, Lucy (ed.),
4064:
The rise of music in the ancient world, East and West
3665:
3595:
Lƶssl, Josef; Baker-Brian, Nicholas J. (2018-04-20).
2808:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2581:
2569:
2545:
2527:
2515:
2509:
2431:
2419:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2211:
2193:
2145:
2115:
2103:
2088:
1947:
1893:
1864:
1840:
1801:
1755:
1590:
1554:
1501:
540:
would train his voice by avoiding harmful fruits and
229:, playing behind altars. They are depicted wearing a
3977:
3730:
Lawler, Lillian B.; Spawforth, Antony (2015-12-22).
2991:
2931:
2728:
2689:
2683:
2665:
2650:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2443:
2040:
1977:
1965:
1813:
1761:
1720:
1705:
1693:
1654:
1639:
1477:
1434:
4176:Luxus: Il piacere della vita nella Roma imperiale:
2704:
2455:
1852:
1489:
338:(2nd century AD), originally shown as accompanying
181:. During its early history, it was mostly used for
3676:: Institutionen fƶr Arkeologi och Antik historia.
2883:
1578:
1465:
1129:1st-century Roman wall painting of a harpist with
2127:
1408:De la pierre au son : musique de l'antiquitƩ
95:and performed by a mixed children's choir at the
6468:
3601:. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3594:
3102:, translated by Foster, Benjamin, archived from
2229:
1687:
1633:
1086:Cupids playing with a lyre, a Roman fresco from
173:Ancient Roman music and singing originated from
3978:Pfrommer, Michael; Towne-Markus, Elana (2001).
3921:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
3902:Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary
3729:
2913:
1263:, a Roman author, wrote that dance was used in
730:was used for military signals and parades. The
293:would also sing and dance to honor the goddess
3831:The Stagecraft and Performance of Roman Comedy
3627:History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach
3565:
3327:Dillon, Matthew; Garland, Lynda (2021-04-21).
2407:
2205:
2181:
1998:
1935:
1923:
1887:
237:. Some depictions show assistants holding the
4525:
4324:
3904:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
3454:
3326:
3301:
3046:"M. Tullius Cicero, Against Piso, section 22"
2877:
2838:
2749:
2644:
1548:
884:Tibia player accompanying a sacrifice led by
811:in Rome's Palazzo dei Conservatori depicting
3923:(2nd ed.), London: Macmillan Publishers
3524:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
3417:A Companion to Ancient Greek and Roman Music
3129:
2326:
461:, and riding competitions. Nero created the
305:were barred from eating and drinking in the
3686:– via Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet.
3666:Lindgren Liljenstolpe, Erika (2015-10-09).
3150:
2353:
2169:
4532:
4518:
4331:
4317:
4111:Ulrich, Homer; Pisk, Paul Amadeus (1963).
4110:
4016:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3874:"Meter, Music, and Memory in Roman Comedy"
3483:
3347:
2925:
2280:
1531:
1519:
457:established contests that included music,
265:and rattles were important to the cult of
3927:
3598:A Companion to Religion in Late Antiquity
3410:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2865:
2802:
515:
469:, which was an ancient Roman festival of
4155:
4117:. New York, Harcourt, Brace & World.
3824:
3803:
3736:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
3272:
3238:
2901:
2761:
2341:
2314:
2297:
2070:
2058:
2022:
1899:
1572:
1507:
1316:associated dance and music with ancient
1188:
1141:
623:
329:
200:
52:
24:
4539:
4121:
4024:
3899:
3766:
3744:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2020
3690:
3623:
3519:
3419:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 173ā185,
3389:
3263:
2949:
2937:
2826:
2790:
2773:
2698:
2659:
2557:
2437:
2253:
2241:
2034:
1959:
1911:
1875:
1834:
1675:
1560:
1483:
1471:
323:. Which was a parade that preceded the
277:. Several ancient Roman monuments were
6469:
4071:
4001:
3928:Naerebout, Frederick G. (2009-01-01).
3860:
3644:
3572:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3486:"Musical Education in Greece and Rome"
3210:
3113:"Cornelius Nepos: Life of Epaminondas"
3092:
3062:
2853:
2734:
2671:
2632:
2533:
2521:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2449:
2425:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2217:
2121:
2109:
2097:
1986:
1846:
1807:
1596:
1195:National Archaeological Museum, Naples
1115:National Archaeological Museum, Naples
1012:, borrowed from the Greeks, was not a
233:with a head covering while perform an
148:public spectacles, events in the arena
4513:
4312:
4162:. London: Walter Scott Publishing Co.
4089:
4080:
4060:
3948:
3871:
3368:
3181:
3043:
3018:Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus.
2997:
2889:
2814:
2461:
2265:
2133:
2082:
2046:
2010:
1971:
1822:
1767:
1726:
1714:
1699:
1663:
1648:
1495:
1382:E Tempore Emergo - Rome, Italy - 2001
973:wall fresco of a seated woman with a
917:
205:Depiction of a Roman animal sacrifice
4128:Popular Culture in the Ancient World
4114:A history of music and musical style
4027:"Music and Dance in Greece and Rome"
3918:
3254:Arts and Humanities Through the Eras
3231:
3143:], translated by Leipzig, Halm,
3029:
2723:Higgins & Winnington-Ingram 1965
2710:
1858:
1795:
544:, purging himself with vomiting and
261:were used in rituals of the cult of
127:, Romans carried their music to the
91:, for instance, was commissioned by
4281:Thesaurus Musicarum Latinarum (TML)
4081:Scott, J.E. (1957), "Roman Music",
3987:. Los Angeles: Getty Publications.
3348:Ermatinger, James W. (2015-08-11).
654:
530:the lowest together." According to
241:or tankards and cups to assist the
196:
13:
4168:
3714:from the original on June 20, 2022
3073:
3011:
1584:
1393:Festina Lente - Rome, Italy - 2011
1279:to dance. Female dancers known as
14:
6488:
4338:
4258:
4085:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
4031:A Companion to Ancient Aesthetics
3981:Greek Gold from Hellenistic Egypt
3110:
2413:
888:(Rome's Palazzo dei Conservatori)
560:
423:Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus
209:Music was an important aspect of
99:in 17 BC. Music was customary at
4191:Music in Greek and Roman Culture
3694:Music in Ancient Greece and Rome
3490:A Companion to Ancient Education
3393:A writer's guide to Ancient Rome
2684:Pfrommer & Towne-Markus 2001
1437:
1287:, which were three-foot dances.
1122:
1094:
1079:
935:
926:
893:
877:
861:
842:
823:
797:
695:is also depicted in art such as
143:became a part of Roman culture.
4267:, a music group led by scholar
4083:The New Oxford History of Music
3949:RĆ¼pke, Jƶrg, ed. (2007-08-24).
3867:(Thesis). University of Oxford.
3396:. Manchester University Press.
3185:Saturarum Menippearum fragmenta
3063:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1860).
3006:
1773:
1602:
1069:, from which its name derives (
334:Musicians in a detail from the
309:. Afterward, they retreated to
3372:Restless Youth in Ancient Rome
1356:Music of Ancient Rome, Vol. II
1327:
1052:, on which the strings can be
619:
1:
3952:A Companion to Roman Religion
3825:Marshall, C. W., ed. (2006),
3697:. Routledge & CRC Press.
3469:10.1080/00438243.1981.9979806
3390:Fleiner, Carey (2020-02-28).
3275:American Journal of Philology
3241:"Vocal music in Ancient Rome"
3066:Cicero on oratory and orators
1459:
1338:Music of Ancient Rome, Vol. I
1184:
981:of P. Fannius Synistor; late
679:was capable only of a single
574:describes his famed skill at
510:Collegium tibicinum romanorum
29:Trio of musicians playing an
5104:Frontiers and fortifications
4293:Greek origins of Roman music
4004:The Science of Musical Sound
3839:10.1017/CBO9780511486203.007
3807:The Romans: New Perspectives
2230:Lƶssl & Baker-Brian 2018
1688:Lƶssl & Baker-Brian 2018
1634:Lƶssl & Baker-Brian 2018
985:; it most likely represents
667:was a long, straight bronze
496:dedicated to musicians. One
350:(water pipe organ), and two
327:before religious festivals.
7:
5163:Decorations and punishments
4090:Toner, J. P. (2013-05-28).
3804:McGeough, Kevin M. (2004).
3648:Sexual Life in Ancient Rome
3531:Journal of Hellenic Studies
3369:Eyben, Emiel (2003-09-02).
3213:"Plutarch ā¢ Parallel Lives"
3211:Perrin, Bernadotte (1917).
3188:(in Latin). B. G. Teubner.
2914:Lawler & Spawforth 2015
1430:
152:performing art form called
10:
6493:
6070:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
4645:historiography of the fall
4132:Cambridge University Press
4076:. Oxford University Press.
3775:Cambridge University Press
3498:10.1002/9781119023913.ch27
3425:10.1002/9781119275510.ch13
3309:Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook
2621:Lindgren Liljenstolpe 2015
2609:Lindgren Liljenstolpe 2015
2597:Lindgren Liljenstolpe 2015
2582:Lindgren Liljenstolpe 2015
2570:Lindgren Liljenstolpe 2015
2546:Lindgren Liljenstolpe 2015
2510:Lindgren Liljenstolpe 2015
2206:Christesen & Kyle 2013
2194:Lindgren Liljenstolpe 2015
2182:Christesen & Kyle 2013
2146:Lindgren Liljenstolpe 2015
1999:Christesen & Kyle 2013
1948:Lindgren Liljenstolpe 2015
1936:Christesen & Kyle 2013
1924:Christesen & Kyle 2013
1888:Christesen & Kyle 2013
1756:Lindgren Liljenstolpe 2015
1610:"Physics of Music - Notes"
1348:ARNR 1396, Florence, 1996.
807:player (upper right) in a
398:would be accompanied by a
168:
17:
6451:External wars and battles
6318:
6212:
6025:
5617:
5610:
5532:
5444:
5349:
5224:
5176:
5054:
5004:
4943:
4934:
4816:
4768:
4688:
4605:
4575:
4566:
4548:
4493:
4467:
4431:
4346:
4254:. Amsterdam: P. Schippers
4189:Comotti, Giovanni. 1989.
4140:10.1017/9781139871402.007
4096:. John Wiley & Sons.
4039:10.1002/9781119009795.ch5
3264:Bonanni, Filippo (1964).
2878:Dillon & Garland 2021
2839:Dillon & Garland 2013
1137:
449:, the aulos, and smaller
213:. It was used to set the
4093:Leisure and Ancient Rome
4072:Spring, Matthew (2001).
3783:10.1017/CBO9781107300101
3767:Mainzer, Joseph (2014),
3520:Habinek, Thomas (2005).
1366:, ARNR 0302, Rome, 2002.
1230:
59:House of the Tragic Poet
6446:RomanāIranian relations
4921:Optimates and populares
4156:Williams, C.F. (1903).
3900:Marcuse, Sibyl (1975).
3624:Kassing, Gayle (2007).
3522:The World of Roman Song
3239:Ardelean, Ioan (2022),
3080:www.thelatinlibrary.com
3020:De institutione musica.
783:Versions of the modern
628:Ancient Roman musicians
502:collegium syphoniacorum
211:Roman religious rituals
6456:Civil wars and revolts
5722:Sextus Pompeius Festus
5369:Conflict of the Orders
4728:Legislative assemblies
4250:Wille, GĆ¼nther. 1967.
4159:The Story of the Organ
3691:Landels, John (1999).
3168:Loeb Classical Library
3145:Loeb Classical Library
3044:Clark, Albert (1909).
3038:Loeb Classical Library
3030:Cary, Earnest (1950),
2281:Hagel & Lynch 2015
1532:Ulrich & Pisk 1963
1520:Hagel & Lynch 2015
1197:
1161:
962:Villa of the Mysteries
833:at the Limesmuseum in
629:
617:
589:Aristides Quintilianus
516:Education and training
490:ancient Roman military
412:percussion instruments
354:
206:
150:, and was part of the
131:, while traditions of
66:
50:
6165:Simplicius of Cilicia
5917:Quintus Curtius Rufus
5146:Siege in Ancient Rome
4755:Executive magistrates
4002:Pierce, John (1983).
3961:10.1002/9780470690970
3955:(1 ed.). Wiley.
3645:Kiefer, Otto (2000).
3607:10.1002/9781118968130
3578:10.1002/9781118609965
3268:. Dover publications.
3217:penelope.uchicago.edu
3194:10.1515/9783110949957
3141:Institutes of Oratory
3106:on September 29, 2022
3050:www.perseus.tufts.edu
3024:Fundamentals of Music
1293:ancient Roman theatre
1192:
1145:
977:, 40-30 BC, from the
707:and spectacle events.
627:
614:Marcus Tullius Cicero
606:
527:Marcus Tullius Cicero
384:ancient Roman theatre
333:
204:
71:music of ancient Rome
56:
28:
6477:Ancient music genres
6175:Stephanus Byzantinus
6080:Eusebius of Caesaria
5942:Sidonius Apollinaris
5632:Ammianus Marcellinus
4971:Tribune of the plebs
4134:, pp. 149ā164,
4061:Sachs, Curt (1943).
3723:Taylor & Francis
3131:Quintilianus, Marcus
3022:(English edition as
2158:Bleiberg et al. 2005
1739:Bleiberg et al. 2005
1109:(left). Fresco from
870:Ludovisi sarcophagus
649:stringed instruments
463:Quinquennial Neronia
386:. During plays, the
225:, or players of the
115:ancient Greek theory
6351:Distinguished women
6002:Velleius Paterculus
5842:Nicolaus Damascenus
5822:Marcellus Empiricus
5211:Republican currency
4374:Ancient Tamil music
4229:Ancient Greek Music
3861:Morgan, H. (2018).
3770:Music and Education
3136:Institutio Oratoria
3099:The History of Rome
2776:, pp. 137ā304.
2623:, pp. 116ā119.
2268:, pp. 252ā253.
2085:, pp. 235ā236.
2013:, pp. 272ā273.
1962:, pp. 157ā158.
1914:, pp. 151ā152.
1798:, pp. 515ā519.
1678:, pp. 153ā154.
1445:Ancient Rome portal
1265:religious festivals
1245:religious festivals
910:Mildenhall Treasure
900:Panpipes played by
868:Horn player on the
699:accompanying games
554:abstaining from sex
443:Ancient Roman women
363:Gladiatorial fights
247:Roman Imperial cult
179:Ancient Greek music
157:, an early form of
6125:Phlegon of Tralles
5932:Seneca the Younger
5406:Naming conventions
5136:Personal equipment
4669:Later Roman Empire
4298:Juvenal: Satire XI
3630:. Human Kinetics.
3160:The Twelve Caesars
3152:Tranquillus, Gaius
3111:Nepos, Cornelius.
2750:Ginsberg-Klar 1981
2645:Ginsberg-Klar 1981
1549:Ginsberg-Klar 1981
1360:String Instruments
1198:
1162:
918:String instruments
630:
533:The Twelve Caesars
402:of singers and an
373:would play during
355:
281:by musicians. The
207:
146:Music accompanied
67:
51:
6464:
6463:
6426:Pontifices maximi
6208:
6207:
6065:Diogenes Laƫrtius
5887:Pliny the Younger
5642:Asconius Pedianus
5602:Romance languages
5474:Civil engineering
5216:Imperial currency
5089:Political control
5050:
5049:
4684:
4683:
4507:
4506:
4499:Prehistoric music
4480:1st millennium BC
4475:2nd millennium BC
4227:West, M L. 1992.
4149:978-1-139-87140-2
4103:978-0-7456-6890-1
4048:978-1-119-00979-5
3970:978-1-4051-2943-5
3941:978-90-474-2827-5
3887:978-1-108-83166-6
3848:978-0-521-86161-8
3827:"Music and Metre"
3817:978-1-85109-583-4
3792:978-110-730-010-1
3753:978-0-19-938113-5
3704:978-041-516-776-5
3683:978-91-506-2478-6
3658:978-0-7103-0701-9
3637:978-0-7360-6035-6
3616:978-1-118-96813-0
3587:978-1-118-60996-5
3507:978-1-119-02391-3
3457:World Archaeology
3434:978-1-119-27547-3
3403:978-1-5261-3525-4
3382:978-1-134-95064-5
3361:978-1-4408-2908-6
3340:978-1-317-39134-0
3319:978-1-136-76143-0
3302:Dillon, Matthew;
3232:Secondary sources
3203:978-3-11-094995-7
3033:Roman Antiquities
2764:, pp. 13ā14.
2725:, pp. 62ā71.
2327:Quintilianus 1922
1322:Scipio Aemilianus
1222:, from the Greek
1153:on a mosaic from
968:, Italy, c. 50 BC
685:musical acoustics
219:Ancient Roman art
183:military purposes
6484:
6416:Magistri equitum
6331:Cities and towns
6324:
6250:Constantinopolis
6060:Diodorus Siculus
5992:Valerius Maximus
5927:Seneca the Elder
5847:Nonius Marcellus
5615:
5614:
5168:Hippika gymnasia
5131:Infantry tactics
5037:Consular tribune
5027:Magister equitum
4976:Military tribune
4941:
4940:
4901:Pontifex maximus
4896:Princeps senatus
4886:Magister militum
4652:Byzantine Empire
4573:
4572:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4511:
4510:
4459:Seikilos epitaph
4454:Oxyrhynchus hymn
4333:
4326:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4265:Ensemble KĆ©rylos
4163:
4152:
4118:
4107:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4021:
4015:
4007:
3998:
3986:
3974:
3945:
3924:
3915:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3868:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3821:
3800:
3795:, archived from
3763:
3761:
3760:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3687:
3662:
3641:
3620:
3591:
3562:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3480:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3407:
3386:
3365:
3344:
3323:
3298:
3269:
3260:
3248:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3207:
3178:
3162:, translated by
3147:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3107:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3074:Cicero, Marcus.
3070:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3040:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2635:, p. 71ā72.
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2354:Tranquillus 1907
2351:
2345:
2339:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2301:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2170:Tranquillus 1907
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1837:, p. 64-65.
1832:
1826:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1652:
1646:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1415:Ensemble KĆ©rylos
1399:Ensemble KĆ©rylos
1342:Wind Instruments
1291:were popular in
1218:(Lat. plural of
1126:
1098:
1083:
979:Villa Boscoreale
939:
930:
897:
881:
865:
846:
827:
801:
655:Wind instruments
635:depicts various
615:
235:animal sacrifice
197:Music in society
6492:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6322:
6320:
6314:
6204:
6040:AĆ«tius of Amida
6021:
6007:Verrius Flaccus
5987:Valerius Antias
5947:Silius Italicus
5882:Pliny the Elder
5827:Marcus Aurelius
5702:Cornelius Nepos
5652:Aurelius Victor
5606:
5528:
5440:
5374:Secessio plebis
5345:
5220:
5172:
5046:
5000:
4930:
4812:
4764:
4680:
4601:
4562:
4544:
4538:
4508:
4503:
4489:
4463:
4427:
4342:
4337:
4261:
4171:
4169:Further reading
4166:
4150:
4104:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4009:
4008:
3995:
3984:
3971:
3942:
3912:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3818:
3799:on June 9, 2018
3793:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3684:
3659:
3638:
3617:
3588:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3447:
3445:
3435:
3404:
3383:
3362:
3341:
3320:
3256:, vol. 2,
3234:
3229:
3221:
3219:
3204:
3121:
3119:
3084:
3082:
3076:"De Legibus II"
3054:
3052:
3014:
3012:Primary Sources
3009:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2926:Ermatinger 2015
2924:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2686:, pp. 201.
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2304:
2296:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1587:, p. 2.38.
1583:
1579:
1575:, pp. 8ā9.
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1453:Fibula (penile)
1443:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1330:
1314:Cornelius Nepos
1233:
1187:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1113:, 1st century (
1099:
1090:
1084:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
991:Ptolemaic Egypt
969:
942:
941:
940:
932:
931:
920:
913:
904:and aulos by a
898:
889:
886:Marcus Aurelius
882:
873:
866:
857:
854:Trajan's Column
847:
838:
828:
819:
813:Marcus Aurelius
802:
657:
622:
616:
613:
568:Cornelius Nepos
563:
518:
320:Pompa circensis
199:
171:
125:Imperial period
23:
12:
11:
5:
6490:
6480:
6479:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6031:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5892:Pomponius Mela
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5627:Aelius Donatus
5623:
5621:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5595:Ecclesiastical
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5549:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5336:Toys and games
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4876:Vigintisexviri
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4836:Cursus honorum
4833:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4635:Western Empire
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4537:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4514:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4485:1st millennium
4482:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4449:Katolophyromai
4446:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4260:
4259:External links
4257:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4225:
4210:
4187:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4153:
4148:
4119:
4108:
4102:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4058:
4047:
4022:
3999:
3993:
3975:
3969:
3946:
3940:
3925:
3916:
3910:
3897:
3886:
3869:
3858:
3847:
3822:
3816:
3801:
3791:
3764:
3752:
3727:
3703:
3688:
3682:
3663:
3657:
3642:
3636:
3621:
3615:
3592:
3586:
3563:
3543:10.2307/628809
3526:
3517:
3506:
3481:
3463:(3): 313ā320.
3452:
3433:
3408:
3402:
3387:
3381:
3366:
3360:
3345:
3339:
3324:
3318:
3306:(2013-10-28).
3304:Garland, Lynda
3299:
3287:10.2307/294916
3270:
3261:
3249:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3208:
3202:
3179:
3148:
3127:
3108:
3090:
3071:
3060:
3041:
3027:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2988:, p. 178.
2986:FernƔndez 2020
2978:
2976:, p. 155.
2974:Naerebout 2009
2966:
2964:, p. 148.
2962:Naerebout 2009
2954:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2904:, p. 277.
2894:
2882:
2870:
2868:, p. 177.
2866:FernƔndez 2020
2858:
2856:, p. 179.
2843:
2841:, p. 131.
2831:
2819:
2817:, p. 255.
2807:
2805:, p. 147.
2803:Naerebout 2009
2795:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2752:, p. 316.
2739:
2727:
2715:
2713:, p. 185.
2703:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2649:
2647:, p. 313.
2637:
2625:
2613:
2611:, p. 113.
2601:
2599:, p. 105.
2586:
2574:
2562:
2560:, p. 198.
2550:
2538:
2536:, p. 103.
2526:
2524:, p. 126.
2514:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2428:, p. 388.
2418:
2406:
2404:, p. 111.
2394:
2392:, p. 115.
2382:
2380:, p. 116.
2370:
2368:, p. 251.
2358:
2356:, p. 117.
2346:
2331:
2329:, p. 255.
2319:
2302:
2285:
2283:, p. 409.
2270:
2258:
2256:, p. 180.
2246:
2244:, p. 155.
2234:
2232:, p. 613.
2222:
2220:, p. 144.
2210:
2208:, p. 536.
2198:
2186:
2184:, p. 533.
2174:
2172:, p. 349.
2162:
2160:, p. 217.
2150:
2138:
2126:
2124:, p. 118.
2114:
2112:, p. 119.
2102:
2100:, p. 117.
2087:
2075:
2073:, p. 224.
2063:
2061:, p. 205.
2051:
2049:, p. 238.
2039:
2037:, p. 183.
2027:
2025:, p. 204.
2015:
2003:
2001:, p. 385.
1991:
1976:
1974:, p. 260.
1964:
1952:
1940:
1938:, p. 469.
1928:
1926:, p. 578.
1916:
1904:
1892:
1890:, p. 582.
1880:
1863:
1861:, p. 371.
1851:
1849:, p. 930.
1839:
1827:
1825:, p. 253.
1812:
1810:, p. 120.
1800:
1788:
1772:
1770:, p. 252.
1760:
1743:
1741:, p. 218.
1731:
1729:, p. 249.
1719:
1717:, p. 237.
1704:
1702:, p. 258.
1692:
1690:, p. 612.
1680:
1668:
1666:, p. 257.
1653:
1651:, p. 259.
1638:
1636:, p. 611.
1626:
1601:
1599:, p. 124.
1589:
1577:
1565:
1563:, p. 172.
1553:
1551:, p. 314.
1536:
1524:
1522:, p. 408.
1512:
1500:
1498:, p. 404.
1488:
1476:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1411:
1395:
1384:
1373:
1367:
1364:Amiata Records
1349:
1346:Amiata Records
1329:
1326:
1281:crotalisterias
1241:Arval Brethren
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1213:
1206:
1186:
1183:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1034:
1017:
1001:) on her head.
983:Roman Republic
956:, detail of a
944:
943:
934:
933:
925:
924:
923:
922:
921:
919:
916:
915:
914:
912:, 4th century)
899:
892:
890:
883:
876:
874:
867:
860:
858:
848:
841:
839:
829:
822:
820:
803:
796:
793:
792:
781:
772:
745:
708:
656:
653:
621:
618:
611:
562:
561:Cultural views
559:
517:
514:
291:Arval Brethren
283:Salian priests
198:
195:
191:Numa Pompilius
175:Etruscan music
170:
167:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6489:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6317:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5782:Julius Paulus
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5717:Fabius Pictor
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:Amphitheatres
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5191:Deforestation
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:Siege engines
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5074:Establishment
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:Extraordinary
5003:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4991:Promagistrate
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:Twelve Tables
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:By millennium
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Hurrian songs
4442:
4440:
4439:Delphic Hymns
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4340:Ancient music
4334:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4304:
4303:Ludi Scaenici
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4275:Musica Romana
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4245:0-19-814975-1
4242:
4238:
4237:0-19-814897-6
4234:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4222:3-7001-3475-4
4219:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4184:9788824011631
4181:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4161:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4059:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3994:0-89236-633-8
3990:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3911:0-393-00758-8
3907:
3903:
3898:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3859:
3850:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:. Routledge.
3650:
3649:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3413:"Roman Dance"
3409:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:. Routledge.
3374:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:. Routledge.
3332:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:. Routledge.
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3281:(1): 95ā107.
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3094:Livius, Titus
3091:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3000:, p. 85.
2999:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2952:, p. 53.
2951:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2928:, p. 44.
2927:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2902:McGeough 2004
2898:
2891:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2829:, p. 61.
2828:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2793:, p. 59.
2792:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2762:Williams 1903
2758:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2685:
2680:
2674:, p. 45.
2673:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2584:, p. 92.
2583:
2578:
2572:, p. 82.
2571:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2548:, p. 31.
2547:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2512:, p. 36.
2511:
2506:
2500:, p. 83.
2499:
2494:
2488:, p. 73.
2487:
2482:
2476:, p. 92.
2475:
2470:
2464:, p. 61.
2463:
2458:
2452:, p. 93.
2451:
2446:
2440:, p. 81.
2439:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2344:, p. 11.
2343:
2342:Ardelean 2022
2338:
2336:
2328:
2323:
2317:, p. 12.
2316:
2315:Ardelean 2022
2311:
2309:
2307:
2300:, p. 10.
2299:
2298:Ardelean 2022
2294:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2196:, p. 26.
2195:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2148:, p. 29.
2147:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2071:Marshall 2006
2067:
2060:
2059:Marshall 2006
2055:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2023:Marshall 2006
2019:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1989:, p. 81.
1988:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1950:, p. 25.
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1900:Ardelean 2022
1896:
1889:
1884:
1878:, p. 90.
1877:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1758:, p. 27.
1757:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1615:
1614:pages.mtu.edu
1611:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1573:Ardelean 2022
1569:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1534:, p. 25.
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1510:, p. 95.
1509:
1508:Franklin 1987
1504:
1497:
1492:
1486:, p. 90.
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1435:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:, K617, 1996.
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:Ludi Scaenici
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1377:Ludi Scaenici
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:Greek culture
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:dance schools
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
938:
929:
911:
907:
903:
896:
891:
887:
880:
875:
872:(3rd century)
871:
864:
859:
856:(2nd century)
855:
851:
845:
840:
836:
832:
826:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
800:
795:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
778:
773:
770:
768:
763:
762:
757:
755:
750:
746:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
725:
724:
719:
715:
714:
709:
706:
704:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:
659:
658:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
626:
610:
605:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:
528:
524:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:. There were
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Zliten mosaic
332:
328:
326:
322:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
203:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
166:
164:
160:
156:
155:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
98:
97:Secular Games
94:
90:
86:
85:
80:
78:
72:
64:
60:
55:
48:
45:(mosaic from
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
27:
21:
20:Music in Rome
16:
6396:Institutions
6260:Leptis Magna
6213:Major cities
6120:Philostratus
5907:Quadrigarius
5727:Rufus Festus
5590:Contemporary
5311:Romanization
5288:
5234:Architecture
4841:Collegiality
4690:Constitution
4541:Ancient Rome
4497:Preceded by
4432:Extant music
4412:
4251:
4228:
4213:
4190:
4175:
4158:
4127:
4113:
4092:
4082:
4073:
4063:
4052:, retrieved
4030:
4003:
3980:
3951:
3930:
3920:
3901:
3891:, retrieved
3877:
3863:
3852:, retrieved
3830:
3810:. ABC-CLIO.
3806:
3797:the original
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3735:
3721:– via
3716:. Retrieved
3693:
3668:
3647:
3626:
3597:
3568:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3511:, retrieved
3489:
3460:
3456:
3446:, retrieved
3416:
3392:
3371:
3354:. ABC-CLIO.
3350:
3329:
3308:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3253:
3244:
3220:. Retrieved
3216:
3184:
3159:
3140:
3135:
3120:. Retrieved
3116:
3104:the original
3098:
3083:. Retrieved
3079:
3065:
3053:. Retrieved
3049:
3032:
3023:
3019:
3007:Bibliography
2993:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2950:Kassing 2007
2945:
2938:Fleiner 2020
2933:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2834:
2827:Kassing 2007
2822:
2810:
2798:
2791:Kassing 2007
2774:Marcuse 1975
2769:
2757:
2737:, p. 1.
2730:
2718:
2706:
2701:, p. 3.
2699:Bonanni 1964
2679:
2667:
2662:, p. 2.
2660:Bonanni 1964
2640:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2577:
2565:
2558:Landels 1999
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2438:Rocconi 2015
2433:
2421:
2416:, p. 2.
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2322:
2261:
2254:Landels 1999
2249:
2242:Vincent 2017
2237:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2035:Landels 1999
2030:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1967:
1960:Vincent 2017
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1912:Vincent 2017
1907:
1902:, p. 9.
1895:
1883:
1876:Rocconi 2015
1854:
1842:
1835:Mainzer 2014
1830:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1775:
1763:
1734:
1722:
1695:
1683:
1676:Vincent 2017
1671:
1629:
1619:14 September
1617:. Retrieved
1613:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1561:Landels 1999
1556:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1484:Habinek 2005
1479:
1472:Habinek 2005
1467:
1423:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1355:
1337:
1289:Pantomimists
1284:
1280:
1273:Anna Perenna
1234:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1174:
1166:
1163:
1150:
1146:
1105:(right) and
1070:
1025:was a seven-
1020:
997:(i.e. royal
994:
971:Right image:
970:
945:
849:
830:
804:
780:ā a bagpipe.
775:
765:
759:
752:
748:
741:
737:
731:
727:
721:
717:
711:
700:
692:
676:
663:
631:
607:
602:prostitution
564:
531:
522:
519:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
481:
479:
467:Actian games
418:
416:
378:
356:
351:
347:
343:
318:
299:Titus Livius
250:
242:
222:
208:
172:
159:story ballet
153:
145:
137:North Africa
119:
108:
104:
82:
74:
70:
68:
40:
36:
30:
15:
6391:Geographers
6075:Dioscorides
6055:Cassius Dio
5677:Cassiodorus
5580:Renaissance
5186:Agriculture
5158:Auxiliaries
5099:Engineering
4936:Magistrates
4788:Citizenship
4783:Mos maiorum
4718:Late Empire
4354:Mesopotamia
4269:Annie BĆ©lis
4006:. New York.
3117:attalus.org
2854:Kiefer 2000
2735:Spring 2001
2672:Pierce 1983
2633:Morgan 2018
2534:Morgan 2018
2522:Morgan 2018
2498:Morgan 2018
2486:Morgan 2018
2474:Morgan 2018
2450:Morgan 2018
2426:Perrin 1917
2402:Morgan 2018
2390:Morgan 2018
2378:Morgan 2018
2366:Cicero 1860
2218:Morgan 2018
2122:Morgan 2018
2110:Morgan 2018
2098:Morgan 2018
1987:Morgan 2018
1847:Livius 1919
1808:Livius 1919
1597:Morgan 2018
1420:Annie BĆ©lis
1404:Annie BĆ©lis
1328:Discography
1131:arched harp
1101:Woman with
1088:Herculaneum
1062:Mesopotamia
1056:to produce
987:Berenice II
946:Left image:
689:bugle calls
673:French horn
620:Instruments
572:Epaminondas
419:symphoniaci
279:consecrated
177:, and then
84:Secular Ode
6280:Mediolanum
6220:Alexandria
6185:Themistius
6150:Porphyrius
5977:Tertullian
5912:Quintilian
5902:Propertius
5797:Lactantius
5747:Fulgentius
5682:Censorinus
5504:Sanitation
5489:Metallurgy
5446:Technology
5411:Demography
5359:Patricians
5326:Spectacles
5284:Literature
5279:Hairstyles
5116:Technology
4866:Praefectus
4818:Government
4808:Litigation
4793:Auctoritas
4738:Centuriate
4625:Principate
4620:Pax Romana
4580:Foundation
4391:Achaemenid
4207:080184231X
4199:0801833647
4054:2022-10-13
3893:2022-10-17
3854:2022-10-15
3759:2022-11-05
3718:2022-10-17
3513:2022-10-13
3448:2022-11-05
3222:2022-10-15
3164:Rolfe, J.C
3122:2022-10-14
3085:2022-10-15
3055:2022-10-15
2998:Eyben 2003
2890:Toner 2013
2815:RĆ¼pke 2007
2462:Varro 2013
2266:RĆ¼pke 2007
2134:Clark 1909
2083:Moore 2021
2047:Moore 2021
2011:Sachs 1943
1972:RĆ¼pke 2007
1823:RĆ¼pke 2007
1768:RĆ¼pke 2007
1727:RĆ¼pke 2007
1715:RĆ¼pke 2007
1700:RĆ¼pke 2007
1664:RĆ¼pke 2007
1649:RĆ¼pke 2007
1496:Scott 1957
1460:References
1310:Elagabalus
1304:. Private
1257:sacrifices
1185:Percussion
993:wearing a
952:holding a
850:Cornicines
645:percussion
550:Quintilian
523:phonascus.
459:gymnastics
396:tragedians
392:pantomimes
371:aerophones
154:pantomimus
133:Asia Minor
103:, and the
6436:Quaestors
6366:Empresses
6356:Dynasties
6346:Dictators
6321:and other
6310:Volubilis
6305:Vindobona
6265:Londinium
6190:Theodoret
6160:Procopius
6140:Polyaenus
6115:Pausanias
6017:Vitruvius
5962:Symmachus
5957:Suetonius
5867:Petronius
5852:Obsequens
5817:Macrobius
5812:Lucretius
5737:Frontinus
5712:Eutropius
5697:Columella
5647:Augustine
5637:Appuleius
5585:Neo-Latin
5560:Classical
5551:Versions
5459:Aqueducts
5401:Patronage
5321:Sexuality
5294:Mythology
5269:Education
5259:Cosmetics
5084:Campaigns
5079:Structure
5032:Decemviri
4891:Imperator
4590:overthrow
4347:By region
4201:(cloth);
4012:cite book
3934:. Brill.
3732:"Dancing"
3559:162354469
3537:: 62ā71.
3477:0043-8243
3443:240985774
2711:Maas 2001
1859:Cary 1950
1796:Cary 1950
1785:VI, 40334
1203:scabellum
1175:hydraulis
1169:hydraulis
1147:Hydraulis
1058:graduated
1050:fretboard
1046:monochord
960:from the
837:, Germany
769:- ĻĪæĻĪ²ĪµĪÆĪ±
761:capistrum
637:woodwinds
633:Roman art
506:collegium
498:collegium
404:orchestra
369:or large
348:hydraulis
340:gladiator
223:tibicines
221:displays
129:provinces
6471:Category
6441:Tribunes
6431:Praetors
6381:Generals
6361:Emperors
6270:Lugdunum
6255:Eboracum
6245:Carthage
6230:Aquileia
6145:Polybius
6135:Plutarch
6105:Libanius
6095:Josephus
6090:Herodian
5982:Tibullus
5897:Priscian
5872:Phaedrus
5832:Manilius
5777:Jordanes
5762:Hydatius
5692:Claudian
5672:Catullus
5662:Boƫthius
5657:Ausonius
5575:Medieval
5547:Alphabet
5519:Theatres
5494:Numerals
5479:Concrete
5469:Circuses
5436:Bagaudae
5426:Adoption
5421:Marriage
5394:Assembly
5299:Religion
5274:Folklore
5254:Clothing
5249:Calendar
5206:Currency
5196:Commerce
5094:Strategy
5056:Military
5042:Triumvir
5022:Dictator
5017:Interrex
4996:Governor
4981:Quaestor
4944:Ordinary
4926:Province
4916:Tetrarch
4906:Augustus
4871:Vicarius
4861:Officium
4798:Imperium
4748:Plebeian
4708:Republic
4630:Dominate
4597:Republic
4558:Timeline
4401:Sasanian
4396:Parthian
4359:Hittites
4287:Synaulia
4239:(cloth)
3709:Archived
3154:(1907),
3133:(1922),
3096:(1919),
1431:See also
1352:Synaulia
1334:Synaulia
1297:Plutarch
1285:tripudia
1249:Dionysia
1239:and the
1224:kymbalon
1220:cymbalum
1181:played.
1027:stringed
995:stephane
789:panpipes
777:askaules
767:phorbeiĆ”
733:cornicen
681:overtone
612:ā
494:collegia
455:Domitian
375:triumphs
275:Bona Dea
163:libretto
121:Etruscan
101:funerals
93:Augustus
42:tympanum
6411:Legions
6371:Fiction
6341:Consuls
6336:Climate
6290:Ravenna
6285:Pompeii
6275:Lutetia
6240:Bononia
6235:Berytus
6225:Antioch
6200:Zosimus
6195:Zonaras
6170:Sozomen
6155:Priscus
6130:Photius
5972:Terence
5967:Tacitus
5952:Statius
5937:Servius
5922:Sallust
5877:Plautus
5857:Orosius
5837:Martial
5792:Juvenal
5767:Hyginus
5752:Gellius
5611:Writers
5542:History
5524:Thermae
5514:Temples
5464:Bridges
5431:Slavery
5379:Equites
5351:Society
5331:Theatre
5304:Deities
5264:Cuisine
5244:Bathing
5226:Culture
5201:Finance
5178:Economy
5069:Borders
5064:History
4966:Tribune
4961:Praetor
4851:Legatus
4846:Emperor
4733:Curiate
4703:Kingdom
4698:History
4674:History
4657:decline
4615:History
4585:Kingdom
4568:History
4553:Outline
3674:Uppsala
3672:(PhD).
1426:, 2016.
1418:, dir.
1402:, dir.
1370:Thaleia
1216:Cymbala
1210:sistrum
1159:Germany
1111:Pompeii
1107:sambuca
1103:cithara
1054:stopped
1042:pandura
1022:cithara
975:kithara
966:Pompeii
950:Silenus
817:triumph
764:(Greek
756:ā Ī±į½Ī»ĻĻ
751:(Greek
723:buccina
697:mosaics
691:". The
669:trumpet
641:"brass"
488:in the
486:signals
435:dinners
431:cymbals
307:temples
255:Cymbals
251:Tibicen
243:tibicen
169:History
107:(Greek
63:Pompeii
47:Pompeii
37:cymbala
6421:Nomina
6406:Legacy
6386:Gentes
6323:topics
6319:Lists
6300:Smyrna
6180:Strabo
6110:Lucian
6100:Julian
6050:Arrian
6045:Appian
6035:Aelian
6012:Vergil
5787:Justin
5772:Jerome
5757:Horace
5742:Fronto
5732:Florus
5707:Ennius
5687:Cicero
5667:Caesar
5565:Vulgar
5389:Tribes
5316:Romans
5126:Legion
5109:castra
4986:Aedile
4956:Censor
4951:Consul
4911:Caesar
4881:Lictor
4803:Status
4743:Tribal
4723:Senate
4713:Empire
4607:Empire
4543:topics
4423:Celtic
4408:Greece
4386:Persia
4247:(pbk).
4243:
4235:
4220:
4209:(pbk).
4205:
4197:
4182:
4146:
4100:
4045:
3991:
3967:
3938:
3908:
3884:
3845:
3814:
3789:
3750:
3701:
3680:
3655:
3634:
3613:
3584:
3557:
3551:628809
3549:
3504:
3475:
3441:
3431:
3400:
3379:
3358:
3337:
3316:
3295:294916
3293:
3200:
3156:"Nero"
1585:Cicero
1302:erotic
1277:slaves
1155:Nennig
1138:Organs
1071:al ŹæÅ«d
1031:guitar
999:diadem
958:fresco
906:maenad
809:relief
740:, the
726:. The
662:Roman
585:Cicero
580:Theban
546:enemas
542:drinks
508:, the
475:dinner
471:Apollo
439:slaves
427:consul
425:, the
400:chorus
394:, and
388:actors
377:. The
352:cornua
315:Senate
311:Tivoli
263:Cybele
239:acerra
215:rhythm
139:, and
89:Horace
77:carmen
39:, and
6085:Galen
6027:Greek
5997:Varro
5807:Lucan
5619:Latin
5534:Latin
5509:Ships
5499:Roads
5484:Domes
5416:Women
5364:Plebs
5289:Music
4831:Forum
4826:Curia
4381:China
4369:India
4364:Egypt
3985:(PDF)
3712:(PDF)
3555:S2CID
3547:JSTOR
3439:S2CID
3291:JSTOR
3139:[
2414:Nepos
1261:Varro
1237:Salii
1231:Dance
1151:cornu
835:Aalen
831:Cornu
785:flute
754:aulos
749:tibia
742:cornu
728:cornu
713:cornu
597:Pliny
593:poets
576:music
482:cornu
451:lyres
379:tibia
359:games
325:games
303:flute
295:Ceres
259:drums
227:tibia
187:reign
110:aulos
105:tibia
32:aulos
6401:Laws
6376:Film
6295:Roma
5862:Ovid
5802:Livy
5570:Late
5384:Gens
5341:Wine
5153:Navy
5121:Army
4760:SPQR
4662:fall
4640:fall
4418:Maya
4413:Rome
4241:ISBN
4233:ISBN
4218:ISBN
4203:ISBN
4195:ISBN
4180:ISBN
4144:ISBN
4098:ISBN
4043:ISBN
4018:link
3989:ISBN
3965:ISBN
3936:ISBN
3906:ISBN
3882:ISBN
3843:ISBN
3812:ISBN
3787:ISBN
3748:ISBN
3699:ISBN
3678:ISBN
3653:ISBN
3632:ISBN
3611:ISBN
3582:ISBN
3502:ISBN
3473:ISSN
3429:ISBN
3398:ISBN
3377:ISBN
3356:ISBN
3335:ISBN
3314:ISBN
3258:Gale
3198:ISBN
1621:2023
1269:Ovid
1253:Mars
1235:The
1208:The
1179:Nero
1149:and
1038:lute
1036:The
1019:The
1014:harp
1010:lyre
1008:The
954:lyre
805:Tuba
787:and
774:The
747:The
738:tuba
710:The
703:ludi
693:tuba
677:tuba
664:tuba
660:The
647:and
587:and
538:Nero
480:The
447:harp
408:wind
367:tuba
344:tuba
287:Mars
271:Isis
267:Isis
257:and
231:toga
141:Gaul
69:The
5555:Old
5239:Art
5012:Rex
4856:Dux
4770:Law
4136:doi
4035:doi
3957:doi
3835:doi
3779:doi
3740:doi
3603:doi
3574:doi
3539:doi
3494:doi
3465:doi
3421:doi
3283:doi
3279:108
3190:doi
3172:doi
1781:CIL
1067:oud
1044:or
989:of
902:Pan
852:on
815:in
410:or
406:of
189:of
87:of
6473::
4142:,
4130:,
4126:,
4041:,
4029:,
4014:}}
4010:{{
3963:.
3876:,
3841:,
3829:,
3785:,
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3734:.
3707:.
3609:.
3580:.
3553:.
3545:.
3535:85
3533:.
3500:,
3488:,
3471:.
3461:12
3459:.
3437:,
3427:,
3415:,
3289:.
3277:.
3243:,
3215:.
3196:.
3170:,
3166:,
3158:,
3115:.
3078:.
3048:.
3036:,
2846:^
2781:^
2742:^
2691:^
2652:^
2589:^
2334:^
2305:^
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