Music technology - Knowledge

435: 632:, and it is referred to more than fifty times in the Bible. It was used at both joyful and mournful ceremonies, and its use was "raised to its highest perfection under David" (1 Sam. 16:23). Lockyer adds that "It was the sweet music of the harp that often dispossessed Saul of his melancholy (1 Sam. 16:14–23; 18:10–11). When the Jews were captive in Babylon they hung their harps up and refused to use them while in exile, earlier being part of the instruments used in the Temple (1 Kgs. 10:12). Another stringed instrument of the harp class, and one also used by the ancient Greeks, was the lyre. A similar instrument was the lute, which had a large pear-shaped body, long neck, and fretted fingerboard with head screws for tuning. Coins displaying musical instruments, the 850:, a keyboard instrument, the forerunner of the modern organ. As the name indicates, the instrument used water to supply a constant flow of pressure to the pipes. Two detailed descriptions have survived: that of Vitruvius and Heron of Alexandria. These descriptions deal primarily with the keyboard mechanism and with the device by which the instrument was supplied with air. A well-preserved model in pottery was found at Carthage in 1885. Essentially, the air to the pipes that produce the sound comes from a wind chest connected by a pipe to a dome; air is pumped in to compress water, and the water rises in the dome, compressing the air, and causing a steady supply of air to the pipes. 1688:: A typical shawm is keyless and is about a foot long with seven finger holes and a thumb hole. The pipes were also most commonly made of wood and many of them had carvings and decorations on them. It was the most popular double reed instrument of the Renaissance period; it was commonly used in the streets with drums and trumpets because of its brilliant, piercing, and often deafening sound. To play the shawm a person puts the entire reed in their mouth, puffs out their cheeks, and blows into the pipe whilst breathing through their nose. 511: 3097: 3259: 873: 1693: 2362: 1795:. These Flemish instruments served as the model for Baroque-era harpsichord construction in other nations. In France, the double keyboards were adapted to control different choirs of strings, making a more musically flexible instrument (e.g., the upper manual could be set to a quiet lute stop, while the lower manual could be set to a stop with multiple string choirs, for a louder sound). Instruments from the peak of the French tradition, by makers such as the 7015: 2483: 34: 2682: 2418: 1431: 1724:/Bladderpipe: It used a bag made out of sheep or goat skin that would provide air pressure for a pipe. When the player takes a breath, the player only needs to squeeze the bag tucked underneath their arm to continue the tone. The mouth pipe has a simple round piece of leather hinged on to the bag end of the pipe and acts like a non-return valve. The reed is located inside the long metal mouthpiece, known as a bocal. 1835:

harpsichord key harder or softer had no effect on the instrument's loudness. The piano offered the best of both, combining loudness with dynamic control. Cristofori's great success was solving, with no prior example, the fundamental mechanical problem of piano design: the hammer must strike the string, but not remain in contact with it (as a tangent remains in contact with a clavichord string) because this would

656: 1427:(c. 1000-1050), one of the most important musical theorists of the Middle Ages. The neumatic notational system, even in its fully developed state, did not clearly define any kind of rhythm for the singing of notes or playing of melodies. The development of music notation made it faster and easier to teach melodies to new people, and facilitated the spread of music over long geographic distances. 605: 7002: 4949: 1118:, which worked by water pressure, was "one of the most significant technical and musical achievements of antiquity". Essentially, the air to the pipes that produce the sound comes from a mechanism of a wind-chest connected by a pipe to a dome; air is pumped in to compress water, and the water rises in the dome, compressing the air and causing a steady supply to reach the pipes (also see 828:, usually double, consisting of two double-reed (like an oboe) pipes, not joined but generally played with a mouth-band to hold both pipes steadily between the player's lips. Modern reconstructions indicate that they produced a low, clarinet-like sound. There is some confusion about the exact nature of the instrument; alternate descriptions indicate single reeds instead of double reeds. 6988: 1642:: (Also known as the wheel fiddle), in which the strings are sounded by a wheel which the strings pass over. Its functionality can be compared to that of a mechanical violin, in that its bow (wheel) is turned by a crank. Its distinctive sound is mainly because of its "drone strings" which provide a constant pitch similar in their sound to that of bagpipes. 1636:: Its construction is similar to a small harp, although instead of being plucked, it is strummed with a plectrum. Its strings varied in quantity from four, seven, and ten, depending on the era. It was played with the right hand, while the left hand silenced the notes that were not desired. Newer lyres were modified to be played with a bow. 2171:, combining the metal hitch pin plate (1821, claimed by Broadwood on behalf of Samuel Hervé) and resisting bars (Thom and Allen, 1820, but also claimed by Broadwood and Érard). The increased structural integrity of the iron frame allowed the use of thicker, tenser, and more numerous strings. In 1834, the Webster & Horsfal firm of 2249:'s time, the orchestra was composed of a fairly standard core of instruments which was very rarely modified. As time progressed, and as the Romantic period saw changes in accepted modification with composers such as Berlioz and Mahler, the 20th century saw that instrumentation could practically be hand-picked by the composer. 2409:. Instead, it is an electromechanical instrument. Some early electric pianos used lengths of wire to produce the tone, like a traditional piano. Smaller electric pianos used short slivers of steel, metal tines or short wires to produce the tone. The earliest electric pianos were invented in the late 1920s. 1589:

Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously in the medieval era. Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals. Some of the more common brass instruments that were played

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than the clavichord. Even though the piano was invented in 1700, the harpsichord and pipe organ continued to be widely used in orchestra and chamber music concerts until the end of the 1700s. It took time for the new piano to gain in popularity. By 1800, though, the piano generally was used in place

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of music. Electronic or digital music technology is connected to both artistic and technological creativity. Musicians and music technology experts are constantly striving to devise new forms of expression through music, and they are physically creating new devices and software to enable them to do

1900:, to design a piano in the harpsichord case—the origin of the "grand". They achieved this in about 1777. They quickly gained a reputation for the splendour and powerful tone of their instruments, with Broadwood constructing ones that were progressively larger, louder, and more robustly constructed. 1422:

This quickly led to one or two lines, each representing a particular note, being placed on the music with all of the neumes relating back to them. The line or lines acted as a reference point to help the singer gauge which notes were higher or lower. At first, these lines had no particular meaning

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allowed expressive control of volume, with harder or louder key presses creating louder sound (and vice versa) and fairly sustained notes, it was too quiet for large performances. The harpsichord produced a sufficiently loud sound, but offered little expressive control over each note. Pressing a

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tunes used for religious songs were primarily monophonic (a single line, unaccompanied melody). In the early centuries of the medieval era, these chants were taught and spread by oral tradition ("by ear"). The earliest Medieval music did not have any kind of notational system for writing down

2132:, the double escapement action gradually became standard in grand pianos and is still incorporated into all grand pianos currently produced. Other improvements of the mechanism included the use of felt hammer coverings instead of layered leather or cotton. Felt, which was first introduced by 1783:

constructed instruments that displayed both exquisite craftsmanship and beautiful sound. These organs featured well-balanced mechanical key actions, giving the organist precise control over the pipe speech. Schnitger's organs featured particularly distinctive reed timbres and large Pedal and

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Other important advances included changes to the way the piano is strung, such as the use of a "choir" of three strings rather than two for all but the lowest notes, and the implementation of an over-strung scale, in which the strings are placed in two separate planes, each with its own

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with a detachable, conical mouthpiece. Extant examples are about 1.3 metres long, and have a cylindrical bore from the mouthpiece to the point where the bell flares abruptly, similar to the modern straight trumpet seen in presentations of 'period music'. Since there were no valves, the

843:) is an ancient musical instrument based on the principle of the stopped pipe, consisting of a series of such pipes of gradually increasing length, tuned (by cutting) to a desired scale. Sound is produced by blowing across the top of the open pipe (like blowing across a bottle top). 719:

services in orthodox communities. As such, it is not considered a musical instrument but an instrument of theological symbolism that has been intentionally kept to its primitive character. In ancient times it was used for warning of danger, to announce the new moon or beginning of

1730:: Designed to have sixteen wooden tubes with a stopper at one end and open on the other. Each tube is a different size (thereby producing a different tone), giving it a range of an octave and a half. The player can then place their lips against the desired tube and blow across it. 1585:

much less expensive and easier to mass-produce (prior to the invention of the printing press, all notated music was laboriously hand-copied). The increased availability of printed sheet music helped to spread musical styles more quickly and across a larger geographic area.

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and John M. Hanert and first manufactured in 1935. Various models have been produced, most of which use sliding drawbars to create a variety of sounds. Until 1975, Hammond organs generated sound by creating an electric current from rotating a metal

354:, which were used first in pop music in the 1960s. Unlike prior keyboard instrument technologies, synthesizer keyboards do not have strings, pipes, or metal tines. A synthesizer keyboard creates musical sounds using electronic circuitry, or, later, 743:. The tabret, or timbrel, was a small hand drum used for festive occasions and was considered a woman's instrument. In modern times it was often used by the Salvation Army. According to the Bible, when the children of Israel came out of Egypt and 1423:

and instead had a letter placed at the beginning indicating which note was represented. However, the lines indicating middle C and the F a fifth below slowly became most common. The completion of the four-line staff is usually credited to

2128:) that permitted repeating a note even if the key had not yet risen to its maximum vertical position. This facilitated rapid playing of repeated notes, a musical device exploited by Liszt. When the invention became public, as revised by 903:

to record their music if they used any notation at all. Four letters (in English notation 'A', 'G', 'F' and 'C') indicated a series of four succeeding tones. Rhythm signs, written above the letters, indicated the duration of each note.

700:, these trumpets "appear clearly capable of regulating their pitch pretty accurately, as they are supposed to blow rather complicated signals in unison." Whitcomb writes that the pair of silver trumpets were fashioned according to 1860:

underwent tremendous changes that led to the modern form of the instrument. This revolution was in response to a preference by composers and pianists for a more powerful, sustained piano sound, and made possible by the ongoing

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Instruments used to perform medieval music include earlier, less mechanically sophisticated versions of a number of instruments that continue to be used in the 2010s. Medieval instruments include the flute, which was made of

1704:: Made from a single short length of cane with a mouthpiece, four or five finger holes, and reed fashioned from it. The reed is made by cutting out a small tongue but leaving the base attached. It is the predecessor of the 2229:

schools of electronic composition. Sound recording was also a major influence on the development of popular music genres, because it enabled recordings of songs and bands to be widely distributed. The introduction of the

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was the premier musical instrument of ancient Rome and was played both in popular and elevated forms of music. Larger and heavier than a lyre, the cithara was a loud, sweet and piercing instrument with precision tuning

1057:, borrowed from the Greeks, was not a harp, but instead had a sounding body of wood or a tortoise shell covered with skin, and arms of animal horn or wood, with strings stretched from a cross bar to the sounding body. 2453:

before being sent to a loudspeaker. The output of an electric guitar is an electric signal, and the signal can easily be altered by electronic circuits to add "color" to the sound. Often the signal is modified using

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and castanets, the Egyptian sistrum, and brazen pans, served various musical and other purposes in ancient Rome, including backgrounds for rhythmic dance, celebratory rites like those of the Bacchantes and military

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as early as 2340–2198 BC, and also occur in Egyptian iconography, the lute in the Greco-Roman world was far less common than the lyre and cithara. The lute of the medieval West is thought to owe more to the Arab

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near an electromagnetic pickup. Around two million Hammond organs have been manufactured, and it has been described as one of the most successful organs. The organ is commonly used with, and associated with, the

2333:(developed in 1934) and the electric bass (invented in 1935). None of these electric instruments produce a sound that is audible by the performer or audience in a performance setting unless they are connected to 1409:

melodies. As Rome tried to standardize the various chants across vast distances of its empire, a form of music notation was needed to write down the melodies. Various signs written above the chant texts, called

788:, instruments in all music can be divided into three categories, based on how sound is produced: string, wind, and percussion. The following were among the instruments used in the music of ancient Greece: 1419:, in which neumes were carefully placed at different heights in relation to each other. This allowed the neumes to give a rough indication of the size of a given interval as well as the direction. 1767:. During the Baroque period, organ builders developed new types of pipes and reeds that created new tonal colors. Organ builders fashioned new stops that imitated various instruments, such as the 1961:

era (c. 1810 to 1900), one of the key ways that new compositions became known to the public was by the sales of sheet music, which amateur music lovers would perform at home on their piano or in

1736:: The transverse flute is similar to the modern flute with a mouth hole near the stoppered end and finger holes along the body. The player blows in the side and holds the flute to the right side. 708:

brought to Rome when he conquered Jerusalem. She adds that on the Arch raised to the victorious Titus, "there is a sculptured relief of these trumpets, showing their ancient form. (see photo)

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The flute was commonly used for festal and mourning occasions, according to Whitcomb. "Even the poorest Hebrew was obliged to employ two flute players to perform at his wife's funeral." The

924:. Roman-style instruments are found in parts of the Empire where they did not originate and indicate that music was among the aspects of Roman culture that spread throughout the provinces. 804:

built on a tortoise-shell frame, generally with seven or more strings tuned to the notes of one of the modes. The lyre was used to accompany others or even oneself for recitation and song.

2341:, which made them sound loud enough for performers and the audience to hear. Amplifiers and loudspeakers are separate from the instrument in the case of the electric guitar (which uses a 554:. Metal cymbals were used by ancient Egyptians. In the early 21st century, interest in the music of the pharaonic period began to grow, inspired by the research of such foreign-born 2325:

and recording devices that use electrical circuits, which are often combined with mechanical technologies. Examples of electric musical instruments include the electro-mechanical

1597:: Similar to the trombone of today except that instead of a section of the body sliding, only a small part of the body near the mouthpiece and the mouthpiece itself is stationary. 1379: 763: 1771:. The Baroque period is often thought of as organ building's "golden age," as virtually every important refinement to the instrument was brought to a peak. Builders such as 1839:

the sound. Moreover, the hammer must return to its rest position without bouncing violently, and it must be possible to repeat the same note rapidly. Cristofori's piano

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or similar cabinet) and electric pianos. Some electric organs and electric pianos include the amplifier and speaker cabinet within the main housing for the instrument.

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The piano continued to undergo technological developments in the Romantic era, up until the 1860s. By the 1820s, the center of piano building innovation had shifted to

1742:: It uses a whistle mouthpiece, which is a beak-shaped mouthpiece, as its main source of sound production. It is usually made with seven finger holes and a thumb hole. 3851:"The Piano: The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art" 2919: 2275:, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. In the 2000s, the modern orchestra became standardized with the modern instrumentation that includes a 2221:

were used to replay and distribute music. The invention of sound recording and the ability to edit music gave rise to new subgenre of classical music, including the

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makers similarly followed these trends; however the two schools used different piano actions: Broadwoods were more robust, Viennese instruments were more sensitive.

1082:) was known by several names among the Greeks and Romans. In construction, the lute differs from the lyre in having fewer strings stretched over a solid neck or 1577:

era (c. 1400 to 1600) saw the development of many new technologies that affected the performance and distribution of songs and musical pieces. Around 1450, the

2299:, and even, for some 20th century or 21st-century works, electric instruments such as electric guitar, electric bass and/or electronic instruments such as the 2008: 692: 2151:

One innovation that helped create the sound of the modern piano was the use of a strong iron frame. Also called the "plate", the iron frame sits atop the

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were introduced. By the ninth century, it was firmly established as the primary method of musical notation. The next development in musical notation was

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notes. Each lute string is thereby capable of producing a greater range of notes than a lyre string. Although long-necked lutes are depicted in art from

811:, also a strummed string instrument, more complicated than the lyre. It had a box-type frame with strings stretched from the cross-bar at the top to the 293:

genres because it enabled recordings of songs and bands to be widely distributed. The invention of sound recording also gave rise to a new subgenre of

4877: 1803:, are among the most widely admired of all harpsichords and are frequently used as models for the construction of modern instruments. In England, the 578:

has sculptures that show old musical instruments, like the seven-holed flute. Various types of stringed instruments and drums have been recovered from

282:(starting on a commercial basis ca. 1919-1920), there was a vast increase in music listening, and it was easier to distribute music to a wider public. 1827: 1450:

and could be made as a side-blown or end-blown instrument (it lacked the complex metal keys and airtight pads of 2010s-era metal flutes); the wooden

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firms produced sophisticated harpsichords of great power and sonority. German builders extended the sound repertoire of the instrument by adding

1490:, were originally plucked, but became struck by hammers in the 14th century after the arrival of new technology that made metal strings possible. 80:

The earliest known applications of technology to music was prehistoric peoples' use of a tool to hand-drill holes in bones to make simple flutes.

2389:. Pressing keys causes mechanical hammers to strike metal strings or tines, leading to vibrations which are converted into electrical signals by 550:, when technologies for constructing harps, flutes and double clarinets were developed. Percussion instruments, lyres and lutes were used by the 2802: 308:

enabled pop bands to overdub many layers of instrument tracks and vocals, creating new sounds that would not be possible in a live performance.

1191: 860:, Virgil makes numerous references to the trumpet. The lyre, kithara, aulos, hydraulis (water organ) and trumpet all found their way into the 434: 339:(1935). The 20th-century orchestra gained new instruments and new sounds. Some orchestra pieces used the electric guitar, electric bass or the 1370:

that operated the percussion. The drummers could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns if the pegs were moved around.

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or software, that is used by a musician or composer to help make or perform music. The term usually refers to the use of electronic devices,

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range of music technology has greatly increased, and it may now be electronic, digital, software-based or indeed even purely conceptual.

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was a mechanical violin using a rosined wooden wheel attached to a crank to "bow" its strings. Instruments without sound boxes like the

6841: 4457: 4247: 3775: 652:, not with the hand. Another writer suggested that it was like a guitar, but with a flat triangular form and strung from side to side. 190:

to be mass-produced (previously having been hand-copied). This helped to spread musical styles more quickly and across a larger area.

6557: 5627: 4282: 2600: 724:, or to announce the death of a notable. "In its strictly ritual usage it carried the cries of the multitude to God," writes Werner. 255:, which amateur music lovers would perform at home on their piano or other instruments. In the 19th century, new instruments such as 98:, which required making thin strings and some type of peg system for adjusting the pitch of the strings. Ancient Egyptians also used 28: 1973:

began to appear in some 19th-century orchestra scores. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example

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so. Although in the 2010s, the term is most commonly used in reference to modern electronic devices and computer software such as

2551:(or bass guitar) was invented in the 1930s, but it did not become commercially successful or widely used until the 1950s. It is a 446:

archaeology sites suggest that prehistoric people used carving and piercing tools to create instruments. Archeologists have found

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could overdub many layers of instrument tracks and vocals, creating new sounds that would not be possible in a live performance.

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was a model for the many approaches to piano actions that followed. Cristofori's early instruments were much louder and had more

1320:. These were the earliest automated mechanical musical instruments. The Banu Musa brothers' automatic flute player was the first 599: 980:(Latin "horn") was a long tubular metal wind instrument that curved around the musician's body, shaped rather like an uppercase 4985: 6672: 4188: 5977: 4928: 4000: 3939: 3916: 3897: 3306: 3271: 3240: 3221: 3202: 3183: 3152: 3133: 3090: 3047: 2441:

to convert the vibration of its strings into electrical impulses. The most common guitar pickup uses the principle of direct

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in 1826, was a more consistent material, permitting wider dynamic ranges as hammer weights and string tension increased. The

2567:, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to an electric guitar, but with a longer 1677:: An instrument that produces sound using shapes of the mouth and attempting to pronounce different vowels with one's mouth. 2916: 1915:

during the 1790s, six octaves by 1810 (Beethoven used the extra notes in his later works), and seven octaves by 1820. The

369:, a number of new electronic or digital music technologies were introduced in the 1980s and subsequent decades, including 1159:

was a rattle consisting of rings strung across the cross-bars of a metal frame, which was often used for ritual purposes.

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Ginsberg-Klar, Maria E. (February 1981). "The Archaeology of Musical Instruments in Germany during the Roman Period".

1022:), usually double, had two double-reed (as in a modern oboe) pipes, not joined but generally played with a mouth-band 628:

was the father of harpists and organists (Gen. 4:20–21). The harp was among the chief instruments and the favorite of

6959: 6742: 5750: 5684: 4477: 4099: 4080: 4022: 3833: 3394: 2843: 2262: 2258: 984:. It had a conical bore (again like a French horn) and a conical mouthpiece. It may be hard to distinguish from the 1245:

The plucked and bowed versions of the rebab existed alongside each other. The bowed instruments became the rebec or

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in Rome and from coins, that "the trumpets were very high pitched with thin body and shrill sound." He adds that in

562:. By the early 21st century, Egyptian musicians and musicologists led by the musicology professor Khairy El-Malt at 6217: 5669: 5632: 4292: 3585: 1888:

of Mozart's day to the 7-plus range found on modern pianos. Early technological progress owed much to the firm of

1173:) were small cymbals: metal discs with concave centres and turned rims, used in pairs which were clashed together. 6866: 6052: 5922: 5762: 5755: 4462: 1993: 1350:" which performed "more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection." It was also the first 1302:(Moorish guitar), which was in use in Spain by 1200. By the 14th century, it was simply referred to as a guitar. 1281: 6846: 6547: 5767: 4240: 4111:

The Sacred Bridge: The Interdependence of Liturgy and Music in Synagogue and Church During the First Millennium

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is the study or the use of any device, mechanism, machine or tool by a musician or composer to make or perform

2238:, because it could do much more than record a band's performance. Using a multitrack system, a band and their 1755:(ca. 1600-1750), technologies for keyboard instruments developed, which led to improvements in the designs of 6876: 6357: 5674: 4647: 4272: 2698: 2646: 2588: 2406: 1946: 1796: 1715: 1630:: This instrument, developed in the 15th century, commonly has six strings. It was usually played with a bow. 1451: 418: 398: 251:

era (c. 1810–1900), one of the key ways that new compositions became known to the public was by the sales of

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Koetsier, Teun (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators".

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which senses the vibrations in the strings. Like the electric guitar, the bass guitar is plugged into an

2495: 2316: 519: 24: 7050: 6831: 6752: 6132: 6077: 5263: 4978: 4609: 4518: 3663: 3624: 2572: 2390: 1942: 1938: 1619:: A different name for the trombone, which replaced the slide trumpet by the middle of the 15th century 3352: 3326: 2179:; according to Dolge it was "so superior to the iron wire that the English firm soon had a monopoly." 1609:: Early trumpets from the Renaissance era had no valves, and were limited to the tones present in the 7040: 6932: 6492: 5774: 5135: 5090: 4832: 4730: 4710: 4551: 4376: 4315: 4233: 2806: 2666:

digital sound recording software, electronic and digital musical technologies have precursors in the

2659: 2442: 2438: 2066: 1983: 1911:, and were the first firm to build pianos with a range of more than five octaves: five octaves and a 797: 633: 575: 470: 38: 1671:: The tambourine is a frame drum equipped with jingles that produce a sound when the drum is struck. 7045: 7006: 6612: 6507: 6457: 6427: 5728: 5520: 5065: 4953: 4923: 2070: 566:

in Cairo had begun to reconstruct musical instruments of Ancient Egypt, a project that is ongoing.

6821: 6787: 5721: 4341: 3825: 3779: 3415: 2053: 1652:: these instruments were used throughout Europe. Forerunners of modern instruments including the 1280:

was the direct ancestor of the European lute. The oud is also cited as a precursor to the modern

1235: 1226:. Many European instruments have roots in earlier Eastern instruments that were adopted from the 644:, another stringed instrument that is referred to almost thirty times in Scripture. According to 551: 753:

took a timbrel in her hands; and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dance."

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Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967), "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments",

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Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967). "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments".

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Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967). "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments".

2725:, but they can be controlled via a variety of other input devices, including music sequencers, 2584: 1877: 492:

tradition. The earliest and largest collection of prehistoric musical instruments was found in

477: 461:, is at least 40,000 years old. Instruments such as the seven-holed flute and various types of 312: 3386: 1848:

of the harpsichord (although pipe organ continued to be used in church music such as Masses).

377:. Electronic and digital music technologies are any device, such as a computer, an electronic 6772: 6722: 6622: 6592: 6572: 5947: 5701: 5679: 5414: 5288: 4971: 4599: 4513: 3581: 2833: 2777: 1862: 1819: 1815:

choirs, adding to the lower register and two-foot choirs, which added to the upper register.

1792: 1776: 1739: 538:, when funerary chants played an important role in Egyptian religion and were accompanied by 107: 4207: 530:, music and chanting were commonly used in magic and rituals, and small shells were used as 6662: 6632: 6627: 6552: 6452: 6432: 6232: 6072: 5872: 5817: 5711: 5689: 5515: 5468: 4740: 4705: 4351: 4326: 2702: 2654: 2394: 2334: 2245:

The 20th-century orchestra was far more flexible than its predecessors. In Beethoven's and

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The origin of automatic musical instruments dates back to the 9th century when the Persian

921: 839:(Greek συριγξ), (so-called for the nymph who was changed into a reed in order to hide from 406: 305: 69: 2531:, who found that the room-filling sound of a Hammond organ could form small bands such as 1316:

using exchangeable cylinders with pins, and also an automatic flute playing machine using

8: 6892: 6762: 6682: 6587: 6567: 6402: 6392: 6362: 6327: 6322: 6277: 6252: 6127: 6057: 6007: 5972: 5882: 5867: 5784: 5388: 5321: 5120: 4424: 4010: 3321: 2642: 2552: 2338: 2184: 2152: 1988: 861: 394: 198: 57: 3347: 2226: 6954: 6922: 6777: 6642: 6597: 6482: 6437: 6367: 6317: 6202: 6157: 5857: 5847: 5789: 5779: 5498: 5245: 5115: 4791: 4594: 4409: 4404: 4310: 4059: 3755: 3747: 3712: 3704: 3528: 3520: 2940: 2874: 2734: 2463: 2378: 2322: 2210: 2204: 2145: 1889: 1246: 1197: 447: 279: 3559: 1945:. Beethoven's use of piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones, and untuned percussion in his 6912: 6907: 6802: 6692: 6687: 6652: 6607: 6602: 6517: 6497: 6472: 6387: 6342: 6337: 6262: 6182: 6097: 6092: 6047: 6042: 5997: 5962: 5957: 5942: 5927: 5887: 5738: 5585: 5573: 5478: 5453: 5434: 5230: 5225: 5010: 4662: 4546: 4523: 4384: 4176: 4127: 4095: 4076: 4042: 4028: 4018: 3996: 3935: 3829: 3759: 3716: 3589: 3532: 3467: 3442: 3390: 3379: 3302: 2897: 2839: 2650: 2634: 2630: 2513: 2284: 2246: 2156: 1978: 1574: 1479: 1463: 1351: 1321: 728: 679: 637: 563: 535: 527: 510: 462: 429: 402: 386: 382: 275: 179: 133: 65: 3850: 1306: 6826: 6782: 6767: 6757: 6737: 6712: 6617: 6577: 6532: 6447: 6412: 6407: 6397: 6377: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6237: 6192: 6187: 6152: 6137: 6112: 6087: 6082: 6062: 6037: 6012: 6002: 5952: 5917: 5897: 5892: 5877: 5862: 5852: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5617: 5488: 5409: 5368: 5310: 5205: 5175: 5002: 4837: 4776: 4735: 4642: 4619: 4589: 4434: 4394: 4051: 3739: 3696: 3667: 3628: 3555: 3512: 2722: 2556: 2450: 2386: 2342: 2329:(invented in 1929), the electric guitar (invented in 1931), the electro-mechanical 2254: 2085: 2058: 2004: 1912: 1897: 1812: 1733: 1498: 1434: 1347: 1296: 1091: 913: 721: 697: 587: 451: 298: 4055: 667: 274:

Around the turn of the 20th century, with the invention and popularization of the

6964: 6902: 6836: 6797: 6732: 6727: 6717: 6677: 6657: 6582: 6542: 6537: 6512: 6487: 6462: 6382: 6372: 6332: 6287: 6272: 6267: 6247: 6222: 6172: 6162: 6147: 6117: 6022: 5967: 5937: 5932: 5912: 5902: 5837: 5664: 5612: 5545: 5530: 5458: 5444: 5331: 5165: 5100: 5030: 4811: 4786: 4771: 4672: 4657: 4632: 4361: 4356: 3990: 3654: 3615: 3611:"Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music" 2923: 2742: 2738: 2726: 2499: 2430: 2168: 2133: 2039: 2034: 1873: 1836: 1657: 1610: 1424: 1363: 1325: 840: 716: 476:

sites. India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the world—references to

374: 328: 316: 294: 286: 103: 99: 5160: 2159:

that can exceed 20 tons in a modern grand. The single piece cast iron frame was

7018: 6971: 6939: 6917: 6871: 6792: 6702: 6667: 6647: 6637: 6562: 6522: 6477: 6442: 6422: 6417: 6352: 6307: 6257: 6242: 6227: 6197: 6177: 6142: 6122: 6067: 5992: 5987: 5907: 5602: 5568: 5535: 5473: 5336: 4847: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4756: 4574: 4569: 4305: 2580: 2576: 2509: 2482: 2422: 2374: 2350: 2346: 2326: 2276: 2266: 2239: 2195:, and upright models became the most popular model, also amplifying the sound. 2117: 2090: 2080: 2062: 2048: 2016: 1966: 1958: 1893: 1840: 1578: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1401: 1239: 1119: 872: 785: 613: 505: 324: 248: 183: 168: 118: 61: 33: 3672: 3649: 3633: 3610: 2721:

or sounds that did not exist before. They are often played with an electronic

1818:

The piano was invented during the Baroque era by the expert harpsichord maker

715:(the horn of a ram) is still used for special liturgical purposes such as the 205:, and the development of a new keyboard instrument in approximately 1700, the 7034: 6949: 6697: 6502: 6467: 6347: 6282: 6212: 6207: 6107: 6017: 5982: 5696: 5637: 5580: 5550: 5525: 5510: 5483: 5363: 5358: 5210: 5200: 5150: 5130: 5080: 5042: 5025: 5015: 4934: 4903: 4604: 4538: 4482: 4452: 4389: 4366: 4300: 4032: 2829: 2746: 2671: 2548: 2512:. The organ was originally marketed and sold by the Hammond Organ Company to 2491: 2401:

to make a sound loud enough for the performer and audience to hear. Unlike a

2366: 2330: 2192: 2188: 2101: 1974: 1962: 1930: 1800: 1772: 1752: 1674: 1594: 1546: 1522: 1462:(a group of air columns attached together). Medieval music used many plucked 1388: 1313: 1277: 1238:

and the ancestor of all European bowed instruments, including the rebec, the

1227: 1183: 1008:

also appears as accompaniment for public events and spectacle entertainments.

877: 705: 687: 625: 609: 559: 355: 336: 332: 290: 229: 213: 83: 42: 640:

against the Roman Empire of 132–135 AD. In addition to those, there was the

6992: 5733: 5607: 5493: 5399: 5383: 5348: 5258: 5185: 5070: 4677: 4637: 4579: 4472: 4442: 4399: 4321: 3771: 2610: 2568: 2455: 2024: 1941:. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver storm and sunshine in the 1904: 1884:. Over time, the tonal range of the piano was also increased from the five 1808: 1692: 1201: 1187: 976: 960: 812: 686:. Werner concludes that from the measurements taken of the trumpets on the 583: 555: 378: 370: 201:

developed, which led to improvements in the designs of pipe organs and the

129: 2361: 1603:: Made of wood and was played like the recorder, but blown like a trumpet. 819:. The strings were tunable by adjusting wooden wedges along the cross-bar. 5595: 5404: 5353: 5326: 5253: 5020: 4918: 4913: 4872: 4857: 4781: 4766: 4725: 4682: 4498: 3464:

The Classical Guitar: Its Evolution, Players and Personalities Since 1800

3439:

The Classical Guitar: Its Evolution, Players and Personalities Since 1800

2706: 2694: 2638: 2560: 2446: 2402: 2398: 2304: 2109: 2044: 2029: 1760: 1639: 1582: 1538: 1317: 1095: 1083: 1000:

was a military signal officer who translated orders into calls. Like the

740: 547: 473: 466: 450:

carved from bones in which lateral holes have been pierced. The disputed

443: 390: 351: 320: 264: 252: 202: 194: 187: 164: 1359: 5540: 5505: 5235: 5190: 4908: 4898: 4715: 4503: 4467: 4336: 4331: 3791: 3751: 3708: 3524: 2717:(instruments, vocal, natural sounds, etc.), or generate new electronic 2710: 2532: 2528: 2517: 2288: 2235: 2222: 2218: 2176: 2172: 2129: 1869: 1831: 1756: 1668: 1405: 1329: 1310: 1254: 1138: 952: 932: 917: 744: 696:, a manual for military organization and strategy discovered among the 621: 546:. The most reliable evidence of instrument technologies dates from the 347: 172: 153: 4063: 3609:

Long, Jason; Murphy, Jim; Carnegie, Dale; Kapur, Ajay (12 July 2017).

2681: 6897: 5220: 5052: 4528: 4447: 3573: 2663: 2504: 2280: 2250: 2137: 2075: 2012: 1970: 1922: 1881: 1830:. Cristofori invented the piano at some point before 1700. While the 1705: 1701: 1459: 1355: 1336: 1134: 1127: 1113: 1079: 905: 881: 847: 832: 768: 455: 366: 362:. Synthesizers became popular in the mass market in the early 1980s. 260: 256: 237: 221: 217: 3743: 3700: 3516: 3410: 2701:

that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through

2445:. The signal generated by an electric guitar is too weak to drive a 1999: 5343: 5305: 5140: 4720: 4697: 4687: 4627: 4414: 4225: 2686: 2675: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2564: 2536: 2471: 2417: 2300: 1934: 1709: 1653: 1558: 1542: 1483: 1475: 1455: 1340: 1328:, and the first example of repetitive music technology, powered by 1047: 1031: 996: 948: 909: 816: 645: 641: 359: 340: 233: 5590: 3954:

Schaeffer, P. (1966), Traité des objets musicaux, Le Seuil, Paris.

1514: 1430: 1378: 1292:

in the 8th century. A direct ancestor of the modern guitar is the

1231: 5424: 5145: 5105: 5085: 4816: 4561: 2896:(1st ed.). Madrid: Centro de Estudios Egipcios. p. 28. 2718: 2296: 1926: 1844: 1727: 1721: 1645: 1616: 1606: 1600: 1562: 1534: 1471: 1258: 1250: 1219: 1156: 1148: 1075: 1062: 1036: 986: 939: 808: 732: 663: 579: 531: 225: 157: 145: 128:

Numerous instruments are referred to in the Bible, including the

111: 3738:(2), MENC_ The National Association for Music Education: 45–49, 3209: 2605:

Electronic or digital music technology is any device, such as a

2155:, and serves as the primary bulwark against the force of string 1130:

contests and events in the arena, as well as stage performances.

762: 674:

Among the wind instruments used in the biblical period were the

5419: 5155: 5110: 5075: 5060: 2459: 2434: 2381:

which produces sounds when a performer presses the keys of the

2164: 2160: 1916: 1885: 1554: 1550: 1487: 1438: 1411: 1285: 1266: 1209: 1137:

used to beat time. Also, there were various rattles, bells and

856: 836: 801: 750: 736: 712: 675: 659: 655: 268: 3871: 2972:

World History: Societies of the Past By Charles Kahn (page 11)

2466:. Invented in 1931, the electric guitar became a necessity as 682:, and trumpet. There were also silver trumpets and the double 5642: 5273: 5195: 5125: 4994: 4882: 4852: 2796: 2794: 2745:. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are often called 2626: 2521: 2382: 2292: 2214: 2097: 1866: 1857: 1823: 1764: 1685: 1501:

was the first recorded European bowed string instrument. The

1383: 1367: 1344: 1289: 1262: 1214: 1205: 1043: 1017: 824: 701: 649: 629: 604: 543: 493: 489: 485: 458: 206: 149: 122: 53: 3247: 3159: 3109: 2827: 2629:. The term usually refers to the use of electronic devices, 2023:

works, usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including

1997:, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's 1791:

built instruments with two keyboards that could be used for

5429: 5215: 4652: 2770:"How Music Technology Evolved Over the Years? – SpeakStick" 2525: 2467: 1768: 1633: 1627: 1447: 1343:

band. According to Charles B. Fowler, the automata were a "

1288:

has roots in the four-string oud, brought to Iberia by the

1144: 1087: 1071: 1054: 966: 884:

combat and wild-animal events in the arena: from left, the

793: 683: 515: 141: 137: 95: 91: 87: 2791: 1896:

joined with another Scot, Robert Stodart, and a Dutchman,

1358:

musicians, two were drummers. It was a drum machine where

323:

were used to develop new electric instruments such as the

4419: 3966: 2670:

of the early 20th century, such as the electromechanical

2555:

played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking,

1273: 1234:, also known as the spiked fiddle, is the earliest known 1200:

later used in medieval European music were influenced by

1100: 311:

In the early 20th century, electric technologies such as

4963: 4125:

Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive; Myers, Arnold (2004).

3650:"The Forgotten History of Repetitive Audio Technologies" 2253:

were used in some 20th-century orchestra scores such as

1517:

and typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the

1133:

Variations of a hinged wooden or metal device, called a

534:. Evidence of Egyptian musical instruments dates to the 4761: 3608: 3220:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFHigginsWinnington-Ingram (

2800: 2213:, there was a vast increase in music listening, as the 4113:. London; New York: Dobson; Columbia University Press. 4073:

On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments

2583:. The electric bass usually uses metal strings and an 1026:

to hold both pipes steadily between the player's lips.

772:

or "water organ". Note the curved trumpet, called the

3885: 3278: 1545:

were also popular in the time. Early versions of the

815:

at the bottom; it was held upright and played with a

693:

War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness

3904: 3215: 3035: 3023: 350:

in 1947 enabled the creation of a new generation of

171:

was used to create a written record of the notes of

27:; for electronic or digital music technologies, see 5279:

Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries

4050:(3, Archaeology and Musical Instruments): 313–320. 2995: 2047:, a modified member of the horn family, appears in 880:(2nd century AD), originally shown as accompanying 4175: 4126: 4015:Historical facts for the Arabian Musical Influence 3989:Bush, Douglas Earl; Kassel, Richard, eds. (2006). 3378: 2310: 3437:Summerfield, Maurice J. (2003). "Its Evolution". 3385:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 994:was used for military signals and on parade. The 899:The Romans may have borrowed the Greek method of 496:and dates back to between 7000 and 6600 BC. 7032: 3190: 3171: 3078: 2764: 2762: 2749:, and are controlled using a controller device. 2674:, which was invented in 1929. In the 2010s, the 2470:guitarists sought to amplify their sound in the 2148:firm in 1874, allowed a wider range of effects. 4140:Good Vibrations: a History of Record Production 3121: 2516:as a lower-cost alternative to the wind-driven 2198: 2187:height. The mechanical action structure of the 1718:: Same as reed pipe but with a bell at the end. 37:This 2009 photo shows music production using a 3932:Encyclopedia of Keyboard Instruments, Volume 2 3578:The book of ingenious devices (Kitāb al-ḥiyal) 3466:(5th ed.). Blaydon on Tyne: Ashley Mark. 3228: 3140: 2524:. It quickly became popular with professional 2108:and the Érard firm manufactured those used by 1828:Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany 1192:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe 704:and were probably among the trophies that the 648:, it had twelve strings and was played with a 4979: 4241: 4039: 3848: 3253: 3165: 3115: 2759: 2535:which were less costly than paying an entire 1513:as a bowed instrument equivalent to the Arab 666:with "timbrels" (small hand drums) (from the 2559:, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or 438:A bone flute which is over 41,000 years old. 289:had a major influence on the development of 64:, playback or record songs or pieces; or to 4868:Professional Lighting and Sound Association 3776:A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive) 3461: 3436: 3012: 3010: 2730: 2191:was invented in London, England in 1826 by 2175:brought out a form of piano wire made from 1493:Bowed strings were used as well. The bowed 1294: 4986: 4972: 4458:Comparison of analog and digital recording 4248: 4234: 4090:Ulrich, Homer; Pisk, Paul Amadeus (1963). 4089: 3988: 3972: 3896:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIsacoff2012 ( 3853:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art 3801: 3103: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2885: 1529:(probably a type of harp or lyre) and the 951:series. In the military, it was used for " 593: 412: 5628:Music technology (electronic and digital) 3963:G.W. Hopkins and Paul Griffiths, op. cit. 3842: 3671: 3632: 3572: 3498: 3496: 2873: 2601:Music technology (electronic and digital) 2061:, and others; it has a prominent role in 1613:. They were also made in different sizes. 29:Music technology (electronic and digital) 4189:"How the Drum Machine Changed Pop Music" 3929: 3915:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDolge1911 ( 3798:. Indiana University Press, 1958. p. 417 3545: 3539: 3372: 3370: 3290: 3007: 2867: 2714: 2689:synthesizer by R.A. Moog Inc. from 1970. 2680: 2594: 2481: 2416: 2360: 2349:) and some electric organs (which use a 1691: 1429: 1392:, which originated in the 11th century. 1377: 871: 761: 662:and women celebrate the crossing of the 654: 603: 509: 433: 86:developed stringed instruments, such as 32: 4142:. London: Sanctuary Publishing Limited. 4070: 3891: 3807: 3765: 3270:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWilliams ( 3182:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBonanni2 ( 3089:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWilliams ( 2975: 2894:Egypt: Music in the Age of the Pyramids 2891: 1925:'s instrumentation for orchestra added 1856:From about 1790 onward, the Mozart-era 1249:and the plucked instruments became the 600:History of music in the biblical period 121:, instruments included the double-reed 23:; For electric music technologies, see 19:For mechanical music technologies, see 7033: 4108: 4009: 3819: 3729: 3686: 3647: 3502: 3493: 3488:Guitars: From the Renaissance to Rock. 3284: 3201:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBonanni ( 3132:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBonanni ( 3029: 3001: 1763:, and to the development of the first 1509:of the 9th century (d. 911) cited the 1454:and the related instrument called the 727:Among the percussion instruments were 5807: 5161:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc 4967: 4929:New Interfaces for Musical Expression 4229: 3910: 3376: 3367: 3296: 3239:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSpring ( 3151:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPierce ( 2858: 1949:expanded the sound of the orchestra. 1386:XI (Orbis Factor), which is from the 1269:, and named the bowed version rabâb. 636:, were issued by the Jews during the 4255: 4133:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4092:A History of Music and Musical Style 3265: 3177: 3084: 3046:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOlson ( 2930:, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 2852: 2838:. Abhinav Publications. p. 11. 2645:, sound recording and reproduction, 2321:Electric music technology refers to 2057:and several other works by Strauss, 1865:with resources such as high-quality 397:, sound recording and reproduction, 148:. During Biblical times, the cornu, 3648:Levaux, Christophe (12 July 2017). 3301:, Dover Publications, p. 260, 3196: 3127: 2859:Brown, RE (1971). "India's Music". 423: 13: 6842:Classical and art music traditions 5269:History of lute-family instruments 5086:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat 4187:Weir, William (21 November 2011). 4118: 3381:The History of Musical Instruments 3299:The History of Musical Instruments 3234: 3146: 2933: 2425:XKG-20 electric guitar circa 1980. 2412: 2089:, and several orchestral works by 586:by excavations carried out by Sir 14: 7072: 4478:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording 4158:Electronic and Experimental Music 3041: 2881:. Harvard University Asia Center. 2393:, which are then connected to an 2356: 2104:firm manufactured pianos used by 1664:Percussion instruments included: 1581:was invented, which made printed 1339:invented a programmable humanoid 757: 365:With the development of powerful 301:style of electronic composition. 197:(c. 1600–1750), technologies for 7014: 7013: 7000: 6986: 6558:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6033:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5633:Sound recording and reproduction 5081:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta 4947: 3462:Summerfield, Maurice J. (2003). 2962:Ancient Egyptian Music Symposium 2542: 2477: 2234:system had a major influence on 1257:linked this instrument with the 1177: 1147:and percussion instruments like 959:is also depicted in art such as 608:"David with his harp", from the 499: 6862:Jazz and popular music glossary 4463:Experimental musical instrument 4094:. Harcourt, Brace & World. 4075:. University of Chicago Press. 3957: 3948: 3923: 3864: 3813: 3785: 3723: 3680: 3641: 3602: 3566: 3480: 3455: 3430: 3403: 3340: 3314: 3216:Higgins & Winnington-Ingram 3066: 3054: 2966: 2405:, the electric piano is not an 2345:), electric bass (which uses a 2311:Electric and electro-mechanical 2116:invented the double escapement 2009:Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2 1937:to the triumphal finale of his 1681:Woodwind instruments included: 1623:Stringed instruments included: 1565:) existed in the medieval era. 1103:, from which its name derives ( 876:Musicians in a detail from the 867: 569: 469:, have been recovered from the 346:The invention of the miniature 6103:Federated States of Micronesia 3930:Palmieri, Robert, ed. (2003). 3490:Paddington Press Ltd 1977 p.16 2955: 2910: 2892:Arroyos, Rafael Pérez (2003). 2821: 1952: 1568: 1482:, similar in structure to the 1373: 1086:, on which the strings can be 796:: a strummed and occasionally 278:(commercialized in 1892), and 16:Use of technology by musicians 1: 5141:Philippine art songs—Kundiman 5061:Afghan classical music—Klasik 4648:Electronic musical instrument 4071:Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990). 4056:10.1080/00438243.1981.9979806 3560:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 3441:(5th ed.). Ashley Mark. 3020:, Dodd, Mead & Co. (1928) 3018:Young People's Story of Music 2801:m:tech educational services. 2752: 2699:electronic musical instrument 2486:A Hammond C-3 electric organ. 1851: 1826:, Italy, who was employed by 1382:A sample of notation for the 1354:drum machine. Among the four 947:was capable only of a single 835:, also known as panflute and 419:Music technology (mechanical) 271:were added to the orchestra. 220:added new instruments to the 21:Music technology (mechanical) 7007:Record production portal 6852:Cultural and regional genres 5106:Indonesian art music—Gamelan 4954:Record production portal 4843:Institute of Broadcast Sound 3548:Mechanism and Machine Theory 3322:"rabab (musical instrument)" 2928:Kelsey Museum of Archaeology 2199:20th- and 21st-century music 1787:Harpsichord builders in the 938:was a long, straight bronze 892:(water pipe organ), and two 488:, ancient scriptures of the 7: 5623:Music technology (electric) 5156:Thai classical music—Piphat 5111:Japanese court music—Gagaku 4863:Musical Electronics Library 2861:Readings in Ethnomusicology 2803:"What is Music Technology?" 2668:electric music technologies 2317:Music technology (electric) 1335:In 1206, the Arab engineer 1204:instruments, including the 927:Roman instruments include: 186:was invented, allowing for 25:Music technology (electric) 10: 7077: 5264:History of the harpsichord 5151:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka 4610:Sound reinforcement system 4519:Sound reinforcement system 3992:The Organ: An Encyclopedia 3982: 3934:. Routledge. p. 437. 3664:Cambridge University Press 3625:Cambridge University Press 3411:"ʿūd | musical instrument" 2992:, Hendrickson Publ. (2004) 2990:All the Music of the Bible 2713:. Synthesizers may either 2660:digital audio workstations 2598: 2314: 2202: 2015:is featured in a few late 1746: 1324:musical device, the first 1181: 800:, essentially a hand-held 776:by the Greeks and, later, 597: 503: 427: 416: 75: 18: 6980: 6885: 6814: 5814: 5800: 5651: 5561: 5443: 5379: 5301: 5244: 5174: 5091:Chinese traditional music 5051: 5001: 4993: 4943: 4891: 4833:Audio Engineering Society 4825: 4749: 4731:Software effect processor 4711:Digital audio workstation 4696: 4618: 4560: 4552:Digital signal processing 4537: 4491: 4433: 4375: 4316:Digital audio workstation 4291: 4263: 4212:Audio Engineering Society 4167:Electronic Music Pioneers 4138:Cunningham, Mark (1998). 3673:10.1017/S1355771817000097 3634:10.1017/S1355771817000103 3486:Tom and Mary Anne Evans. 2443:electromagnetic induction 2067:Symphony No. 7 in E Major 1984:Pictures at an Exhibition 1903:They sent pianos to both 1110:The hydraulic pipe organ 798:plucked string instrument 634:Bar Kochba Revolt coinage 576:Indus Valley civilization 471:Indus Valley civilization 39:digital audio workstation 5978:Central African Republic 5521:Computational musicology 5066:Andalusi classical music 4924:Professional audio store 4826:People and organizations 4812:Sound recording engineer 4174:Taylor, Timothy (2001). 4165:Kettlewell, Ben (2002). 3828:, USA; Revised edition. 3554:(5). Elsevier: 589–603. 3016:Whitcomb, Ida Prentice. 2943:. digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk 2625:to help make or perform 2575:length, and four to six 2071:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 333:electro-mechanical organ 182:era (c. 1400-1600), the 6867:Music genres and styles 5166:Western classical music 5136:Persian classical music 4342:Microphone preamplifier 4169:. USA: Pro Music Press. 3826:Oxford University Press 3780:University of Sheffield 3732:Music Educators Journal 3689:Music Educators Journal 3505:Music Educators Journal 3416:Encyclopedia Britannica 3353:Encyclopædia Britannica 3327:Encyclopædia Britannica 2715:imitate existing sounds 2591:for live performances. 2367:Rhodes Mark II Stage 73 2120:, which incorporated a 2054:Der Ring des Nibelungen 1784:Rückpositiv divisions. 1236:bowed string instrument 1042:Versions of the modern 594:References in the Bible 413:Mechanical technologies 313:electromagnetic pickups 6847:Classical music genres 5923:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5464:Doctor of Musical Arts 5284:History of the trumpet 5096:Indian classical music 4283:Electronic and digital 4182:. New York: Routledge. 4160:. New York: Routledge. 4149:Music In American Life 4147:Edmondson, Jacquelin. 3973:Bush & Kassel 2006 3849:Powers, Wendy (2003). 3820:Erlich, Cyril (1990). 3104:Ulrich & Pisk 1963 2917:Music of Ancient Egypt 2727:instrument controllers 2690: 2585:electromagnetic pickup 2487: 2426: 2370: 2217:gained popularity and 2140:, invented in 1844 by 1880:for the production of 1697: 1442: 1404:era (476 to 1400) the 1397: 1295: 896: 781: 678:, flute, horn, organ, 671: 617: 523: 478:Indian classical music 439: 108:percussion instruments 46: 6673:São Tomé and Príncipe 6548:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6528:Republic of the Congo 5289:History of the violin 4156:Holmes, Thom (2008). 4109:Werner, Eric (1959). 3582:Donald Routledge Hill 2988:Lockyer, Herbert Jr. 2703:instrument amplifiers 2684: 2595:Electronic or digital 2589:amplifier and speaker 2485: 2420: 2407:electronic instrument 2364: 2335:instrument amplifiers 1863:Industrial Revolution 1820:Bartolomeo Cristofori 1777:Zacharias Hildebrandt 1696:Renaissance recorders 1695: 1433: 1381: 1366:) bumped into little 971:and spectacle events. 875: 862:music of ancient Rome 765: 658: 607: 513: 437: 36: 6743:United Arab Emirates 5808: 5516:Cognitive musicology 4741:Software synthesizer 4706:Digital audio editor 4492:Playback transducers 4352:Multitrack recording 4011:Farmer, Henry George 3995:. Psychology Press. 3822:The Piano: A History 3377:Sachs, Curt (1940). 3297:Sachs, Curt (1940), 2637:that is used in the 2617:, that is used by a 2395:instrument amplifier 2339:loudspeaker cabinets 2232:multitrack recording 2142:Jean-Louis Boisselot 2069:. Cornets appear in 1977:'s orchestration of 1909:Ludwig van Beethoven 1789:Southern Netherlands 1781:Gottfried Silbermann 1775:, Jasper Johannsen, 1753:Baroque era of music 1309:brothers invented a 1208:(an ancestor of the 922:stringed instruments 901:enchiriadic notation 638:Second Jewish Revolt 463:stringed instruments 389:that is used in the 306:multitrack recording 199:keyboard instruments 7061:Musical instruments 6893:Aesthetics of music 6708:Trinidad and Tobago 5843:Antigua and Barbuda 5322:Band (rock and pop) 5246:Musical instruments 5121:Lao classical music 4208:"An Audio Timeline" 4129:Musical Instruments 4017:. Ayer Publishing. 3044:, pp. 108–109. 2875:Wilkinson, Endymion 2735:guitar synthesizers 2553:stringed instrument 2323:musical instruments 1989:Sergei Rachmaninoff 1198:musical instruments 963:accompanying games 745:crossed the Red Sea 484:) are found in the 285:The development of 6955:Musical instrument 6923:Music and politics 6053:Dominican Republic 5801:By sovereign state 5116:Korean court music 5076:Azerbaijani Mugham 4792:Re-recording mixer 4595:Keyboard amplifier 4311:Binaural recording 3254:Ginsberg-Klar 1981 3166:Ginsberg-Klar 1981 3116:Ginsberg-Klar 1981 2922:2015-10-13 at the 2835:The Music of India 2809:on 24 January 2011 2691: 2520:, or instead of a 2488: 2456:electronic effects 2427: 2379:musical instrument 2371: 2272:Belshazzar's Feast 2211:20th-century music 2205:20th-century music 2144:and copied by the 1698: 1464:string instruments 1443: 1398: 1396:to it interpreted. 1242:, and the violin. 1120:Pipe organ#History 897: 782: 739:, hand drums, and 672: 618: 536:Predynastic period 524: 522:(c. 1543–1292 BC) 448:Paleolithic flutes 440: 280:radio broadcasting 238:untuned percussion 47: 7051:Audio electronics 7028: 7027: 6913:Music and fashion 6908:Music and emotion 6810: 6809: 6078:Equatorial Guinea 5574:A-side and B-side 5479:Music archaeology 5454:Bachelor of Music 5297: 5296: 5231:Psychedelic music 5226:Progressive music 5146:Scottish Ceòl Mór 4961: 4960: 4767:Guitar technician 4663:Music workstation 4547:Digital recording 4524:Speaker enclosure 4443:8-track cartridge 4385:Phonograph record 4043:World Archaeology 4002:978-0-415-94174-7 3941:978-0-415-93796-2 3874:. The Wagner Tuba 3872:"The Wagner Tuba" 3588:. pp. 76–7. 3308:978-0-486-45265-4 2828:Reginald Massey; 2635:computer software 2631:computer hardware 2285:brass instruments 2247:Felix Mendelssohn 2124:(also called the 1979:Modest Mussorgsky 1575:Renaissance music 1507:Ibn Khurradadhbih 1169:, from the Greek 620:According to the 564:Helwan University 542:and possibly the 528:prehistoric Egypt 430:Prehistoric music 387:computer software 383:computer hardware 304:The invention of 276:gramophone record 180:Renaissance music 84:Ancient Egyptians 7068: 7041:Music technology 7017: 7016: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6993:Music portal 6991: 6990: 6989: 6945:Music technology 6933:Environmentalism 6886:Related articles 6493:Papua New Guinea 6358:Marshall Islands 5805: 5804: 5751:Central American 5489:Music psychology 5369:Backing vocalist 5206:Electronic music 5049: 5048: 5003:History of music 4988: 4981: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4838:Goji Electronics 4777:Monitor engineer 4736:Software sampler 4643:Electronic drums 4620:Electronic music 4590:Guitar amplifier 4435:Analog recording 4395:Compact cassette 4357:Music production 4265:Music technology 4257:Music technology 4250: 4243: 4236: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4183: 4181: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4132: 4114: 4105: 4086: 4067: 4036: 4006: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3789: 3783: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3580:. 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Archived from 2766: 2743:electronic drums 2739:wind controllers 2723:musical keyboard 2609:, an electronic 2391:magnetic pickups 2387:musical keyboard 2343:guitar amplifier 2255:Vaughan Williams 2227:Musique concrète 2122:repetition lever 2005:Sergei Prokofiev 1994:Symphonic Dances 1965:groups, such as 1913:fifth (interval) 1898:Americus Backers 1876:, and precision 1734:Transverse flute 1499:Byzantine Empire 1437:from a Catholic 1435:Musical notation 1300: 1297:guitarra morisca 1165:(Lat. plural of 908:depicts various 698:Dead Sea Scrolls 588:Mortimer Wheeler 452:Divje Babe flute 424:Prehistoric eras 375:music sequencers 299:Musique concrete 160:were also used. 104:double clarinets 100:wind instruments 50:Music technology 7076: 7075: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7046:Sound recording 7031: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7001: 6999: 6987: 6985: 6976: 6903:Fictional music 6881: 6806: 6613:Solomon Islands 6458:North Macedonia 5810: 5796: 5658: 5656:regional genres 5655: 5647: 5613:Record producer 5557: 5546:Sociomusicology 5531:Ethnomusicology 5459:Master of Music 5439: 5393: 5375: 5332:All-female band 5315: 5293: 5240: 5177: 5170: 5126:Mandé art music 5101:Byzantine music 5047: 4997: 4992: 4962: 4957: 4948: 4946: 4939: 4887: 4821: 4787:Record producer 4772:Mixing engineer 4745: 4692: 4658:MIDI controller 4633:Circuit bending 4614: 4556: 4533: 4509:Monitor speaker 4487: 4429: 4377:Recording media 4371: 4362:Music sequencer 4347:Monitor speaker 4293:Sound recording 4287: 4259: 4254: 4216: 4214: 4206: 4197: 4195: 4186: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4124: 4121: 4119:Further reading 4102: 4083: 4025: 4003: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3796:Gregorian Chant 3790: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3744:10.2307/3391092 3728: 3724: 3701:10.2307/3391092 3685: 3681: 3655:Organised Sound 3646: 3642: 3616:Organised Sound 3607: 3603: 3596: 3571: 3567: 3544: 3540: 3517:10.2307/3391092 3501: 3494: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3375: 3368: 3359: 3357: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3332: 3330: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3061:De Architectura 3059: 3055: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2956: 2946: 2944: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924:Wayback Machine 2915: 2911: 2904: 2890: 2886: 2879:Chinese history 2872: 2868: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2799: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2768: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2603: 2597: 2545: 2500:Laurens Hammond 2480: 2431:electric guitar 2415: 2413:Electric guitar 2377:is an electric 2369:electric piano. 2359: 2319: 2313: 2207: 2201: 2169:Alpheus Babcock 2138:sostenuto pedal 2134:Jean-Henri Pape 2114:Sébastien Érard 2106:Frédéric Chopin 2040:Ein Heldenleben 2035:Richard Strauss 1967:string quartets 1955: 1854: 1822:(1655–1731) of 1797:Blanchet family 1749: 1658:acoustic guitar 1611:overtone series 1571: 1466:like the lute, 1425:Guido d' Arezzo 1417:heighted neumes 1376: 1326:music sequencer 1194: 1180: 870: 760: 717:Jewish New Year 602: 596: 572: 508: 502: 454:, a perforated 432: 426: 421: 415: 329:electric guitar 295:classical music 287:sound recording 78: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7074: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7010: 6996: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6972:Women in music 6969: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6960:Classification 6952: 6947: 6942: 6940:Music festival 6937: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6920: 6918:Music industry 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6788:Western Sahara 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6748:United Kingdom 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6028:Czech Republic 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5763:North American 5760: 5759: 5758: 5756:South American 5753: 5746:Latin American 5743: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5712:Middle Eastern 5709: 5704: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5661: 5659: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5603:Audio engineer 5600: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5536:New musicology 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5337:Rhythm section 5334: 5329: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4991: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4892:Related topics 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4848:Lejaren Hiller 4845: 4840: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4807:Sound operator 4804: 4802:Sound follower 4799: 4797:Sound designer 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4757:Audio engineer 4753: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4624: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4575:Bass amplifier 4572: 4570:Mixing console 4566: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4308: 4306:Mixing console 4303: 4297: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4269: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4253: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4204: 4184: 4178:Strange Sounds 4171: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4106: 4100: 4087: 4081: 4068: 4037: 4023: 4007: 4001: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3975:, p. 168. 3965: 3956: 3947: 3940: 3922: 3913:, p. 124. 3903: 3884: 3863: 3841: 3834: 3812: 3810:, p. 124. 3800: 3784: 3764: 3722: 3679: 3640: 3601: 3594: 3565: 3538: 3492: 3479: 3472: 3454: 3447: 3429: 3402: 3395: 3366: 3339: 3313: 3307: 3289: 3287:, p. 137. 3277: 3258: 3256:, p. 316. 3246: 3227: 3208: 3189: 3170: 3168:, p. 314. 3158: 3139: 3120: 3118:, p. 313. 3108: 3096: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3034: 3022: 3006: 2994: 2974: 2965: 2954: 2932: 2909: 2902: 2884: 2866: 2851: 2844: 2820: 2790: 2774:speakstick.net 2757: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2599:Main article: 2596: 2593: 2544: 2541: 2510:Leslie speaker 2498:, invented by 2496:electric organ 2479: 2476: 2414: 2411: 2375:electric piano 2358: 2357:Electric piano 2355: 2351:Leslie speaker 2347:bass amplifier 2327:electric piano 2315:Main article: 2312: 2309: 2277:string section 2267:William Walton 2240:music producer 2203:Main article: 2200: 2197: 2091:Hector Berlioz 2081:Claude Debussy 2063:Anton Bruckner 2049:Richard Wagner 1959:Romantic music 1954: 1951: 1947:Ninth Symphony 1939:Symphony No. 5 1894:John Broadwood 1853: 1850: 1769:viola da gamba 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1690: 1689: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1662: 1661: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1604: 1598: 1579:printing press 1570: 1567: 1511:Byzantine lyra 1402:medieval music 1375: 1372: 1240:Byzantine lyra 1202:Arabic musical 1179: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1160: 1153: 1142: 1131: 1108: 1068: 1058: 1051: 1040: 1027: 1009: 972: 869: 866: 852: 851: 844: 829: 820: 805: 786:Ancient Greece 780:by the Romans. 759: 758:Ancient Greece 756: 614:Constantinople 598:Main article: 595: 592: 571: 568: 552:Middle Kingdom 506:Music of Egypt 504:Main article: 501: 498: 474:archaeological 465:, such as the 442:Findings from 428:Main article: 425: 422: 417:Main article: 414: 411: 356:computer chips 325:electric piano 249:Romantic music 242:Ninth Symphony 184:printing press 169:music notation 125:and the lyre. 119:Ancient Greece 77: 74: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7073: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7056:Music history 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7021: 7020: 7011: 7009: 7008: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6983: 6982: 6979: 6973: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6950:Music therapy 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6753:United States 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 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6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6168:Guinea-Bissau 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5654:Cultural and 5650: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5581:Extended play 5579: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5552: 5551:Zoomusicology 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5526:Ecomusicology 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511:Biomusicology 5509: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5484:Music history 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5415:Improvisation 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5364:Lead vocalist 5362: 5361: 5360: 5359:Military band 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211:Hip hop music 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5201:Country music 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5131:Ottoman music 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4956: 4955: 4942: 4936: 4935:Vehicle audio 4933: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4904:High fidelity 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4539:Digital audio 4536: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4483:Tape recorder 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4453:Cassette deck 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390:Magnetic tape 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4367:Outboard gear 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4301:Audio channel 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4246: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4122: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4101:9780155377202 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4082:0-226-42548-7 4078: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4024:0-405-08496-X 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3974: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3912: 3907: 3899: 3894:, p. 74. 3893: 3888: 3873: 3867: 3852: 3845: 3837: 3835:0-19-816171-9 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3483: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3406: 3398: 3396:9780393020687 3392: 3388: 3383: 3382: 3373: 3371: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3273: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3242: 3236: 3231: 3223: 3217: 3212: 3204: 3198: 3193: 3185: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3154: 3148: 3143: 3135: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3092: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3049: 3043: 3038: 3032:, p. 12. 3031: 3026: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2969: 2963: 2958: 2942: 2936: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2845:9788170173328 2841: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2830:Jamila Massey 2824: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2780:on 2016-09-17 2779: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2750: 2748: 2747:sound modules 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2672:Hammond organ 2669: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2549:electric bass 2543:Electric bass 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2492:Hammond organ 2484: 2478:Hammond organ 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2363: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2331:Hammond organ 2328: 2324: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2257:' Symphonies 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2193:Robert Wornum 2190: 2189:upright piano 2186: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1975:Maurice Ravel 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963:chamber music 1960: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931:contrabassoon 1928: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801:Pascal Taskin 1798: 1794: 1793:transposition 1790: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773:Arp Schnitger 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1595:Slide trumpet 1593: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1441:, c.1310-1320 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1389:Liber Usualis 1385: 1384:Kýrie Eléison 1380: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278:Islamic music 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1230:. The Arabic 1229: 1228:Islamic world 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:Islamic music 1178:Islamic world 1172: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 998: 993: 989: 988: 983: 979: 978: 973: 970: 968: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 937: 936: 930: 929: 928: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 902: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878:Zliten mosaic 874: 865: 863: 859: 858: 849: 845: 842: 838: 834: 830: 827: 826: 821: 818: 814: 810: 806: 803: 799: 795: 791: 790: 789: 787: 779: 775: 771: 770: 764: 755: 754: 752: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 718: 714: 709: 707: 706:Emperor Titus 703: 699: 695: 694: 689: 688:Arch of Titus 685: 681: 677: 669: 668:Tomić Psalter 665: 661: 657: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 615: 611: 610:Paris Psalter 606: 601: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 567: 565: 561: 560:Hans Hickmann 557: 556:musicologists 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 521: 517: 514:Musicians of 512: 507: 500:Ancient Egypt 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 472: 468: 464: 460: 457: 453: 449: 445: 436: 431: 420: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 371:drum machines 368: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 344: 342: 338: 337:electric bass 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 309: 307: 302: 300: 296: 292: 291:popular music 288: 283: 281: 277: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 230:contrabassoon 227: 223: 219: 215: 214:Classical era 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 191: 189: 185: 181: 176: 174: 170: 166: 161: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 124: 120: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 44: 43:multi-monitor 40: 35: 30: 26: 22: 7012: 6998: 6984: 6944: 6773:Vatican City 6723:Turkmenistan 6623:South Africa 6593:Sierra Leone 6573:Saudi Arabia 5948:Burkina Faso 5608:Record label 5494:Music school 5349:Concert band 5259:Angular harp 5186:Circus music 5071:Arabic music 4945: 4678:Sound module 4638:Drum machine 4580:Effects unit 4473:Player piano 4400:Compact disc 4322:Effects unit 4264: 4256: 4215:. 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Retrieved 2778:the original 2773: 2731:fingerboards 2707:loudspeakers 2692: 2611:effects unit 2604: 2546: 2489: 2437:that uses a 2428: 2372: 2320: 2271: 2244: 2208: 2181: 2150: 2125: 2121: 2100:, where the 2095: 2084: 2074: 2052: 2038: 2028: 2025:Gustav Holst 2021:20th-century 1998: 1992: 1982: 1956: 1921: 1905:Joseph Haydn 1902: 1855: 1817: 1813:sixteen-foot 1786: 1761:harpsichords 1750: 1680: 1663: 1622: 1588: 1572: 1561:(called the 1533:(probably a 1530: 1526: 1518: 1492: 1444: 1421: 1416: 1410: 1399: 1387: 1352:programmable 1334: 1322:programmable 1311:hydropowered 1304: 1293: 1271: 1244: 1223: 1213: 1196:A number of 1195: 1188:Arabic music 1170: 1166: 1162: 1126:accompanied 1123: 1111: 1104: 1061: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1012: 1005: 1001: 995: 991: 985: 981: 975: 964: 956: 944: 934: 926: 900: 898: 893: 889: 885: 868:Roman Empire 855: 853: 823: 813:sounding box 783: 777: 773: 767: 748: 726: 710: 691: 673: 619: 584:Mohenjo Daro 573: 570:Indus Valley 525: 520:18th Dynasty 481: 441: 393:, playback, 379:effects unit 364: 352:synthesizers 345: 321:loudspeakers 310: 303: 284: 273: 265:Wagner tubas 246: 224:such as the 211: 192: 177: 162: 156:, pipe, and 127: 116: 82: 79: 49: 48: 6877:Terminology 6857:Instruments 6663:Switzerland 6633:South Sudan 6628:South Korea 6553:Saint Lucia 6508:Philippines 6453:North Korea 6433:New Zealand 6428:Netherlands 6233:Ivory Coast 6073:El Salvador 5818:Afghanistan 5785:Micronesian 5586:Compilation 5499:Composition 5389:Composition 5354:Disc jockey 5327:Backup band 5254:Arched Harp 5011:Prehistoric 4919:Music store 4914:Home cinema 4873:Robert Moog 4858:Max Mathews 4782:Piano tuner 4750:Professions 4726:Scorewriter 4683:Synthesizer 4499:Loudspeaker 4217:December 8, 4198:December 9, 3792:Apel, Willi 3666:: 187–194. 3627:: 195–205. 3285:Farmer 1988 3268:, p. . 3106:, p. . 3030:Werner 1959 3002:Werner 1959 2695:synthesizer 2676:ontological 2643:composition 2639:performance 2533:organ trios 2529:bandleaders 2449:, so it is 2447:loudspeaker 2403:synthesizer 2399:loudspeaker 2305:synthesizer 2219:phonographs 2163:in 1825 in 2112:. 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