Musical theatre - Knowledge

547:) have been produced in modern adaptations that treat them as musicals. For some works, production styles are almost as important as the work's musical or dramatic content in defining into which art form the piece falls. Sondheim said, "I really think that when something plays Broadway it's a musical, and when it plays in an opera house it's opera. That's it. It's the terrain, the countryside, the expectations of the audience that make it one thing or another." There remains an overlap in form between lighter operatic forms and more musically complex or ambitious musicals. In practice, it is often difficult to distinguish among the various kinds of musical theatre, including "musical play", "musical comedy", "operetta" and "light opera". 4381: 877: 3511: 1043: 332:, and the first act is frequently longer than the second. The first act generally introduces nearly all of the characters and most of the music and often ends with the introduction of a dramatic conflict or plot complication while the second act may introduce a few new songs but usually contains reprises of important musical themes and resolves the conflict or complication. A book musical is usually built around four to six main theme tunes that are reprised later in the show, although it sometimes consists of a series of songs not directly musically related. Spoken dialogue is generally interspersed between musical numbers, although "sung dialogue" or 1737: 2850: 1980: 3758: 390:: "There is no separation at all between song and character, which is what happens in those uncommon moments when musicals reach upward to achieve their ideal reasons to be." Typically, many fewer words are sung in a five-minute song than are spoken in a five-minute block of dialogue. Therefore, there is less time to develop drama in a musical than in a straight play of equivalent length, since a musical usually devotes more time to music than to dialogue. Within the compressed nature of a musical, the writers must develop the characters and the plot. 4734: 1819: 1965:(1945, 1,021 performances). The formula for the Golden Age musicals reflected one or more of four widely held perceptions of the "American dream": That stability and worth derives from a love relationship sanctioned and restricted by Protestant ideals of marriage; that a married couple should make a moral home with children away from the city in a suburb or small town; that the woman's function was as homemaker and mother; and that Americans incorporate an independent and pioneering spirit or that their success is self-made. 4051: 4512: 591: 4688: 3180: 3054: 2137: 1529: 9387: 514:

While an opera singer is primarily a singer and only secondarily an actor (and rarely needs to dance), a musical theatre performer is often an actor first but must also be a singer and dancer. Someone who is equally accomplished at all three is referred to as a "triple threat". Composers of music for musicals often consider the vocal demands of roles with musical theatre performers in mind. Today, large theatres that stage musicals generally use

9427: 9407: 69:, love, anger – are communicated through words, music, movement and technical aspects of the entertainment as an integrated whole. Although musical theatre overlaps with other theatrical forms like opera and dance, it may be distinguished by the equal importance given to the music as compared with the dialogue, movement and other elements. Since the early 20th century, musical theatre stage works have generally been called, simply, 680: 486: 4750:

tourists were 16% of attendees. The Society of London Theatre reported that 2007 set a record for attendance in London. Total attendees in the major commercial and grant-aided theatres in Central London were 13.6 million, and total ticket revenues were £469.7 million. The international musicals scene has been increasingly active in recent decades. Nevertheless, Stephen Sondheim commented in the year 2000:

9417: 1014:(1885). These were sensations on both sides of the Atlantic and in Australia and helped to raise the standard for what was considered a successful show. These shows were designed for family audiences, a marked contrast from the risqué burlesques, bawdy music hall shows and French operettas that sometimes drew a crowd seeking less wholesome entertainment. Only a few 19th-century musical pieces exceeded the run of 9397: 4807: 2405: 1833:, Rodgers and Hammerstein were the most important contributors to the musical-play form... The examples they set in creating vital plays, often rich with social thought, provided the necessary encouragement for other gifted writers to create musical plays of their own". The two collaborators created an extraordinary collection of some of musical theatre's best loved and most enduring classics, including 38: 4793: 1349: 1305:

melodies were employed to further the action or develop characterization. ... musical comedy was often guilty of inserting songs in a hit-or-miss fashion. The Princess Theatre musicals brought about a change in approach. P. G. Wodehouse, the most observant, literate and witty lyricist of his day, and the team of Bolton, Wodehouse and Kern had an influence felt to this day.

1780:, by tightly integrating all the aspects of musical theatre, with a cohesive plot, songs that furthered the action of the story, and featured dream ballets and other dances that advanced the plot and developed the characters, rather than using dance as an excuse to parade scantily clad women across the stage. Rodgers and Hammerstein hired ballet choreographer 240: 3170:

The megamusicals' huge budgets redefined expectations for financial success on Broadway and in the West End. In earlier years, it was possible for a show to be considered a hit after a run of several hundred performances, but with multimillion-dollar production costs, a show must run for years simply

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that the show's opening number changed the history of musical theatre: "After a verse like that, sung to a buoyant melody, the banalities of the old musical stage became intolerable." It was the first "blockbuster" Broadway show, running a total of 2,212 performances, and was made into a hit film. It

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Due to the closures and loss of ticket sales, many theatre companies were placed in financial peril. Some governments offered emergency aid to the arts. Some musical theatre markets began to reopen in fits and starts by early 2021, with West End theatres postponing their reopening from June to July,

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As transportation improved, poverty in London and New York diminished, and street lighting made for safer travel at night, the number of patrons for the growing number of theatres increased enormously. Plays ran longer, leading to better profits and improved production values, and men began to bring

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Finally, musicals usually avoid certain operatic conventions. In particular, a musical is almost always performed in the language of its audience. Musicals produced on Broadway or in the West End, for instance, are invariably sung in English, even if they were originally written in another language.

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Moments of greatest dramatic intensity in a book musical are often performed in song. Proverbially, "when the emotion becomes too strong for speech, you sing; when it becomes too strong for song, you dance." In a book musical, a song is ideally crafted to suit the character (or characters) and their

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a year in advance, and essentially a family ... pass on to their children the idea that that's what the theater is – a spectacular musical you see once a year, a stage version of a movie. It has nothing to do with theater at all. It has to do with seeing what is familiar. ... I don't think the

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was founded in the UK in 1899. It reported, in 1914, that nearly 200 amateur dramatic societies were producing Gilbert and Sullivan works in Britain that year. Similarly, more than 100 amateur theatres were founded in the US in the early 20th century. This number has grown to an estimated 18,000 in

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These shows built and polished the mold from which almost all later major musical comedies evolved. ... The characters and situations were, within the limitations of musical comedy license, believable and the humor came from the situations or the nature of the characters. Kern's exquisitely flowing

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Musical theatre is closely related to the theatrical form of opera, but the two are usually distinguished by weighing a number of factors. First, musicals generally have a greater focus on spoken dialogue. Some musicals, however, are entirely accompanied and sung-through, while some operas, such as

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did his first rewrite in the 1850s. And change is the clearest sign that the musical is still a living, growing genre. Will we ever return to the so-called 'golden age', with musicals at the center of popular culture? Probably not. Public taste has undergone fundamental changes, and the commercial

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listed ten producers, and among those names were entities composed of several individuals. Typically, off-Broadway and regional theatres tend to produce smaller and therefore less expensive musicals, and development of new musicals has increasingly taken place outside of New York and London or in

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advertised itself as "A Serio Comico Tragico Operatical Historical Extravaganzical Burletical Tale of Enchantment." Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown from around 1850 and did not arrive in the Times Square area until the 1920s and 1930s. New York runs lagged far behind

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united on Zoom calls to entertain individuals and the public. Some performances were streamed live, or presented outdoors or in other "socially distanced" ways, sometimes allowing audience members to interact with the cast. Radio theatre festivals were broadcast. Virtual, and even crowd-sourced

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was the first recorded long-running play of any kind, running for 62 successive performances in 1728. It would take almost a century afterwards before any play broke 100 performances, but the record soon reached 150 in the late 1820s. Other musical theatre forms developed in England by the 19th

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announced that in the 2007–08 season, 12.27 million tickets were purchased for Broadway shows for a gross sale amount of almost a billion dollars. The League further reported that during the 2006–07 season, approximately 65% of Broadway tickets were purchased by tourists, and that foreign

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While some critics have argued that some of Sondheim's musicals lack commercial appeal, others have praised their lyrical sophistication and musical complexity, as well as the interplay of lyrics and music in his shows. Some of Sondheim's notable innovations include a show presented in reverse

1525:. One historian wrote, "Here we come to a completely new genre – the musical play as distinguished from musical comedy. Now ... everything else was subservient to that play. Now ... came complete integration of song, humor and production numbers into a single and inextricable artistic entity." 1495:

notes, "The operatic and theatrical styles of nineteenth-century social structures were replaced by a musical style more aptly suited to twentieth-century society and its vernacular idiom. It was from America that the more direct style emerged, and in America that it was able to flourish in a

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Although directors and choreographers have had a major influence on musical theatre style since at least the 19th century, George Abbott and his collaborators and successors took a central role in integrating movement and dance fully into musical theatre productions in the Golden Age. Abbott

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Since the 20th century, the "book musical" has been defined as a musical play where songs and dances are fully integrated into a well-made story with serious dramatic goals and which is able to evoke genuine emotions other than laughter. The three main components of a book musical are its

705:, where music and dance were included in stage comedies and tragedies during the 5th century BCE. The music from the ancient forms is lost, however, and they had little influence on later development of musical theatre. In the 12th and 13th centuries, religious dramas taught the 1521:(1927) represented an even more complete integration of book and score than the Princess Theatre musicals, with dramatic themes told through the music, dialogue, setting and movement. This was accomplished by combining the lyricism of Kern's music with the skillful libretto of 1024:, which opened in 1886 and set a new record with a run of 931 performances. Gilbert and Sullivan's influence on later musical theatre was profound, creating examples of how to "integrate" musicals so that the lyrics and dialogue advanced a coherent story. Their works were 286:

and musical scenes, which are "theatrical sequence set to music, often combining song with spoken dialogue." The interpretation of a musical is the responsibility of its creative team, which includes a director, a musical director, usually a choreographer and sometimes an

3306:, which ran for 10,013 performances. The topics of these pieces vary widely, and the music ranges from rock to pop, but they often are produced off-Broadway, or for smaller London theatres, and some of these stagings have been regarded as imaginative and innovative. 2845:

brought a significant African-American influence to Broadway. More varied musical genres and styles were incorporated into musicals both on and especially off-Broadway. At the same time, Stephen Sondheim found success with some of his musicals, as mentioned above.

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The show's creativity stimulated Rodgers and Hammerstein's contemporaries and ushered in the "Golden Age" of American musical theatre. Americana was displayed on Broadway during the "Golden Age", as the wartime cycle of shows began to arrive. An example of this is

1546:, the public turned back to mostly light, escapist song-and-dance entertainment. Audiences on both sides of the Atlantic had little money to spend on entertainment, and only a few stage shows anywhere exceeded a run of 500 performances during the decade. The revue 1911:. The story is set during wartime and concerns three sailors who are on a 24-hour shore leave in New York City, during which each falls in love. The show also gives the impression of a country with an uncertain future, as the sailors and their women also have. 1784:, who used everyday motions to help the characters express their ideas. It defied musical conventions by raising its first act curtain not on a bevy of chorus girls, but rather on a woman churning butter, with an off-stage voice singing the opening lines of 1068:

in 1919), running for 657 performances, but New York runs continued to be relatively short, with a few exceptions, compared with London runs, until the 1920s. Gilbert and Sullivan were widely pirated and also were imitated in New York by productions such as

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was marketed to increase the popularity of musicals among a younger audience. It featured a young cast and a heavily rock-influenced score; the musical became a hit. Its young fans, many of them students, calling themselves RENTheads], camped out at the

4720:, professionals recognized that the amateur societies "support the culture of music and the drama. They are now accepted as useful training schools for the legitimate stage, and from the volunteer ranks have sprung many present-day favourites." The 7704:

in the UK, American Association of Community Theatre in the US, and the International Amateur Theatre Association. School groups include the Educational Theater Association, which has 5,000 member school groups in the US. See Nadworny, Elissa.

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was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. Other early musical theatre in America consisted of British forms, such as burletta and pantomime, but what a piece was called did not necessarily define what it was. The 1852 Broadway

6419: 2572:", "We Need a Little Christmas", "I Am What I Am", "Mame", "The Best of Times", "Before the Parade Passes By", "Put On Your Sunday Clothes", "It Only Takes a Moment", "Bosom Buddies" and "I Won't Send Roses", recorded by such artists as 904:

in the 1870s and 1880s. Offenbach's fertile melodies, combined with his librettists' witty satire, formed a model for the musical theatre that followed. Adaptations of the French operettas (played in mostly bad, risqué translations),

506:, have some unaccompanied dialogue. Second, musicals usually include more dancing as an essential part of the storytelling, particularly by the principal performers as well as the chorus. Third, musicals often use various genres of 1124:-style comic operas and their intellectual, political, absurdist satire. He experimented with a modern-dress, family-friendly musical theatre style, with breezy, popular songs, snappy, romantic banter, and stylish spectacle at the 269:

of a musical refers to the story, character development and dramatic structure, including the spoken dialogue and stage directions, but it can also refer to the dialogue and lyrics together, which are sometimes referred to as the

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In the new century, familiarity has been embraced by producers and investors anxious to guarantee that they recoup their considerable investments. Some took (usually modest-budget) chances on new and creative material, such as

1450:, spectacular song-and-dance revues on Broadway featuring extravagant sets, elaborate costumes and beautiful chorus girls. These spectacles also raised production values, and mounting a musical generally became more expensive. 2437:. Sondheim moved the musical beyond its concentration on the romantic plots typical of earlier eras; his work tended to be darker, exploring the grittier sides of life both present and past. Other early Sondheim works include 983:

by Nate Salsbury was another national success with contemporary American dance styles and an American story about "members of an acting company taking a trip down a river ... with lots of obstacles and mishaps along the way".

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in early 2020, including all Broadway and West End theatres. Many performing arts institutions attempted to adapt, or reduce their losses, by offering new (or expanded) digital services. In particular this resulted in the

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fashioned a book about an audition for a musical, incorporating many real-life stories from the sessions; some who attended the sessions eventually played variations of themselves or each other in the show. With music by

311:. The creative team, designs and interpretations generally change from the original production to succeeding productions. Some production elements, however, may be retained from the original production, for example, 3000:

were precursors of the darker, big budget musicals of the 1980s that depended on dramatic stories, sweeping scores and spectacular effects. At the same time, old-fashioned values were still embraced in such hits as

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and others were emboldened to write more musicals and operas that aimed to normalize societal toleration of minorities and urged racial harmony. Early Golden Age works that focused on racial tolerance included

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and his other theatres. These drew on the traditions of comic opera and used elements of burlesque and of the Harrigan and Hart pieces. He replaced the bawdy women of burlesque with his "respectable" corps of

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in churches, schools and other performance spaces. In addition to the United States and Britain, there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in continental Europe, Asia, Australasia, Canada and Latin America.

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by the early 1930s. Despite the economic woes of the 1930s and the competition from film, the musical survived. In fact, it continued to evolve thematically beyond the gags and showgirls musicals of the

7517: 7457: 924:, which soon crossed the Atlantic to Britain, and Victorian burlesque, first popularized in the US by British troupes. A hugely successful musical entertainment that premiered in New York in 1866, 7826: 7318: 3536:, backs a production. Corporate sponsors dominate Broadway, and often alliances are formed to stage musicals, which require an investment of $ 10 million or more. In 2002, the credits for 566:

usually employ a small group of mostly rock instruments, and some musicals may call for only a piano or two instruments. The music in musicals uses a range of "styles and influences including

7800: 930:, combined dance and some original music that helped to tell the story. The spectacular production, famous for its skimpy costumes, ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, 374:

situation within the story; although there have been times in the history of the musical (e.g. from the 1890s to the 1920s) when this integration between music and story has been tenuous. As

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Although music has been a part of dramatic presentations since ancient times, modern Western musical theatre emerged during the 19th century, with many structural elements established by the

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Shorter or simplified "junior" versions of many musicals are available for schools and youth groups, and very short works created or adapted for performance by children are sometimes called

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became popular, but the primacy of British musical theatre from the 19th century through 1920 was gradually replaced by American innovation, especially after World War I, as Kern and other

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helped transformed Victorian musical theatre production styles. See Vorder Bruegge, Andrew (Associate Professor, Department Chair, Department of Theatre and Dance, Winthrop University).

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commissioned actors to film themselves at home discussing, then performing, a monologue from one of the characters they had previously played on stage. The casts of musicals, such as

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and several hours in length (or even a multi-evening presentation), most musicals range from one and a half to three hours. Musicals are usually presented in two acts, with one short

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in Beijing. Since then, other western productions have been staged in China in Mandarin with a Chinese cast. The first Chinese production in the style of Western musical theatre was

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left a message of racial tolerance. By the end of the 1960s, musicals became racially integrated, with black and white cast members even covering each other's roles, as they did in

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Despite the growing number of large-scale musicals in the 1980s and 1990s, a number of lower-budget, smaller-scale musicals managed to find critical and financial success, such as

2089:. The production also broke ground by showing that musicals could be profitable off-Broadway in a small-scale, small orchestra format. This was confirmed in 1959 when a revival of 2062:, which at 2,717 performances held the long-run record for many years. Popular Hollywood films were made of all of these musicals. Two hits by British creators in this decade were 6050: 3171:

to turn a profit. Megamusicals were also reproduced in productions around the world, multiplying their profit potential while expanding the global audience for musical theatre.

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Colonial America did not have a significant theatre presence until 1752, when London entrepreneur William Hallam sent a company of actors to the colonies managed by his brother

6246:. Victorian Interdisciplinary Studies Association of the Western United States annual conference, October 2002. Retrieved 26 March 2008; and "Mr. D'Auban's 'Startrap' Jumps". 6786: 1566:'s position as the First Lady of musical theatre, a title she maintained for many years. Coward and Novello continued to deliver old fashioned, sentimental musicals, such as 4445:

The U.S. and Britain were the most active sources of book musicals from the 19th century through much of the 20th century (although Europe produced various forms of popular

3602:, among others, have been presented in smaller-scale productions, mostly uninterrupted by an intermission, with short running times, and enjoyed financial success. In 2013, 1811:, became a milestone, so that later historians writing about important moments in twentieth-century theatre would begin to identify eras according to their relationship to 1145:(1893) set the style for the next three decades. The plots were generally light, romantic "poor maiden loves aristocrat and wins him against all odds" shows, with music by 3213:) about a struggling community of artists in Manhattan. While the cost of tickets to Broadway and West End musicals was escalating beyond the budget of many theatregoers, 1296:

shows" and paved the way for Kern's later work by showing that a musical could combine light, popular entertainment with continuity between its story and songs. Historian

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Virtually eliminated from the English-speaking stage by competition from the ubiquitous Edwardian musical comedies, operettas returned to London and Broadway in 1907 with

1109:, who worked to create an American style distinct from the Gilbert and Sullivan works. The most successful New York shows were often followed by extensive national tours. 8704: 1370:

and other light entertainments, tended to emphasize big dance routines and popular songs at the expense of plot. Typical of the decade were lighthearted productions like

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and Cunningham Bridgeman wrote, in 1914, that prior to the late 19th century, amateur actors were treated with contempt by professionals. After the formation of amateur

4349: 1959:(1948, 1,077 performances). The American musicals overwhelmed the old-fashioned British Coward/Novello-style shows, one of the last big successes of which was Novello's 7135: 6769: 3848: 3374:(2015), transformed "under-dramatized American history" into an unusual hip-hop inflected hit. In 2011, Sondheim argued that of all forms of "contemporary pop music", 6137: 2913:

on Broadway for a run of 6,137 performances, becoming the longest-running production in Broadway history up to that time. The show swept the Tony Awards and won the

7996: 6987: 4329:. Since 2006, reality TV shows have been used to help market musical revivals by holding a talent competition to cast (usually female) leads. Examples of these are 2817:. Others had no dialogue or were otherwise reminiscent of opera, with dramatic, emotional themes; these sometimes started as concept albums and were referred to as 728:. In England, Elizabethan and Jacobean plays frequently included music, and short musical plays began to be included in an evenings' dramatic entertainments. Court 967:) and 1885. These musical comedies featured characters and situations taken from the everyday life of New York's lower classes. They starred high quality singers ( 7623: 7487: 2315:, which also became another hit for Mary Martin. It ran for 1,443 performances and shared the Tony Award for Best Musical. Together with its extremely successful 1025: 4245:"). Others have included scenes where characters suddenly begin singing and dancing in a musical-theatre style during an episode, such as in several episodes of 2156:

to modern day New York City and converted the feuding Montague and Capulet families into opposing ethnic gangs, the Jets and the Sharks. The book was adapted by

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Musicals from other English-speaking countries (notably Australia and Canada) often do well locally and occasionally even reach Broadway or the West End (e.g.,

3950:(2003), turned children's books into live-action film musicals. After the immense success of Disney and other houses with animated film musicals beginning with 2880:

conducted with "gypsies" – those who sing and dance in support of the leading players – from the Broadway community. From hundreds of hours of tapes,

4400: 3067:" on Broadway, in the West End and elsewhere. These typically feature a pop-influenced score, large casts and spectacular sets and special effects – a falling 713:(stages on wheels) to tell each part of the story. Poetic forms sometimes alternated with the prose dialogues, and liturgical chants gave way to new melodies. 7509: 7288: 7113: 6904: 4657:, various Western musicals have been imported to mainland China and staged in English. Attempts at localizing Western productions in China began in 2008 when 7062: 3562:

that have been presented at times, throughout theatre history, since the ancient Romans staged mock sea battles. Examples include the musical adaptations of

6923: 1331:. Its run of 2,238 performances was more than twice as long as any previous musical, setting a record that stood for nearly forty years. Even a revival of 7593: 7449: 6239: 5998: 6380: 7410: 2603:

The musical started to diverge from the relatively narrow confines of the 1950s. Rock music would be used in several Broadway musicals, beginning with

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You have two kinds of shows on Broadway – revivals and the same kind of musicals over and over again, all spectacles. You get your tickets for

7822: 7796: 7555: 6721: 955:, with an original American story and music, opened successfully in New York and was revived in Boston, New York, and in repeated tours. Comedians 6641:

Look, I Made a Hat: Collected Lyrics (1981–2011) with Attendant Comments, Amplifications, Dogmas, Harangues, Digressions, Anecdotes and Miscellany

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The motion picture mounted a challenge to the stage. Silent films had presented only limited competition, but by the end of the 1920s, films like

5550: 4232: 1101:-tinged shows. Hundreds of musical comedies were staged on Broadway in the 1890s and early 20th century, composed of songs written in New York's 4767:

However, noting the success in recent decades of original material, and creative re-imaginings of film, plays and literature, theatre historian

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and school groups in churches, schools and other performance spaces. Although amateur theatre has existed for centuries, even in the New World,

3580:(2011). These musicals involved songwriters with little theatrical experience, and the expensive productions generally lost money. Conversely, 2417: 2234: 1724:

and the sentimental romance of operetta, adding technical expertise and the fast-paced staging and naturalistic dialogue style led by director

834:, which were popularized partly because most London theatres were licensed only as music halls and not allowed to present plays without music. 3962:(1999)), fewer animated film musicals were released in the first decade of the 21st century. The genre made a comeback beginning in 2010 with 3226:

s lead by offering heavily discounted day-of-performance or standing-room tickets, although often the discounts are offered only to students.

1093:(1898) was the first musical comedy entirely produced and performed by African Americans on Broadway (largely inspired by the routines of the 7431: 6113: 4326: 7848: 7172: 6750: 6496: 5091: 4437:

and Broadway starting in September. Throughout 2021, however, spikes in the pandemic have caused some closures even after markets reopened.

3027:. Although many film versions of musicals were made in the 1970s, few were critical or box office successes, with the notable exceptions of 3667:

Another trend has been to create a minimal plot to fit a collection of songs that have already been hits. Following the earlier success of

3608: 1764:, Rodgers and Hart, Weill and Gershwin, some with runs over 500 performances as the economy rebounded, but artistic change was in the air. 1456:(1921), an all-African American show, was a hit on Broadway. A new generation of composers of operettas also emerged in the 1920s, such as 3435:), hoping that the shows would have a built-in audience as a result. This trend is especially persistent with film adaptations, including 6586: 6856: 6568: 3618:(2013) in which the staging takes place around and within the audience. The shows set a joint record, each receiving 11 nominations for 7783: 7706: 7701: 4721: 3590: 6803: 4453:, during that period and even earlier). However, the light musical stage in other countries has become more active in recent decades. 3980:(2013). In Asia, India continues to produce numerous "Bollywood" film musicals, and Japan produces "Anime" and "Manga" film musicals. 2331:

was first produced off-Broadway. This intimate allegorical show would quietly run for over 40 years at the Sullivan Street Theatre in

7226: 7087: 3279:, achieved a healthy run of 899 performances but was criticized for sanitizing the story and "musical theatre-izing" the rock music. 6347: 3222:

in hopes of winning the lottery for $ 20 front row tickets, and some saw the show dozens of times. Other shows on Broadway followed

2168:. It was praised by critics for its innovations in music and choreography but was less commercially successful than the same year's 1319:

ran for 670 performances, a Broadway record that held until 1938. The British theatre public supported far longer runs like that of

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adopted many of the successful ideas of European operetta, none more successfully than the series of more than a dozen long-running

4986: 4835: 3154: 7643: 6837: 2393:(1962), which played for 4,344 performances. Two men had considerable impact on musical theatre history beginning in this decade: 5828: 5403: 4331: 4170: 3073: 162: 8012: 6169: 6076: 4337: 3940: 1167:(1896) was one of the most successful in the 1890s, running for more than two years and achieving great international success. 6518: 5223: 988:

their families to the theatre. The first musical theatre piece to exceed 500 consecutive performances was the French operetta

537:, have been made into both musical theatre and operatic productions. Similarly, some older operettas or light operas (such as 8869: 8520: 8412: 8391: 8332: 8291: 8253: 8232: 8188: 8161: 8139: 8120: 8077: 8038: 8006: 7978: 7935: 7914: 6649: 6541: 6286: 5521: 5070: 4914: 4830: 3958: 1646:

in which each song or sketch was based on a newspaper headline, marked the first Broadway show in which an African-American,

1606:(1938), a revue with audience participation, which played for 1,404 performances, setting a new Broadway record. In Britain, 1187:(1901), which ran for a record-setting 1,074 performances in London and 376 in New York. After the turn of the 20th century, 204: 4608:

Japan has recently seen the growth of an indigenous form of musical theatre, both animated and live action, mostly based on

4001:(1999). Several made for TV musicals in the first decade of the 21st century were adaptations of the stage version, such as 2335:, becoming by far the longest-running musical in history. Its authors produced other innovative works in the 1960s, such as 3818: 2228:

and other shows, Robbins combined the roles of director and choreographer, emphasizing the story-telling power of dance in

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was the "first female composer to win the Best Score without a male collaborator" for writing the music and lyrics for

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However, most major-market 21st-century productions have taken a safe route, with revivals of familiar fare, such as

3334: 3264: 2801: 2389: 7610: 4948: 7480:"Arts Council England Has Launched a $ 190 Million Emergency Relief Package for Creative Organizations and Artists" 7280: 7105: 5848:(Spring 1986). "From Pinafore to Porter: United States-United Kingdom Interactions in Musical Theater, 1879–1929". 5691: 5384: 5266: 4408:

of previously recorded performances of many companies, as well as bespoke crowdsourcing projects. For example, The

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The 1990s also saw the influence of large corporations on the production of musicals. The most important has been

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Jerry Herman played a significant role in American musical theatre, beginning with his first Broadway production,

1444:, series of sketches and songs with little or no connection between them. The best-known of these were the annual 9466: 9251: 9111: 8659: 7340: 5686: 5078: 4047:(2006), and its several sequels, enjoyed particular success and were adapted for stage musicals and other media. 2513: 2129: 1786: 1437: 1293: 1171: 740:. These developed into sung plays that are recognizable as English operas, the first usually being thought of as 105: 6874: 5110: 2303:

During the Golden Age, automotive companies and other large corporations began to hire Broadway talent to write

1515:

Progressing far beyond the comparatively frivolous musicals and sentimental operettas of the decade, Broadway's

876: 7734: 5262: 4227: 4102: 3952: 3239: 2491: 674: 370:. Several shorter musicals on Broadway and in the West End in the 21st century have been presented in one act. 17: 7045: 6236: 5993: 4583: 4380: 3713:". Similar but more plot-driven musicals have been built around the canon of a particular pop group including 2530:(1961, 563 performances), about the founding of the state of Israel, and continuing with the blockbuster hits 9420: 8069: 6388: 5291: 4768: 4573: 4343: 4025:

in 2007. Additionally, several musicals were filmed on stage and broadcast on Public Television, for example

3576: 3230: 2190:

in 1961, which proved successful both critically and commercially. Laurents and Sondheim teamed up again for

1245: 7450:"Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Show Must Go On series: Musicals including Joseph to be streamed online for free" 6320: 6299: 4433:, were released on streaming platforms. Andrew Lloyd Webber released recordings of his musicals on YouTube. 3866: 1572:, while Rodgers and Hart returned from Hollywood to create a series of successful Broadway shows, including 8678: 7411:"'Ratatouille: The TikTok Musical' All-Star Cast To Include Wayne Brady, Tituss Burgess & Adam Lambert" 5005: 4205: 4088:

Although the production received mixed reviews, it was a ratings success. Further broadcasts have included

3860: 3570: 3510: 3503: 3364: 2718: 2544: 1961: 1921: 7880: 7385:"Original Video Creators Tapped to Provide Music for Ratatouille: The TikTok Musical; Lucy Moss to Direct" 7311:"Mamma Mia! original West End cast sing tribute in self-isolation to NHS and cast member with coronavirus" 6682: 3083:) – and big budgets. Some were based on novels or other works of literature. The British team of composer 783:, that included lyrics written to the tunes of popular songs of the day (often spoofing opera), and later 9456: 8790: 5813:

A Beautiful Pageant: African American Theatre, Drama and Performance in the Harlem Renaissance, 1910–1927

3930: 3564: 2965: 2469:(1973). Later, Sondheim found inspiration in unlikely sources: the opening of Japan to Western trade for 2187: 2179: 1857:(1959). Some of these musicals treat more serious subject matter than most earlier shows: the villain in 1269: 1251: 1075: 1042: 550:

Like opera, the singing in musical theatre is generally accompanied by an instrumental ensemble called a

449: 324:

There is no fixed length for a musical. While it can range from a short one-act entertainment to several

195:

productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller venues, such as

7727:

Let's Put on a Musical!: How to Choose the Right Show for Your School, Community or Professional Theater

7539: 6276: 5897: 354: 156: 9461: 8859: 6690: 4618: 4199: 3902: 3884: 3735: 3461: 3340: 3121: 3029: 2910: 2030: 1736: 947: 519: 97: 4589: 3138: 1175:(1898) became the first American musical to run for over a year in London. The British musical comedy 522:

of the actors' singing voices in a way that would generally be disapproved of in an operatic context.

9372: 9086: 8864: 8768: 7988: 4009: 4003: 3946: 3015: 2877: 2704:

Tolerance as an important theme in musicals has continued in recent decades. The final expression of

2316: 2281: 1321: 702: 461: 4775:

Is the Musical dead? ... Absolutely not! Changing? Always! The musical has been changing ever since

3507:), equate the Broadway and West End musical to a tourist attraction, rather than a creative outlet. 3137:

to become the longest-running show in Broadway history, a record it still holds. The French team of

2909:

in lower Manhattan. What initially had been planned as a limited engagement eventually moved to the

1698:

depicted New York City's early history while good-naturedly satirizing Roosevelt's good intentions.

9451: 9400: 9036: 8535: 5850: 4696: 4664: 4601: 4595: 4165: 4117: 4084: 4021: 3652: 3538: 3473: 3455: 3358: 3302: 2849: 2664: 2526: 2064: 1548: 1158: 1037: 864: 439: 266: 187:

Musicals are performed around the world. They may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget

979:) instead of the ladies of questionable repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. In 1879, 806: 750:

turned several of his farcical comedies into musical entertainments with songs (music provided by

112:

and other frothy entertainments of the early 20th century and led to such groundbreaking works as

8912: 8773: 7855: 5010: 4738: 4561: 4423: 4128: 4059: 3690: 3675: 3558:

Several musicals returned to the spectacle format that was so successful in the 1980s, recalling

3491: 3437: 3395: 3245: 3234: 3126: 2652: 2532: 2355: 2308: 2260:(1957), injecting playful sexuality into those hits. He was later the director-choreographer for 1949: 1841: 1765: 1740: 1674:

piece that, despite the controversy surrounding it, ran for 108 performances. Rodgers and Hart's

1378: 1236: 1197: 1195:

to create another decade of popular shows. Other enduring Edwardian musical comedy hits included

1150: 1047: 539: 433: 407: 8180: 6735:"Natasha, Pierre and the Great Comet of 1812 (Original Cast Recording) is Astonishingly Complex" 5542: 4523:

Successful musicals from continental Europe include shows from (among other countries) Germany (

9031: 8091: 6770:"It's Revving Up" – The Next Generation of Female Songwriters Share Their Hopes for the Future" 4409: 4187: 4149: 3991: 3695: 3606:

magazine reported that a trend off-Broadway has been "immersive" theatre, citing shows such as

3497: 3495:. Some critics have argued that the reuse of film plots, especially those from Disney (such as 2779: 2656:. Towards the end of the Golden Age, several shows tackled Jewish subjects and issues, such as 2481: 2347:, the first two-character Broadway musical. The 1960s would see a number of blockbusters, like 1676: 1602: 1590: 1337: 1125: 990: 626: 622: 342: 8383: 7023: 6590: 5781: 5160: 4904: 736:

that involved music, dancing, singing and acting, often with expensive costumes and a complex

9286: 9271: 9177: 9137: 8784: 8736: 8327:. Oxford Illustrated Histories (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 541. 7005: 6639: 6565: 6205: 6195: 5749: 5680: 5641: 3920: 3878: 3836: 3631: 3619: 3419: 3275: 3197:, who began with productions off-Broadway. The most conspicuous success of these artists was 3194: 3009: 2791: 2588:

and Bernadette Peters. Herman's songbook has been the subject of two popular musical revues,

2476: 2337: 1891: 1694: 1685: 1085: 779: 721: 688: 554:, located in a lowered area in front of the stage. While opera typically uses a conventional 8508: 8348: 8062: 7611:"No curtain calls or intermissions. Broadway is back, but this act is different from before" 5610: 3781:

Live-action film musicals were nearly dead in the 1980s and early 1990s, with exceptions of

2083:, which ran for 2,707 performances, becoming the longest-running off-Broadway musical until 9471: 9291: 9076: 8963: 8837: 7992: 7594:"U.K. Postpones Reopening Roadmap; West End Theatres Will No Longer Reopen in Full in June" 6566:"The top 20 longest-running productions in West End history. Correct as of 7 February 2020" 6439: 5893: 5845: 4713: 4635: 4464: 4429: 4242: 4015: 3908: 3896: 3774: 3715: 3296: 2829: 2569: 2465: 2361: 2201: 2109: 2079: 2070: 2068:(1954), which ran for 2,078 performances in London and marked Andrews' American debut, and 2017: 1979: 1803:

remains one of the most frequently produced of the team's projects. William A. Everett and

1662: 1522: 1492: 1396: 1289: 999: 868:(1860) shattered previous New York musical theatre record, with a run of 253 performances. 544: 85: 9406: 5941: 5653: 2926:

Broadway audiences welcomed musicals that varied from the golden age style and substance.

2609:, which featured not only rock music but also nudity and controversial opinions about the 8: 9326: 9296: 9276: 9187: 9132: 9071: 9041: 8369: 8267: 7686: 6611: 6344: 4746: 4567: 4543: 4531: 4484: 4322: 4307: 4193: 4043: 3812: 3725: 3701: 3449: 3383: 3219: 3084: 3035: 2698: 2658: 2646: 2503: 2349: 2240: 2045: 1944: 1939: 1660:(1935) featured an all African-American cast and blended operatic, folk and jazz idioms. 1596: 1183: 1058: 960: 909:, music hall, pantomime and burletta dominated the London musical stage into the 1870s. 906: 751: 742: 693: 473: 455: 308: 300: 93: 8343: 8001:. The Cambridge History of Music. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 591. 7765: 5974: 4709: 3757: 3153:, whose 1985 London production was produced by Mackintosh and became, and still is, the 885: 578:

local or historical styles are appropriate to the setting." Musicals may begin with an

291:. A musical's production is also creatively characterized by technical aspects, such as 9430: 9301: 9266: 9246: 9167: 9116: 9106: 8852: 8810: 8760: 8464: 8173: 6822:, History of Musical Film, musicals101.com, accessed July 11, 2014; and Kenrick, John. 6755: 6142: 5989: 5875: 4991: 4957: 4725:

the US. The Educational Theater Association in the US has nearly 5,000 member schools.

4217: 4175: 4160: 3976: 3956:

in 1989 and running throughout the 1990s (including some more adult-themed films, like

3533: 3516: 3485: 3431: 3370: 3269: 3190: 3088: 3057: 2881: 2863: 2596: 2439: 2304: 1853: 1835: 1634: 1433: 1429: 943: 555: 413: 393:

The material presented in a musical may be original, or it may be adapted from novels (

376: 366: 180: 8673: 5718:, a British musical theatre publication about Victorian and Edwardian musical theatre. 4733: 3378:

was "the closest to traditional musical theatre" and was "one pathway to the future."

2564:

was later reworked into a London hit). Writing both words and music, many of Herman's

2521:, in which the first act ends with the cast informing the audience that they are mad. 637:. India has, since the 20th century, produced numerous musical films, referred to as " 582:

played by the orchestra that "weav together excerpts of the score's famous melodies."

498: 9321: 9208: 8988: 8842: 8820: 8622: 8616: 8598: 8592: 8560: 8539: 8516: 8509: 8497: 8476: 8454: 8427: 8408: 8402: 8387: 8355: 8328: 8306: 8287: 8249: 8228: 8221: 8205: 8199: 8184: 8157: 8135: 8116: 8099: 8073: 8044: 8034: 8002: 7974: 7955: 7949: 7931: 7910: 7730: 7547: 7143: 7136:"Livestreaming schedule: music, art, literature and events from Australia and beyond" 6645: 6624: 6282: 6209: 5867: 5699: 5626: 5495: 4982: 4910: 4825: 4776: 4555: 4478: 4396: 4389: 4301: 4237: 4027: 3997: 3985: 3854: 3830: 3794: 3107: 2950: 2940: 2752: 2471: 2453: 2408: 2373: 2332: 2161: 2140: 1904: 1748: 1568: 1135: 1080: 1070: 901: 897: 797: 530: 419: 317: 212: 81: 8715: 6615: 6092: 5858:(British-American Musical Interactions). Chicago: University of Illinois Press: 47. 5566: 4930: 4906:

Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Volume 8: Genres: North America

3150: 1231:, and adaptations of continental operettas became direct competitors with musicals. 100:, which emerged in Britain, and the musical theatre works of American creators like 9476: 9390: 9342: 9256: 9203: 9101: 9066: 9011: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8958: 8953: 8778: 8729: 8642: 5859: 5234: 5067: 4643: 4537: 4516: 4405: 4295: 4271: 4141:

Some television shows have set episodes as a musical. Examples include episodes of

4107: 3925: 3914: 3842: 3467: 3425: 3413: 3163: 2973: 2960: 2823: 2742: 2691: 2590: 2581: 2394: 2367: 2175: 2165: 2099: 2050: 2035: 1539: 1532: 1501: 1488: 1446: 1425: 1363: 1342: 1239:

composed new operettas that were popular in English until World War I. In America,

755: 534: 401: 395: 283: 200: 192: 188: 174: 130:(1943). Some of the most famous musicals through the decades that followed include 47: 8689:

Internet Broadway Database – Cast and production lists, song lists and award lists

7173:"Stage shows, musicals and opera you can watch online now for free | WhatsOnStage" 5515: 2074:(1954), which broke the British long-run record with a run of 2,283 performances. 810: 559: 443:). On the other hand, many successful musical theatre works have been adapted for 9316: 9213: 9152: 9056: 9026: 8983: 8639:(W. W. Norton, 2010) 826 pages; comprehensive history since the mid-19th century. 8588: 8449: 8322: 8279: 8243: 7925: 7823:"League Releases Annual "Demographics of the Broadway Audience Report" for 06-07" 6572: 6376: 6351: 6243: 6232: 6122: 6002: 5525: 5146: 5096: 5074: 5050: 5031: 4705: 4458: 4122: 4090: 4065: 3970: 3783: 3710: 3706: 3479: 3198: 3003: 2890: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2573: 2448: 2250: 2192: 2157: 2148: 2094: 2085: 2025: 2021: 1795: 1703: 1681: 1461: 1409: 1384: 1372: 1354: 1315: 1277: 1227: 1203: 1192: 1154: 1117: 1106: 1064: 1020: 1004: 968: 956: 926: 769:

From the 18th century, the most popular forms of musical theatre in Britain were

610: 526: 489: 386: 360: 220: 216: 138: 101: 89: 42: 7749: 5621:

Bargainnier, Earl F. "W. S. Gilbert and American Musical Theatre", pp. 120–133,

5265:, Britannica.com, accessed August 4, 2021; and Blakeley, Sasha and Jenna Conan. 5258: 4646:, which currently fields five performing troupes. Elsewhere in Asia, the Indian 4281:. Television series that have extensively used the musical format have included 2307:, private shows only seen by their employees or customers. The 1950s ended with 1790:

unaccompanied. It drew rave reviews, set off a box-office frenzy and received a

1600:(1939). The longest-running piece of musical theatre of the 1930s in the US was 1309:

The theatre-going public needed escapist entertainment during the dark times of

9311: 9223: 9218: 9182: 9157: 9147: 9046: 8892: 8815: 8552: 8489: 8468: 8149: 7722: 7250: 6330: 6201: 5684:

describes the enormous train trips required of the cast of the 1903 smash hit,

5063: 4820: 4812: 4691: 4659: 4259: 4211: 4050: 3730: 3644: 3636: 3614: 3352: 3346: 3251: 3203: 3183: 3093: 2988: 2914: 2906: 2730: 2676: 2627: 2605: 2556: 2538: 2497: 2486: 2426: 2387:(1960) ran for 2,618 performances, but the long-run champion of the decade was 2273: 2217: 2205: 2119: 2012: 1987: 1908: 1847: 1791: 1781: 1656: 1629: 1628:(1931), a political satire by the Gershwins, was the first musical awarded the 1624: 1608: 1496:

developing society less hidebound by nineteenth-century tradition." In France,

1401: 1297: 1240: 1219: 972: 939: 467: 304: 208: 168: 144: 120: 65:, acting and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, 8048: 5962: 5669:, pp. 15–17 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993); and Bradley, p. 9 2577: 1472: 1232: 9445: 9352: 8805: 8612: 8373: 8103: 7551: 7147: 6263: 6228: 5871: 5824: 4845: 4840: 4511: 4096: 4033: 3872: 3806: 3529: 3389: 3142: 3041: 2894: 2872: 2854: 2806: 2747: 2430: 2289: 2285: 2170: 2059: 2034:(1951). The relatively brief seven-month run of that show did not discourage 2003: 1983: 1955: 1930: 1912: 1804: 1761: 1744: 1725: 1639: 1584: 1558: 1553: 1476: 1452: 1417: 1327: 1257: 1188: 1141: 1102: 1094: 976: 921: 792: 763: 710: 630: 606: 602: 594: 551: 507: 325: 278: 244: 150: 31: 8576: 8310: 8087: 7854:(Press release). Society of London Theatre. January 18, 2008. Archived from 7362: 4650:

musical, mostly in the form of motion pictures, is tremendously successful.

4372:

was a parody of, and homage to, Golden Age musicals of the 1940s and 1950s.

9306: 9238: 9228: 9162: 9061: 9016: 8937: 8318: 8263: 8028: 6905:"As ITV prepares for The Sound of Music Live, are we watching TV's future?" 6746: 5766: 5486: 5139: 4944: 4850: 4798: 4687: 4368: 4247: 4112: 4071: 4054: 3801: 3769: 3752: 3740: 3626: 3559: 3521: 3284: 3105:

to become the longest-running Broadway show. Lloyd Webber followed up with

2983: 2774: 2756:

similarly explores the experience of immigrants and minorities in America.

2690:

during Easter-Passover celebrations; the rival gangs were to be Jewish and

2636: 2632: 2585: 2398: 2378: 2256: 2104: 2055: 2040: 1999: 1974: 1916: 1900: 1896: 1667: 1647: 1574: 1563: 1468: 1457: 1413: 1405: 1263: 1133:

to complete the musical and visual fun. The success of the first of these,

1130: 1113: 913: 912:

In America, mid-19th century musical theatre entertainments included crude

851: 846: 841:. In New York in the summer of 1753, they performed ballad-operas, such as 838: 770: 737: 733: 642: 590: 563: 444: 381: 337: 329: 288: 196: 132: 9410: 6823: 6819: 6456: 5499:, vol. 98, no. 1375 (September 1957), pp. 483–485, accessed 17 August 2010 5460: 5295: 5130:

These may include electric guitar, electric bass synthesizer and drum kit.

3209: 3189:

In the 1990s, a new generation of theatrical composers emerged, including

1500:

was written between in the early decades of the century for such stars as

384:

described the ideal of song in theatre when reviewing the 2008 revival of

9051: 9003: 8932: 8825: 8515:. New York; Milwaukee, WI: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books/Playbill. 8424:

The Theater Will Rock: a History of the Rock Musical: From Hair to Hedwig

8377: 8284:

Spread a little happiness: the first hundred years of the British musical

7945: 7797:"The Broadway League Announces 2007–2008 Broadway Theatre Season Results" 7540:"Arts Groups, Facing Their Own Virus Crisis, Get a Piece of the Stimulus" 6325: 6316: 6191: 5591: 5511: 4763:, but it's never going to be what it was. ... It's a tourist attraction." 4717: 4630: 4446: 4143: 3824: 3685: 3659:, although work by male songwriters continues to be produced more often. 3098: 3079: 3064: 3053: 2969: 2945: 2927: 2902: 2859: 2640: 2610: 2434: 2343: 2297: 2136: 2124: 2090: 2007: 1926: 1822: 1671: 1654:", a woman's lament for her husband who has been lynched. The Gershwins' 1651: 1528: 1421: 1310: 1285: 1146: 1121: 995: 859: 788: 754:) and dance in the late 17th century. These influenced a brief period of 725: 717: 657: 77: 27:

Stage work that combines songs, music, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance

7432:"The living room where it happens: Hamilton film to premiere on Disney+" 889: 239: 8998: 8800: 8693: 8115:(Revised and updated ed.). Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham. p. 161. 8057: 7341:"Review: Twelfth Night Live from The Maltings Theatre – Theatre Weekly" 7202: 5879: 5728: 4277: 4265: 4134: 3890: 3680: 3256: 3068: 2955: 2885: 2818: 2550: 2444: 2293: 2277: 2197: 1934: 1712: 1708: 1689: 1582:, the first Broadway musical to make dramatic use of classical dance), 1579: 1367: 1281: 1163: 1010: 951: 917: 823: 701:

The antecedents of musical theatre in Europe can be traced back to the

634: 571: 515: 485: 333: 292: 8175:

The Age of Hair: Evolution and Impact of Broadway's First Rock Musical

6988:"Tinashe, Kiersey Clemons Among Cast for Fox's Live Version of 'Rent'" 6664:

Berman, Eliza. "On Broadway, It's Déjà Vu All Over – and Not Just for

5928: 5490: 4671:

in 2005. In addition, Li Dun, a well-known Chinese producer, produced

4468:). South Africa has an active musical theatre scene, with revues like 747: 9347: 9261: 9172: 9021: 8847: 8830: 8699: 7906: 7510:"$ 27 million for arts organisations in new targeted support package" 4647: 3935: 3761: 3640: 3322: 3179: 2724: 2565: 2415:

The first project for which Sondheim wrote both music and lyrics was

2245: 1882: 1776: 1770: 1643: 1517: 1428:. Popular music was dominated by musical theatre standards, such as " 1400:. Despite forgettable stories, these musicals featured stars such as 1177: 827: 802: 784: 759: 638: 348: 312: 126: 114: 7752:, American Association of Community Theatre, accessed March 14, 2016 7644:"Broadway shows, newly reopened after COVID, face new cancellations" 7577:"Broadway Is Dark. London Is Quiet. But in Australia, It's Showtime" 6943:"TV Ratings: 'Grease Live' Surges on Fox, Nabs 12.2 Million Viewers" 6345:"Recruit, Train and Motivate: The History of the Industrial Musical" 5863: 5767:

Hellzapoppin – History of The Musical Stage 1930s: Part III – Revues

3417:, or with adaptations of other proven material, such as literature ( 9281: 9142: 7951:

Oh Joy! Oh Rapture! The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan

6542:"Critic's Notebook; Damping 60's Fire of 'Tommy' for 90's Broadway" 6443: 4450: 4283: 3443: 3328: 2931: 2785: 1998:

The 1950s were crucial to the development of the American musical.

1390: 1181:(1899) was a popular success on both sides of the Atlantic, as was 1028:

by early authors and composers of musicals in Britain and America.

893: 831: 814: 774: 579: 567: 503: 276:(Italian for "small book"). The music and lyrics together form the 272: 62: 7825:(Press release). Broadway League. November 5, 2007. Archived from 6826:, History of Musical Film, musicals101.com, accessed July 11, 2014 6804:"Broadway.com at 10: The 10 Biggest Broadway Trends of the Decade" 6791:

Duo Make History as First All-Female Writing Team to Win the Tony"

6722:"Here Lies Love, Great Comet Shatter Records in Lortel Nominations 6459:, History of Musical Film, musicals101.com, accessed July 11, 2014 5212:, March 30, 2002, accessed 15 January 2010 (registration required) 4638:, spanning thirteen years. Beginning in 1914, a series of popular 2712:. Homosexuality has also been explored in musicals, starting with 1161:

swept away the earlier musical forms of comic opera and operetta.

691:, which was painted on a backshutter for the first performance of 679: 8907: 8752: 4624: 4549: 4525: 4253: 3964: 3765: 3375: 2841: 2459: 2422: 2383: 1480: 1345:

and his imitators in America, were also extraordinarily popular.

1215: 1098: 888:

was experimenting with a form of comic musical theatre he called

706: 558:, musicals are generally orchestrated for ensembles ranging from 296: 58: 7700:

Major organizations representing amateur theatre groups include

6237:"W. S. Gilbert: Antiquarian Authenticity and Artistic Autocracy" 5747:

Bordman, Gerald. "Jerome David Kern: Innovator/Traditionalist",

2548:(1983, 1,761 performances). Even his less successful shows like 1818: 720:

saw older forms evolve into two antecedents of musical theatre:

8927: 8922: 8902: 8511:

At This Theatre: 100 Years of Broadway Shows, Stories and Stars

5667:

Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz?: Yip Harburg, Lyricist

5196:, labyrinth.net.au, Cenarth Fox, 2001, accessed 22 January 2010 4314:

There have also been musicals made for the internet, including

3555:

were developed off-Broadway before being launched on Broadway.

2935: 2835: 2670: 2631:, and as the struggle in America and elsewhere for minorities' 2404: 1943:(1947, 725 performances); and Cole Porter found inspiration in 1865:

deals with spousal abuse, thievery, suicide and the afterlife;

1120:, who perceived that audiences wanted a new alternative to the 934:

was the first show to call itself a "musical comedy." In 1874,

729: 724:, where raucous clowns improvised familiar stories, and later, 684: 66: 7799:(Press release). Broadway League. May 28, 2008. Archived from 5267:"History of Musical Theatre: Lesson for Kids – Early Musicals" 4675:, based on a classic Chinese love tragedy, in 2007 as well as 4082:

began a series of live television broadcasts of musicals with

2697:. The creative team later decided that the Polish (white) vs. 2443:(1964, which ran only nine performances, despite having stars 1937:

combined political satire with Irish whimsy for their fantasy

1491:

took control of the Broadway theatres. Musical theatre writer

817:

and other forms of light musical entertainment were emerging.

37: 8917: 8887: 8710: 5111:"Theorizing the Golden Age Musical: Genre, Structure, Syntax" 4639: 4613: 4609: 4181: 4155: 3983:

Made for TV musical films were popular in the 1990s, such as

2371:(1965; 2,328 performances), and some more risqué pieces like 2319:, it has become one of the most popular musicals in history. 1441: 1157:. These shows were immediately widely copied in America, and 650: 646: 109: 8350:

The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: The Americas

4806: 3709:), and many others. This style is often referred to as the " 2978: 2475:(1976), a legendary murderous barber seeking revenge in the 2421:(1962, 964 performances), with a book based on the works of 2272:(1975). Other notable director-choreographers have included 1650:, starred alongside white actors. Waters' numbers included " 1552:(1931) starred dancing partners Fred Astaire and his sister 108:

musicals (1915–1918) were artistic steps forward beyond the

8473:

Broadway Musicals : The 101 Greatest Shows of All Time

8382:. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford University Press. p. 8245:

Music from the Age of Shakespeare : A Cultural History

8113:

Indian popular cinema : a narrative of cultural change

7363:"BBC Radio 3 – Free Thinking, The future of theatre debate" 6962:"Watch This First Glimpse of Fox's A Christmas Story Live!" 6737:, Broadway World, December 22, 2013, accessed April 7, 2014 3720: 3091:

started the megamusical phenomenon with their 1981 musical

1484: 963:

produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 (

575: 8721: 8716:

Synopses and character descriptions of most major musicals

8156:. Norton introduction to music history. New York: Norton. 8033:(Twelfth ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill Education. 4401:

closure of theatres and theatre festivals around the world

1348: 8134:(fifteenth ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons. 7760: 7758: 7710: 7628:

among shows to close during Sydney's snap Covid lockdown"

6924:"Grease: Live Makes the Best Case Yet for the TV Musical" 5115:

A MusicTheoretical Matrix: Essays in Honor of Allen Forte

4663:

was produced in Mandarin with a full Chinese cast at the

4079: 614: 7849:"Record Attendances as Theatreland celebrates 100 Years" 7772:. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons. pp. 393–394. 6497:"Broadway Rush, Lottery and Standing Room Only Policies" 5690:, which tour ran for nine years, including on the road. 5398: 5396: 5394: 4153:("The Bitter Suite" and "Lyre, Lyre, Heart's On Fire"), 3155:

longest-running musical in West End and Broadway history

1313:, and they flocked to the theatre. The 1919 hit musical 7024:"Exclusive: First Look at Joss Whedon's "Dr. Horrible"" 6879:

Ratings Strong: NBC Musical Draws 11.5 Million Viewers"

5623:

American Popular Music: Readings from the Popular Press

4350:

Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods

3528:

Today, it is less likely that a sole producer, such as

1408:

and produced dozens of enduring popular songs by Kern,

8688: 8649:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1983 7755: 7691:, Town Square Productions, accessed September 30, 2013 6806:, Broadway.com, May 10, 2010, accessed August 14, 2012 5782:"Salad Days History, Story, Roles and Musical Numbers" 5595:

The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre, TV and Film

2501:(1987), and a collection of presidential assassins in 2107:

season included a dozen musicals and revues including

1112:

Meanwhile, musicals took over the London stage in the

8305:(fifth ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons. 7786:, NPR.org, November 13, 2015, accessed March 14, 2016 6940: 5391: 5206:"Theatre Latte Da takes foray into mini-musical form" 5014:, Ellen, October 23, 2009, accessed December 13, 2017 4498:

Over the Rainbow: the all-new all-gay... extravaganza

4019:(2005), and a televised version of the stage musical 2809:" which were then adapted to the stage, most notably 2411:(shown in 2008) has starred in five Sondheim musicals 1507: 585: 8618:

Beautiful Mornin': The Broadway Musical in the 1940s

8110: 6575:, Society of London Theatre. Retrieved 9 August 2021 4788: 3237:

animated film musicals for the stage, starting with

1479:

composers began to bring new musical styles such as

8637:

Showtime: A History of the Broadway Musical Theater

7927:

Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American Culture

6793:, Playbill, June 7, 2015, accessed November 7, 2015 2876:emerged from recorded group therapy-style sessions 2224:. After Abbott collaborated with Jerome Robbins in 1335:held the stage for 1,463 performances. Revues like 8475:. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. 8347: 8220: 8172: 8061: 7998:The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music 7973:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 7903:The Routledge Companion to Theatre and Performance 7134:Convery, Stephanie; Rawson, Sharnee (2020-03-20). 7063:"Broadway League Extends Shutdown Until June 2021" 5952:, TalkinBroadway.org (2000), accessed May 26, 2009 5784:guidetomusicaltheatre.com, accessed March 16, 2012 5298:, Musicals101.com, 2003, accessed October 12, 2015 5140:Show index with links to orchestration information 5100:, London, December 15, 2003, accessed May 26, 2009 4935:, PBS.org, May 24, 2007, accessed February 7, 2017 4780:arts can only flow where the paying public allows. 3273:(1993), a theatrical adaptation of the rock opera 1731: 1243:produced a string of enduring operettas including 1191:joined forces with Edwardes and American producer 605:traditions of theatre that include music, such as 8707:(V&A museum website) (archived 12 April 2011) 8496:. New York: Oxford University Press. viii, 749 p. 8274:(1st ed.). London: Putnam. pp. 753–756. 7784:"The Most Popular High School Plays and Musicals" 7764: 7707:"The Most Popular High School Plays and Musicals" 7281:"Hamilton Cast Reunion Happens in Separate Rooms" 7088:"West End confirms closure until at least August" 6814: 6812: 6705:"Natasha, Imelda and the Great Immersion of 2013" 6266:, Musicals101.com, 2003, accessed August 14, 2012 6168:. Starpulse.com. 19 February 2007. Archived from 5829:"Operetta Review: Much Silliness In a Gilt Frame" 4682: 1869:explores miscegenation even more thoroughly than 1542:set in during the post-Broadway national tour of 9443: 8111:Gokulsing, K. Moti; Dissanayake, Wimal (2004) . 8086: 6867: 6724:, Variety, April 1, 2014, accessed April 7, 2014 4488:touring internationally. Locally, musicals like 3161:(1989), which was inspired by the Puccini opera 510:or at least popular singing and musical styles. 8532:Writing & Staging A New Musical: A Handbook 8401:Wilmeth, Don B.; Miller, Tice L., eds. (1996). 6258: 6256: 5977:, The Pulitzer Prizes, accessed January 7, 2018 5592:"G&S in the USA" at the musicals101 website 5551:New York Public Library for the Performing Arts 5426: 5424: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 4987:"Opera? Musical? Please Respect the Difference" 3115:(1986; also with Mackintosh), derived from the 2212:introduced ballet as a story-telling device in 1464:, to create a series of popular Broadway hits. 1062:(1891) was Broadway's long-run champion (until 787:, which developed from commedia dell'arte, and 8341: 6921: 6902: 6809: 6711:magazine, May 20, 2013, accessed April 6, 2014 6281:. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2006. 5965:, Musicals101.com, 2004, accessed May 17, 2010 5904:, Oxford Music Online, accessed 15 March 2018 5569:, New Line Theatre, 2008, accessed 7 July 2024 5463:, Musicals101.com, 2003, accessed May 26, 2009 5404:"Longest Running Plays in London and New York" 5035:, October 27, 2006, accessed December 27, 2018 2418:A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum 2235:A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum 1615:Still, a few creative teams began to build on 8737: 8507:Botto, Louis; Mitchell, Brian Stokes (2002). 8400: 8242:Lord, Suzanne (2003). Brinkman, David (ed.). 7133: 6835: 5735:, Musicals101.com, 2004, accessed May 7, 2012 5414: 5412: 4375: 3699:(2009, featuring classic rock of the 1980s), 3609:Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 1883:annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938 932:The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post 8583:(3 Volumes). New York: Schirmer Books, 2001. 8573:. First ed. Philadelphia: Chilton. v, 208 p. 8407:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 8227:. Hanover: University Press of New England. 8055: 8026: 7900: 7713:, November 13, 2015, accessed March 14, 2016 7106:"The best theatre to watch online right now" 6306:, 18 November 2011, accessed August 15, 2012 6253: 6074: 6040:, September 27, 1998, accessed July 14, 2019 5743: 5741: 5625:by Timothy E. Scheurer, Popular Press, 1989 5421: 5406:, Stage Beauty (2007), accessed May 26, 2009 5351: 5349: 5272: 5046:"The Royal Opera opens a window on Sondheim" 4902: 4221:(one episode was written by the creators of 1825:starred in several Broadway hits of this era 1760:The 1940s began with more hits from Porter, 1707:could be presented with synchronized sound. 8368: 8268:"American musical theatre: an introduction" 6854: 6315: 5985: 5983: 5963:"History of Musical Film, 1927–30: Part II" 5835:, March 29, 2003, accessed December 1, 2012 5769:, Musicals101.com, accessed October 8, 2015 5698:. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000 5654:"List of allusions to G&S in Wodehouse" 5054:, April 5, 2003, accessed December 27, 2018 4898: 4896: 3207:(1996), a rock musical (based on the opera 2103:ran for more than two years. The 1959–1960 2002:'s eclectic characters were at the core of 1711:films at low prices effectively killed off 1031: 8744: 8730: 8426:. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 8248:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 7987: 7702:National Operatic and Dramatic Association 6644:. New York: Alfred P. Knopf. p. xxi. 5915: 5913: 5733:Who's Who in Musicals: Additional Bios XII 5656:, Home.lagrange.edu, accessed May 27, 2009 5644:, guardian.co.uk, Retrieved on 21 May 2007 5605: 5603: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5409: 4995:, July 7, 2011, accessed December 13, 2017 4969: 4967: 4886: 4884: 4722:National Operatic and Dramatic Association 4427:. Filmed versions of major musicals, like 3591:The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee 2613:, race relations and other social issues. 2568:have become popular standards, including " 2377:, before ending with the emergence of the 2296:, who also got his start with Abbott, and 8711:Castalbumdb – Musical Cast Album Database 8453:. Marburg, Germany: Tectum Verlag, 2003. 7744: 7742: 7080: 6985: 6166:"West Side Story Tops Best Movie Musical" 5738: 5567:"Curtain Up, Light the Lights: 1874–1900" 5561: 5559: 5518:The Life and Reminiscences of Jessie Bond 5346: 4440: 4321:about a low-rent super-villain played by 3804:began a revival of the film musical with 3063:The 1980s saw the influence of European " 1774:(1943) completed the revolution begun by 480: 248:(1893) was one of the first hit musicals. 8696:– synopses, cast lists, song lists, etc. 8027:Cohen, Robert; Sherman, Donovan (2020). 7665: 7663: 7661: 7227:"Free Theatre Screenings – Google Drive" 6959: 6759:, April 23, 2013, accessed April 7, 2014 6637: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6467: 6465: 6375: 6065:, August 10, 2003, accessed May 26, 2009 5980: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5777: 5775: 5761: 5759: 5692:"Oz Before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's 5586: 5584: 5221: 5161:"Off the Stage, What's Behind the Music" 5149:, MTIshows.com, accessed October 4, 2015 4893: 4836:Long-running musical theatre productions 4732: 4686: 4510: 4379: 4049: 3756: 3509: 3178: 3052: 2848: 2403: 2135: 1978: 1861:is a suspected murderer and psychopath; 1817: 1807:wrote that this was a "show, that, like 1735: 1527: 1347: 1214: 1041: 875: 678: 653:comics has developed in recent decades. 589: 484: 238: 227: 61:performance that combines songs, spoken 36: 8421: 8324:The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera 8262: 8129: 7944: 7278: 6986:Turchiano, Danielle (29 October 2018). 6857:"NBC Says It Will Put On a Show, Again" 6796: 6751:"A Rise to Power, Disco Round Included" 6672:magazine, May 15, 2017 issue, pp. 51–52 6539: 5910: 5815:, Palgrave MacMillan, 2002, pp. 263–267 5600: 5507: 5505: 5475: 5442: 4964: 4961:, March 28, 2008, accessed May 26, 2009 4881: 4856: 3746: 2038:from collaborating again, this time on 14: 9444: 8559:. Chicago, Illinois: I.R. Dee. 336 p. 8317: 8300: 8278: 8148: 8064:The Cambridge Companion to the Musical 7968: 7739: 7537: 7507: 7050:perfectly capture the joy of musicals" 6941:Michael O'Connell (February 1, 2016). 6587:"A glorious musical romp – with bite!" 6529:from the original on January 11, 2014. 5556: 5553:, June 2, 2011, accessed June 21, 2018 5358: 5158: 4642:have been performed by the all-female 4388:in Minneapolis, Minnesota, during the 4332:How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria? 3959:South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut 2200:providing the music for a story about 2016:, (1950, 1,200 performances); and the 791:with mostly romantic plot lines, like 336:may be used, especially in so-called " 8725: 8621:. New York: Oxford University Press. 8571:The Story of American Musical Theater 8494:American Musical Theatre: a Chronicle 8218: 8179:. New York: Greenwood Press. p. 7923: 7770:Gilbert and Sullivan and Their Operas 7658: 7408: 7382: 7021: 6960:Fierberg, Ruthie (November 1, 2017). 6519:"Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show" 6494: 6474: 6462: 6457:"The 1970s: Big Names, Mixed Results" 6190: 5931:, Pulitzer.org, accessed July 7, 2012 5787: 5772: 5756: 5581: 4831:List of musicals filmed live on stage 3255:(2000), the latter two with music by 3157:. The team produced another hit with 3077:); a helicopter landing on stage (in 2204:, the mother of the titular stripper 1210: 801:(1845). Meanwhile, on the continent, 709:. Groups of actors would use outdoor 641:" musicals, and in Japan a series of 560:27 players down to only a few players 104:at the turn of the 20th century. The 9396: 8241: 8170: 6584: 6264:"Dance in Stage Musicals – Part III" 6135: 6114:"Theater: New Musical in Manhattan ( 5844: 5665:Meyerson, Harold and Ernest Harburg 5502: 5269:, Study.com, accessed August 4, 2021 4903:Shepherd, John; Horn, David (2012). 4519:in a 1930 performance of "Parisette" 3111:(1984), performed on roller skates; 2750:and historical American racism, and 2292:. Prominent directors have included 1325:(1,352 performances) and especially 994:in 1878 (705 performances). English 668: 9416: 8581:The Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre 8404:Cambridge Guide to American Theatre 8197: 8096:Gänzl's Book of the Musical Theatre 7472: 7291:from the original on April 13, 2020 6922:Sophie Gilbert (February 1, 2016). 6903:Jane Martinson (15 December 2015). 6838:"'Sound of Music' was a little off" 6075:Kerr, Walter (September 27, 1957). 5975:Special Awards and Citations – 1944 5753:, 1985, Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 468–473 5178: 4338:Grease: You're the One That I Want! 4057:has starred in such TV musicals as 3662: 3622:, and feature contemporary scores. 2759: 2746:is a sensitive exploration of both 2740:and other shows in recent decades. 2680:. The original concept that became 1680:(1937) was a political satire with 845:, and ballad-farces. By the 1840s, 96:in America. These were followed by 24: 8441: 7901:Allain, Paul; Harvie, Jen (2014). 7575:Cave, Damien and Michael Paulson. 7321:from the original on 14 April 2020 6836:Robert Bianco (December 6, 2013). 5117:(Part V), ed. David Carson Berry, 4949:"Curtain Up! It's Patti's Turn at 4716:companies licensed to perform the 4506:In Briefs – a queer little Musical 4449:and operetta, for example Spanish 3649:Tony Award for Best Original Score 3635:. In 2015, for the first time, an 2560:(1974) have had memorable scores ( 1877:dies onstage; and the backdrop of 936:Evangeline or The Belle of Arcadia 916:, which eventually developed into 586:Eastern traditions and other forms 219:. Musicals are often presented by 25: 9488: 8653: 7460:from the original on 4 April 2020 7200: 6440:"Song search: What I Did for Love 5263:"The history of theatrical music" 5159:Elliot, Susan (August 17, 2008). 5092:"Something for the weekend, sir?" 4508:have been produced successfully. 4386:In the Heart of the Beast Theatre 4041:in 2003. The made-for-TV musical 2390:The Black and White Minstrel Show 884:Around 1850, the French composer 871: 9425: 9415: 9405: 9395: 9386: 9385: 8557:The Musical, from the Inside Out 8272:The Complete Book of Light Opera 8201:The Essential Guide to Bollywood 7930:. University of North Carolina. 7873: 7841: 7815: 7789: 7776: 7768:; Cunningham, Bridgeman (1914). 7716: 7694: 7680: 7649: 7637: 7616: 7603: 7586: 7569: 7531: 7508:Cooper, Nathanael (2020-04-08). 7501: 7442: 7424: 7402: 7383:Meyer, Dan (December 17, 2020). 7376: 7355: 7333: 7303: 7272: 7243: 7219: 7194: 7165: 7127: 7098: 7055: 7038: 7015: 6998: 6979: 6953: 6934: 6915: 6896: 6855:Bill Carter (December 9, 2013). 6848: 6829: 6824:"The 1990s: Disney & Beyond" 6779: 6762: 6740: 6727: 6714: 6540:Pareles, John (April 27, 1993). 6495:Blank, Matthew (March 1, 2011). 6300:"A life in theatre: Trevor Nunn" 6023:Rubin and Solórzano, pp. 439–440 5597:(2008). Retrieved on 4 May 2012. 5530:The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive 5385:Tom and Jerry, or Life in London 4805: 4791: 4704:Musicals are often presented by 3309: 2616: 2542:(1966, 1,508 performances), and 1467:In London, writer-stars such as 1288:, following in the footsteps of 900:from the 1850s to the 1870s and 282:of a musical and include songs, 234: 9426: 7729:, Watson-Guptill Publications, 7558:from the original on 2020-03-27 7520:from the original on 2020-04-10 7490:from the original on 2020-03-27 7261:from the original on 2020-04-17 7183:from the original on 2020-04-09 7154:from the original on 2020-03-26 7116:from the original on 2020-04-06 6697: 6675: 6658: 6631: 6605: 6589:. Broadway Baby. Archived from 6578: 6559: 6533: 6511: 6488: 6449: 6433: 6412: 6403: 6369: 6360: 6337: 6309: 6292: 6269: 6222: 6184: 6158: 6129: 6107: 6068: 6043: 6026: 6017: 6008: 5968: 5955: 5934: 5922: 5886: 5838: 5818: 5805: 5721: 5708: 5672: 5659: 5647: 5635: 5615: 5572: 5535: 5466: 5433: 5376: 5367: 5337: 5328: 5319: 5310: 5301: 5252: 5215: 5199: 5187: 5152: 5133: 5124: 5103: 5084: 5079:National Endowment for the Arts 5057: 5038: 5017: 4634:metaseries has had twenty-nine 4421:musicals were created, such as 3941:How the Grinch Stole Christmas! 3233:, which began adapting some of 2858:was one of 55 productions that 2365:(1964; 1,348 performances) and 2216:in 1936, which was followed by 2130:The Importance of Being Earnest 1732:The Golden Age (1940s to 1960s) 525:Some works, including those by 8647:Operetta: A Theatrical History 8594:Broadway: The American Musical 8072:. Cambridge University Press. 7894: 7279:Haylock, Zoe (April 6, 2020). 6485:Allain and Harvie, pp. 206–207 6471:Everett and Laird, pp. 250–256 6387:. Primate, LLC. Archived from 6136:Rich, Frank (March 12, 2000). 5006:"Broadway Turns Up the Volume" 4998: 4976: 4938: 4923: 4909:. A&C Black. p. 104. 4872: 4863: 4683:Amateur and school productions 4653:Beginning with a 2002 tour of 4317:Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog 4228:Batman: The Brave and the Bold 3934:(both in 2021), among others. 2944:, and murder and the media in 2777:flourished in the 1970s, with 2492:Sunday in the Park with George 2220:'s ballet and choreography in 892:. The best known composers of 746:(1656). In France, meanwhile, 675:Development of musical theatre 13: 1: 8286:. London: Thames and Hudson. 8070:Cambridge Companions to Music 7881:"Conversations with Sondheim" 7022:Roush, Matt (June 30, 2008). 6138:"Conversations with Sondheim" 4233:"Mayhem of the Music Meister" 3810:(2001). This was followed by 3739:(2002, based on the songs of 3729:(2002, based on the songs of 3719:(1999, based on the songs of 3679:(2002, based on the tunes of 3670:Buddy – The Buddy Holly Story 3577:Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark 3543:smaller venues. For example, 3231:Disney Theatrical Productions 1919:'s career as a basis for his 1670:, was a highly political pro- 1366:, borrowing from vaudeville, 8679:Resources in other libraries 8597:. New York: Bulfinch Press. 8354:. New York City: Routledge. 7924:Allen, Robert C. (c. 1991). 7538:Jacobs, Julia (2020-03-24). 7409:Evans, Greg (Dec 28, 2020). 6329:(Interview). Interviewed by 5696:on Stage and Screen to 1939" 5418:Parker (1925), pp. 1196–1197 5364:Carter and Butt 2005, p. 280 4932:The American Musical, Part 2 4728: 4325:. It was written during the 4100:(NBC 2015), a UK broadcast, 2992:. At the end of the decade, 2536:(1964, 2,844 performances), 2359:(1964; 2,844 performances), 2353:(1964; 3,242 performances), 2248:choreographed for Abbott in 1925:(1946, 1,147 performances); 1787:Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin' 1612:ran for 1,646 performances. 1046:Cover of the Vocal Score of 88:in Britain and the works of 7: 8751: 8154:Anthology of Medieval Music 8098:. London: The Bodley Head. 7954:. Oxford University Press. 7750:"Community Theatre History" 7207:streams.culturaldigital.com 7203:"Cultural Digital: Streams" 6446:, accessed October 11, 2016 6059:, Puppets and Maury Yeston" 5461:"History of Stage Musicals" 5233:. p. 2. Archived from 5081:, accessed November 1, 2009 4890:Rubin and Solórzano, p. 438 4784: 4476:and book musicals, such as 2870:In 1975, the dance musical 2716:, and even more overtly in 2180:Tony Award for Best Musical 10: 9493: 8301:Parker, John, ed. (1925). 8171:Horn, Barbara Lee (1991). 8130:Herbert, Ian, ed. (1972). 7971:A History of Baroque Music 7969:Buelow, George J. (2004). 7010:: 10 Best Musical Numbers" 6638:Sondheim, Stephen (2011). 6321:"Passing Through Curtains" 6278:The Richard Rodgers Reader 5694:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 5430:Wilmeth and Miller, p. 182 4376:2020–2021 theatre shutdown 3750: 3019:, and popular revivals of 2805:. Some of those began as " 2517:) and the above-mentioned 2174:, written and composed by 2123:, a musical adaptation of 2077:Another record was set by 1972: 1276:In the 1910s, the team of 1035: 672: 663: 98:Edwardian musical comedies 29: 9381: 9365: 9335: 9237: 9196: 9125: 9094: 9085: 8997: 8946: 8880: 8759: 8700:The Broadway Musical Home 8694:Guidetomusicaltheatre.com 8674:Resources in your library 7514:The Sydney Morning Herald 7052:, Mashable, July 22, 2021 6014:Everett and Laird, p. 124 6005:. Retrieved June 13, 2010 5714:See, generally, Index to 5491:"The Music of 'Musicals'" 5439:Wilmeth and Miller, p. 56 4973:Cohen and Sherman, p. 233 4878:Everett and Laird, p. 137 3314: 2976:'s autobiographical film 2968:, was set in the days of 2737:Hedwig and the Angry Inch 2635:progressed, Hammerstein, 2485:(1979), the paintings of 2044:(1956), an adaptation of 1487:to the theatres, and the 1341:in Britain, and those of 1322:The Maid of the Mountains 965:The Mulligan Guard Picnic 703:theatre of ancient Greece 221:amateur and school groups 9037:Theatrical superstitions 8536:Kindle Direct Publishing 8303:Who's Who in the Theatre 8198:Jha, Subhash K. (2005). 8132:Who's Who in the Theatre 7646:, NPR, December 16, 2021 7626:Hamilton, Come From Away 7613:, CNN, September 2, 2021 7012:, CBR.com, March 9, 2020 6685:Thoroughly Modern Millie 6333:(published May 1, 2010). 5642:PG Wodehouse (1881–1975) 5532:, accessed March 4, 2011 4697:Thoroughly Modern Millie 4665:Central Academy of Drama 4602:The Musical Sancho Panza 4596:Hoy no me puedo levantar 4166:Buffy the Vampire Slayer 4085:The Sound of Music Live! 3539:Thoroughly Modern Millie 3265:highest-grossing musical 3174: 3113:The Phantom of the Opera 3097:, based on the poems of 3074:The Phantom of the Opera 3048: 2764: 2495:(1984), fairy tales for 2322: 1968: 1755: 1511:and the Great Depression 1438:Someone to Watch Over Me 1159:Edwardian musical comedy 1038:Edwardian musical comedy 1032:1890s to the new century 1002:comic operas, including 570:, classical techniques, 301:stage properties (props) 163:The Phantom of the Opera 30:Not to be confused with 8422:Wollman, E. L. (2006). 8223:Our Musicals, Ourselves 8219:Jones, John B. (2003). 7885:New York Times Magazine 7046:"The original songs in 6385:New York Herald Tribune 6381:"The Growth of an Idea" 6089:New York Herald Tribune 5906:(subscription required) 5543:"Musical of the Month: 5343:Shakespeare 1998, p. 44 5231:Theatre Under the Stars 5222:Thornton, Shay (2007). 5184:Gokulsing, 2004, p. 98. 5121:6/2 (2013), pp. 163–169 5028:: That old black magic" 5011:The Wall Street Journal 4619:Kiki's Delivery Service 4424:Ratatouille the Musical 4290:Flight of the Conchords 4171:Once More, with Feeling 4129:A Christmas Story Live! 4103:The Sound of Music Live 3637:all-female writing team 3335:The Light in the Piazza 3139:Claude-Michel Schönberg 2866:has brought to Broadway 2802:Two Gentlemen of Verona 2309:Rodgers and Hammerstein 2164:and lyrics by newcomer 1950:The Taming of the Shrew 1766:Rodgers and Hammerstein 1741:Rodgers and Hammerstein 540:The Pirates of Penzance 9467:Music history by genre 9032:Theatrical constraints 7255:Sydney Theatre Company 6947:The Hollywood Reporter 6275:Block, Geoffrey (ed.) 6250:, 17 April 1922, p. 17 6231:and his choreographer 5578:Gänzl and Lamb, p. 356 4782: 4765: 4743: 4701: 4520: 4441:International musicals 4410:Sydney Theatre Company 4392: 4150:Xena: Warrior Princess 4075: 3800:. In the new century, 3790:Little Shop of Horrors 3778: 3673:, these have included 3525: 3291:Little Shop of Horrors 3186: 3151:novel of the same name 3125:(1993), from the 1950 3117:novel of the same name 3060: 2954:, which relied on old 2867: 2811:Jesus Christ Superstar 2780:Jesus Christ Superstar 2701:conflict was fresher. 2600:(off-Broadway, 2003). 2451:), and the successful 2412: 2144: 1995: 1826: 1752: 1591:The Boys from Syracuse 1535: 1359: 1338:The Bing Boys Are Here 1307: 1222: 1054: 991:The Chimes of Normandy 881: 862:'s "musical burletta" 698: 627:Indian classical dance 619:Indian musical theatre 598: 492: 481:Comparisons with opera 423:), historical events ( 343:Jesus Christ Superstar 249: 51: 9272:Theatrical technician 9178:Theatrical Technician 9138:Electrician (theatre) 9112:Production management 8056:Everett, William A.; 7688:Milestones: 2005–2009 6593:on September 28, 2007 6356:Perfect Sound Forever 6197:Anatomy of the Movies 6095:on September 26, 2011 5750:The Musical Quarterly 5681:Oz Before the Rainbow 4773: 4752: 4736: 4690: 4514: 4494:Love and Green Onions 4383: 4241:(the 100th episode, " 4053: 3760: 3751:Further information: 3620:Lucille Lortel Awards 3513: 3420:The Scarlet Pimpernel 3267:in Broadway history. 3195:Michael John LaChiusa 3182: 3127:film of the same name 3056: 2934:explored the rise of 2923:, became a standard. 2852: 2792:The Rocky Horror Show 2769:After the success of 2594:(Broadway, 1985) and 2514:Merrily We Roll Along 2407: 2139: 1982: 1973:Further information: 1907:and choreographed by 1821: 1743:(left and right) and 1739: 1695:Knickerbocker Holiday 1686:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1594:(1938). Porter added 1531: 1351: 1302: 1218: 1172:The Belle of New York 1105:, including those by 1045: 1036:Further information: 879: 858:those in London, but 807:comédie en vaudeville 758:by composers such as 732:developed during the 682: 593: 488: 242: 228:Definitions and scope 46:was a hit musical on 40: 9292:Light board operator 9077:Costume construction 8569:Ewen, David (1961). 8530:Bryant, Jye (2018). 8450:The American Musical 8370:Shakespeare, William 7829:on February 22, 2010 7803:on February 22, 2010 6391:on December 12, 2007 5929:1944 Pulitzer awards 4857:Notes and references 4714:Gilbert and Sullivan 4636:Sailor Moon musicals 4590:Mozart, l'opéra rock 4465:The Drowsy Chaperone 4016:Once Upon a Mattress 3909:Mary Poppins Returns 3897:The Greatest Showman 3819:Phantom of the Opera 3775:The Greatest Showman 3747:Film and TV musicals 3582:The Drowsy Chaperone 3297:Bat Boy: The Musical 3240:Beauty and the Beast 2917:, and its hit song, 2466:A Little Night Music 2202:Rose Thompson Hovick 2110:Little Mary Sunshine 2080:The Threepenny Opera 2020:was the setting for 1666:(1937), directed by 1663:The Cradle Will Rock 1523:Oscar Hammerstein II 1362:The musicals of the 1290:Gilbert and Sullivan 1000:Gilbert and Sullivan 545:Gilbert and Sullivan 417:), classic legends ( 86:Gilbert and Sullivan 9327:Wardrobe supervisor 9297:Lighting technician 9188:Wardrobe supervisor 9133:Carpenter (theatre) 9072:Theatrical property 9042:Technical rehearsal 8791:English Renaissance 8705:History of musicals 7861:on October 29, 2008 7583:, February 27, 2021 6585:Shaw, Pete (2006). 6571:5 July 2020 at the 6172:on 22 February 2007 5990:Gordon, John Steele 5892:Wagstaff, John and 5678:Mark Evan Swartz's 5307:Hoppin, pp. 180–181 5296:"A Capsule History" 4747:The Broadway League 4574:Notre-Dame de Paris 4559:), Czech Republic ( 4515:Japan's all-female 4327:WGA writer's strike 4323:Neil Patrick Harris 4308:Crazy Ex-Girlfriend 4194:The Powerpuff Girls 4188:Dexter's Laboratory 4044:High School Musical 3885:The Last Five Years 3384:Fiddler on the Roof 3220:Nederlander Theatre 3085:Andrew Lloyd Webber 3030:Fiddler on the Roof 2920:What I Did for Love 2659:Fiddler on the Roof 2350:Fiddler on the Roof 2241:Fiddler on the Roof 2152:(1957) transported 2046:George Bernard Shaw 1945:William Shakespeare 1895:(1944), written by 1677:I'd Rather Be Right 1638:(1933), a revue by 1597:Du Barry Was a Lady 1440:". Many shows were 1184:A Chinese Honeymoon 1059:A Trip to Chinatown 946:, based loosely on 752:Jean-Baptiste Lully 743:The Siege of Rhodes 694:The Siege of Rhodes 340:" musicals such as 315:'s choreography in 9457:History of theatre 9431:Outline of theatre 9302:Spotlight operator 9267:Technical director 9252:Production manager 9168:Spotlight operator 9117:Company management 9107:Technical director 8796:Spanish Golden Age 8785:Commedia dell'arte 8150:Hoppin, Richard H. 7782:Nadworny, Elissa. 7609:Garvey, Marianne. 7581:The New York Times 7544:The New York Times 7110:Time Out Worldwide 6861:The New York Times 6756:The New York Times 6546:The New York Times 6428:The New York Times 6420:"Theater Review": 6409:Horn 1991, p. 134. 6379:(August 4, 1957). 6350:2004-08-03 at the 6242:2011-05-10 at the 6143:The New York Times 6038:The New York Times 6001:2010-08-04 at the 5944:As Thousands Cheer 5940:Connema, Richard. 5902:Grove Music Online 5833:The New York Times 5524:2012-04-21 at the 5373:Parker 2001, p. 42 5334:Buelow 2004, p. 26 5229:. Houston, Texas: 5224:"A Wonderful Life" 5165:The New York Times 5145:2010-02-13 at the 5073:2008-04-18 at the 4992:The New York Times 4983:Tommasini, Anthony 4958:The New York Times 4744: 4702: 4521: 4502:Bangbroek Mountain 4393: 4161:Psych: The Musical 4076: 3953:The Little Mermaid 3947:The Cat in the Hat 3779: 3571:Gone with the Wind 3534:Cameron Mackintosh 3526: 3504:The Little Mermaid 3365:The Book of Mormon 3191:Jason Robert Brown 3187: 3089:Cameron Mackintosh 3061: 3058:Cameron Mackintosh 2882:James Kirkwood Jr. 2868: 2719:La Cage aux Folles 2545:La Cage aux Folles 2519:Anyone Can Whistle 2440:Anyone Can Whistle 2413: 2313:The Sound of Music 2305:corporate musicals 2145: 1996: 1962:Perchance to Dream 1922:Annie Get Your Gun 1915:used sharpshooter 1879:The Sound of Music 1854:The Sound of Music 1827: 1800:The New York Times 1753: 1635:As Thousands Cheer 1536: 1430:Fascinating Rhythm 1360: 1333:The Beggar's Opera 1246:The Fortune Teller 1223: 1211:Early 20th century 1116:, led by producer 1091:A Trip to Coontown 1055: 1026:admired and copied 944:J. Cheever Goodwin 907:musical burlesques 882: 843:The Beggar's Opera 819:The Beggar's Opera 780:The Beggar's Opera 722:commedia dell'arte 699: 601:There are various 599: 556:symphony orchestra 493: 462:The Sound of Music 377:The New York Times 250: 52: 9462:Theatrical genres 9439: 9438: 9361: 9360: 9209:Lighting designer 8801:French Classicism 8660:Library resources 8643:Traubner, Richard 8587:Kantor, Michael; 8522:978-1-55783-566-6 8414:978-0-521-56444-1 8393:978-0-19-283414-0 8344:Solórzano, Carlos 8334:978-0-19-285445-2 8293:978-0-500-01398-4 8255:978-0-313-31713-2 8234:978-0-87451-904-4 8190:978-0-313-27564-7 8163:978-0-393-09080-2 8141:978-0-273-31528-5 8122:978-1-85856-329-9 8079:978-0-521-79189-2 8040:978-1-260-05738-6 8008:978-0-521-79273-8 7980:978-0-253-34365-9 7937:978-0-8078-1960-9 7916:978-0-4156-3631-5 7766:Cellier, François 6703:Zoglin, Richard. 6651:978-0-307-59341-2 6625:Time Out New York 6616:"Theater Review. 6523:BroadwayWorld.com 6319:(April 7, 2010). 6298:Dickson, Andrew. 6287:978-0-19-531343-7 6126:, October 7, 1957 5898:"Messager, André" 5496:The Musical Times 5004:Gamerman, Ellen. 4929:Wattenberg, Ben. 4916:978-1-4411-4874-2 4826:Lists of musicals 4759:theatre will die 4584:Roméo et Juliette 4479:Kat and the Kings 4470:African Footprint 4397:COVID-19 pandemic 4390:COVID-19 pandemic 4344:Any Dream Will Do 4243:That '70s Musical 4132:(Fox, 2017), and 3795:the 1996 film of 3565:Lord of the Rings 3108:Starlight Express 3101:, which overtook 2472:Pacific Overtures 2409:Bernadette Peters 2333:Greenwich Village 2317:1965 film version 2162:Leonard Bernstein 2141:Leonard Bernstein 1905:Leonard Bernstein 1749:St. James Theatre 1569:The Dancing Years 1562:(1934) confirmed 1556:, while Porter's 1352:Sheet music from 1081:John Philip Sousa 1071:Reginald De Koven 902:Johann Strauss II 898:Jacques Offenbach 822:century, such as 798:The Bohemian Girl 669:Early antecedents 645:based on popular 531:Leonard Bernstein 213:community theatre 82:Jacques Offenbach 16:(Redirected from 9484: 9429: 9428: 9419: 9418: 9409: 9399: 9398: 9389: 9388: 9343:Musical ensemble 9204:Costume designer 9102:Stage management 9092: 9091: 9067:Set construction 8746: 8739: 8732: 8723: 8722: 8718:(StageAgent.com) 8635:Stempel, Larry. 8632: 8608: 8589:Maslon, Laurence 8549: 8526: 8514: 8486: 8437: 8418: 8397: 8365: 8353: 8338: 8314: 8297: 8280:Morley, Sheridan 8275: 8259: 8238: 8226: 8215: 8194: 8178: 8167: 8145: 8126: 8107: 8083: 8067: 8052: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8011:. 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Archived from 6084: 6080: 6072: 6066: 6051:"On the Record: 6049:Suskin, Steven. 6047: 6041: 6034:"Opening Nights" 6030: 6024: 6021: 6015: 6012: 6006: 5987: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5959: 5953: 5942:"San Francisco: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5842: 5836: 5822: 5816: 5811:Krasner, David. 5809: 5803: 5802:Herbert, p. 1598 5800: 5785: 5779: 5770: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5725: 5719: 5712: 5706: 5687:The Wizard of Oz 5676: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5598: 5588: 5579: 5576: 5570: 5563: 5554: 5539: 5533: 5516:Introduction to 5509: 5500: 5484: 5473: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5440: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5419: 5416: 5407: 5400: 5389: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5344: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5326: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5299: 5289: 5270: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5239: 5228: 5219: 5213: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5156: 5150: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5122: 5109:Kowalke, Kim H. 5107: 5101: 5090:White, Michael. 5088: 5082: 5061: 5055: 5042: 5036: 5021: 5015: 5002: 4996: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4962: 4942: 4936: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4900: 4891: 4888: 4879: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4710:François Cellier 4644:Takarazuka Revue 4538:Tanz der Vampire 4517:Takarazuka Revue 4406:online streaming 4362:Over the Rainbow 4206:Once Upon a Time 3926:Steven Spielberg 3876:(both in 2012), 3736:We Will Rock You 3691:The Four Seasons 3663:Jukebox musicals 3545:Spring Awakening 3462:The Color Purple 3341:Spring Awakening 3164:Madama Butterfly 3122:Sunset Boulevard 2974:Federico Fellini 2966:Stephen Schwartz 2901:first opened at 2760:1970s to present 2647:Finian's Rainbow 2582:Barbra Streisand 2395:Stephen Sondheim 2368:Man of La Mancha 2178:, which won the 2176:Meredith Willson 2166:Stephen Sondheim 2160:, with music by 2154:Romeo and Juliet 2100:Leave It to Jane 2036:Lerner and Loewe 2031:Paint Your Wagon 1940:Finian's Rainbow 1747:(center) at the 1722:Roaring Twenties 1621: 1540:Great Depression 1533:Rodgers and Hart 1502:Yvonne Printemps 1498:comédie musicale 1489:Shubert Brothers 1447:Ziegfeld Follies 1426:Rodgers and Hart 1364:Roaring Twenties 1343:Florenz Ziegfeld 1294:Princess Theatre 1270:Naughty Marietta 1252:Babes in Toyland 535:Stephen Sondheim 402:Man of La Mancha 284:incidental music 215:productions, or 205:regional theatre 201:off-off-Broadway 106:Princess Theatre 21: 9492: 9491: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9481: 9452:Musical theatre 9442: 9441: 9440: 9435: 9377: 9357: 9331: 9317:Property master 9233: 9214:Scenic designer 9192: 9153:Property master 9121: 9081: 9057:Lighting design 9002: 8993: 8942: 8898:Musical theatre 8876: 8755: 8750: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8668: 8667: 8665:Musical theatre 8663: 8656: 8629: 8611: 8605: 8586: 8553:Citron, Stephen 8546: 8529: 8523: 8506: 8490:Bordman, Gerald 8483: 8469:Vlastnik, Frank 8463: 8444: 8442:Further reading 8434: 8415: 8394: 8362: 8346:, eds. 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G. Wodehouse 2086:The Fantasticks 2026:Frederick Loewe 2022:Alan Jay Lerner 1977: 1971: 1796:Brooks Atkinson 1758: 1734: 1704:The Jazz Singer 1682:George M. Cohan 1622:s innovations. 1619: 1513: 1462:Sigmund Romberg 1385:No, No, Nanette 1292:, created the " 1278:P. G. Wodehouse 1228:The Merry Widow 1213: 1204:The Quaker Girl 1193:Charles Frohman 1155:Lionel Monckton 1118:George Edwardes 1107:George M. Cohan 1097:), followed by 1040: 1034: 1005:H.M.S. Pinafore 969:Lillian Russell 957:Edward Harrigan 927:The Black Crook 880:Poster, c. 1879 874: 677: 671: 666: 611:Taiwanese opera 588: 527:George Gershwin 499:Die Zauberflöte 490:George Gershwin 483: 450:West Side Story 237: 230: 139:The Fantasticks 102:George M. Cohan 55:Musical theatre 43:The Black Crook 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9490: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9423: 9413: 9403: 9393: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9375: 9369: 9367: 9363: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9312:Sound operator 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9243: 9241: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9226: 9224:Sound engineer 9221: 9219:Sound designer 9216: 9211: 9206: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9185: 9183:Technical crew 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9158:Pyrotechnician 9155: 9150: 9148:Make-up artist 9145: 9140: 9135: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9098: 9096: 9089: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9047:Technical week 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9008: 9006: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8950: 8948: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8765: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8749: 8748: 8741: 8734: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8713: 8708: 8702: 8697: 8691: 8682: 8681: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8654:External links 8652: 8651: 8650: 8640: 8633: 8627: 8613:Mordden, Ethan 8609: 8603: 8584: 8574: 8567: 8550: 8544: 8527: 8521: 8504: 8487: 8481: 8471:(2004-10-01). 8461: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8432: 8419: 8413: 8398: 8392: 8374:Orgel, Stephen 8366: 8360: 8339: 8333: 8321:, ed. (2001). 8315: 8298: 8292: 8276: 8260: 8254: 8239: 8233: 8216: 8210: 8204:. Roli Books. 8195: 8189: 8168: 8162: 8152:, ed. (1978). 8146: 8140: 8127: 8121: 8108: 8084: 8078: 8058:Laird, Paul R. 8053: 8039: 8030:Theatre: Brief 8024: 8007: 7985: 7979: 7966: 7960: 7942: 7936: 7921: 7915: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7872: 7840: 7814: 7788: 7775: 7754: 7748:Lynch, Twink. 7738: 7715: 7693: 7679: 7675:Beijing Review 7657: 7648: 7636: 7615: 7602: 7592:McPhee, Ryan. 7585: 7568: 7530: 7500: 7486:. 2020-03-25. 7471: 7441: 7438:. 12 May 2020. 7423: 7401: 7375: 7354: 7343:. 12 June 2020 7332: 7302: 7271: 7242: 7218: 7201:Unitt, Chris. 7193: 7164: 7126: 7097: 7094:. 3 June 2020. 7079: 7054: 7037: 7014: 6997: 6978: 6952: 6933: 6914: 6895: 6866: 6847: 6828: 6808: 6795: 6778: 6761: 6739: 6726: 6713: 6696: 6674: 6657: 6650: 6630: 6604: 6577: 6558: 6532: 6510: 6487: 6473: 6461: 6448: 6432: 6430:, May 22, 1975 6411: 6402: 6368: 6359: 6354:, March 2002, 6336: 6331:Frank J. Oteri 6308: 6291: 6268: 6252: 6221: 6214: 6202:Macmillan Inc. 6183: 6157: 6128: 6106: 6067: 6053:Ernest In Love 6042: 6032:Marks, Peter. 6025: 6016: 6007: 5979: 5967: 5954: 5933: 5921: 5919:Lubbock (2002) 5909: 5885: 5851:American Music 5837: 5825:Midgette, Anne 5817: 5804: 5786: 5771: 5755: 5737: 5720: 5707: 5671: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5614: 5599: 5580: 5571: 5555: 5541:Reside, Doug. 5534: 5501: 5474: 5465: 5441: 5432: 5420: 5408: 5390: 5382:The first was 5375: 5366: 5357: 5355:Buelow, p. 328 5345: 5336: 5327: 5318: 5309: 5300: 5271: 5251: 5214: 5198: 5186: 5177: 5151: 5132: 5123: 5102: 5083: 5068:"Sweeney Todd" 5056: 5037: 5026:Porgy and Bess 5016: 4997: 4975: 4963: 4937: 4922: 4915: 4892: 4880: 4871: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4821:Cast recording 4817: 4816: 4813:Theatre portal 4802: 4786: 4783: 4730: 4727: 4692:Naples Players 4684: 4681: 4655:Les Misérables 4628:. The popular 4579:Les Misérables 4442: 4439: 4377: 4374: 4260:Hannah Montana 4238:That '70s Show 4022:Legally Blonde 3928:'s version of 3921:In the Heights 3903:A Star Is Born 3879:Into The Woods 3867:Les Misérables 3748: 3745: 3664: 3661: 3655:for Kron) for 3645:Jeanine Tesori 3615:Here Lies Love 3456:Legally Blonde 3359:American Idiot 3353:Next to Normal 3347:In the Heights 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3303:Blood Brothers 3184:Audra McDonald 3176: 3173: 3147:Les Misérables 3133:would surpass 3050: 3047: 2938:in Germany in 2915:Pulitzer Prize 2907:Public Theater 2893:and lyrics by 2864:Public Theatre 2807:concept albums 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2665:Milk and Honey 2628:Porgy and Bess 2618: 2615: 2562:Mack and Mabel 2557:Mack and Mabel 2527:Milk and Honey 2498:Into the Woods 2487:Georges Seurat 2479:of London for 2477:Industrial Age 2427:Burt Shevelove 2381:. In Britain, 2324: 2321: 2274:Gower Champion 2218:Agnes de Mille 2206:Gypsy Rose Lee 2120:Ernest in Love 2065:The Boy Friend 2013:Guys and Dolls 1988:Richard Burton 1970: 1967: 1909:Jerome Robbins 1903:, composed by 1875:The King and I 1873:; the hero of 1848:The King and I 1792:Pulitzer Prize 1782:Agnes de Mille 1757: 1754: 1733: 1730: 1657:Porgy and Bess 1630:Pulitzer Prize 1625:Of Thee I Sing 1609:Me and My Girl 1549:The Band Wagon 1512: 1506: 1402:Marilyn Miller 1298:Gerald Bordman 1241:Victor Herbert 1220:Victor Herbert 1212: 1209: 1095:minstrel shows 1033: 1030: 973:Vivienne Segal 940:Edward E. Rice 922:minstrel shows 873: 872:1850s to 1880s 870: 855:The Magic Deer 711:Pageant wagons 673:Main article: 670: 667: 665: 662: 623:Sanskrit drama 587: 584: 482: 479: 355:Les Misérables 265:. The book or 236: 233: 229: 226: 209:fringe theatre 157:Les Misérables 121:Of Thee I Sing 26: 18:Musical-comedy 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9489: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9432: 9424: 9422: 9414: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9402: 9394: 9392: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9366:Miscellaneous 9364: 9354: 9353:Pit orchestra 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9257:Stage manager 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9236: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8945: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8913:Improvisation 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8747: 8742: 8740: 8735: 8733: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8628:0-19-512851-6 8624: 8620: 8619: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8604:0-8212-2905-2 8600: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8566: 8565:0-929587-79-0 8562: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8545:9781730897412 8541: 8537: 8533: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8513: 8512: 8505: 8503: 8502:0-19-502356-0 8499: 8495: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8482:1-57912-390-2 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8460: 8459:3-8288-8458-X 8456: 8452: 8451: 8447:Bauch, Marc. 8446: 8445: 8435: 8433:0-472-11576-6 8429: 8425: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8361:0-415-05929-1 8357: 8352: 8351: 8345: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8319:Parker, Roger 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8299: 8295: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8264:Lubbock, Mark 8261: 8257: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8225: 8224: 8217: 8213: 8211:81-7436-378-5 8207: 8203: 8202: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8182: 8177: 8176: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8114: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8071: 8066: 8065: 8059: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8032: 8031: 8025: 8015:on 2013-01-12 8014: 8010: 8004: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7967: 7963: 7961:0-19-516700-7 7957: 7953: 7952: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7929: 7928: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7899: 7898: 7886: 7882: 7879:Rich, Frank. 7876: 7857: 7850: 7844: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7802: 7798: 7792: 7785: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7759: 7751: 7745: 7743: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7719: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7697: 7690: 7689: 7683: 7677:, 2011, p. 42 7676: 7672: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7652: 7645: 7640: 7633: 7629: 7627: 7619: 7612: 7606: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7412: 7405: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7364: 7358: 7342: 7336: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7251:"STC Virtual" 7246: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7051: 7049: 7041: 7026:. TVGuide.com 7025: 7018: 7011: 7009: 7001: 6993: 6989: 6982: 6967: 6963: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6884: 6880: 6878: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6832: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6813: 6805: 6799: 6792: 6790: 6782: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6747:Brantley, Ben 6743: 6736: 6730: 6723: 6720:Cox, Gordon. 6717: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6686: 6678: 6671: 6667: 6666:Groundhog Day 6661: 6653: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6634: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6619: 6613: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6562: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6498: 6491: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6468: 6466: 6458: 6452: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6429: 6425: 6423: 6422:A Chorus Line 6415: 6406: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6289:, pp. 194–195 6288: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6229:W. S. Gilbert 6225: 6217: 6215:0-02-597540-4 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6187: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6146: 6144: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6117: 6110: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6071: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6046: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6020: 6011: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5984: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5958: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5930: 5925: 5916: 5914: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5808: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5752: 5751: 5744: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5704:0-8018-6477-1 5701: 5697: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5655: 5650: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5631:0-87972-466-8 5628: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5609:Jones, 2003, 5606: 5604: 5596: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5575: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5546: 5538: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5487:Lubbock, Mark 5483: 5481: 5479: 5472:Allen, p. 106 5469: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5436: 5427: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5405: 5402:Gillan, Don. 5399: 5397: 5395: 5387: 5386: 5379: 5370: 5361: 5352: 5350: 5340: 5331: 5322: 5313: 5304: 5297: 5293: 5292:Kenrick, John 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5259:Goodwin, Noël 5255: 5240:on 2007-11-27 5236: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5181: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5136: 5127: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4946: 4945:Brantley, Ben 4941: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4899: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4875: 4869:Morley, p. 15 4866: 4862: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4846:Parsi theatre 4844: 4842: 4841:Music theatre 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4803: 4800: 4789: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4757: 4756:The Lion King 4751: 4748: 4741: 4740: 4739:The Lion King 4735: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4680: 4678: 4677:Love U Teresa 4674: 4670: 4669:The Gold Sand 4666: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4597: 4593:) and Spain ( 4592: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4527: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4318: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4272:Bob's Burgers 4268: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4126:(NBC, 2016), 4125: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4097:The Wiz Live! 4093: 4092: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4034:Kiss Me, Kate 4030: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4010:The Music Man 4006: 4005: 4004:South Pacific 4000: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3916: 3912:(both 2018), 3911: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3873:Pitch Perfect 3869: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3807:Moulin Rouge! 3803: 3799: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3768:starred with 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3560:extravaganzas 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3530:David Merrick 3523: 3519: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3492:Groundhog Day 3488: 3487: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3438:The Producers 3434: 3433: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3396:South Pacific 3392: 3391: 3390:A Chorus Line 3386: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3310:2000s–present 3307: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3261:The Lion King 3258: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3246:The Lion King 3242: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3181: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3143:Alain Boublil 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3103:A Chorus Line 3100: 3096: 3095: 3090: 3087:and producer 3086: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899:A Chorus Line 2896: 2895:Edward Kleban 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2873:A Chorus Line 2865: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2855:A Chorus Line 2851: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2821:. Shows like 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2775:rock musicals 2772: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2748:anti-Semitism 2745: 2744: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2654: 2653:South Pacific 2649: 2648: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2617:Social themes 2614: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2591:Jerry's Girls 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570:Hello, Dolly! 2567: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2533:Hello, Dolly! 2529: 2528: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2431:Larry Gelbart 2428: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2356:Hello, Dolly! 2352: 2351: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2311:'s last hit, 2310: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290:Susan Stroman 2287: 2286:Gillian Lynne 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262:Sweet Charity 2259: 2258: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2196:(1959), with 2195: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2171:The Music Man 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2060:Julie Andrews 2057: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2004:Frank Loesser 2001: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984:Julie Andrews 1981: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1956:Kiss Me, Kate 1952: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1931:E. Y. Harburg 1928: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1913:Irving Berlin 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867:South Pacific 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1842:South Pacific 1838: 1837: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805:Paul R. Laird 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1762:Irving Berlin 1750: 1746: 1745:Irving Berlin 1742: 1738: 1729: 1727: 1726:George Abbott 1723: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1684:as President 1683: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640:Irving Berlin 1637: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1585:Babes in Arms 1581: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1559:Anything Goes 1555: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477:Tin Pan Alley 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1453:Shuffle Along 1449: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1418:Irving Berlin 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1379:Lady, Be Good 1375: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1328:Chu Chin Chow 1324: 1323: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1258:Mlle. Modiste 1254: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1221: 1217: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1198:The Arcadians 1194: 1190: 1189:Seymour Hicks 1186: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1142:A Gaiety Girl 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1103:Tin Pan Alley 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 992: 985: 982: 978: 977:Fay Templeton 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 928: 923: 919: 915: 914:variety revue 910: 908: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 878: 869: 867: 866: 865:Seven Sisters 861: 856: 853: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 825: 820: 816: 812: 811:opéra comique 808: 804: 800: 799: 794: 793:Michael Balfe 790: 786: 782: 781: 776: 772: 771:ballad operas 767: 765: 764:Henry Purcell 761: 757: 756:English opera 753: 749: 745: 744: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 716:The European 714: 712: 708: 704: 696: 695: 690: 686: 681: 676: 661: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 643:2.5D musicals 640: 636: 632: 631:Parsi theatre 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 607:Chinese opera 604: 596: 595:Chinese opera 592: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 564:Rock musicals 561: 557: 553: 552:pit orchestra 548: 546: 542: 541: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 520:amplification 517: 511: 509: 508:popular music 505: 501: 500: 491: 487: 478: 476: 475: 470: 469: 464: 463: 458: 457: 452: 451: 446: 445:musical films 442: 441: 436: 435: 434:The Producers 430: 426: 422: 421: 416: 415: 410: 409: 408:Hello, Dolly! 404: 403: 398: 397: 391: 389: 388: 383: 379: 378: 371: 369: 368: 363: 362: 357: 356: 351: 350: 345: 344: 339: 335: 331: 327: 322: 320: 319: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 281: 280: 275: 274: 268: 264: 260: 256: 247: 246: 245:A Gaiety Girl 241: 235:Book musicals 232: 225: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 185: 183: 182: 177: 176: 171: 170: 165: 164: 159: 158: 153: 152: 151:A Chorus Line 147: 146: 141: 140: 135: 134: 129: 128: 123: 122: 117: 116: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 74: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57:is a form of 56: 49: 45: 44: 39: 33: 32:Music theatre 19: 9239:Running crew 9229:Video design 9163:Running crew 9062:Sound design 9017:Curtain Call 8938:Variety show 8897: 8865:20th century 8860:19th century 8806:Neoclassical 8783: 8664: 8646: 8636: 8617: 8593: 8580: 8570: 8556: 8531: 8510: 8493: 8472: 8448: 8423: 8403: 8378: 8349: 8342:Rubin, Don; 8323: 8302: 8283: 8271: 8244: 8222: 8200: 8174: 8153: 8131: 8112: 8095: 8063: 8029: 8017:. Retrieved 8013:the original 7997: 7970: 7950: 7946:Bradley, Ian 7926: 7902: 7884: 7875: 7863:. Retrieved 7856:the original 7843: 7831:. Retrieved 7827:the original 7817: 7805:. Retrieved 7801:the original 7791: 7778: 7769: 7726: 7718: 7696: 7687: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7655:Jha, p. 1970 7651: 7639: 7632:The Guardian 7631: 7625: 7618: 7605: 7597: 7588: 7580: 7571: 7560:. Retrieved 7543: 7533: 7522:. Retrieved 7513: 7503: 7492:. Retrieved 7483: 7474: 7462:. Retrieved 7453: 7444: 7436:The Guardian 7435: 7426: 7414:. Retrieved 7404: 7394:December 24, 7392:. Retrieved 7388: 7378: 7366:. Retrieved 7357: 7345:. Retrieved 7335: 7323:. Retrieved 7314: 7305: 7293:. Retrieved 7284: 7274: 7263:. Retrieved 7254: 7245: 7234:. Retrieved 7230: 7221: 7210:. Retrieved 7206: 7196: 7185:. Retrieved 7176: 7167: 7156:. Retrieved 7140:The Guardian 7139: 7129: 7118:. Retrieved 7109: 7100: 7092:WhatsOnStage 7091: 7082: 7070:. Retrieved 7066: 7057: 7048:Schmigadoon! 7047: 7040: 7028:. Retrieved 7017: 7007: 7000: 6991: 6981: 6969:. Retrieved 6965: 6955: 6946: 6936: 6928:The Atlantic 6927: 6917: 6909:The Guardian 6908: 6898: 6886:. Retrieved 6882: 6877:The Wiz Live 6876: 6869: 6860: 6850: 6841: 6831: 6798: 6788: 6781: 6773: 6764: 6754: 6742: 6729: 6716: 6708: 6699: 6684: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6640: 6633: 6623: 6617: 6607: 6595:. Retrieved 6591:the original 6580: 6561: 6549:. Retrieved 6545: 6535: 6522: 6513: 6501:. Retrieved 6490: 6451: 6435: 6427: 6421: 6414: 6405: 6393:. Retrieved 6389:the original 6384: 6371: 6362: 6355: 6339: 6324: 6311: 6304:The Guardian 6303: 6294: 6277: 6271: 6247: 6233:John D'Auban 6224: 6200:. New York: 6196: 6192:Pirie, David 6186: 6174:. Retrieved 6170:the original 6160: 6148:. Retrieved 6141: 6131: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6097:. 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