Islam in India - Knowledge

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Muslims but was, in fact, borrowed and further perfected by them from the architectural styles of the post-Roman period. Muslims used a cementing agent in the form of mortar for the first time in the construction of buildings in India. They further put to use certain scientific and mechanical formulae, which were derived by experience of other civilisations, in their constructions in India. Such use of scientific principles helped not only in obtaining greater strength and stability of the construction materials but also provided greater flexibility to the architects and builders. One fact that must be stressed here is that, the Islamic elements of architecture had already passed through different experimental phases in other countries like Egypt, Iran and Iraq before these were introduced in India. Unlike most Islamic monuments in these countries, which were largely constructed in brick, plaster and rubble, the Indo-Islamic monuments were typical mortar-masonry works formed of dressed stones. It must be emphasized that the development of the

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India. Law and order had broken down many times before Partition with much bloodshed on both sides. A massive civil war was looming by the time Mountbatten became Viceroy. After the Second World War, Britain had limited resources, perhaps insufficient to the task of keeping order. Another viewpoint is that while Mountbatten may have been too hasty he had no real options left and achieved the best he could under difficult circumstances. The historian Lawrence James concurs that in 1947 Mountbatten was left with no option but to cut and run. The alternative seemed to be involvement in a potentially bloody civil war from which it would be difficult to get out.

3048: 15348:, pp. 458–472, Quote: "The Mohammedan conquest of India is probably the bloodiest story in history. It is a discouraging tale, for its evident moral is that civilization is a precarious thing, whose delicate complex of order and liberty, culture and peace may at any time be overthrown by barbarians invading from without or multiplying within. The Hindus had allowed their strength to be wasted in internal division and war; they had adopted religions like Buddhism and Jainism, which unnerved them for the tasks of life; they had failed to organize their forces for the protection of their frontiers and their capitals." 6088: 5878: 5988: 3174: 5119: 50: 5965: 8216: 6878: 2886: 5858: 2453: 4717: 4149: 3295: 5904: 6110: 5942: 3919: 6205: 6853: 3068:, the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status. The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency, caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion, resulting in greater patronage of 5005: 385: 3527:. It resulted in a struggle between the newly constituted states of India and Pakistan and displaced up to 12.5 million people with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million (most estimates of the numbers of people who crossed the boundaries between India and Pakistan in 1947 range between 10 and 12 million). The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of mutual hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that plagues 4709: 6403:, also called the Goa Family Law, is the set of civil laws that governs the residents of the Indian state of Goa. In India, as a whole, there are religion-specific civil codes that separately govern adherents of different religions. Goa is an exception to that rule, in that a single secular code/law governs all Goans, irrespective of religion, ethnicity or linguistic affiliation. The above laws are also not applicable to Muslims throughout India who had civil marriages under the 6036: 6890: 5923: 7318:, were burnt alive in a train fire at the Godhra railway station. Gujarat police claimed that the incident was a planned act carried out by extremist Muslims in the region against the Hindu pilgrims. The Bannerjee commission appointed to investigate this finding declared that the fire was an accident. In 2006 the High Court decided the constitution of such a committee was illegal as another inquiry headed by Justice Nanavati Shah was still investigating the matter. 6070: 6024: 2858: 18151: 3786: 7607: 6052: 3717: 2467: 18161: 3738: 3807: 7322: 4915: 8480: 8494: 2218: 3760: 78: 17733: 5697:. Genetic data has also supported this stratification. In three genetic studies representing the whole of South Asian Muslims, it was found that the Muslim population was overwhelmingly similar to the local non-Muslims associated with minor but still detectable levels of gene flow from outside, primarily from Iran and Central Asia, rather than directly from the Arabian Peninsula. 3535: 7556:'s empire. This is an early example which illustrates how the Hindu-Muslim conflict and the Muslim-Sikh conflicts are connected. After this Guru Gobind Singh and the Sikhs helped the next successor of the throne of India to rise, who was Bahadur Shah Zafar. For a certain period of time good relations were maintained somewhat like they were in 7603:

East Punjab in India. The newly formed governments were completely unequipped to deal with migrations of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the border. Estimates of the number of deaths range around roughly 500,000, with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 1,000,000.

2420:. However, some Indian Muslims were found with detectable, traceable levels of gene flow from outside, primarily from the Middle East and Central Asia. However, they are found in very low levels. Sources indicate that the castes among Muslims developed as the result of the concept of Kafa'a. Those who are referred to as 4589:

planning measures was more than 49% among Hindus against 37% among Muslims. According to a district wise fertility study by Saswata Ghosh, Muslim TFR (total fertility rate) is closer to that of the Hindu community in most southern states. Also TFR tends to be high for both communities in Northern states such as

4432:(TFR) compared to that of other religious communities in the country. Because of higher birthrates the percentage of Muslims in India has risen from about 9.8% in 1951 to 14.2% by 2011. However, since 1991, the largest decline in fertility rates among all religious groups in India has occurred among Muslims. The 3661:

breakdown of law and order; many died in riots, massacre, or just from the hardships of their flight to safety. What ensued was one of the largest population movements in recorded history. According to Richard Symonds: At the lowest estimate, half a million people perished and twelve million became homeless.

7583:, the last guru. A former ascetic was charged by Gobind Singh with the duty of punishing those who had persecuted the Sikhs. After the guru's death, Baba Banda Singh Bahadur became the leader of the Sikh army and was responsible for several attacks on the Mughal empire. He was executed by the emperor 3655:

in 1947, two-thirds of the Muslims resided in Pakistan (both east and West Pakistan) but a third resided in India. Based on 1951 census of displaced persons, 7,226,000 Muslims went to Pakistan (both West and East) from India while 7,249,000 Hindus and Sikhs moved to India from Pakistan (both West and

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and easy-going Arabs into a nation unified by faith and fired with zeal to spread the gospel of Islam. The merchant seamen who brought dates year after year now brought a new faith with them. The new faith was well received by South India. Muslims were allowed to build mosques, intermarry with Indian

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breeze. People living on the western coast of India were as familiar with the annual coming of Arab traders as they were with the flocks of monsoon birds; they were as ancient a phenomenon as the monsoon itself. However, whereas monsoon birds flew back to Africa after a sojourn of few months, not all

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Research on the comparison of Y chromosomes of Indian Muslims with other Indian groups was published in 2005. In this study 124 Sunnis and 154 Shias of Uttar Pradesh were randomly selected for their genetic evaluation. Other than Muslims, Hindu higher and middle caste group members were also selected

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Muslim invaders were not all simply raiders. Later rulers fought on to win kingdoms and stayed to create new ruling dynasties. The practices of these new rulers and their subsequent heirs (some of whom were born to Hindu wives) varied considerably. While some were uniformly hated, others developed a

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argued otherwise, arguing the social evils in Muslim society were "worse than those seen in Hindu society". He was critical of Ashraf antipathy towards the Ajlaf and Arzal and attempts to palliate sectarian divisions. He condemned the Indian Muslim community of being unable to reform like Muslims in

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Data indicates that the castes among Muslims have never been as rigid as that among Hindus. They have good interactions with the other communities. They participate in marriages and funerals and other religious and social events in other communities. Some of them also had inter-caste marriages since

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Breaking gender stereotypes, a 34-year-old woman has led Jumu'ah, a Friday prayer service of Muslims, in Malappuram in Kerala, claimed to be the first in the history of the country. Jamitha, the general secretary of Quran Sunnat Society, took the role of the 'imam' of the prayers held at the office

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Disputers of the "conversion by the sword theory" point to the presence of the large Muslim communities found in Southern India, Sri Lanka, Western Burma, Bangladesh, Southern Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia coupled with the distinctive lack of equivalent Muslim communities around the heartland of

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in India can be divided into two parts: religious and secular. Mosques and Tombs represent the religious architecture, while palaces and forts are examples of secular Islamic architecture. Forts were essentially functional, complete with a little township within and various fortifications to engage

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Barrani was specific in his recommendation that the "sons of Mohamed" be given a higher social status than the others. His most significant contribution in the fatwa was his analysis of the castes with respect to Islam. His assertion was that castes would be mandated through state laws or "Zawabi"

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in the area of Qadian. In India, Ahmadis are considered to be Muslims by the Government of India (unlike in neighbouring Pakistan). This recognition is supported by a court verdict (Shihabuddin Koya vs. Ahammed Koya, A.I.R. 1971 Ker 206). There is no legislation that declares Ahmadis non-Muslims or

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CSDS study reports, have found that Indian Muslims have become ‘less religious’ since 2016. In that same year, the study founds that 97 per cent of Muslim respondents have said that they prayed regularly. However, in 2021, it was found that only 86 per cent of Muslim youth prayed regularly which is

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On 29 June 2021, Pew Research Center reports on Religiosity have been published, where they completed 29,999 face-to-face interviews with non-institutionalized adults ages 18 and older living in 26 states and three union territories across India. They interviewed 3,336 Muslims and found that 79% of

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and the world's largest Muslim-minority population. India is home to 10.9% of the world's Muslim population. According to Pew Research Center, there can be 213 million Muslims in 2020, India's 15% population. Indian Muslim have a fertility rate of 2.36, the highest in the nation as per as according

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in 1947, and the British Indian province of Punjab was divided into two parts, where the western parts were assigned to Pakistan, while the eastern parts went to India. 5.3 million Muslims moved from India to West Punjab in Pakistan, as 3.4 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from Pakistan to

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On the other hand, it is also documented that Muslims tend to adopt family planning measures. A study conducted by K. C. Zacharia in Kerala in 1983 revealed that on average, the number of children born to a Muslim woman was 4.1 while a Hindu woman gave birth to only 2.9 children. Religious customs

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during partition, have advocated for a full population exchange between the Muslim and Hindu minorities of India and Pakistan for maintenance of law, order and peace in both the newly formed nations by citing- "That the transfer of minorities is the only lasting remedy for communal peace is beyond

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In contrast to the indigenous Indian architecture which was of the trabeate order, i.e. all spaces were spanned by means of horizontal beams, the Islamic architecture was arcuate, i.e. an arch or dome was adopted as a method of bridging a space. The concept of arch or dome was not invented by the

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towards the end of the 12th century CE. New elements were introduced into the Indian architecture that include: use of shapes (instead of natural forms); inscriptional art using decorative lettering or calligraphy; inlay decoration and use of coloured marble, painted plaster and brightly coloured

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The emergence of ... Barelvis, under the leadership of Maulana Ahmed Riza Khan ... he succeeded in founding the Madrassah Manzar al-Islam in Bareilly in 1904 ... Barlevis' vehement opposition to Deobandis and other contemporary reformists led Barbar Metcalf to conclude that the Barlevis were 'an

5044:. The movement has grown in organisational strength and in its own missionary programme and has expanded to over 200 countries as of 2014 but has received a largely negative response from mainstream Muslims who see it as heretical, due mainly to Ghulam Ahmad's claim to be a prophet within Islam. 4569:

According to sociologists Roger and Patricia Jeffery, socio-economic conditions rather than religious determinism is the main reason for higher Muslim birthrates. Indian Muslims are poorer and less educated compared to their Hindu counterparts. Noted Indian sociologist, B. K. Prasad, argues that

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However, many argue that the British were forced to expedite the Partition by events on the ground. Once in office, Mountbatten quickly became aware if Britain were to avoid involvement in a civil war, which seemed increasingly likely, there was no alternative to partition and a hasty exit from

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Many of these ulema also believed that it is best to marry within one's own caste. The practice of endogamous marriage in one's caste is strictly observed in India. In two of the three genetic studies referenced here, in which is described that samples were taken from several regions of India's

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The National Family and Health survey conducted in 1998–99 highlighted that Indian Muslim couples consider a substantially higher number of children to be ideal for a family as compared to Hindu couples in India. The same survey also pointed out that percentage of couples actively using family

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law whenever they were in conflict. Every act which is "contaminated with meanness and based on ignominity, comes elegantly ". He sought appropriate religious sanction to that effect. Barrani also developed an elaborate system of promotion and demotion of imperial officers ("Wazirs") that was

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to the actual Partition, it was up to the new governments of India and Pakistan to keep public order. No large population movements were contemplated; the plan called for safeguards for minorities on both sides of the new border. It was a task at which both states failed. There was a complete

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reported Indian Shia population in mid 2005–2006 to be up to 25% of the entire Muslim population of India which accounts them in numbers between 40,000,000 to 50,000,000 of 157,000,000 Indian Muslim population. However, as per an estimation of one reputed Shia NGO Alimaan Trust, India's Shia

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did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under

7293:, a Muslim-majority region in Northern India. Mosques issued warnings, telling them to leave Kashmir, convert to Islam or be killed. Approximately 300,000–350,000 pandits left the valley during the mid-80s and the 90s. Many of them have been living in abject conditions in refugee camps of 5223: 6328:

properties are governed by the Muslim Personal Law, which was developed during British rule and subsequently became part of independent India with some amendments. Indian Muslim personal law is not developed as a Sharia law but as an interpretation of existing Muslim laws as part of

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for the genetic analysis. Out of 1021 samples in this study, only 17 samples showed E haplogroup and all of them were Shias. The very minor increased frequency however, does place these Shias, solely with regards to their haplogroups, closer to Iraqis, Turks and Palestinians.

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Muslim communities, it was again found that the Muslim population was overwhelmingly similar to the local non-Muslims associated, with some having minor but still detectable levels of gene flow from outside, primarily from Iran and Central Asia, rather than directly from the

17040: 10255:... Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi ... 7041:

as not only encouraging locals but promoting artisan groups such as cooks, barbers and gardeners to high administrative posts. In his reign, it is likely that conversions to Islam took place as a means of seeking greater social mobility and improved social standing.

6368:. However, attempts by successive political leadership in the country to integrate Indian society under a common civil code is strongly resisted and is viewed by Indian Muslims as an attempt to dilute the cultural identity of the minority groups of the country. The 4933:(Islamic mystics) played an important role in the spread of Islam in India. They were very successful in spreading Islam, as many aspects of Sufi belief systems and practices had their parallels in Indian philosophical literature, in particular nonviolence and 5645:

as the equivalent of untouchables. The term "Arzal" stands for "degraded" and the Arzal castes are further subdivided into Bhanar, Halalkhor, Hijra, Kasbi, Lalbegi, Maugta, Mehtar etc. They are relegated to "menial" professions such as scavenging and carrying

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in India indicate that the concepts of purity and impurity exist among them and are applicable in inter-group relationships, as the notions of hygiene and cleanliness in a person are related to the person's social position and not to his/her economic status.

7484:. The BJP government was criticized for allowing Manesar's participation, leading to an organized attack on the procession, triggering retaliatory actions. The government responded with a curfew, internet suspension, and additional troops. Critics blame the 4398:

that, according to available inputs, there are around 20 million (2 crore) illegal Bangladeshi migrants staying in India. Illegal immigrants in Assam are estimated to number between 16 lakh and 84 lakh, in a total population of 3.12 crore according to the

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presides over the proceedings. An elevated platform, usually a minaret from where the Faithful are summoned to attend prayers is an invariable part of a mosque. Large mosques where the faithful assemble for the Friday prayers are called the Jama Masjids.

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was a Bohra and 20th century Islamic scholar from India who promoted modernization and liberalization of Islam through his writings. He argued that with changing time modern reforms in Islam are necessary without compromising on basic "spirit of Islam".

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where numerous temples were also desecrated by Hindu and Buddhist kings against rival Indian kingdoms during conflicts between devotees of different Hindu deities, and between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. He also notes there were many instances of the

13330: 7352:, the textbooks depicted India's past Muslim rulers "as barbarous invaders and the medieval period as a Dark Age of Islamic colonial rule which snuffed out the glories of the Hindu empire that preceded it". In one textbook, it was purported that the 4633:, a revivalist movement in Sunni Islam was established in India. It is named after Deoband a small town northeast of Delhi, where the original madrasa or seminary of the movement was founded. From its early days this movement has been influenced by 7032:

were often favoured with important posts at the royal courts, suggesting that locals may have played a somewhat subordinate role in the Delhi administration. The term "Turk" was commonly used to refer to their higher social status. S.A.A. Rizvi

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had instituted forceful conversions on the basis of charging citizens with crimes then sparing them from punishments (up to death) if they converted. This led to a high increase of violence between the Sikhs and Hindus as well as rebellions in

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in 2002, where it is estimated one thousand people were killed, most allegedly Muslim. Some sources claim there were approximately 2,000 Muslim deaths. There were also allegations made of state involvement. The riots were in retaliation to the

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was proposed for the changes in the citizenship and immigration norms of the country by relaxing the requirements for Indian citizenship. The applicability of the amendments are debated in news as it is on religious lines (excluding Muslims).

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Some Muslim scholars have tried to reconcile and resolve the "disjunction between Quranic egalitarianism and Indian Muslim social practice" through theorizing it in different ways and interpreting the Quran and Sharia to justify casteism.

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form a substantial minority within the Muslim community of India comprising between 25 and 31% of total Muslim population in an estimation done during mid-2005 to 2006 of the then Indian Muslim population of 157 million. Sources like

4420:, 7 lakh are Muslims. Dr. Kuntal Kanti Chattoraj, HOD of the Department of Geography at P.R.M.S. Mahavidyalaya, Bankura, has revealed that an estimated 6.28 million Bangladeshi Muslims have infiltrated into West Bengal over the decades. 5150:

went on to become the most influential Sufi lineage in India, although other orders from Central Asia and Southwest Asia also reached India and played a major role in the spread of Islam. In this way, they created a large literature in

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shows that the Muslim Population Growth has slowed down and will be on par with national averages. The Sachar Committee Report estimated that the Muslim proportion will stabilise at between 17% and 21% of the Indian population by 2100.

7277:, 26 Kashmiri Hindus were beheaded by Islamist militants after their refusal to convert to Islam. The militants struck when the villagers refused demands from the gunmen to convert to Islam and prove their conversion by eating beef. 15021: 3161: 17044: 8658:"Oh Ali, owing to your alliance (with the prophet) you are truly of high birth, and your example is great, and you are wise and excellent, and your advent has made your age an age of generosity and kindness and brotherly love". 7146:

in 711. The persecution of Hindus during the Islamic expansion in India during the medieval period was characterised by destruction of temples, often illustrated by historians by the repeated destruction of the Hindu Temple at

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simultaneously. Muminul Aowal, an eminent Assamese Muslim Minority Development Board Chairman, has reported that Assam has about 1.3 crore Muslims of which around 90 lakh are of Bangladeshi origin. According to Chief Minister

4247:. The Pakistan Census, 1951 identified the number of displaced persons in the country at 7,226,600, presumably all Muslims refugees who had entered Pakistan from India. Around 35 million Muslims stayed back after Partition as 7337:

incident, killed more than 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus, including those killed in the Godhra train fire. These figures were reported to the Rajya Sabha by the Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Sriprakash Jaiswal in May

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During the reign of Ali, many Jats came under the influence of Islam. Harith ibn Murrah Al-abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil' al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Sindhi bandits and chased them to Al-Qiqan (present-day

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Muslim 231,069,932 (86.7), Christian (Protestant)20,246,267 (7.6), Catholic 8,325,339 (3.12), Hindu 4,646,357 (1.74), Buddhist 2,062,150 (0.72), Confucianism 71,999 (0.03),Other Religions/no answer 112,792 (0.04), Total

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in the 13th and 14th centuries. The period coincided with a greater use of mechanical technology in the Indian subcontinent. From the 13th century onwards, India began widely adopting mechanical technologies from the

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against Hindus in India to the effect that "Every device short of massacre in cold blood was resorted to in order to convert heathen subjects". Hindus who converted to Islam were not immune to persecution due to the

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had a profound impact on the growth of Islam in India. A Sufi attains a direct vision of oneness with God, often on the edges of orthodox behaviour, and can thus become a Pir (living saint) who may take on disciples

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Commercial intercourse between Arabia and India had gone on from time immemorial, with for example the sale of dates and aromatic herbs by Arabs traders who came to Indian shores every spring with the advent of the

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may have been the first community to convert to Islam. Intensive missionary activities were carried out along the coast and many other natives embraced Islam. According to legend, two travellers from India, Moulai

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was greatly facilitated by the knowledge and skill possessed by the Indian craftsmen, who had mastered the art of stonework for centuries and used their experience while constructing Islamic monuments in India.

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One Dai succeeded another until the 23rd Dai in Yemen. In India also Wali-ul-Hind were appointed by them one after another until Wali-ul-Hind Moulai Qasim Khan bin Hasan (11th and last Wali-ul-Hind, d. 950 AH,

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Muslims in India are governed by "The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937." It directs the application of Muslim Personal Law to Muslims in marriage, mahr (dower), divorce, maintenance, gifts,

8402:, Secretary of the Department of Ocean Development and the founder of Polar Research in India. Other prominent Muslim scientists and engineers include C. M. Habibullah, a stem cell scientist and director of 7054:, which often had Hindu ministers, ordering the protection, maintenance and repairing of temples, according to both Muslim and Hindu sources, and that attacks on temples had significantly declined under the 7012:

historical Muslim empires in the Indian subcontinent as a refutation to the "conversion by the sword theory". The legacy of the Muslim conquest of South Asia is a hotly debated issue and argued even today.

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Conversion of slaves to Islam. Children fathered by Muslim and non-Muslim slaves would be raised Muslim. Non-Muslim women who birthed them would convert to Islam to avoid rejection by their own communities.

18116: 12819: 7346:(NCERT) after they were found to be loaded with anti-Muslim prejudice. The NCERT argued that the books were "written by scholars hand-picked by the previous Hindu nationalist administration". According to 5168:

The Sunnis and Shia are the biggest Muslim groups by denomination. Although the two groups remain cordial, there have been instances of conflict between the two groups, especially in the city of Lucknow.

9241: 4585:, Muslims in India are much more resistant to modern contraception than are Hindus and, as a consequence, the decline in fertility rate among Hindu women is much higher compared to that of Muslim women. 11383:

Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian (Protestant), Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religions.

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and bloodshed throughout the nation. Since then, India has witnessed sporadic large-scale violence sparked by underlying tensions between sections of the Hindu and Muslim communities. These include the

13699: 7008:, Indian-origin religions experienced persecution from various Muslim conquerors who massacred Hindus, Jains and Buddhists, attacked temples and monasteries, and forced conversions on the battlefield. 6825:

declares that Hajj should be performed by Muslims using their own resources. Influential Muslim lobbies in India have regularly insisted that the Hajj subsidy should be phased out as it is un-Islamic.

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have estimated the Muslim population at 19.75 to 20 crore for 2023 year, out of 138.8 to 140.0 crore total population, thus constituting around (14.22%–14.28%) of the nation's population respectively.

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The two self-governing countries of India and Pakistan legally came into existence at the stroke of midnight on 14–15 August 1947. The ceremonies for the transfer of power were held a day earlier in

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India is home to many eminent Muslims who have made their mark in numerous fields and have played a constructive role in India's economic rise and cultural influence across the world. Out of the 12

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In some parts of South Asia, the Muslims are divided as Ashrafs and Ajlafs. Ashrafs claim to be derived from their foreign ancestry. They, in turn, are divided into a number of occupational castes.

2767:(r. 754–775), if not before; some texts on logic even before that, and it has been generally accepted that the Persian and Sanskrit texts, few as they were, were indeed the first to be translated." 9039: 11071: 17429: 16495: 13089: 3059:

In the early 16th century, northern India, being then under mainly Muslim rulers, fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors. The resulting

7560:'s time until disputes arose again. The Mughal period saw various invaders coming into India through Punjab with which they would loot and severely plunder. Better relations have been seen by 6435:

India's Constitution and Parliament have protected the rights of Muslims but, according to some sources, there has been a growth in a 'climate of fear' and 'targeting of dissenters' under the

5766:, or segregated areas, where the Muslim population moved into. This trend, however, did not help with the anticipated security the anonymity of ghetto was thought to have provided. During the 2531:. With the advent of Islam Arabs became a prominent cultural force in the world. Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went. 14367: 9999:", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006). 3247:, which created a network of anti-British organisations; Syed Rahmat Shah of the Ghadar Party worked as an underground revolutionary in France and was hanged for his part in the unsuccessful 4454:

those interviewed believed in the existence of God with absolute certainty, 12% believes in the existence of God with less certainty and 6% of the Indian Muslims have declared themselves as

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Historical evidence shows that Arabs and Muslims interacted with Indians from the early days of Islam and possibly before the arrival of Islam in Arab regions. Arab traders transmitted the

6292:. Almost all Islamic monuments were subjected to free use of verses from the Quran and a great amount of time was spent in carving out minute details on walls, ceilings, pillars and domes. 5941: 5836:

marriages in Delhi Sunni Muslims has risen to 37.84 per cent. As per Nasir, such unions are perceived to be exploitative as they perpetuate the existing power structures within the family.

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The 2023 Haryana riots, stemming from communal clashes during the Brajmandal Yatra pilgrimage, resulted in seven fatalities and over 200 injuries. The violence began when the inclusion of

17461: 17023: 15150: 5032:. Ahmadis claim the Ahmadiyya movement to embody the latter day revival of Islam and the movement has also been seen to have emerged as an Islamic religious response to the Christian and 6383:

The following laws/acts of Indian legislation are applicable to Muslims in India (except in the state of Goa) regarding matters of marriage, succession, inheritance, child adoption etc.

7070:, claimed that between 1000 and 1500 the Indian population decreased by 30 million, but stated his estimates were tentative and did not claim any finality. His work has come under 7024:

in the 14th century, one of the previous sultans had been especially brutal and was deeply hated by Delhi's population. Batuta's memoirs also indicate that Muslims from the Arab world,

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violence continued unabated in the interior villages off the Taki Road, till Wednesday in spite of the Army's presence and promulgation of prohibitory orders under section 144 of the

6223:. The mosque or masjid is a representation of Muslim art in its simplest form. The mosque is basically an open courtyard surrounded by a pillared verandah, crowned off with a dome. A 13657: 11977: 6968:

Embedded within this lies the concept of Islam as a foreign imposition and Hinduism being a natural condition of the natives who resisted, resulting in the failure of the project to

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in 1950, which sealed the borders of both nations completely. Ultimately, this led to the cessation of migration of refugees from both sides. As a result of this, a large number of

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has swelled from 250,000 to 650,000 residents since 2002 riots. Muslims in Gujarat have no option but to head to a ghetto, irrespective of their economic and professional status.

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of Bareilly in defense of traditional Islam as understood and practised in South Asia and in reaction to the revivalist attempts of the Deobandi movement. In the 19th century the

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However, other sociologists point out that religious factors can explain high Muslim birthrates. Surveys indicate that Muslims in India have been relatively less willing to adopt

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from 1973 to 1976. Air Marshal Jaffar Zaheer (1923–2008) commanded IAF Agra and was decorated for his service during the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War, eventually rising to the rank of

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and Abdul Bari of Firangi Mahal. Until the 1930s, the Muslims of India broadly conducted their politics alongside their countrymen, in the overall context of an undivided India.

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Numerous temples were destroyed by Muslim conquerors. Richard M. Eaton lists a total of 80 temples that were desecrated by Muslim conquerors, but notes this was not unusual in

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According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh(currently province of Pakistan) and early partisans of Ali or proto-Shi'ites can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a

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Ghosh, S. (2018). Hindu–Muslim fertility differentials in India: indirect estimation at the district level from Census 2011. Indian Journal of Human Development, 12(1), 37-51.

6300:

Islamic architecture in India can be classified into three sections: Delhi or the imperial style (1191–1557 CE); the provincial style, encompassing the surrounding areas like

5270: 2788:

women, and very soon an Indian-Arabian community came into being. Early in the 9th century, Muslim missionaries gained a notable convert in the person of the King of Malabar.

2724:(427–487 AH)/(1036–1094 CE) and were so impressed that they converted to Islam and came back to preach in India in 467 AH/1073 CE. Moulai Ahmed was their companion. 11258: 9203: 4243:

After India's independence and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the Muslim population in India declined from 42,400,000 in 1941 to 35,400,000 in the 1951 census, due to the

12181: 5588:, founded in 1941, advocates the establishment of an Islamic government and has been active in promoting education, social service and ecumenical outreach to the community. 14647: 7679:

also served as the acting President of India on two separate occasions; and holds the distinct honour of being the only person to have served in all three offices of the

6608:

also served as the acting President of India on two separate occasions; and holds the distinct honour of being the only person to have served in all three offices of the

13391: 6393: 15757: 14567: 8715: 6007: 13350: 7631:. The boycott remained in force till 1992. Relations between the Buddhists and Muslims in Leh improved after the lifting of the boycott, although suspicions remained. 2763:

in his book "Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance", writes that "some major Sanskrit texts began to be translated during the reign of the second

7587:

after refusing the offer of a pardon if he converted to Islam. The decline of Mughal power during the 17th and 18th centuries, along with the growing strength of the

4677:'s Muslims forming about 13% of the total Muslim population. However, there has been no particular census conducted in India regarding sects, but Indian sources like 4570:

since India's Muslim population is more urban compared to their Hindu counterparts, infant mortality rates among Muslims is about 12% lower than those among Hindus.

16100: 11877: 11664: 18090: 17032: 16612: 14281: 9818: 8697: 3476:

The Partition of British India was based on religion. The negotiations failed several times, with differing demands about boundaries, as shown in this map of 1946.

12829: 11949: 11814: 5770:, several such ghettos became easy targets for the rioting mobs, as they enabled the profiling of residential colonies. This kind of ghettoisation can be seen in 5138:) and set up a spiritual lineage that can last for generations. Orders of Sufis became important in India during the thirteenth century following the ministry of 7090:

and Jean-Noël Biraben also indicate that India's population did not decrease between 1000 and 1500, but increased by about 35 million during that time. The

6568:

of State Governments have been Muslims. Apart from that, there are and have been many Muslim ministers, both at the centre and at the state level. Out of the 12

16645: 5068:, a body of religious leaders India's government recognises as representative of Indian Muslims. Ahmadiyya are estimated to be from 60,000 to 1 million in 4690:

comprising just a tenth of the Shia population. According to some national and international sources Indian Shia population is the world's second-largest after

13977: 6927:

or Arabs. However this claim is disputed by modern genetic studies on haplotype findings of Y-chromosomal ancestry amongst various Muslim communities in India.

6919:

Considerable controversy exists both in scholarly and public opinion about the conversions to Islam typically represented by the following schools of thought:

14316: 9424: 9008:

Masjit during the time of Prophet Nabi Muhammed Sale Allahu Alayhi Wasalam, Divy Bhasakar, Gujarati News Paper, Thursday, column 'Rahe Roshan', 24 May, page 4

7159:. Although there were instances of conflict between the two groups, a number of Hindus worshipped and continue to worship at the tombs of Muslim Sufi Saints. 486: 17722: 17576: 17299: 14392: 12322: 12296: 7343: 4818:(d. 1567 CE) was first dai to die in India. His mausoleum is in Ahmedabad, India. The Dawat subsequently moved from Ahmedabad to Jamnagar Mandvi, Burhanpur, 3173: 988: 12204: 12024: 4742:

were persecuted due to their adherence to Fatimid Shia Islam – leading the shift of Dawoodi Bohra to India. After occultation of their 21st

13066: 12159: 7523:, the fifth guru of the Sikhs, was tortured and killed by Jahangir, the Mughal emperor. After the death of the fifth beloved Guru his son took his spot as 5372: 5088:, Quraniyoon, or Ahle Quran, are also present in India. In South Asia during the 19th century, the Ahle Quran movement formed partially in reaction to the 17145: 12011: 11991: 11689: 9029: 13688:

Introduction, A Historical Overview of Islam in South Asia, Islam in South Asia in Practice by Barbara D. Metcalf Princeton University Press, 2009. p. 32

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Conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes

4441:

have projected that India will have 311 million Muslims by 2050, out of total 1.668 billion people, thus constituting 18.4% of the country's population.

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The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877

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The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877

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became the first Muslim Director of the Intelligence Bureau, the seniormost appointment in the service. There have been seven Muslim Chief Ministers of

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Civil-military relations: regional perspectives, Morris Janowitz, Inter-university Seminar on Armed Forces and Society, Sage Publications, 1981. p. 118

13028: 7071: 5299: 5217: 4390:. Around 1,000 illegal Uyghur refugees arrived in India in 1949 to escape the communist regime. On 17 November 2016, Union Minister of State for Home, 2932:

and to make many forays into South India. However, internal squabbling resulted in the decline of the sultanate, and new Muslim sultanates such as the

11238: 11127: 4767:(Anhalwara, Patan). With Minister Moulai Tarmal, they had honoured the Fatimid dawat along with their fellow citizens on the call of Moulai Abdullah. 19913: 10969:. National Committee for Birth Centenary Celebrations of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. p. 74. 10008:

Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. The raid is noted by Baâdhurî, "fatooh al-Baldan" p. 432, and Ibn Khayyât, Ta'rîkh, 1:173, 183–84, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, "

7883:

Some of the most popular and influential as well as critically acclaimed actors and actresses of the Indian film industry are Muslims. These include

7591:, resulted in a balance of power which protected the Sikhs from more violence. The Sikh empire was absorbed into the British Indian empire after the 5964: 5857: 17223: 17008: 14371: 13294: 5828:(National Family Health Survey) on 1992-93 showed that 22 per cent of marriages in India were consanguineous, with the highest per cent recorded in 4445:

have projected India's future population. It will rise to 170.53 crore by 2050, and then it will decline to 165.97 crore by 2100 year respectively.

15068: 12076: 11472: 8538: 6087: 5390: 3633: 14540: 11710: 7527:, who basically made the Sikhs a warrior religion. Guru ji was the first to defeat the Mughal empire in a battle which had taken place in present 17329: 14410: 11963: 9384: 8367: 5721:

state of India, cases had been reported in which the higher caste Muslims have opposed the burials of lower caste Muslims in the same graveyard.

15160: 14863: 14732: 8824: 8275:, several Indian military Muslim personnel have earned gallantry awards and high ranks for exceptional service to the nation. Air Chief Marshal 4757:

dawat. Moulai Yaqoob was the first person of Indian origin to receive this honour under the Dā'ī. He was the son of Moulai Bharmal, minister of

16123: 14760: 14226: 13856: 12854: 8945: 6531: 3656:

East). Some critics allege that British haste in the partition process increased the violence that followed. Because independence was declared

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cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains. Eventually, under the

16473: 15652:: "I have arrived at the conclusion that the population of India in A.D. 1000 was about 200 million and in the year 1500 it was 170 million." 7120: 7066: 5428: 4379: 1126: 17093: 15253:

Gutala, R.; Carvalho-Silva, D. R.; Jin, L.; Yngvadottir, B.; Avadhanula, V.; Nanne, K.; Singh, L.; Chakraborty, R.; Tyler-Smith, C. (2006).

19057: 17605: 17591: 17120: 16699: 16306: 16263: 13664: 12964: 8528: 4274:), comprising 24 percent of the population. Partition, in fact, has eventually drained India of 60% of its Muslim population respectively. 16960: 16889: 15022:"Rajasthan Assembly Election 2023 : राजनीति के इतिहास में विरला उदाहरण थे चौधरी तैय्यब हुसैन, एक नहीं, तीन राज्यों में बने थे मंत्री" 10916: 9947:

M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala - An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145-50, (April 1955).

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decision of 2011. Starting in 2011, the amount of government subsidy per person was decreased year on year and ended completely by 2018.

6683:

was the only politician in Indian history to serve as a Cabinet Minister in the government of three different states at different times. (

15905: 15873: 14704: 7005: 6843: 6134: 6035: 5903: 3489: 2149: 17351: 16681: 15122: 13600: 13370: 19676: 18271: 16231: 16159: 12968: 12801:

Dandekar, Deepra (2017). "Margins or Center? Konkani Sufis, India and "Arabastan"". In Mielke, Katja; Hornidge, Anna-Katharina (eds.).

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duo. Indian Muslims also play pivotal roles in other forms of performing arts in India, particularly in music, modern art and theatre.

5611:, the caste system among South Asian Muslims refers to units of social stratification that have developed among Muslims in South Asia. 3472: 3301:

was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement and a strong advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Shown here is Azad (left) with

2836: 2246: 16554: 16338: 16199: 14973: 11751:"B R Ambedkar's 'transfer of population as solution' to minority issues - extract from his book on Pakistan - South Asia Citizens Web" 7784:

from 1995 to 1997 and Deputy Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations. Numerous Muslims have achieved high rank in the

2979:, and the integration of the Indian subcontinent with a growing world system and wider international networks spanning large parts of 16406: 15546: 14076: 11322: 8461:

and MP was ranked at 36 for initiating a movement against terrorism in South Asia. Syed Ameen Mian has been ranked 44th in the list.

8387: 7004:, where they were regarded as an "Ajlaf" caste and subjected to discrimination by the "Ashraf" castes. Others argue that, during the 6443:, affecting the feelings of security and tolerance amongst Indian Muslims. However, these allegations are not universally supported. 6109: 1800: 17041:"Waheeda Rehman honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award for contributions to Indian cinema, expemplifying 'strength of Bharatiya Nari'" 16384: 6372:

was established for the protection and continued applicability of "Muslim Personal Law", i.e. Shariat Application Act in India. The

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measures and that Muslim women have a larger fertility period since they get married at a much younger age compared to Hindu women.

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had decided 15 August 1947, as the appointed date for the partition. However, Pakistan celebrates its day of creation on 14 August.

15900: 15868: 12132: 11422: 9211: 8748: 8543: 7227:

The sense of communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims in the post-partition period was compromised greatly by the razing of the

6512: 5381: 4458:

by citing that they don't believe in any God. However 91% of Muslim interviewed have said religion plays a big part in their lives

4403:. A report published by DNA has revealed that the Bangladeshi-origin Muslim population has grown to 5–7% in bordering districts of 1023: 12995: 7138:

The conflict between Hindus and Muslims in the Indian subcontinent has a complex history which can be said to have begun with the

5704:'s report commissioned by the government of India and released in 2006, documents the continued stratification in Muslim society. 5232:

There are several well established Muslim institutions in India. Here is a list of reputed institutions established by Muslims in

4605:

There are two major denominations amongst Indian Muslims: Sunni and Shia. The majority of Indian Muslims (over 85%) belong to the

158: 18197: 18065: 17067: 15700:

Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact : Proceedings of the 8th International Rāmāyaạ Conference, Leuven, 6–8 July 1991

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Das, Arbind, Arthashastra of Kautilya and Fatwa-i-Jahandari of Ziauddin Barrani: an analysis, Pratibha Publications, Delhi 1996,

13295:"H.H. Risley and E.A. Gait, (1903), Report of the Census of India, 1901, Calcutta, Superintendent of Government Printing, p. 373" 6284:, although larger mausoleums have a separate mosque located at a distance from the main tomb. Normally the whole tomb complex or 5419: 4289:

constituting approximately 35%, equating to roughly 591.56 million individuals, thus positioning it as the world's most populous

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The contribution of Muslim revolutionaries, poets and writers is documented in the history of India's struggle for independence.

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During the eruption of militancy in the 1990s, following persecution and threats by radical Islamists and militants, the native

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The partition of India was set forth in the Act and resulted in the dissolution of the British Indian Empire and the end of the

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on the eastern coasts also claim that they converted to Islam in Muhammad's lifetime. The local mosques date to the early 700s.

1047: 20190: 16663: 14029: 11187: 10189:

A. Welch, "Architectural Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India," Muqarnas 10, 1993, Brill Publishers, pp 311-322

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I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their descendants claiming to be a nation apart from the parent stock.

2725: 2714: 975: 11736: 5051:

apart from Sunnis, Shias, Bohras and Agakhanis. India has a significant Ahmadiyya population. Most of them live in Rajasthan,

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directed the Ahmadiyya Community from Qadian which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the creation of

1288: 17648: 17361: 16042: 15738: 15707: 15676: 15646: 15202: 14926: 14265: 14086: 14012: 13914: 13278: 13226: 13166: 12770: 12687: 12654: 12565: 12540: 12515: 12490: 12437: 12412: 12387: 11720: 11613: 10846: 10752: 10594: 10565: 10525: 10497: 10449: 10421: 10392: 10282: 10248: 10221: 10175: 10089: 10060: 9769: 9735: 9701: 9461: 9130: 7822: 7389: 7385: 6051: 5733:

While some scholars theorize that Muslim castes are not as acute in their discrimination as that among Hindus, Dr. Babasaheb

5620: 5364: 5189: 2507:, that the first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 CE. H. G. Rawlinson in his book 2169: 1111: 17727:

The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List

17581:

The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List

17197: 15505: 14173: 11508: 11172: 4977:

trained Sufis for the propagation of Islam in different parts of India. The Sufi movement also attracted followers from the

18126: 17790: 17374: 14145: 13889: 12351: 7757: 6648: 3606: 2119: 970: 17726: 17580: 11309:"Smriti Irani: Government's statement on the population of Muslims in the country, estimated to be 19.75 crore population" 7392:

police station area. The violence began late in the evening and continued throughout the night into the next morning. The

2811:. He was also a poet and few couplets of his poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib have survived, as reported in Chachnama. 16090: 14847: 12037: 12025:

https://rjhssonline.com/HTML_Papers/Research%20Journal%20of%20Humanities%20and%20Social%20Sciences__PID__2018-9-4-27.html

7805: 6960:

As a socio-cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant

6708: 6544: 6535: 6526: 6516: 6369: 5829: 5065: 4387: 3941: 3831: 945: 935: 504: 15949: 14285: 4382:(UNHCR). But even people with refugee cards are being detained across India due to security concerns. A small number of 384: 16062: 15616: 15482: 15429: 15402: 15345: 14998: 11586: 10653: 10199: 9593: 8403: 5510: 3401:, Ansar Harwani, Tak Sherwani, Nawab Viqarul Mulk, Nawab Mohsinul Mulk, Mustsafa Husain, V. M. Obaidullah, S.R. Rahim, 2732:(saint of India). He came across a married couple named Kaka Akela and Kaki Akela who became his first converts in the 1131: 950: 17171: 14484: 14453: 13837: 13735: 8330:

Lieutenant General Sami Khan (Commandant of the National Defence Academy: 1985–86, GoC-in-C, Central Command: 1988–89)

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struggled for the emancipation of the Muslims in the overall Indian context, and struggled for independence alongside

20183: 18040: 17558: 17544: 17516: 17501: 16775: 16747: 16722: 16527: 16009: 15984: 15192: 14109: 13795: 13549: 12745: 12720: 12454: 11050: 11023: 10996: 10947: 10873: 10812: 10778: 10721: 10687: 10338: 10132: 10122: 10108: 10038: 10017: 9965: 9912: 9885: 9674: 9519: 9495: 9396: 8985: 8955: 8808: 7453: 7128: 7086:

for its agenda and lack of accurate data in pre-census times. Different population estimates by economics historians

6498: 6428: 4734:

Shia was established in Gujarat in the second half of the 11th century. This community's belief system originates in

3614: 1615: 960: 857: 13720: 12911: 12885: 11917: 9268: 15527: 15445: 14320: 12062: 11852: 9428: 8593: 7519:

period. Conflict between early Sikhs and the Muslim power center at Delhi reached an early high point in 1606 when

7421: 5351: 4252: 3358: 3240: 3124: 2603: 912: 17: 17307: 12937: 11449: 11101: 6364:

provides equal rights to all citizens irrespective of their religion. Article 44 of the constitution recommends a

5024:

awaited by the Muslims and obtained a considerable number of followers initially within the United Provinces, the

18085: 14676: 14368:"Outlines of Muhammadan Law / FYZEE, A.A.A." New Delhi : OUP, 2008 (5th ed.) | Yale Law School Library" 13525: 11630: 6410: 3574: 3428:, poet and philosopher, was a strong proponent of Hindu–Muslim unity and an undivided India, perhaps until 1930. 2749: 1870: 1715: 589: 13629: 9451: 6801:

pilgrims until it was totally phased out in 2018. The decision to end the subsidy was in order to comply with a

4312:

However, a complete population exchange did not occur and was made impossible due to the earlier signing of the

17697: 15753: 13762: 9554: 8849: 8533: 8288: 8280: 7480:

activist Monu Manesar, a suspect in the murder of two Muslim men, sparked anger within the Muslim community in

7075: 6270:. This entire structure is covered with an elaborate dome. In the underground chamber lies the mortuary or the 5812:

due to a lack of cross-cultural interaction, and reduction in economic and educational opportunities at large.

5759: 5336: 4753:

Dā'ī Zoeb appointed Maulai Yaqoob (after the death of Maulai Abdullah), who was the second Walī al-Hind of the

3928: 2784: 2458: 2239: 1790: 12270: 11775: 11277:"Muslims india: Muslim population in India is nearly 20 crore in 2023: Govt in Lok Sabha - the Economic Times" 9336: 7547:

came to him for help when the Emperor condemned them to death for failing to convert to Islam. At this point,

4985:

communities; they played a crucial role in bridging the distance between Islam and the indigenous traditions.

2501:. Newly Islamised Arabs were Islam's first contact with India. Historians Elliot and Dowson say in their book 19757: 16291: 13193: 12244: 11435: 11336: 10614: 8598: 6740: 5825: 5786:

where a clear socio-cultural demarcation exists between Hindu-dominated and Muslim-dominated neighbourhoods.

5404: 5275: 4417: 3239:(popularly known as "Frontier Gandhi") was a noted nationalist who spent 45 of his 95 years of life in jail; 2263:, with 14.2% of the country's population, or approximately 172.2 million people, identifying as adherents of 2144: 872: 574: 168: 20313: 13974: 13409: 5713:

centuries but mostly they preferred to marry in the same caste with a significant number of marriages being

2896:(672 CE) at the age of 17 was the first Muslim general to invade the Indian subcontinent, managing to reach 20408: 20388: 20308: 20241: 17509:

Muslims in India: Recent Contributions to Literature on Religion, Philosophy, History, & Social Aspects

16316: 11712:

Ethnic Cleansing: Migration and Population Transfer and the Jewish Paradigm of Survival Amidst Displacement

11538: 8603: 7401: 6540: 6515:(JKPC), founded by Abdul Ghani Lone and Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari. Led by Sajjad Lone. It is active in 6258:

could range from being a simple affair (Aurangazeb's grave) to an awesome structure enveloped in grandeur (

6219:

There are more than 300,000 active mosques in India, which is higher than any other country, including the

5922: 5793:, riots and alienation of Muslims have led to large-scale ghettoisation of the community. For example, the 5245: 4807: 4776: 4369: 3528: 3517: 3501: 3190: 2729: 1810: 1650: 1016: 15309: 11556: 8168:, who captained the Indian cricket team on various occasions. Other famous Muslim cricketers in India are 5092:

movement whom they considered to be placing too much emphasis on hadith. Notable Indian Quranists include

20403: 20393: 18190: 17742: 13298: 12229: 9094: 8583: 8239: 7793: 7243: 7124: 6847: 6636: 5751: 4581:

and marriage practices were cited as some of the reasons behind the high Muslim birth rate. According to

3641: 3618: 3586: 3120: 2587: 2380: 2067: 1885: 995: 17520: 16983: 15096: 12084: 6950:

and the en masse conversions of lower castes for social liberation and as a rejection of the oppressive

6651:. He was the first Muslim to serve in this position. Prominent Indian bureaucrats and diplomats include 5506: 3283:" struggle in 1942 and was hanged; Umar Subhani, an industrialist and millionaire from Bombay, provided 20398: 20164: 19958: 17875: 16428: 15580: 10744: 10713: 10679: 10557: 10517: 10489: 10441: 10274: 10167: 8320: 8284: 8230:

India is home to several influential Muslim businessmen. Some of India's most prominent firms, such as

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and repeatedly rebuilt after being demolished by successive Muslim rulers, including the Mughals under

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population during that period between 40,000,000 to 50,000,000 of 157,000,000 Indian Muslim population.

5489: 5395: 5285: 5260: 4361: 3558: 3128: 2905: 1815: 1428: 1146: 877: 17337: 14407: 11978:"Assam: Muslim Population in Border Districts Rising, Need to Stregthen Intelligence, Says CM Himanta" 9402: 6643:

are Muslims. Ibrahim was the first Muslim to hold this office. From 30 July 2010 to 10 June 2012, Dr.

20339: 19262: 18678: 18121: 17748: 14871: 13506: 13146:

The Ismaili, their history and doctrine by Farhad Daftary. Chapter – Mustalian Ismailism, pp. 300–310

11950:"Fact check: Are illegal Bangladeshi migrants responsible for increase in Assam's Muslim population?" 11815:"The Venkat Dhulipala interview: 'On the Partition issue, Jinnah and Ambedkar were on the same page'" 9285: 8518: 8157: 7781: 7777: 7644: 6676: 6668: 6573: 6179: 6119: 5845: 5341: 5255: 5226: 3629: 3429: 3386: 3366: 3008: 2996: 2988: 2924:, the Muslim army broke into the North Indian Plains, which lead to the establishment of the Islamic 2878: 2792: 2417: 2232: 2179: 2124: 2114: 2077: 965: 594: 499: 16813:"Muslim-Buddhist Clashes in Ladakh: The Politics Behind The 'Religious' Conflict By Yoginder Sikand" 16115: 15394:

Beyond Orientalism: The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and Its Impact on Indian and Cross-cultural Studies

15048:"Haj subsidy: Centre ends Haj subsidy as part of policy to 'empower minorities without appeasement'" 13863: 12972: 10643: 5036:

missionary activity that was widespread in 19th century India. After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his

3834:(68.3%). The largest concentration – about 47% of all Muslims in India, live in the three states of 20296: 19938: 18080: 17985: 17807: 17783: 17406: 16740:

Celestial Song/Gobind Geet: The Dramatic Dialogue Between Guru Gobind Singh and Banda Singh Bahadur

14317:"Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937 – Resources for Jurisdictional Research, Yale" 13511: 13000: 9281: 8773: 8415: 8161: 8139: 6977: 6199: 5994: 5833: 4974: 4884:

branch of Shi'ism. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the aftermath of the

4747: 4255:

of India) have ensured the confidence that they would be treated fairly in this democratic nation.

3645: 3421: 3256: 3152: 2611: 2366: 2189: 1990: 1985: 1560: 839: 179: 16646:"Delhi riots: Violence that killed 53 in Indian capital 'was anti-Muslim pogrom', says top expert" 16586: 11212: 11147: 8874: 6139: 3940:

As of 2021, Muslims comprise the majority of the population in the only Indian union territory of

3605:). The partition agreement also included the division of Indian government assets, including the 3047: 2908:

checked and contained to Sindh. Around the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic empire, the

20435: 20334: 20233: 20038: 20033: 19130: 18972: 17615:

Mistry, Malika B. (December 2005). "Muslims in India: A demographic and socio-economic profile".

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and Mirza Tanners were founded by Muslims. The only two South Asian Muslim billionaires named by

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became guru in 1665 and led the Sikhs until 1675. Teg Bahadur was executed by the Mughal Emperor

7196: 7095: 6624: 6613: 5755: 5555: 4966: 4962: 4946: 4784: 4682: 4626: 4259: 4140:

Jammu and Kashmir was not included in the 1991 census data due to militant activity in the state.

1251: 1009: 579: 366: 34: 29:"Indian Muslims" and "Muslims in India" redirect here. For Islam in the Indian subcontinent, see 17117: 11665:"Nehru's noble intent of treating Muslims fairly put India on slippery slope of faux secularism" 9425:"Pasmanda Muslim Forum: Caste and Social Hierarchy Among Indian Muslims: M.A.Falahi (Interview)" 8978: 20301: 19621: 18183: 16928: 16897: 16564: 14867: 12297:"Indian Muslims got 'less religious' since 2016, shows CSDS study. 44% reported discrimination" 11690:"Modi critics decry India mistreating minorities but mustn't whitewash Pakistan's Islamisation" 10921: 10363: 10306: 9294: 8920:"The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations" 8899:

Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

8513: 8438: 7753: 7688: 7672: 7485: 7274: 7239: 7116: 6802: 6772: 6764: 6617: 6601: 6565: 6436: 6334: 6305: 4313: 4305: 3835: 3268: 2776:

traders returned to their homes in the desert; many married Indian women and settled in India.

2159: 1950: 1730: 1186: 619: 98: 15472: 15392: 12646: 12323:"Socio-economic factors, not religion, influence India's fertility rate and population growth" 11397: 10836: 10673: 9875: 9759: 9725: 9691: 9308:

Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh (A Study of Culture Contact), Ghaus Ansari, Lucknow, 1960, p. 66

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was also active in the Indian National Congress in Bengal, during his early political career.

3287:

with Congress expenses and ultimately died for the cause of independence. Among Muslim women,

20291: 19666: 19267: 18411: 18035: 18000: 17955: 17532: 16034: 15419: 13432:"Shihabuddin Imbichi Koya Thangal vs K.P. Ahammed Koya on 8 December, 1970 Kerala High Court" 13216: 12712: 12705: 11561: 10738: 10707: 10610: 10324: 10268: 10161: 8426: 8304: 8086:

penned many of the greatest classics of Indian cinema. Prominent poets and lyricists include

8043: 7916: 7785: 7741: 7676: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7592: 7405: 7330: 7251: 7091: 6951: 6712: 6628: 6605: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6361: 6130: 6069: 5674: 5309: 5118: 4825: 4365: 3674: 3084:, with Mughal India producing about a quarter of the world's economic and industrial output. 2992: 2520: 2516: 1643: 1610: 1570: 1313: 1303: 1091: 599: 564: 301: 16241: 15340:

Will Durant (1976), The Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage, Simon & Schuster,

14786: 14512: 12638: 11576: 9986:

Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, "The Chachnama", p. 43, The Commissioner's Press, Karachi (1900).

9637: 8374:. His extensive contribution to India's defence industry lead him to being nicknamed as the 6417:. It released a draft on 23 June 2014, 'Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act', recommending that 4822:

and finally to Mumbai and continues there to the present day, currently headed by 53rd Dai.

3932:

Muslims as percentage of total population in different districts of India as per census 2011

3291:, Asghari Begum, and Bi Amma contributed in the struggle for independence from the British. 3087:

In the 18th century, Mughal power had become severely limited. By the mid-18th century, the

20279: 19315: 19100: 18834: 18436: 17925: 17920: 17815: 17009:

Watch: Nawazuddin Siddiqui Explains That He Isn't Just A Muslim, But A Bit Of All Religions

16311: 15551: 15513: 14981: 12182:"Explained: India Will Surpass China's Population But Data Shows Decreasing Fertility Rate" 11072:"MRHB DeFi and Coinsbit India Partner to Bring Halal Crypto to India's 200 Million Muslims" 10384: 10378: 8879: 8800: 8399: 8363: 8312: 8215: 7726: 7652: 7648: 7488:

for not preventing the escalation and allowing a potentially volatile situation to unfold.

7334: 7311: 7267: 7038: 6720: 6581: 6577: 6549: 6186: 5884: 5750:

Segregation of Indian Muslims from other communities began in the mid-1970s when the first

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saw a full population exchange between Muslim and Hindu/Sikh minorities during the time of

4317: 4282: 4157: 4138:

Parts of Assam were not included in the 1981 census data due to violence in some districts.

3839: 3497: 3485: 3398: 3390: 3362: 3330: 3294: 2937: 2840: 2819:) in the year 658. Sayfi was one of the seven partisans of Ali who were beheaded alongside 2693: 2575: 2470: 2342: 2164: 2057: 1795: 1725: 1660: 1488: 1483: 1373: 1318: 1191: 1121: 892: 887: 414: 321: 128: 108: 85: 16876: 16410: 16177: 15564: 14393:

The Hatreds of India; Hindu Memory Scarred by Centuries Of Sometimes Despotic Islamic Rule

14122: 13312: 13242: 10889: 8894: 8340:(Deputy Chief of Air Staff: 1997–99, Senior Air Staff Officer, Training Command 1999–2001) 7452:, which left more than 50 dead and hundreds injured, were triggered by protests against a 5581:, founded by Deobandi scholars in 1919, became a political mouthpiece for the Darul Uloom. 5565:

The Deobandi movement, another section of the Sunni Muslim population, originate from the

8: 20383: 20344: 20284: 20266: 20094: 19661: 19509: 18764: 18105: 18045: 18020: 17935: 17915: 17865: 17835: 17825: 17776: 17489: 17401: 17172:"The Param Vir Chakra Winners' home page for Company Quarter Master Havildar Abdul Hamid" 16392: 11932:"Two crore Bangladeshi immigrants illegally staying in India, Centre informs Rajya Sabha" 10586:

Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics

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in 1965. Two other Muslims – Brigadier Mohammed Usman and Mohammed Ismail – were awarded

8264: 8165: 7908: 7832: 7722: 7433: 7212: 7188: 6814: 6744: 6736: 6440: 6313: 6167: 6143: 5813: 5578: 5566: 5535: 5531: 5359: 5304: 5280: 5113: 5101: 4712:

Mausoleum of 1 st Wali–ul–Hind:Moulai Abadullah, Khambat, Gujarat, era 1050–1100 CE.

4665: 4438: 4413: 4349: 3948:. In 110 minority-concentrated districts, at least a fifth of the population are Muslim. 3685: 3610: 3433: 3413: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3280: 3088: 3073: 3000: 2804: 2721: 2670: 2583: 2478: 2354: 2306: 2027: 1980: 1960: 1700: 1620: 1595: 1500: 1473: 1423: 1393: 1383: 1298: 1258: 1231: 1216: 1171: 1106: 940: 897: 509: 494: 249: 30: 17224:"Lieutenant General P. M. Hariz took over as Commander-In-Chief of the Southern Command" 16812: 15810:(January 1978). "Economic History of the Delhi Sultanate - An Essay in Interpretation". 13392:"We need to curb the everyday Jihadism of Indian Muslims in their search for pure Islam" 10103:

Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd Edition, Routledge, 1998,

8716:"Can Muslims surpass Hindus in population numbers? Experts say practically not possible" 7262:

violence by Muslim and Hindu fundamentalists throughout the country, giving rise to the

2885: 1278: 20318: 20228: 19868: 19479: 18987: 18922: 18615: 18502: 18371: 18300: 18131: 18010: 18005: 17885: 17674: 17632: 17434: 16955: 16500: 16468: 16388: 16343: 16285: 16095: 15789: 15781: 15279: 15254: 15127: 15073: 15052: 14830: 14820: 14804: 14765: 14737: 14709: 14681: 14034: 13894: 13704: 13570: 13456: 13375: 13355: 13335: 13094: 13061: 13033: 13005: 12859: 12824: 12676: 11243: 11132: 10669: 10621: 10356: 10299: 9851: 9823: 9332: 9289: 9176: 9066: 9034: 8568: 8371: 8223: 8095: 8079: 8075: 8023: 7944: 7932: 7862: 7680: 7640: 7599: 7503: 7397: 7393: 7373: 7306: 7184: 7179: 7175: 6973: 6865: 6609: 6569: 6365: 5951: 5816:

is being seen by some as a favour to the Muslims, and not an imperative for democracy.

5798: 5767: 5694: 5551: 5410: 5013: 4889: 4724: 4278: 4244: 3922:

Muslims as percentage of total population in different states of India (2018 Estimate).

3652: 3550: 3549:, Khan led the non-violent opposition against the British Raj and strongly opposed the 3538: 3481: 3453: 3370: 3288: 2976: 2893: 2563: 2482: 2109: 2020: 1955: 1825: 1770: 1740: 1655: 1580: 1575: 1555: 1443: 1433: 1236: 715: 655: 634: 454: 329: 189: 54: 14897: 14787:

Widmalm, Sten (November 1997), "The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir",

14427: 13156: 12591: 9638:"Zeenath Baksh Masjid | Zeenath Baksh Masjid Mangalore | Zeenath Baksh Masjid History" 6679:

from 1995 to 1997 and Deputy Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations.

6353:

Sunni law for Sunnis; Shia Muslims are independent of Sunni law for those areas where

5129:

is a mystical dimension of Islam, often complementary with the legalistic path of the

3167:

Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II with sons Mirza Jawan Bakht & Mirza Shah Abbas

2900:. In the first half of the 8th century CE, a series of battles took place between the 20223: 20206: 19611: 19022: 18160: 18075: 18025: 17980: 17960: 17950: 17850: 17693: 17636: 17554: 17540: 17512: 17497: 17357: 16920: 16791: 16771: 16743: 16718: 16620: 16438: 16119: 16038: 16027: 16005: 15980: 15793: 15734: 15703: 15672: 15642: 15612: 15478: 15425: 15398: 15341: 15284: 15198: 14261: 14201: 14105: 14082: 14008: 13808: 13791: 13575: 13545: 13274: 13222: 13162: 12766: 12741: 12716: 12683: 12650: 12639: 12561: 12536: 12511: 12486: 12433: 12408: 12383: 11716: 11638: 11609: 11582: 11482: 11046: 11019: 10992: 10943: 10869: 10842: 10808: 10774: 10748: 10717: 10683: 10649: 10590: 10561: 10521: 10493: 10445: 10417: 10388: 10334: 10278: 10244: 10217: 10171: 10128: 10104: 10085: 10056: 10034: 10013: 9961: 9908: 9881: 9765: 9731: 9697: 9670: 9550: 9515: 9491: 9457: 9392: 9168: 9126: 8951: 8804: 8446: 8383: 8152:, is the highest-ranked Indian woman tennis player. Prominent Muslim names in Indian 7797: 7710: 7580: 7536: 7497: 7465: 7364:– all examples of Islamic architecture – "were designed and commissioned by Hindus". 7236: 7204: 7200: 7139: 6640: 6155: 5954:, Karnataka, has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world after the Byzantine 5929: 5152: 5139: 4950: 4942: 4815: 4761: 4754: 4743: 4739: 4329: 3509: 3394: 3342: 3302: 3232: 3212: 3136: 3132: 3108: 3076:. The Mughal Empire was the world's largest economy in the 17th century, larger than 3033: 2945: 2901: 2555: 2547: 2437: 2302: 2260: 2154: 2139: 2082: 2042: 2037: 2005: 1875: 1805: 1780: 1755: 1710: 1695: 1665: 1600: 1550: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1408: 1353: 1328: 1161: 1156: 1136: 1101: 1086: 907: 549: 539: 529: 469: 464: 449: 439: 429: 399: 317: 305: 281: 277: 261: 257: 16366: 13122: 11992:"BJP wants to segregate Assamese Muslims from Bangladeshi Muslims, but some ask how" 11878:"No, Pakistan's non-Muslim population didn't decline from 23% to 3.7% as BJP claims" 11259:"Projected population of Muslims in 2023 to stand at 19.75 crore: Govt in Lok Sabha" 8422:, was an Indian ornithologist and naturalist, also known as the "birdman of India". 8333:

Lieutenant General Pattiarimmal Mohamed Hariz (GOC-in-C, Southern Command: 2016–17),

6376:

was asked to report about the condition of Muslims in India in 2005. Almost all the

6324:

Certain civil matters of jurisdiction for Muslims such as marriage, inheritance and

6262:). The tomb usually consists of a solitary compartment or tomb chamber known as the 4937:. The Sufis' orthodox approach towards Islam made it easier for Hindus to practice. 4716: 2717:(formerly known as Baalam Nath) and Maulai Nuruddin (Rupnath), went to the court of 20256: 20246: 20215: 20018: 19948: 19820: 19815: 19694: 19631: 19626: 19601: 19552: 19461: 19237: 18927: 18819: 18749: 18595: 18580: 18477: 18381: 18336: 18050: 17965: 17945: 17830: 17820: 17666: 17624: 15773: 15589: 15501: 15274: 15266: 15225: 14796: 14622: 14517: 14058:"The Ghettoisation of Muslims in Bengaluru: Its Socio-Cultural and Economic Impact" 13922: 13634: 13331:"Sunnis, Shias, Bohras, Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam" 9619: 9277: 9263: 9158: 8796: 8608: 8588: 8558: 8434: 8411: 8395: 8344: 8308: 8292: 8226:

and the 5th richest man in India with an estimated fortune of US$ 17.1 billion

8149: 8087: 8051: 7968: 7912: 7812: 7528: 7449: 6906: 6768: 6760: 6684: 6456: 6377: 6373: 6212: 6151: 5701: 5682: 5456: 5250: 5097: 5037: 4768: 4462:

an absolute decline of 11 percentage points from the last five years respectively.

4433: 4290: 4248: 3859: 3680: 3602: 3582: 3402: 3346: 3208: 3104: 2961: 2933: 2913: 2820: 2330: 2272: 2204: 2102: 2072: 2062: 2010: 1970: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1910: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1880: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1820: 1760: 1735: 1720: 1675: 1625: 1535: 1510: 1388: 1378: 1338: 1308: 1293: 1273: 1263: 1246: 1241: 1206: 1201: 1151: 1096: 1071: 1039: 867: 639: 629: 559: 534: 434: 404: 285: 273: 253: 17276: 16859:"The one and only Dilip Kumar: The actor who shaped world's biggest film industry" 14930: 13988: 13948: 11803: › amb › V...PDF 'Pakistan or the Partition of India', Dr B. R. Ambedkar 9180: 7166:

in 1946, several thousand Hindus were forcibly converted to Islam by Muslim mobs.

6341:

or Muslim law holds precedence for Muslims over Indian civil law in such matters.

3679:

With around 204 million Muslims (2019 estimate), India's Muslim population is the

2928:

in 1206 by the slaves of the Ghurid dynasty. The sultanate was to control much of

2799:

in the year 649 CE and presented a report on the area to the Caliph. He supported

2452: 19810: 19742: 19699: 19671: 19567: 19365: 19355: 19110: 19067: 19012: 19002: 18992: 18942: 18864: 18824: 18668: 18512: 18497: 18492: 18482: 18472: 18457: 18452: 18296: 18095: 18030: 17995: 17930: 17910: 17900: 17860: 17845: 17840: 17687: 17657: 17466: 17201: 17150: 17124: 16763: 16236: 16138: 15912: 15880: 15726: 15695: 15666: 15636: 15578:

Eaton, Richard M. (September 2000). "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States".

15560: 15518: 15358: 15155: 14959:. Indian Council for Cultural Relations and Oxford University Press. p. 252. 14821:

Puri, Balraj (30 May 1987), "Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu",

14414: 14255: 13981: 13700:"Being Muslim in India means Syeds spit on Julahas in an 'egalitarian community'" 13539: 13268: 11603: 11040: 11013: 10986: 10964: 10937: 10863: 10802: 10768: 10584: 10411: 10238: 10081: 9932: 9902: 9664: 9535: 9485: 9120: 8638: 8578: 8563: 8442: 8407: 8316: 8131: 8091: 8047: 7988: 7964: 7872: 7773: 7745: 7544: 7286: 7192: 7051: 6988: 6957:

A combination, initially made under duress followed by a genuine change of heart.

6924: 6776: 6748: 6700: 6696: 6664: 6632: 6502: 6115: 5849: 5658: 5313: 4909: 4641: 4574: 4375: 4263: 3879: 3871: 3628:, at the time the capital of the new state of Pakistan, so that the last British 3378: 3354: 3322: 3318: 3298: 3216: 3204: 3140: 3069: 3029: 2968: 2925: 2917: 2844: 2733: 2199: 2052: 2032: 2015: 2000: 1995: 1975: 1945: 1940: 1915: 1905: 1838: 1775: 1765: 1745: 1685: 1680: 1670: 1605: 1590: 1495: 1468: 1458: 1418: 1403: 1398: 1348: 1343: 1283: 1221: 1181: 1076: 1064: 820: 695: 644: 624: 584: 569: 424: 348: 325: 313: 289: 148: 17378: 15928: 13899: 13475: 12205:"Four out of five Indians will still be Hindu even when Muslim population peaks" 8378:

and during his tenure as the President of India, he was affectionately known as

7707:) at different times and became the only politician in Indian history to do so. 5653:

Some South Asian Muslims have been known to stratify their society according to

5200:, the most senior, most influential religious authority and spiritual leader of 4148: 3918: 20159: 20109: 20066: 19993: 19978: 19968: 19825: 19777: 19499: 19466: 19456: 19305: 19219: 19191: 19095: 19032: 18957: 18897: 18849: 18729: 18686: 18547: 18522: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18326: 18306: 18291: 18226: 18136: 18055: 18015: 17990: 17970: 17905: 17870: 17855: 17655:

Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (1957). "Some Aspects of Khānqah Life in Medieval India".

17601: 17587: 17462:"Woman Imam leads Friday prayer service in Kerala, claims to be first in India" 17250: 15895: 15863: 14345: 13029:"Ahmadinejad on way, NSA says India to be impacted if Iran 'wronged by others'" 12915: 12012:"7 lakh Muslims among the 19 lakh left out of Assam NRC, says CM Himanta Sarma" 10703: 10580: 8553: 8454: 8430: 8299:

and ending his career as Director-General of Civil Aviation from 1979 to 1980.

8205: 8201: 8127: 8063: 8059: 8012: 7924: 7888: 7765: 7749: 7524: 7163: 7087: 7046: 6902: 6852: 6839: 6806: 6780: 6724: 6716: 6656: 6644: 6400: 6309: 6204: 5734: 5714: 5663: 5642: 5480: 5290: 4986: 4970: 4923: 4780: 4678: 4442: 3895: 3875: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3464: 3441: 3425: 3374: 3306: 3284: 3272: 3260: 3081: 3041: 2984: 2972: 2921: 2832: 2705: 2498: 2326: 2194: 2184: 2174: 2087: 2047: 1965: 1935: 1750: 1690: 1630: 1585: 1565: 1540: 1515: 1478: 1463: 1413: 1323: 1268: 1211: 1196: 1176: 1166: 1141: 1081: 902: 755: 730: 725: 680: 309: 269: 234: 138: 118: 17628: 16838:"5 Muslims among Bharat Ratna awardees- A tribute to excellence and diversity" 15777: 15449: 15270: 15229: 14513:"If India Wants to Stay Secular, the New Citizenship Bill Isn't the Way to Go" 9693:

Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean

7614:

route. Mangalorean Catholics had travelled through this route on their way to

6877: 5641:

caste among Muslims, who were regarded by anti-caste activists like Babasaheb

5146:

and attracted large numbers of converts to Islam because of his holiness. His

5004: 4309:

doubt" in his own written book "Pakistan or partition of India" respectively.

67: 20429: 20144: 20134: 20129: 20089: 20084: 20013: 20008: 19908: 19898: 19883: 19790: 19767: 19636: 19588: 19578: 19519: 19484: 19423: 19413: 19320: 19290: 19257: 19252: 19242: 19209: 19105: 19007: 18997: 18977: 18947: 18937: 18892: 18884: 18789: 18744: 18714: 18640: 18630: 18555: 18467: 18376: 18231: 18154: 17975: 17940: 17895: 17890: 17799: 17737: 16624: 16442: 15953: 15691: 15421:

The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism

13833: 13579: 12077:"Changes in Fertility Rates Among Muslims in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh" 11642: 11486: 11076: 8774:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - India : Muslims" 8327:

Lieutenant General Jameel Mahmood (former GOC-in-C Eastern Command: 1992–93),

8181: 8123: 8099: 8027: 8008: 7996: 7900: 7852: 7842: 7696: 7692: 7668: 7615: 7584: 7516: 7512: 7461: 7152: 7099: 7055: 6752: 6728: 6704: 6680: 6672: 6597: 6472: 6014: 5910: 5574: 5518: 5471: 5318: 5147: 5060: 5056: 4885: 4874: 4731: 4720: 4703: 4590: 4333: 4321: 4192: 3594: 3566: 3350: 3248: 3144: 3099:. By this time, the dominant economic powers in the Indian subcontinent were 3092: 3060: 3052: 3013: 3004: 2941: 2870: 2848: 2760: 2737: 2599: 2559: 2543: 2494: 2392: 2298: 2134: 2129: 1785: 1705: 1545: 1505: 1453: 1448: 1366: 1333: 1226: 1116: 930: 882: 862: 690: 685: 665: 544: 444: 297: 18175: 17755: 16613:"As Tensions in India Turn Deadly, Some Say Officials Ignored Warning Signs" 12803:

Area Studies at the Crossroads: Knowledge Production after the Mobility Turn

12616: 12063:"Population growth and religious composition in India | Pew Research Center" 10740:

Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850

10362:(First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. pp. 10305:(First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. pp. 9597: 9147:"Diverse genetic origin of Indian Muslims: evidence from autosomal STR loci" 7121:

Persecution of Hindus § During Islamic rule of the Indian sub-continent

4708: 2523:" is also a reliable work.) This fact is corroborated by J. Sturrock in his 49: 20175: 20124: 20114: 20099: 19737: 19719: 19709: 19431: 19398: 19360: 19330: 19247: 19232: 18917: 18912: 18809: 18794: 18724: 18719: 18650: 18585: 18560: 18537: 18532: 18517: 18507: 18311: 18256: 18246: 18241: 17175: 16433: 15593: 15288: 14927:"S.Y. Quraishi appointed as election commissioner of India from YaHind.Com" 14461: 10407: 9273: 9172: 8573: 8499: 8485: 8253: 8209: 8197: 8193: 8173: 8115: 8067: 8055: 8039: 8031: 8019: 7984: 7980: 7952: 7920: 7761: 7730: 7628: 7561: 7457: 7416:

was finally deployed. The Army staged a flag march on the Taki Road, while

7348: 7315: 7263: 7228: 7025: 6972:

the Indian subcontinent and is highly embroiled within the politics of the

6969: 6961: 6652: 6553: 6422: 6220: 5955: 5690: 5495: 5376: 5089: 4958: 4919: 4750:, they follow Dai as representative of Imam which are continued till date. 4391: 3244: 3220: 3100: 2980: 2697: 2512: 2400: 2222: 955: 740: 670: 554: 17573:

The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period

17551:

Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-faith Relations

14898:"Full Court Reference in Memory of The Late Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah" 14848:

The Kashmir elections have reshaped the language and agenda of all parties

12483:

Social development and demographic changes in South India: focus on Kerala

12160:"By 2050, India to have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims" 11295:"Muslim population in India to touch 20 crore in 2023: Smriti Irani in LS" 10609: 10214:

Contours of the world economy, 1–2030 AD: essays in macro-economic history

8406:

and Center for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Hyderabad. In the field of

8311:, for knocking-out seven Pakistani tanks with a recoilless gun during the 7695:

serves as a Cabinet Minister in the government of three different states (

7102:

also show there was a population increase in India between 1000 and 1500.

2987:

and society. The time period of their rule included the earliest forms of

2391:

with the mandate of the last ruler (the Tajudeen Cheraman Perumal) of the

20119: 20104: 20076: 20058: 20023: 19973: 19893: 19747: 19646: 19441: 19436: 19282: 19186: 19052: 19047: 18982: 18902: 18696: 18663: 18635: 18431: 18316: 18164: 15807: 15323: 15003: 13605: 10320: 9727:

The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine

9062:"India's oldest mosque and growing irrelevance of Muslim vote in Gujarat" 8508: 8351: 8300: 8296: 8276: 8257: 8219: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8169: 8145: 8000: 7976: 7948: 7892: 7884: 7876: 7856: 7588: 7569: 7477: 7437: 7413: 7259: 7247: 7083: 7017: 6987:

described Islamic invasions of India as "The bloodiest story in history.

6984: 6937: 6810: 6792: 6732: 6464: 6093: 5423: 5093: 4893: 4866: 4854: 4788: 4606: 4408: 4395: 4341: 4337: 4214: 4179: 3945: 3903: 3827: 3590: 3578: 3570: 3562: 3524: 3437: 3314: 3200: 3148: 3116: 3037: 3017: 2929: 2674: 2662: 2622: 2591: 2539: 2384: 2318: 720: 205: 9163: 9146: 8825:"Why the 30% Muslim vote share is crucial in Bengal, explains Robin Roy" 5155:

that embedded Islamic culture deeply into older South Asian traditions.

3636:

of Burma, could attend both the ceremony in Karachi and the ceremony in

20359: 20354: 20139: 20048: 19928: 19903: 19732: 19539: 19504: 19380: 19062: 18962: 18829: 18784: 18645: 18462: 18331: 17678: 16204: 16143: 16067: 14834: 14808: 13953: 13431: 13297:. Chinese Heritage of the Australian Federation Project. Archived from 12941: 11750: 10675:

The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660–1760

8465: 8450: 8391: 8119: 8083: 8004: 7956: 7940: 7896: 7606: 7520: 7357: 7216: 6354: 6330: 6147: 5947: 5809: 5678: 5647: 5570: 5559: 5546: 5385: 5033: 4990: 4954: 4842: 4670: 4645: 4610: 4582: 4325: 4294: 4271: 3891: 3791: 3505: 3406: 3382: 3236: 3091:

had routed Mughal armies and invaded several Mughal provinces from the

3077: 2909: 2874: 2678: 2362: 2322: 735: 675: 419: 209: 15785: 13158:

A Modern Approach to Islam: Asaf A. A. Fyzee – Oxford University Press

11569: 11366: 7627:

In 1989 there was a social boycott by the Buddhists of the Muslims of

6797:

The government of India subsidized the cost of the airfare for Indian

6288:

is surrounded by an enclosure. The tomb of a Muslim saint is called a

2466: 20349: 20251: 20043: 19943: 19830: 19795: 19762: 19524: 19494: 19471: 19403: 19390: 19375: 19077: 19042: 18869: 18799: 18734: 18625: 18341: 16559: 16268: 15255:"A Shared Y-chromosomal Heritage between Muslims and Hindus in India" 14652: 14572: 14545: 14489: 14231: 14178: 14150: 14104:, by Ananya Mukherjee Reed. Published by Taylor & Francis, 2008. 13767: 12459: 12356: 12327: 12137: 11904:"Unending exodus: Crackdown pushes India's Rohingya refugees to flee" 11513: 11477: 8464:

In January 2018, Jamitha reportedly became the first woman to lead a

8419: 8235: 8111: 8107: 8103: 7992: 7960: 7936: 7904: 7816: 7700: 7611: 7553: 7548: 7540: 7532: 7353: 7326: 7305:

One of the most violent events in recent times took place during the

7255: 7156: 7061: 6910: 6817:, declared that the Hajj subsidy is a technical violation of Islamic 6756: 6688: 6489: 6480: 6460: 6301: 6259: 6208: 6061: 6057: 5998: 5864: 5475: 5460: 5414: 5367: 5331: 5294: 5265: 4881: 4862: 4858: 4803: 4796: 4772: 4634: 4298: 4200: 3887: 3867: 3863: 3722: 3689: 3112: 2862: 2764: 2682: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2579: 2515:

settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century CE. (

2370: 2358: 710: 265: 213: 17670: 17596:. Vol. VI: The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 14800: 12965:"India – Iran relations: Converging Interests or Drifting Equations" 12788:

Indian Muslims: Their Customs and Traditions during Last Fifty Years

4597:. This study was based on the last census of the country from 2011. 2857: 2293:

spread in Indian communities along the Arab coastal trade routes in

20364: 20053: 19933: 19845: 19840: 19606: 19573: 19562: 19446: 19181: 19168: 19115: 19017: 18907: 18879: 18859: 18804: 18691: 18605: 18600: 18575: 18487: 17610:. Vol. VII: The Mughal Empire. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 16200:"23 years on, Kashmiri Pandits remain refugees in their own nation" 16004:. New Delhi: Naurang Rai for Mittal Publications. pp. 26, 27. 15662: 15632: 14057: 12634: 12377: 11996: 11964:"Bangladeshi Muslim population grows 5-7% in Assam and West Bengal" 11694: 11454: 9808:: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978 8370:(IGMDP) of India, was honoured through his appointment as the 11th 7769: 7565: 7417: 7377: 7361: 7321: 7314:

in which 59 Hindu pilgrims returning from the disputed site of the

7029: 6947: 6660: 6418: 6075: 5978: 5794: 5539: 5484: 5355: 5085: 5041: 4865:. Many Khojas have also migrated and settled over the centuries in 4630: 4455: 4345: 4267: 3743: 3493: 3417: 3252: 2949: 2780: 2756: 2658: 2606: 2429: 2396: 2376: 815: 780: 700: 649: 459: 16409:. Indiainfo.com. Press Trust of India. 11 May 2005. Archived from 15252: 15123:"'Haj subsidy unIslamic, use that money on our education, health'" 14891: 14889: 13476:"Religious violence hastens India's leap into deeper obscurantism" 12738:

Lived Islam in South Asia: Adaptation, Accommodation, and Conflict

9995:

Ibn Athir, Vol. 3, pp. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "

9819:"Cheraman Juma Masjid: A 1,000-year-old lamp burns in this mosque" 8307:

was posthumously awarded India's highest military decoration, the

6889: 4914: 3467:, opposing the division of India on the basis of religion in 1944. 3179:

Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar Shah II in British India

2916:(971–1030 CE), was the second, much more ferocious invader, using 2424:

are presumed to have a superior status derived from their foreign

20154: 20003: 19988: 19983: 19888: 19863: 19858: 19785: 19681: 19616: 19547: 19514: 19489: 19451: 19340: 19300: 19295: 19204: 19196: 19163: 19153: 19148: 19120: 19085: 18839: 18814: 18779: 18769: 18759: 18706: 18610: 18570: 18386: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18276: 18251: 18236: 17736:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

13854: 12133:"Five charts that puncture the bogey of Muslim population growth" 11015:

Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968

10053:

The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam

9567: 8366:, one of India's most respected scientists and the father of the 8153: 8071: 8035: 7866: 7704: 7508: 7432:

At least 77 people died and 400,000 people were displaced in the

7290: 7232: 7148: 6861: 6692: 6476: 6399:

Note: the above laws are not applicable in the state of Goa. The

6272: 6255: 6123: 6042: 5914: 5790: 5783: 5779: 5686: 5542:

Shareef are prime center of Sufi oriented Sunni Muslims of India.

5514: 5345: 5201: 4978: 4850: 4622: 4383: 4286: 3899: 3883: 3846:. High concentrations of Muslims are also found in the states of 3812: 3625: 3598: 3264: 3228: 3196: 2772: 2709: 2701: 2598:

with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of

2571: 2551: 2490: 2346: 2338: 2294: 2276: 1053: 810: 785: 409: 293: 17768: 17146:"Air Marshal Jaffar Zaheer: Principled Indian Air Force officer" 16715:

Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures

16712: 14102:

Human Development and Social Power: Perspectives from South Asia

13919:

Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon, and North-West Pakistan

13270:

Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond

8633:

Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi's poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib:

7780:

of the Government of India from 1993 to 1994. Salman Haidar was

5222: 5064:

limits their activities, but they are not allowed to sit on the

2550:

in 661 CE. His grave is believed to be located on the island of

20028: 19998: 19963: 19953: 19923: 19918: 19878: 19850: 19835: 19805: 19800: 19752: 19714: 19704: 19689: 19641: 19557: 19529: 19418: 19408: 19370: 19345: 19335: 19325: 19310: 19272: 19227: 19173: 19140: 19037: 18844: 18774: 18754: 18673: 18658: 18620: 18565: 18527: 18421: 18416: 18391: 18346: 18321: 18286: 18281: 17575:; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy: 14886: 13857:"Consultative Meeting on the situation of Dalits in Bangladesh" 10462: 10460: 10055:. Barnsley, Great Britain: Pen & Sword Books. p. 216. 9805: 9761:

Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles

9512:

Tuḥfat-al-mujāhidīn: A Historical Epic of the Sixteenth Century

8698:"Muslim population in 2023 estimated to be 20 crore: Lok Sabha" 8248: 8018:

Some of the best known film directors of Indian cinema include

7972: 7836: 7576: 7235:. The demolition took place in 1992 and was perpetrated by the 6991:

contends that several Muslim invaders were waging a systematic

6940: 6818: 6493: 6350: 6338: 6289: 6225: 6163: 6159: 5974: 5892: 5888: 5805: 5771: 5763: 5739: 5670: 5630: 5432: 5399: 5130: 5126: 5081: 5052: 5025: 5017: 4993: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4897: 4878: 4870: 4687: 3542: 3534: 3276: 3224: 3096: 3025: 2953: 2816: 2796: 2759:

books were translated into Arabic as early as the 8th century.

2689: 2646: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2595: 2567: 2486: 2421: 2388: 2350: 2334: 2314: 790: 775: 745: 17269: 16664:"For Jews, the New Delhi riots have a painfully familiar ring" 15847:

Biraben, Jean-Noël (2003). "The rising numbers of humankind",

15760:

Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000-1800)

14568:"'Citizenship amendment bill communally motivated': Activists" 14282:"Multicultural India has more mosques than any Muslim country" 10939:

Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India

10150:. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 93–95. 7342:

In 2004, several Indian school textbooks were scrapped by the

5669:

Some of the upper and middle caste Muslim communities include

5271:

B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology

20149: 19873: 19772: 19724: 19656: 19651: 19350: 19158: 19125: 19090: 19027: 18967: 18952: 18932: 18874: 18854: 18739: 18590: 18426: 18266: 18261: 16160:"Kashmiri Pandits offered three choices by radical Islamists" 15390: 14541:"Modi Wants Bangladeshi Hindus in, Sonowal Wants Muslims Out" 13915:"The System of Social Stratification in Swat, North Pakistan" 13457:"On right to freedom of religion and the plight of Ahmadiyas" 11776:"Pakistan, or, The Partition of India, by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar" 11128:"Make India observer in forum of Islamic nations: Bangladesh" 10862:

Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (28 September 2006).

9926: 9924: 9793:

Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.

8670: 8337: 8268: 8243: 8231: 8135: 7846: 7826: 7557: 7481: 7381: 7294: 7208: 7143: 7021: 6992: 6857: 6822: 6506: 6468: 6414: 6171: 6101: 6097: 6079: 5933: 5775: 5718: 5608: 5604: 5522: 5322: 5233: 5205: 5143: 5135: 5069: 5029: 5021: 4982: 4846: 4838: 4819: 4758: 4735: 4674: 4649: 4594: 4481: 4404: 4218: 4196: 3855: 3765: 3637: 3621:

and the central treasury, and other administrative services.

3513: 3065: 3003:. The Delhi Sultanate was also responsible for repelling the 2897: 2535: 2425: 2373: 2310: 2290: 2280: 2268: 2264: 750: 705: 660: 16272:. 13 November 2004. Archived from the original on 5 May 2007 16225: 16223: 15979:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 130, 177. 14648:"US concerned about 'rising intolerance, violence' in India" 13655: 10615:"India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries" 10457: 8669:"India" in this page refers to the territory of present-day 8323:. High ranking Muslims in the Indian Armed Forces include: 7760:. Prominent Indian Muslim bureaucrats and diplomats include 7329:

filled with smoke as buildings and shops are set on fire by

19596: 18221: 14950: 14948: 14761:"Ajmal's AIUDF makes foray into Bodo bastion, wins 4 seats" 14733:"IUML's crescent and star in question paper evokes protest" 13985:

Human Biology – Volume 77, Number 3, June 2005, pp. 343–353

13402: 10804:

They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities

9568:"Genesis and Growth of the Mappila Community | JAIHOON.COM" 8272: 7409: 6798: 6346: 6325: 5868: 4691: 4653: 4609:

branch of Islam, while a minority (over 13%) belong to the

4285:

would have boasted a population nearing 1.69 billion, with

3184: 3021: 2866: 2808: 2718: 2428:

ancestry, while the Ajlafs are assumed to be converts from

2284: 344: 17473:

of the Society in the Muslim-dominated district on Friday.

13412:. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 1 November 1991 13351:"Protest against inclusion of Ahmediyyas in Muslim census" 12760: 11581:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012. p. 6. 10980: 10978: 10976: 10029:

Tabarî, 2:129, 143, 147, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, "

9921: 9904:

Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance

6864:, which was destroyed due to the iconoclastic policies of 6295: 5637:

In addition to the ashraf/ajlaf divide, there is also the

5208:. The system is executed in India from the Mughal period. 4837:

The Khojas are a group of diverse people who converted to

4156:

Region-wise distribution of Muslims leaving for Pakistan (

16391:

group). Press Trust of India. 12 May 2005. Archived from

16220: 14705:"Post Maharashtra win, Owaisi's MIM to contest 100 seats" 14597:"The Rising Tide of Intolerance in Narendra Modi's India" 13921:. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. Archived from 10479: 10477: 10475: 10358:

Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History

10301:

Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History

9144: 6923:

The bulk of Muslims are descendants of migrants from the

6150:

also started around 1192 CE, which marked the victory of

6142:

built in 1193 CE was the first mosque to be built in the

4686:

population in early 2000 was around 30 million with

3313:

Other famous Muslims who fought for independence against

2800: 2473:

on the Malabar Coast, probably the first Mosque in India.

17600: 17586: 16713:

Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005).

16700:"Modi slammed as death toll in New Delhi violence rises" 14945: 13975:

Gene Diversity in Some Muslim Populations of North India

13862:. International Dalit Solidarity Network. Archived from 13190:"Fyzee, Asaf Ali Asghar – Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 12275:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

12249:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

11373:. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik. 15 May 2018 11217:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

11192:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

11066: 11064: 11062: 10236: 9689: 7105: 6394:

Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986

6349:, wills and inheritance. The courts generally apply the 5832:, a Muslim majority state. Post partition percentage of 4473:

Census information for 2011: Hindu and Muslim compared.

4416:, among the 19 lakh individuals excluded from the Assam 4378:

refugees, with approximately 18,000 registered with the

4152:

A train of Muslim refugees in India leaving for Pakistan

3826:

Muslims represent a majority of the local population in

16587:"Ground report: Death toll in Bodo attack mounts to 70" 14408:

The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937

13544:. Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division. pp. 144–155. 13218:

Fifty Years in the East: The Memoirs of Wladimir Ivanow

13057:"India, Iran to make common cause over terror from Pak" 11578:

Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia

11337:"Muslim Population in India - Muslims in Indian States" 11096: 11094: 10973: 10709:

Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828

9612: 9019:

Kumar(Gujarati Magazine), Ahmadabad, July 2012, P. 444.

5742:

did during the early decades of the twentieth century.

5569:, an influential religious seminary in the district of 4640:

In the coastal Konkan region of Maharashtra, the local

15766:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

15731:

A Strange Kind of Paradise: India Through Foreign Eyes

15609:

Temple desecration and Muslim states in medieval India

15378:

Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India

14623:"A week of worrying about rising intolerance in India" 13998: 13996: 13828: 13826: 13824: 13822: 13192:. Oxfordislamicstudies.com. 6 May 2008. Archived from 11631:"Opinion | India's Muslims and the Price of Partition" 11533: 11531: 10988:

Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World

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Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India

8867: 8347:(GOC XV Corps: 2010–2012, Military Secretary: 2012–13) 7199:. These conflicts stem in part from the ideologies of 5513:

protest against caricature of Muhammad in the city of

4996:

advocated the peaceful conversion of Hindus to Islam.

2826: 16407:"254 Hindus, 790 Muslims killed in post-Godhra riots" 16139:"19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terror" 16029:

The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan

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Muslim communities of South Asia: culture and society

13855:

Gitte Dyrhagen and Mazharul Islam (18 October 2006).

12480: 11839: 11800: 11059: 10120: 7729:

are prominent Muslims of India who have been awarded

7543:

for helping to protect Hindus, after a delegation of

7344:

National Council of Educational Research and Training

5348:(The only college in India run by a State Wakf Board) 5239: 5008:

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, founder of the Ahmadiyya movement

3573:

became part of India, and a similar partition of the

2700:

although some historians say the first mosque was in

17647:, Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi (2004) ( 15506:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States, Part II" 15231:

The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760

14428:"Implementation of Sachar Committee recommendations" 13906: 11467: 11465: 11323:"Muslim population is 19.75 crore in India - Centre" 11091: 10533: 9723: 8475: 5592: 5373:

Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic and Persian University

5047:

Ahmaddiya have been identified as sects of Islam in

4810:(d. 1567 CE), moved the whole administration of the 4466:

Social and economic reasons behind population growth

3333:

to overthrow the British through an armed struggle,

2602:, who converted to Islam during the lifetime of the 2477:

Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the

2416:

The vast majority of the Muslims in India belong to

17537:

Indian Islam: A Religious History of Islam in India

17430:"Kalam, Shah Rukh in most influential Muslims list" 16422: 16420: 14968: 14966: 14858: 14856: 14460:. Government of India. 5 March 2014. Archived from 13993: 13819: 13718: 13266: 12662:

oppositional group as much as they were reformers.'

11528: 9977:چچ نامہ، سندھی ادبی بورڈ، صفحہ 102، جامشورو، (2018) 9369: 8979:"India 2012 International Religious Freedom Report" 8912: 8058:is one of India's best known contemporary artists. 7598:Massive population exchanges took place during the 7094:estimates from other economic historians including 6695:). Influential Muslim politicians in India include 5666:is another caste distinction among Indian Muslims. 5438: 2504:

The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians

17566:The History of India as told by its own Historians 17038: 16770:. India: Oxford University Press. pp. 47–53. 16464:"Communal clash near Bangla border, Army deployed" 16026: 15491: 15365:. Vol. 3. M. C. Sarkar and Sons. p. 254. 15197:. University of California Press. pp. 27–29. 15194:Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India 14993: 14991: 14340: 14338: 13809:"Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?" 13260: 12704: 12675: 12592:"Muslim Population in India 2023 | Islam in India" 11398:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 11239:"Total fertility rate down across all communities" 11148:"Muslims of India – World Directory of Minorities" 10668: 10641: 10355: 10298: 9662: 9427:. Dalitmuslims.com. 10 August 2008. Archived from 9267: 9204:"The mostly South Asian origins of Indian Muslims" 9095:"Top 11 Famous Muslim Religious Places in Gujarat" 8743: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8394:and played a crucial role in the establishment of 7000:in India established by Ziauddin al-Barani in the 6446: 5300:Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences 5218:List of Islamic universities and colleges in India 5080:Non-sectarian Muslims who reject the authority of 2936:in the east breaking off, while in the Deccan the 2447: 2279:in the world. The majority of India's Muslims are 17604:; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1973). 17590:; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1960). 16921:"'Religion played a major role in my upbringing'" 14257:Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India 13942: 13940: 12849: 12847: 12343: 12038:"Fertility rate: Indian Muslim women beat others" 11715:. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency. 11462: 10141: 9757: 9717: 9683: 9391:. 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United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. xv–xvi. 16002:Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities 14974:"2004 Transnational Policy Forum Participants" 14921: 14919: 13937: 13528:, The Friday Times. Retrieved 16 February 2013 13214: 12987: 12956: 12855:"Only a few people have right to issue fatwas" 12844: 12107:"Muslim population may decline: Sachar report" 11602:Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (23 July 2009). 10861: 10702: 10466: 10240:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World 9847:"Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat" 9751: 9385:"Social Stratification Among Muslims in India" 9239: 9226: 9030:"Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat" 8988:. 13 May 2013. Section I. Religious Demography 8082:duo are some of India's celebrated musicians. 7875:was a three-time CM of the Union Territory of 6943:saints and involved a genuine change of heart. 6671:of the Government of India from 1993 to 1994. 6276:, in which the corpse is buried in a grave or 5107: 5012:The Ahmadiyya movement was founded in 1889 by 3696:Muslim populations (top 5 countries) Est. 2020 984:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989) 20191: 18205: 18191: 17784: 17760: 17065: 15477:. University of Delaware Press. p. 362. 14202:"Why segregated housing is thriving in India" 13946: 13467: 13114: 13081: 13048: 12875: 12809: 12736:Ahmad, Imtiaz; Reifeld, Helmut, eds. (2006). 12427: 12350:Rukmini, S; Singh, Vijaita (25 August 2015). 11450:"5 myths about Muslim voters in modern India" 11369:[Population by Region and Religion]. 11213:"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050" 10834: 10807:. 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Soon several major cities developed 5429:Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering 4380:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 4304:Former Minister of Law and Justice of India, 2696:, is thought to have been built in 629 CE by 2240: 1017: 20205: 17607:The History and Culture of the Indian People 17593:The History and Culture of the Indian People 16890:"Aamir speaks out on alienation as a Muslim" 16264:"Demand for CBI probe into Zaheera's u-turn" 15889: 15668:Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India 15638:Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India 15417: 15190: 15186: 15184: 15182: 15180: 15178: 13473: 13208: 13020: 12735: 12702: 12641:Faithful Education: Madrassahs in South Asia 12555: 12378:Jeffery, Roger and Patricia Jeffery (1997). 12349: 11737:"The Future of the Global Muslim Population" 10662: 10648:. Macmillan India. p. Introduction 14. 9351: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9190: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8529:List of scientists in medieval Islamic world 8398:. He was also the former Vice Chancellor of 8263:Though Muslims are under-represented in the 7792:and serving as commanders of both state and 7333:. The riots, which took place following the 6905:was first attacked by Muslim Turkic invader 6413:is an Indian Muslim women's organisation in 5020:. He claimed to be the promised messiah and 4771:, son of Moulai Tarmal, was sent to western 3957:Historical Muslim Population Growth in India 3565:, which became part of Pakistan (from 1956, 2309:in the 7th century when the Arabs conquered 17689:Indo-Islamic society: 14th – 15th centuries 17571:Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. 17494:Islam in India: The Impact of Civilizations 16742:. Himalayan Institute Press. pp. 7–8. 16528:"Curfew in Bengal district, Army called in" 16472:. Kolkata. 8 September 2010. Archived from 16429:"Another rewrite for India's history books" 15901:The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective 15869:The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective 15831:The Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD 15600: 15334: 14916: 13949:"Backward Muslims protest denial of burial" 13566:"Kanthapuram selected Grand Mufti of India" 13087: 11601: 11018:. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. 10828: 10770:Indian Muslims: Where Have They Gone Wrong? 10551: 10511: 10483: 10435: 10266: 10260: 10205: 10159: 10153: 9262: 8943: 7622: 7006:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 6844:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 6828: 6041:Gole-Gumma, Mousoleum of Nawab Wahab Khan, 5819: 5707: 5177: 3424:and was part of the independence struggle. 2852: 2743: 20198: 20184: 18198: 18184: 17791: 17777: 17539:. Milford, Oxford university press, 1930. 16385:"BJP cites govt statistics to defend Modi" 16178:"CIA Factbook: India–Transnational Issues" 16091:"Gunmen Kill 25 Hindus in Kashmir Attacks" 16018: 15746: 15571: 15538: 15234:. Berkeley: University of California Press 13697: 13658:"Global Terrorism Research Centre (GTReC)" 13090:"Aspiring powers and a new old friendship" 12969:Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses 12940:. Alimaan Charitable Trust. Archived from 12530: 10696: 10603: 10552:Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C (1 January 2008), 10512:Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C (1 January 2008), 10484:Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C (1 January 2008), 10436:Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C (1 January 2008), 10267:Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C (1 January 2008), 10160:Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C (1 January 2008), 10127:. Princeton University Press. p. 41. 9696:. Columbia University Press. p. 333. 8947:South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today 8156:(the most popular sport of India) include 7380:mob resorted to arson and violence on the 6936:Conversion was a result of the actions of 3223:conspired to loot the British treasury at 3119:, before the former was devastated by the 2837:Muslim kingdoms in the Indian subcontinent 2301:shortly after the religion emerged in the 2247: 2233: 1024: 1010: 48: 17470:. Press Trust of India. 27 January 2018. 17248: 17118:Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif, PVSM 17029:. 17 August 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2009. 16951:"'I went to a Muslim builder,' says Saif" 16520: 15857: 15278: 15220: 15218: 15216: 15214: 15175: 15151:"Muslim leaders back cutting Haj subsidy" 15066: 14620: 13541:Communal Riots in Post-independence India 13450: 13448: 13161:. Ukcatalogue.oup.com. 20 December 2007. 12912:"India Third in Global Muslim Population" 12678:The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism 11842: › PortalPDF Nehru-Liaquat Agreement 11608:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 11539:"Muslim Population Growth At 20-Year Low" 10230: 9937:. Princeton University Press. p. 20. 9540:. Superintendent, Government Press. 1894. 9483: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9187: 9162: 9125:, Princeton University Press, p. 1, 8964: 8786: 6833: 6604:on various occasions since independence. 5891:, which is often considered as the first 5808:living has also shown a strengthening of 5158: 4621:The majority of Indian Sunnis follow the 4374:India is the home of some 40,000 illegal 3951: 2357:(or The Old Jumma Masjid, 628–630 CE) in 17692:. Vol. 3 of Al-Hind Series. BRILL. 17039:The Indian Express (26 September 2023). 16192: 15974: 15828: 15375: 15067:Mahapatra, Dhananjay (9 December 2012). 14957:Independent India: the first fifty years 14954: 14759:Kashyap, Samudra Gupta (15 April 2015). 14027: 13721:"The Muslim OBCs And Affirmative Action" 13628:Soofi, Mayank Austen (3 February 2012). 13601:"Kanthapuram elected as new Grand Mufti" 13537: 13054: 12828:. India. 6 November 2006. Archived from 12800: 12779: 12633: 12505: 12268: 12242: 12202: 11662: 11185: 11175:. Pew Research Center. 17 November 2017. 10579: 10216:. Oxford University Press. p. 379. 10050: 10044: 9360: 9326: 9145:Journal of Human Genetics (8 May 2009). 8850:"Jammu and Kashmir: The view from India" 8544:List of Islamic educational institutions 8222:, CEO of India's 3rd largest IT company 8214: 7605: 7320: 7110: 6895:Front view of the present Somnath Temple 6851: 6559: 6203: 6146:; its adjoining "Tower of Victory", the 5871:is one of India's most iconic monuments. 5754:occurred. This was heightened after the 5505: 5382:Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science 5221: 5117: 5003: 4913: 4715: 4707: 4147: 3927: 3917: 3557:The partition included the geographical 3533: 3471: 3293: 3185:Role in the Indian independence movement 3147:), before he was exiled to Burma by the 3046: 2884: 2856: 2558:(661–750 CE) coins were discovered from 2465: 2451: 19169:Vattakkolis (the Bhatkalis) or Navayats 17725:– This online Copy has been posted by: 17579:– This online Copy has been posted by: 17364:; Ch. 4. Missile Man of Idia. pp. 61–76 17277:"Air Marshal Syed Shahid Hussein Naqvi" 17094:"Arvind Kala: Hiding what's well-known" 16546: 16060: 15715: 14758: 14594: 14482: 14253: 14078:Crisis and Contention in Indian Society 13786: 13784: 13782: 13780: 13778: 13760: 13742:. Pharos Media & Publishing Pvt Ltd 12805:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 141–156. 12499: 12430:Muslim attitude towards family planning 12130: 11708: 11506: 11042:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 10962: 10935: 10773:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 281–286. 10766: 10760: 10211: 9118: 8429:, there were 21 Indians (in 2017) like 7491: 6378:recommendations of the Sachar Committee 6296:Styles of Islamic architecture in India 5839: 5634:primarily on the basis of their caste. 5420:Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College 5163: 3909: 2329:and has since become a part of India's 14: 20428: 17654: 17614: 17511:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 1993. 17399: 17300:"A high-profile 'Naik' of Indian Army" 16918: 16610: 16426: 16304: 16116:"Paradise Lost – the Kashmiri Pandits" 16063:"Fatal flaw in communal violence bill" 15999: 15800: 15721: 15391:Eli Franco, Karin Preisendanz (2007). 15357: 15308:. Cambridge University Press. p. 15211: 15120: 15094: 15016: 15014: 14730: 14199: 14074: 14007:. Vkas Publishing House. p. 114. 13445: 13088:Jahanbegloo, Ramin (1 February 2009). 12886:"Talaq rights proposed for Shia women" 12785: 12549: 12402: 12294: 11918:"For Uighur exiles, Kashmir is heaven" 11812: 11628: 11186:Mitchell, Travis (21 September 2021). 11125: 10984: 10936:Wolpert, Stanley (17 September 2009). 10917:"When Muslims left Pakistan for India" 10914: 10800: 10148:Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15 10075: 9900: 9618: 9382: 9311: 9092: 8854:Jammu and Kashmir: The view from India 8801:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_SIM_000030 8692: 8690: 6453:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen 6249: 6060:, the most famous of the monuments of 5758:in Bihar and became a trend after the 5599:Caste system among South Asian Muslims 5172: 4877:. The Khoja were by then adherents of 4783:(death: Jumadi al-Ula 11 at Don Gaum, 4061: 3974: 3709:Percentage of Total Muslim Population 2940:colonists from Delhi, who carried the 2542:islands, situated just to the west of 2497:, which linked them with the ports of 976:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen 20179: 18179: 17772: 17759: 17428:Bhaskar Roy, TNN (12 December 2009). 17330:"Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam" 16981: 16762: 16488: 16456: 16229: 16157: 16136: 16126:from the original on 9 November 2013. 16088: 15806: 15752: 15684: 15671:, Research Publications, p. 89, 15606: 15577: 15545:Eaton, Richard M. (9 December 2000). 15544: 15500: 15470: 15397:. Motlilal Banarsidass. p. 248. 15301: 15224: 14895: 14702: 14674: 14538: 14143: 14002: 13912: 13887: 13761:Munazir, Shahana (23 November 2017). 13627: 13389: 13120: 13055:Parashar, Sachin (10 November 2009). 13026: 12820:"Shia women too can initiate divorce" 12761:N. C. Asthana; Anjali Nirmal (2009). 12673: 12645:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 12589: 12203:Mampatta, Sachin (2 September 2015). 11447: 11347:from the original on 8 September 2017 11039:James, Lawrence (15 September 1997). 11038: 10613:, David Clingingsmith (August 2005). 10539: 10406: 10353: 10319: 10296: 10290: 10078:India and South Asia: A Short History 9930: 9795:Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98. 9537:Madras District Manuals: South Canara 9487:Ancient and Medieval History of India 9449: 9042:from the original on 16 November 2016 7788:, with several attaining the rank of 7733:, highest civilian award of India. 7388:, Kartikpur and Beliaghata under the 7106:Relations with non-Muslim communities 6962:Muslim civilisation and global polity 6513:Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference 6233:for prayer. Towards the right of the 5621:Persecution of minority Muslim groups 5365:Maulana Azad National Urdu University 5188:The religious administration of each 4355: 3447: 3267:, along with Syed Mujtaba Hussain of 2904:and the Indian kingdoms; resulted in 2509:Ancient and Medieval History of India 17685: 17645:Marginal Muslim Communities in India 17527:Islam in South Asia: A Short History 17297: 17091: 16912: 16879:BBC News Retrieved on 30 March 2009. 16768:The Illustrated History of the Sikhs 16737: 16552: 16339:"Banerjee panel illegal: Gujarat HC" 16024: 15690: 15611:. Gurgaon: Hope India Publications. 15369: 15121:Talwar, Ruchika (17 November 2006). 14675:Datar, Arvind P. (4 December 2015). 14621:Devichand, Mukul (17 October 2015). 14510: 14401: 14171: 13832: 13775: 13698:Wajihuddin, Mohammed (16 May 2010). 12993: 12963:Roy, Meena Singh (5 December 2008). 12763:Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities 12667: 12453:Ali, Prof. Ilias (2 February 2013). 12405:Population and family life education 12320: 11173:"World Muslim Population by Country" 11011: 10801:Ali, Asghar; Roy, Shantimoy (2006). 10376: 9873: 9596:. lakshadweep.nic.in. Archived from 9074:from the original on 9 December 2017 8789:"Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects" 8130:. Another famous personality is the 7758:Chief Election Commissioner of India 7568:, Pir Budhu Shah, Pir Bhikham Shah, 7151:and the anti-Hindu practices of the 6868:, photo taken by John Burke in 1868. 6649:Chief Election Commissioner of India 5211: 4849:, most Khojas live in the states of 4502:10-yr. Growth % (est. 2001–11) 4428:Muslims in India have a much higher 4320:, a significant number of Hindus in 2983:, which had a significant impact on 2877:in the 17th century, and represents 2582:is one of the oldest mosques in the 971:Muslim chronicles for Indian history 946:All India Ulema & Mashaikh Board 93:Regions with significant populations 16948: 16103:from the original on 12 April 2012. 15661: 15631: 15148: 15011: 14434:. Government of India. 13 July 2009 14200:Biswas, Soutik (10 December 2014). 13888:Fazal, Tanweer (7 September 2006). 13499: 12962: 12711:. Oxford University Press. p. 12508:Fertility transition in south India 12452: 12295:Rampal, Nikhil (31 December 2021). 12035: 11663:Merchant, Minhaz (27 August 2020). 11102:"Muslim Population by Country 2023" 10794: 10645:An Advanced History of Modern India 10237:Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008), 9690:Edward Simpson; Kai Kresse (2008). 9484:Rawlinson, H. G. (1 January 2001). 9389:Caste: Its Twentieth Century Avatar 9256: 8687: 7641:Presidents of the Republic of India 6570:Presidents of the Republic of India 6370:All India Muslim Personal Law Board 6266:in whose centre is the cenotaph or 5066:All India Muslim Personal Law Board 4386:also reside in India, primarily in 3329:, who was implicated in the famous 2956:ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating the 2827:Political history of Islam in India 2750:numeral system developed by Indians 2456:Names, routes and locations of the 936:All India Muslim Personal Law Board 24: 17665:(8). Maisonneuve &#38: 51–69. 17617:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 17482: 17400:Sharma, Neena (27 February 2009). 17066:Asher Hawkins (14 November 2007). 16553:Bose, Raktima (8 September 2010). 16504:. 8 September 2010. Archived from 16367:"Gujarat riot death toll revealed" 16137:Gupta, Kanchan (19 January 2005). 16113: 16033:. Yale University Press. pp. 15702:, Peeters Publishers, p. 33, 15322: 15095:Ranjan, Amitav (13 October 2010). 14703:Verma, Lalmani (2 February 2015). 14511:Garg, Lovish (21 September 2016). 14284:. Newseastwest.com. Archived from 14254:Jairath, Vinod K. (3 April 2013). 14174:"In India's largest Muslim ghetto" 14144:Desai, Darshan (28 October 2013). 14081:. SAGE Publications. p. 119. 13842:Pakistan or the Partition of India 13656:Monash Arts Online Presence Team. 11509:"When the good is not good enough" 11507:Mustafa, Faizan (28 August 2014). 10212:Madison, Angus (6 December 2007). 9798: 9557:Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV 8643: 8445:, Abul Qasim Nomani Syed Muhammad 8404:Deccan College of Medical Sciences 8388:National Institute of Oceanography 6635:and former Director (Head) of the 6133:took new shape with the advent of 5240:Modern universities and institutes 4943:Hazrat Khawaja Muin-ud-din Chishti 4056: 3969: 3684:to year 2019-21 estimation. While 2529:Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV 951:Ahle Sunnat Movement in South Asia 25: 20447: 17798: 17715: 17529:. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008. 17402:"Hope hangs on stem cell therapy" 16949:Jha, Subhash K (21 August 2008). 16875:Zubair Ahmed (23 September 2005) 16611:Harris, Gardiner (28 July 2012). 15641:, Aditya Prakashan, p. 343, 14978:Asia-Pacific College of Diplomacy 14595:Seervai, Shanoor (27 July 2016). 14348:. law.emory.edu. 26 November 1949 14028:Farouqui, Ather (23 April 2009). 13844:(2 ed.), Thackers Publishers 13474:Naqvi, Jawed (1 September 2008). 13455:Hoque, Ridwanul (21 March 2004). 13121:Mehta, Vinod (2 September 2004). 12786:Nasiri, Md. Jalis Akhtar (2010). 12269:Mitchell, Travis (29 June 2021). 12243:Mitchell, Travis (29 June 2021). 11709:Israeli, Raphael (4 April 2019). 10865:A Concise History of Modern India 10737:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), 10202:, Delhi, Calcutta, 1927, page 2-7 10031:Religion and Society in Arab Sind 10010:Religion and Society in Arab Sind 9958:Religion and Society in Arab Sind 8986:United States Department of State 8359:Major General Mohammed Amin Naik. 7129:Violence against Muslims in India 6499:All India United Democratic Front 6429:Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 5614: 5593:Caste system among Indian Muslims 4814:(mission) to India. The 25th Dai 3675:Islam by country § Countries 2485:, Arab traders used to visit the 2481:since ancient times. Even in the 2305:. Islam arrived in the inland of 961:All India Shia Personal Law Board 18159: 18150: 18149: 17731: 17454: 17421: 17393: 17367: 17344: 17322: 17291: 17242: 17216: 17190: 17164: 17158: 17138: 17129: 17111: 17085: 17059: 17017: 17001: 16975: 16942: 16882: 16869: 16851: 16830: 16805: 16784: 16756: 16731: 16706: 16692: 16674: 16656: 16638: 16604: 16579: 16496:"Army out after Deganga rioting" 16427:Ramesh, Randeep (26 June 2004). 16399: 16377: 16359: 16331: 16298: 16256: 16170: 16151: 16130: 16107: 16082: 16054: 15993: 15968: 15942: 15921: 15841: 15822: 15655: 15625: 15517:. pp. 70–77. Archived from 15471:Allen, Margaret Prosser (1991). 15464: 15438: 15411: 15384: 15351: 15316: 15295: 15246: 15142: 15114: 15088: 15060: 15040: 14850:, Quartz India, 23 December 2014 14840: 14814: 14780: 14752: 14724: 14696: 14668: 14640: 14614: 14588: 14560: 14532: 14504: 14476: 14446: 14420: 14386: 14360: 14309: 14300: 14274: 14247: 14219: 14193: 14165: 14146:"Worlds apart in a divided city" 14137: 14115: 14095: 14068: 14055: 14049: 14021: 13968: 13881: 13848: 13801: 13754: 13727: 13712: 13691: 13682: 13649: 13621: 13593: 13558: 13531: 13518: 13493: 13424: 13383: 13363: 13343: 13323: 13305: 13287: 13235: 13182: 13149: 13140: 12930: 12904: 12794: 12754: 12729: 12696: 12627: 12609: 12583: 12574: 12524: 12474: 12446: 12421: 12396: 12380:Population, gender, and politics 12371: 12352:"Muslim population growth slows" 12314: 12288: 12262: 12236: 12222: 12196: 12174: 12152: 12131:Daniyal, Shoaib (8 April 2015). 12124: 12099: 12069: 12055: 12029: 12018: 12004: 11984: 11970: 11956: 11942: 11924: 11910: 11896: 11870: 11845: 11832: 11806: 11793: 11768: 11743: 11729: 11702: 11682: 11656: 11622: 11595: 11549: 11500: 11441: 11415: 11390: 11359: 11329: 11315: 11301: 11287: 11269: 11251: 11231: 11205: 11179: 10915:Shukla, Vivek (14 August 2017). 10835:Prof. Prasoon (1 January 2010). 10589:. OECD Publishing. p. 259. 9874:West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). 9329:"Caste in Indian Muslim Society" 8787:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (30 May 2011). 8749:"India - Muslim population 2011" 8594:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 8492: 8478: 8336:Air Marshal Syed Shahid Hussein 7440:and East Bengal rooted Muslims. 7289:were forced into an exodus from 6888: 6876: 6108: 6100:, one of the largest mosques in 6086: 6068: 6050: 6034: 6022: 6006: 5986: 5963: 5940: 5921: 5909:Asafi Imambargah, also known as 5902: 5876: 5856: 5629:and would carry precedence over 5439:Traditional Islamic universities 5352:Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College 5261:Jamia Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya 4802:Due to persecution by the local 4600: 3805: 3784: 3758: 3736: 3715: 3172: 3160: 3125:economy of the Kingdom of Mysore 3072:, literary forms, textiles, and 2665:, and they are among the oldest 2534:According to popular tradition, 2216: 1801:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1127:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1046: 913:Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College 485: 383: 171:(includes present-day Telangana) 77: 76: 16896:. 5 August 2005. Archived from 16702:. Al Jazeera. 26 February 2020. 16089:Burns, John F. (20 June 1998). 15474:Ornament in Indian Architecture 14904:. Eastern Book Company, Lucknow 14731:Philip, Shaju (18 March 2015). 14539:Nandy, Chandan (29 July 2016). 14483:Punwani, Jyoti (28 June 2014). 14172:Peer, Basharat (19 June 2015). 14123:"India's Muslims feel backlash" 13390:Ahmad, Tufail (8 August 2016). 12740:. Berghahn Books. p. 114. 12560:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. 12407:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. 12321:Shah, Shreya (11 August 2016). 11629:Ashraf, Ajaz (17 August 2017). 11448:Verma, Rahul (5 October 2018). 11140: 11119: 11032: 11005: 10956: 10929: 10908: 10882: 10855: 10635: 10573: 10429: 10400: 10370: 10347: 10313: 10192: 10183: 10124:The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700 10114: 10097: 10069: 10023: 10002: 9989: 9980: 9971: 9950: 9941: 9894: 9867: 9839: 9811: 9785: 9656: 9630: 9586: 9560: 9544: 9528: 9504: 9477: 9443: 9302: 9138: 9122:Islam in South Asia in Practice 9112: 9086: 9054: 9022: 9013: 9000: 8937: 8663: 8654:أهل العفاف و أهل الجود والكريم 8627: 8453:and Aboobacker Ahmad Musliyar. 6543:(JKAP) a newly formed party of 6447:Active Muslim political parties 6411:Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan 6229:indicates the direction of the 5883:A rebuilt structure of the old 3668: 3644:is celebrated on 14 August and 3559:division of the Bengal province 3506:People's Republic of Bangladesh 3251:in 1915; Ali Ahmad Siddiqui of 3243:was one of the founders of the 3137:Mysore in the late 18th century 2752:to the Middle East and Europe. 2661:, were built during the era of 2527:and by Haridas Bhattacharya in 2448:Early history of Islam in India 2331:religious and cultural heritage 613:Famous Families and ethnicities 18117:British Indian Ocean Territory 17336:, 9 March 2007, archived from 17298:Bhat, Rajesh (13 April 2008). 17249:Anil Bhat (14 February 2006). 16982:Joshi, Mohit (17 March 2009). 16877:Who's the real Shah Rukh Khan? 16305:Bunsha, Dionne (11 May 2005). 16061:Gumaste, Vivek (2 June 2011). 14677:"The myth of Intolerant India" 14075:Oommen, T. K. (21 July 2005). 13267:C. Ernst; B. Lawrence (2016). 12533:Multi-Secularism: A New Agenda 12485:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. 12481:Nair, V. Balakrishnan (1994). 12382:. Cambridge University Press. 11473:"India's religions by numbers" 11126:Bagchi, Indrani (6 May 2018). 10121:Richard Maxwell Eaton (2015). 9764:. Other Books. pp. 179–. 9093:Sharma, Indu (22 March 2018). 8842: 8817: 8780: 8766: 8708: 8534:List of Muslim Nobel laureates 8281:Chief of the Air Staff (India) 7035:The Wonder That Was India – II 6786: 5760:demolition of the Babri Masjid 5745: 5337:Karim City College, Jamshedpur 5266:Ma'dinu Ssaquafathil Islamiyya 5122:An outside view of the Maqbara 4896:, while the majority remained 4806:ruler in Yemen, the 24th Dai, 4448: 4423: 2795:, who traveled across Sind to 2704:in between 610 and 623 CE. In 2459:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 858:Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College 13: 1: 17496:. Shipra Publications, 2002. 17353:President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. 17092:Kala, Arvind (4 March 2006). 16555:"Youth killed in group clash" 16230:Perry, Alex (4 August 2003). 15302:Hardy, Peter (October 2009). 15097:"Haj subsidy cuts start soon" 14823:Economic and Political Weekly 14398:, Published: 11 December 1992 14260:. Routledge. pp. 93–95. 13538:Engineer, Asghar Ali (1984). 13221:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 91–. 13027:Pubby, Manu (21 April 2008). 12994:Puri, Balraj (25 July 2009). 12682:. Columbia University Press. 12506:Guilmoto, Christophe (2005). 11838:Ministry of External Affairs 11813:Ashraf, Ajaz (28 June 2016). 11799:Ministry of External Affairs 11436:Pakistan Bureau of Statistics 10841:. Pustak Mahal. p. 120. 9724:Uri M. Kupferschmidt (1987). 9669:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 123. 9240:Kashif-ul-Huda (6 May 2007). 8615: 8599:Persecution of Kashmiri Shias 8319:for their actions during the 6883:Somnath temple in ruins, 1869 6813:and general secretary of the 6741:A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury 6320:Law, politics, and government 5405:Nellai College of Engineering 5276:Darul Huda Islamic University 5196:under the supervision of the 4727:, with Dawat office at Mumbai 4625:which was founded in 1904 by 4418:National Register of Citizens 873:Darul Huda Islamic University 575:Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal 20409:Ministry of Minority Affairs 17334:Vigyan Prasar Science Portal 17251:"Brave Indians, also Muslim" 15812:The Indian Historical Review 15733:, Random House, p. 80, 15191:van der Veer, Peter (1994). 14458:Ministry of Minority Affairs 14306:(Courtesy: Culturopedia.com) 13989:Wayne State University Press 13736:"On reservation for Muslims" 13410:"Number of Ahmadis in India" 12707:The Taliban: Ascent to Power 12674:Sfeir, Antoine, ed. (2007). 12556:Narain Singh, Surya (2003). 10383:, London: Palgrave, p. 9804:Pg 58, Cultural heritage of 9514:. Islamic Book Trust. 2006. 9490:. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. 9453:People of India: Maharashtra 9119:Metcalf, Barbara D. (2009), 8680: 8604:NCERT textbook controversies 7402:Central Reserve Police Force 6013:The Asafi Mosque within the 5724: 5502:Leadership and organisations 5246:Al-Ameen Educational Society 5142:(1142–1236), who settled in 5075: 4999: 4989:, a prominent member of the 4965:, Shekh Alla-ul-Haq Pandwi, 4939:Sulthan Syed Ibrahim Shaheed 4808:Yusuf Najmuddin ibn Sulaiman 4370:Illegal immigration to India 4330:Hindus in the Sindh province 4328:) and a minuscule number of 3518:Indian Independence Act 1947 3502:Islamic Republic of Pakistan 3337:, former Shaikhul Hadith of 3199:raised a revolt against the 3191:Indian independence movement 2991:, increased growth rates in 2869:, India. It was built under 2471:Cheraman Perumal Juma Masjid 2321:in the 12th century via the 7: 16919:Gahlot, Deepa (July 1998). 16534:. Kolkata. 8 September 2010 15849:Populations & Societies 15698:, in Gilbert Pollet (ed.), 15028:(in Hindi). 4 November 2023 14955:Karlekar, Hiranmay (1998). 14902:Supreme Court Cases Journal 11080:, MRHB DeFi, 29 August 2021 10942:. Oxford University Press. 10642:Sailendra Nath Sen (2010). 10076:Ludden, D. (13 June 2002), 9730:. Brill. pp. 458–459. 9663:Jonathan Goldstein (1999). 8471: 7794:Central Armed Police Forces 7655:. Additionally, 4 Muslims: 7535:Later in the 16th century, 7460:and part of Prime Minister 7244:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 7125:Religious violence in India 6848:Religious violence in India 6280:. Smaller tombs may have a 6029:The Rumi Darwaza at Lucknow 5108:Islamic traditions in India 5104:, and Abdullah Chakralawi. 4673:are a large minority among 4557:Child sex ratio (0–6 yrs.) 4491:% total of population 2011 4203:, and other parts of India 3642:Pakistan's Independence Day 3587:Islamabad Capital Territory 3500:(that later split into the 3492:led to the creation of the 3139:. The last Mughal emperor, 3121:Maratha invasions of Bengal 3007:'s potentially devastating 2999:, and the emergence of the 2971:, there was a synthesis of 2944:to the Deccan, founded the 2609:(c. 570–632). According to 2588:Legend of Cheraman Perumals 2432:, and have a lower status. 2381:legend of Cheraman Perumals 996:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen 82:(14.61% of the population) 10: 20452: 17568:, New Delhi reprint, 1990. 17356:Anmol Publications, 2002. 17230:. India. 29 September 2016 17014:. Retrieved 24 April 2017. 16307:"Still a burning question" 16000:Burman, J. J. Roy (2002). 15975:Richards, John F. (1995). 15607:Eaton, Richard M. (2004). 15581:Journal of Islamic Studies 15149:Haq, Zia (11 April 2010). 13500:Mir, Amir (14 June 2010). 12590:admin (22 December 2021). 12535:. Transaction Publishers. 12455:"Conquering a Muslim Myth" 10991:. I.B.Tauris. p. 72. 10745:Cambridge University Press 10714:Cambridge University Press 10680:Cambridge University Press 10558:Cambridge University Press 10518:Cambridge University Press 10490:Cambridge University Press 10467:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 10442:Cambridge University Press 10275:Cambridge University Press 10168:Cambridge University Press 9758:Husain Raṇṭattāṇi (2007). 9286:van Donzel, Emeri Johannes 8950:. Routledge. p. 193. 8651:وأن أشرف من اودي الزمان به 8648:ان الرزيه فقد العلم والحكم 8321:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 8285:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 7887:(stage name Dilip Kumar), 7790:Director general of police 7744:, former Foreign Minister 7635:Prominent Muslims in India 7501: 7495: 7114: 7080:SOAS, University of London 6837: 6790: 6707:(former Chief Minister of 6631:, former Foreign Minister 6486:Indian Union Muslim League 6405:Special Marriage Act, 1954 6197: 6193: 6168:UNESCO World Heritage Site 6162:, Afghanistan, over local 5843: 5618: 5596: 5490:Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya 5396:Muslim Educational Society 5286:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama 5215: 5181: 5111: 4918:Tomb of Sufi saint Shaikh 4907: 4701: 4663: 4524:Literacy rate (avg. 64.8) 4362:Rohingya refugees in India 4359: 3960: 3672: 3451: 3271:, and was hanged in 1917; 3188: 3129:British East India Company 2906:Umayyad campaigns in India 2830: 2823:in 660 CE, near Damascus. 2411: 2406: 2367:the first mosques in India 878:Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya 28: 20376: 20327: 20265: 20214: 20075: 19587: 19538: 19389: 19281: 19218: 19139: 19076: 18705: 18546: 18445: 18214: 18145: 18104: 18064: 17806: 17766: 17761:Links to related articles 17749:Federal Research Division 17629:10.1080/13602000500408468 17068:"The Frugal Billionaires" 16290:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15778:10.1017/S0041977X0004739X 15424:. Routledge. p. 16. 15376:Aggarwal, Patrap (1978). 15271:10.1007/s00439-006-0234-x 14454:"Sachar Committee Report" 14030:"Pariahs in our own home" 13719:Sachar Committee Report. 13526:A mosque for Qurani Namaz 13507:Outlook (Indian magazine) 13273:. Palgrave Macmillan US. 12245:"Appendix A: Methodology" 11106:worldpopulationreview.com 10963:Symonds, Richard (1950). 10896:. Pakistan. 15 March 2010 10838:My Letters.... M.K.Gandhi 10033:", p. 126, Brill, (1989) 10012:", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) 9960:", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) 9931:Singh, Khushwant (1963). 9907:. MIT Press. p. 74. 9624:The Encyclopedia of Islam 9473:– via Google Books. 9387:. In M N Srinivas (ed.). 9361:Aggarwal, Patrap (1978). 9282:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund 8645:ليس الرزيه بالدينار نفقدة 8519:Indo-Islamic architecture 8468:prayer service in India. 8414:, Hakim Abdul Hameed and 8386:, former Director of the 8158:Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi 8078:and Nadeem Akhtar of the 6807:Maulana Mahmood A. Madani 6532:People's Democratic Party 6241:or pulpit from where the 6180:Indo-Islamic architecture 6120:Aligarh Muslim University 5846:Indo-Islamic architecture 5342:M.S.S. Wakf Board College 5256:Aligarh Muslim University 5227:Aligarh Muslim University 5055:, Haryana, Bihar, Delhi, 4832: 4472: 4336:remained. Meanwhile, the 4137: 3987:— 3944:and in a Union territory 3430:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy 3387:Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai 2989:Indo-Islamic architecture 2879:Indo-Islamic architecture 2783:(569–632 CE) changed the 2418:South Asian ethnic groups 2399:(c. 570–632). Similarly, 966:Indian Muslim nationalism 595:E. K. Aboobacker Musliyar 225: 220: 203: 198: 188: 178: 167: 157: 147: 137: 127: 117: 107: 97: 92: 66: 61: 47: 17866:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 17602:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra 17588:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra 17407:The Tribune (Chandigarh) 17375:"Interview: Dr SZ Qasim" 16387:. ExpressIndia (part of 15911:11 November 2020 at the 15879:11 November 2020 at the 15829:Maddison, Angus (2006). 15305:Muslims of British India 14485:"No second wife, please" 14432:Press Information Bureau 14227:"The price of exclusion" 13917:. In E. R. Leach (ed.). 13371:"Minority in a minority" 13123:"India's Polite Refusal" 12230:"7. Religious practices" 11341:www.indiaonlinepages.com 10890:"Muslims in Indian army" 10051:Crawford, Peter (2013). 9327:Singh Sikand, Yoginder. 8620: 8416:Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman 8356:Major General SM Hasnain 8238:, Himalaya Health Care, 8162:Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi 7782:Indian Foreign Secretary 7623:Muslim–Buddhist conflict 7456:seen by many critics as 7211:has always maintained a 7178:in 1947 saw large scale 6829:Conflict and controversy 6200:List of mosques in India 5820:Consanguineous marriages 5738:other countries such as 5708:Interaction and mobility 5178:Religious administration 4975:Ata Hussain Fani Chishti 4903: 4697: 4616: 4535:Work Participation Rate 3422:Indian National Congress 3409:and Moulvi Abdul Hamid. 3381:, Hakeem Nusrat Husain, 3153:Indian Rebellion of 1857 2765:Abbasid caliph al-Mansur 2744:Arab–Indian interactions 2612:Qissat Shakarwati Farmad 2333:. The Barwada Mosque in 2170:Northern Mariana Islands 1112:Central African Republic 840:List of mosques in India 20039:Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh 20034:Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh 18127:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 17098:Business Standard India 15917:OECD Development Centre 15885:OECD Development Centre 15835:Oxford University Press 14413:5 February 2012 at the 13913:Barth, Fredrik (1962). 13890:"Dereserve these myths" 13838:"10, Social Stagnation" 13215:Farhad Daftary (2014). 12890:Daily News and Analysis 12271:"12. Beliefs about God" 11431:2017 Census of Pakistan 10767:Zakaria, Rafiq (2004). 10354:Pacey, Arnold (1991) . 10331:Pearson Education India 10297:Pacey, Arnold (1991) . 9901:Saliba, George (2007). 9880:. Infobase Publishing. 9383:Bhatty, Zarina (1996). 8584:Hindu–Islamic relations 7796:. In 2013, IPS officer 7738:Vice-President of India 7719:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 7715:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 7685:Vice-President of India 7671:held the office of the 7643:, three were Muslims – 7408:all failed to stop the 7258:. This was followed by 7242:and organisations like 7197:1989 Bhagalpur violence 6625:Vice-President of India 6614:Vice-President of India 6600:held the office of the 6572:, three were Muslims – 6421:be made illegal in the 6380:have been implemented. 5756:1989 Bhagalpur violence 5607:does not recognize any 4967:Ashraf Jahangir Semnani 4963:Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari 4947:Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki 4683:Daily News and Analysis 4659: 4434:Sachar Committee Report 4340:state of India and the 3545:in 1930. Also known as 3416:, later the founder of 3377:, Manzoor Abdul Wahab, 3127:overtaking Bengal. The 2562:in the eastern part of 2525:Madras District Manuals 2261:second-largest religion 2120:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 769:Religious jurisprudence 590:Panakkad Shihab Thangal 580:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 35:Muslims in India (book) 17643:M K A Siddiqui (ed.), 16929:Sabrang Communications 16232:"India's Great Divide" 15950:"Somanatha and Mahmud" 15727:"A Third Intermission" 14868:Supreme Court of India 13502:"Wretched of the Land" 12428:Shakeel Ahmad (2003). 11605:The Partition of India 10985:Butler, L. J. (2002). 10966:The Making of Pakistan 10922:The New Indian Express 10277:, pp. 19, 50–51, 9934:A history of the Sikhs 9295:Encyclopaedia of Islam 9290:Heinrichs, Wolfhart P. 9244:. Radiance Viewsweekly 8875:"Religion PCA – India" 8660: 8439:Zakir Abdul Karim Naik 8431:Maulana Mahmood Madani 8289:Chief of the Air staff 8227: 7754:Syed Nasim Ahmad Zaidi 7689:Chief Justice of India 7673:Chief Justice of India 7619: 7339: 7275:1998 Prankote massacre 7240:Bharatiya Janata Party 7207:. Since independence, 7117:Persecution of Muslims 7074:by historians such as 7020:who travelled through 6952:Hindu caste strictures 6869: 6834:Conversion controversy 6803:Supreme Court of India 6765:Syed Shahnawaz Hussain 6618:Chief Justice of India 6602:Chief Justice of India 6459:; active in states of 6437:Bharatiya Janata Party 6335:Supreme Court of India 6316:style (1526–1707 CE). 6216: 6140:Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque 5526: 5229: 5159:Intra-Muslim relations 5123: 5009: 4927: 4728: 4713: 4306:Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar 4291:Muslim-majority nation 4153: 3952:Population growth rate 3933: 3923: 3554: 3477: 3470: 3420:, was a member of the 3383:Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan 3310: 3241:Barakatullah of Bhopal 3237:Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan 3056: 2890: 2882: 2853:Conversion controversy 2673:. It is believed that 2511:claims that the first 2474: 2463: 1871:Bosnia and Herzegovina 620:Islam in Uttar Pradesh 19667:Bhale Sultan Khanzada 19210:Bohras (Daudi Bohras) 19164:Tangals (the Sayyids) 17533:Murray Thurston Titus 16164:Indian Defence Review 16025:Khan, Yasmin (2007). 15758:"Reviews: K. S. Lal: 15529:via: ftp.columbia.edu 15418:Eamon Murphy (2013). 14601:Kennedy School Review 13734:Asghar Ali Engineer. 13313:"Who are the Ahmadi?" 12703:M. J. Gohari (2000). 12403:Prasad, B.K. (2004). 11012:Hyam, Ronald (2006). 10611:Jeffrey G. Williamson 10583:(25 September 2003). 9791:Prange, Sebastian R. 9456:. Popular Prakashan. 9450:Bhanu, B. V. (2004). 8635: 8427:Georgetown University 8218: 7786:Indian Police Service 7742:Mohammad Hamid Ansari 7677:Mohammad Hidayatullah 7665:Mirza Hameedullah Beg 7661:Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi 7657:Mohammad Hidayatullah 7609: 7593:Second Anglo-Sikh War 7406:Border Security Force 7324: 7252:Vishva Hindu Parishad 7174:The aftermath of the 7111:Muslim–Hindu conflict 7098:, John D. Durand and 6946:Conversion came from 6855: 6713:Mufti Mohammad Sayeed 6629:Mohammad Hamid Ansari 6606:Mohammad Hidayatullah 6594:Mirza Hameedullah Beg 6590:Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi 6586:Mohammad Hidayatullah 6560:Muslims in government 6207: 6190:and repel the enemy. 6135:Islamic rule in India 6131:Architecture of India 5509: 5310:Jamal Mohamed College 5225: 5121: 5007: 4917: 4826:Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee 4719: 4711: 4366:Bangladeshis in India 4151: 3931: 3921: 3681:world's third-largest 3537: 3475: 3457: 3389:, Colonel Shahnawaz, 3297: 3279:participated in the " 3189:Further information: 3107:and the South Indian 3050: 2888: 2860: 2821:Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi 2793:companion of Muhammad 2521:Tuhafat Ul Mujahideen 2517:Zainuddin Makhdoom II 2469: 2455: 2341:built before 623 CE, 2313:and later arrived in 1791:Saint Kitts and Nevis 1289:São Tomé and Príncipe 1132:Republic of the Congo 600:K. Ali Kutty Musliyar 565:Zainuddin Makhdoom II 302:Maharashtrian Konkani 19510:Shaikhs of Rajasthan 18041:United Arab Emirates 17686:Wink, André (2004). 17381:on 16 September 2010 17047:on 26 September 2023 17007:PTI (24 April 2017) 16792:"War Stats Redirect" 16738:Rama, Swami (1986). 16567:on 10 September 2010 16413:on 26 February 2009. 15696:"The Ayodhya Debate" 15594:10.1093/jis/11.3.283 15567:on 11 December 2013. 15363:History of Aurangzeb 14896:Desai, P.D. (1992). 14003:Madan, T.N. (1976). 13980:4 March 2016 at the 12623:. 19 September 2020. 12432:. Sarup & Sons. 12065:. 21 September 2021. 11557:"Price of Partition" 11371:Sensus Penduduk 2018 9956:Derryl N. Maclean, " 9006:Prof. Mehboob Desai, 8880:2011 Census of India 8400:Jamia Millia Islamia 8376:Missile Man of India 8313:Battle of Asal Uttar 8287:and later served as 8240:Hamdard Laboratories 7727:Ustad Bismillah Khan 7653:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam 7649:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 7492:Muslim–Sikh conflict 7335:Godhra train burning 7312:Godhra train burning 7268:1993 Bombay bombings 7039:Muhammad bin Tughluq 7037:) however points to 6721:Chaudhary Rahim Khan 6582:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam 6578:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 6550:Peace Party of India 6534:(PDP) main party of 6187:Islamic architecture 5885:Cheraman Juma Mosque 5840:Art and architecture 5586:Jamaat-e-Islami Hind 5466:Al-Jame-atul-Islamia 5451:Al Jamiatul Ashrafia 5445:Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah 5328:Jamia Millia Islamia 5198:Grand Mufti of India 5184:Grand Mufti of India 5164:Shia–Sunni relations 5049:2011 Census of India 4765:Jayasimha Siddharaja 4430:total fertility rate 3910:Percentage by states 3607:Indian Civil Service 3399:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 3391:Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 3363:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 3331:Silk Letter Movement 3040:technology, and the 3018:water-raising wheels 2977:Islamic civilization 2841:Indo-Persian culture 2694:Cheraman Juma Mosque 2576:Masjid Zeenath Baksh 2369:which were built by 2343:Cheraman Juma Mosque 1616:United Arab Emirates 1052:World percentage of 893:Al Jamiatul Ashrafia 888:Al-Jame-atul-Islamia 415:Cheraman Juma Masjid 33:. For the book, see 20389:Freedom of religion 20384:Secularism in India 18068:limited recognition 17564:Elliot and Dowson: 17553:. Routledge, 2004. 17490:Asghar Ali Engineer 17123:18 May 2011 at the 16900:on 30 November 2005 16817:countercurrents.org 16688:. 26 February 2020. 16668:The Times of Israel 14576:. 30 September 2016 13947:Anand Mohan Sahay. 13763:"Inclusive lessons" 13630:"The sufi solution" 13301:on 5 February 2012. 12996:"Obama's Overtures" 12617:"The Shia Of India" 12531:Paul Kurtz (2010). 12000:. 12 February 2020. 11938:. 17 November 2016. 11906:. 10 November 2023. 10554:India Before Europe 10514:India Before Europe 10486:India Before Europe 10438:India Before Europe 10270:India Before Europe 10163:India Before Europe 9622:(1988). "Mappila". 9164:10.1038/jhg.2009.38 9099:Gujarat Travel Blog 9070:. 8 December 2017. 9038:. 6 November 2016. 8924:Pew Research Center 8549:Islam in South Asia 8524:Mughal architecture 8459:Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind 8343:Lieutenant General 8265:Indian Armed Forces 8166:Mohammad Azharuddin 7909:Nawazuddin Siddiqui 7833:C. H. Mohammed Koya 7756:both served as the 7723:Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam 7436:between indigenous 7434:2012 Assam violence 7189:1970 Bhiwandi riots 6998:Muslim Caste System 6983:Historians such as 6815:Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind 6745:Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi 6737:C. H. Mohammed Koya 6637:Intelligence Bureau 6525:(NC) main party of 6523:National Conference 6423:Muslim Personal Law 6362:Indian constitution 6314:Mughal architecture 6250:Tombs and mausoleum 6144:Indian subcontinent 5973:, mausoleum of the 5814:Secularism in India 5782:and many cities of 5579:Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind 5567:Darul Uloom Deoband 5536:Dargah-e-Ala Hazrat 5532:Ajmer Sharif Dargah 5305:Integral University 5281:Darul Uloom Deoband 5173:Society and culture 5114:Islam in South Asia 5102:Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din 4738:, evolved from the 4666:Shia Islam in India 4439:Pew Research Center 4414:Himanta Biswa Sarma 4164: 3958: 3686:Government of India 3434:Mohammad Ali Jouhar 3414:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 3375:Vakkom Abdul Khadir 3359:Maulavi Barkatullah 3339:Darul Uloom Deoband 3335:Husain Ahmad Madani 3327:Darul Uloom Deoband 3273:Vakkom Abdul Khadir 3051:Muslim family from 3001:Hindustani language 2973:Indian civilization 2805:Battle of the Camel 2671:Indian subcontinent 2586:. According to the 2584:Indian subcontinent 2479:Indian subcontinent 2379:. According to the 2355:Palaiya Jumma Palli 2307:Indian subcontinent 1811:Trinidad and Tobago 1651:Antigua and Barbuda 941:Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind 898:Darul Uloom Deoband 44: 31:Islam in South Asia 20404:Religious thinkers 20394:Religious violence 20377:Policy and history 19201:Dakhnis or Pathans 19013:Shaikhs of Gujarat 17435:The Times of India 17310:on 28 October 2012 17255:The Indian Express 17154:. 23 October 2011. 17027:The Times of India 16956:The Times of India 16925:Communalism Combat 16863:The Indian Express 16617:The New York Times 16532:The Indian Express 16508:on 3 November 2012 16501:The Times of India 16476:on 3 November 2012 16469:The Times of India 16389:The Indian Express 16344:The Times of India 16096:The New York Times 15663:Lal, Kishori Saran 15633:Lal, Kishori Saran 15524:on 6 January 2014. 15504:(5 January 2001). 15452:on 9 December 2012 15163:on 21 January 2012 15128:The Indian Express 15074:The Times of India 15056:. 16 January 2018. 15053:The Times of India 14766:The Indian Express 14738:The Indian Express 14710:The Indian Express 14682:The Indian Express 14396:The New York Times 14235:. 31 December 2006 14125:. BBC. 6 June 2002 14035:The Times of India 13895:The Indian Express 13705:The Times of India 13609:. 25 February 2019 13571:The Times of India 13376:The Indian Express 13356:The Times of India 13336:The Indian Express 13102:on 5 November 2012 13095:The Times of India 13069:on 5 November 2012 13062:The Times of India 13034:The Indian Express 12975:on 17 January 2011 12860:The Times of India 12825:The Times of India 12184:. 15 November 2022 12111:The Times of India 11952:. 16 January 2018. 11936:The Times of India 11884:. 12 December 2019 11840:https://mea.gov.in 11801:https://mea.gov.in 11739:. 27 January 2011. 11698:. 30 January 2020. 11635:The New York Times 11481:. 26 August 2015. 11281:The Economic Times 11244:The Times of India 11133:The Times of India 10670:Kirti N. Chaudhuri 10622:Harvard University 10444:, pp. 90–91, 10413:A History of India 10380:A History of India 10170:, pp. 50–52, 9852:The Times of India 9824:The Times of India 9333:Hamdard University 9067:The Times of India 9035:The Times of India 8829:Free Press Journal 8702:The Times of India 8569:Hyderabadi Muslims 8514:Hindu–Muslim unity 8380:People's President 8372:President of India 8260:, are from India. 8228: 8224:Wipro Technologies 8096:Majrooh Sultanpuri 8024:Khwaja Ahmad Abbas 7863:Mohammed Alimuddin 7681:President of India 7620: 7600:Partition of India 7504:Chhota Ghallughara 7398:Rapid Action Force 7374:2010 Deganga riots 7368:West Bengal (2010) 7340: 7185:1969 Gujarat riots 7176:Partition of India 7002:Fatawa-i Jahandari 6870: 6866:Sikandar Butshikan 6809:, a member of the 6610:President of India 6366:uniform civil code 6217: 6017:Complex at Lucknow 5768:2002 Gujarat riots 5552:The Times of India 5527: 5411:Osmania University 5319:Hamdard University 5230: 5194:Mufti of the State 5153:regional languages 5124: 5014:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 5010: 4928: 4861:, and the city of 4729: 4725:Mufaddal Saifuddin 4723:, 53rd Dai Syedna 4714: 4356:Illegal immigrants 4314:Liaquat–Nehru Pact 4277:In the absence of 4245:Partition of India 4163: 4154: 3956: 3934: 3924: 3653:Partition of India 3555: 3551:partition of India 3539:Abdul Ghaffar Khan 3529:their relationship 3482:partition of India 3478: 3454:Partition of India 3448:Partition of India 3379:Bahadur Shah Zafar 3371:Saifuddin Kitchlew 3311: 3057: 3009:invasions of India 2993:India's population 2894:Muhammad bin Qasim 2891: 2883: 2803:, and died in the 2564:Ernakulam district 2475: 2464: 2267:in a 2011 census. 1716:Dominican Republic 925:Influential bodies 804:Schools of thought 656:Hyderabadi Muslims 635:Rajasthani Muslims 455:Kunhali Marakkar I 330:languages of India 55:Jama Masjid, Delhi 42: 20423: 20422: 20417: 20416: 20399:Religious harmony 20207:Religion in India 20173: 20172: 19811:Kayastha Musalman 19612:Bachgoti Khanzada 19023:Sayyid of Gujarat 18889:Maliks of Gujarat 18173: 18172: 18110:other territories 17549:Yogindar Sikand. 17525:Mohammad Mujeeb. 17362:978-81-261-1344-6 17198:"Maha Vir Chakra" 16208:. 19 January 2012 16120:BBC World Service 16114:Sharma, Shivani. 16044:978-0-300-12078-3 15977:The Mughal Empire 15740:978-14-4819-220-5 15709:978-90-6831-701-5 15678:978-81-86471-72-2 15648:978-81-86471-72-2 15502:Eaton, Richard M. 15226:Eaton, Richard M. 15204:978-0-520-08256-4 15101:The India Express 14874:on 6 January 2014 14864:"M. Hidayatullah" 14846:Rekha Chowdhary, 14795:(11): 1005–1030, 14288:on 9 January 2016 14267:978-1-136-19680-5 14088:978-0-7619-3358-8 14056:Banu, Musarrath. 14014:978-0-7069-0462-8 13834:Ambedkar, Bhimrao 13740:The Milli Gazette 13524:Ali Usman Qasmi, 13359:. 11 August 2016. 13280:978-1-137-09581-7 13228:978-1-78453-152-2 13196:on 5 October 2015 13168:978-0-19-569301-0 12892:. 5 November 2006 12863:. 6 November 2006 12832:on 11 August 2011 12772:978-81-7132-598-6 12689:978-0-231-14640-1 12656:978-0-8135-4345-1 12567:978-81-261-1427-6 12542:978-1-4128-1419-5 12517:978-0-7619-3292-5 12492:978-81-85880-50-1 12439:978-81-7625-389-5 12414:978-81-261-1800-7 12389:978-0-521-46653-0 11722:978-1-950015-44-3 11615:978-0-521-85661-4 10848:978-81-223-1109-9 10754:978-1-139-49889-0 10596:978-92-64-10414-3 10567:978-0-521-51750-8 10527:978-0-521-51750-8 10499:978-0-521-51750-8 10451:978-0-521-51750-8 10423:978-0-631-20546-3 10394:978-0-333-69129-8 10377:Robb, P. (2001), 10284:978-0-521-51750-8 10250:978-0-08-087774-7 10223:978-0-19-922720-4 10200:Guide to the Qutb 10177:978-0-521-51750-8 10091:978-1-85168-237-9 10062:978-1-84884-612-8 9855:. 6 November 2016 9771:978-81-903887-8-8 9737:978-90-04-07929-8 9703:978-0-231-70024-5 9666:The Jews of China 9644:. 2 December 2017 9620:Miller, Roland E. 9574:. 3 November 2009 9463:978-81-7991-101-3 9339:on 11 August 2011 9278:Bianquis, Thierry 9264:Burton-Page, John 9132:978-1-4008-3138-8 8447:Ameen Mian Qaudri 8384:Syed Zahoor Qasim 8267:, as compared to 7806:Jammu and Kashmir 7798:Syed Asif Ibrahim 7778:Cabinet Secretary 7748:are Muslims. Dr. 7711:Dr. Zakir Hussain 7581:Guru Gobind Singh 7498:Islam and Sikhism 7466:Hindu nationalist 7384:neighborhoods of 7237:Hindu nationalist 7205:Islamic extremism 7201:Hindu nationalism 7170:From 1947 to 1991 7140:Umayyad Caliphate 7092:Indian population 6709:Jammu and Kashmir 6677:Foreign Secretary 6669:Cabinet Secretary 6641:Syed Asif Ibrahim 6545:Jammu and Kashmir 6536:Jammu and Kashmir 6527:Jammu and Kashmir 6517:Jammu and Kashmir 6156:Qutb al-Din Aibak 5971:Bahauddin Makbara 5830:Jammu and Kashmir 5212:Muslim institutes 5192:is headed by the 5140:Moinuddin Chishti 4951:Nizamuddin Auliya 4816:Jalal Shamshuddin 4567: 4566: 4388:Jammu and Kashmir 4293:, surpassing the 4241: 4240: 4146: 4145: 4133: 4132: 4046: 4045: 3942:Jammu and Kashmir 3938: 3937: 3832:Jammu and Kashmir 3824: 3823: 3706:Muslim Population 3615:Royal Indian Navy 3514:Republic of India 3395:Rafi Ahmed Kidwai 3343:Ubaidullah Sindhi 3255:(UP) planned the 3233:Kakori conspiracy 3213:Rafi Ahmed Kidwai 3123:, leading to the 3109:Kingdom of Mysore 2958:Salatin-i-Kashmir 2952:became the first 2902:Umayyad Caliphate 2807:alongside Sindhi 2688:The first Indian 2438:Arabian peninsula 2303:Arabian Peninsula 2259:Islam is India's 2257: 2256: 1147:Equatorial Guinea 1034: 1033: 550:Nizamuddin Auliya 540:Moinuddin Chishti 530:Sheikh Ubaidullah 470:Malabar Rebellion 465:Kingdom of Mysore 450:Deccan sultanates 440:Gujarat Sultanate 430:Bahmani Sultanate 400:Sheikh Ubaidullah 360: 359: 208:with significant 159:Jammu and Kashmir 16:(Redirected from 20443: 20200: 20193: 20186: 20177: 20176: 20019:Sadaat-e-Bilgram 19984:Rajput Musalmaan 19959:Qaum-e-Punjabian 19821:Khokhar Khanzada 19758:Gujjar Musalmaan 18200: 18193: 18186: 18177: 18176: 18163: 18153: 18152: 18122:Christmas Island 17808:Sovereign states 17793: 17786: 17779: 17770: 17769: 17757: 17756: 17752: 17735: 17734: 17710: 17708: 17706: 17682: 17640: 17611: 17597: 17476: 17475: 17458: 17452: 17451: 17449: 17447: 17438:. Archived from 17425: 17419: 17418: 17416: 17414: 17397: 17391: 17390: 17388: 17386: 17377:. Archived from 17371: 17365: 17348: 17342: 17341: 17326: 17320: 17319: 17317: 17315: 17306:. Archived from 17295: 17289: 17288: 17286: 17284: 17279:. Bharat Rakshak 17273: 17267: 17266: 17264: 17262: 17246: 17240: 17239: 17237: 17235: 17220: 17214: 17213: 17211: 17209: 17200:. Archived from 17194: 17188: 17187: 17185: 17183: 17174:. Archived from 17168: 17162: 17156: 17155: 17142: 17136: 17133: 17127: 17115: 17109: 17108: 17106: 17104: 17089: 17083: 17082: 17080: 17078: 17063: 17057: 17056: 17054: 17052: 17043:. Archived from 17036: 17030: 17021: 17015: 17005: 16999: 16998: 16996: 16994: 16979: 16973: 16972: 16970: 16968: 16959:. Archived from 16946: 16940: 16939: 16937: 16935: 16916: 16910: 16909: 16907: 16905: 16886: 16880: 16873: 16867: 16866: 16855: 16849: 16848: 16846: 16844: 16834: 16828: 16827: 16825: 16823: 16809: 16803: 16802: 16800: 16798: 16788: 16782: 16781: 16764:Singh, Khushwant 16760: 16754: 16753: 16735: 16729: 16728: 16710: 16704: 16703: 16696: 16690: 16689: 16678: 16672: 16671: 16670:. 11 March 2020. 16660: 16654: 16653: 16642: 16636: 16635: 16633: 16631: 16608: 16602: 16601: 16599: 16597: 16583: 16577: 16576: 16574: 16572: 16563:. Archived from 16550: 16544: 16543: 16541: 16539: 16524: 16518: 16517: 16515: 16513: 16492: 16486: 16485: 16483: 16481: 16460: 16454: 16453: 16451: 16449: 16424: 16415: 16414: 16403: 16397: 16396: 16381: 16375: 16374: 16363: 16357: 16356: 16354: 16352: 16335: 16329: 16328: 16326: 16324: 16319:on 27 April 2020 16315:. Archived from 16302: 16296: 16295: 16289: 16281: 16279: 16277: 16260: 16254: 16253: 16251: 16249: 16244:on 6 August 2003 16240:. Archived from 16227: 16218: 16217: 16215: 16213: 16196: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16185: 16174: 16168: 16167: 16155: 16149: 16148: 16134: 16128: 16127: 16111: 16105: 16104: 16086: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16075: 16058: 16052: 16051: 16032: 16022: 16016: 16015: 15997: 15991: 15990: 15972: 15966: 15965: 15963: 15961: 15952:. Archived from 15946: 15940: 15939: 15937: 15935: 15929:"Somnath Temple" 15925: 15919: 15893: 15887: 15861: 15855: 15845: 15839: 15838: 15826: 15820: 15819: 15804: 15798: 15797: 15750: 15744: 15743: 15719: 15713: 15712: 15688: 15682: 15681: 15659: 15653: 15651: 15629: 15623: 15622: 15604: 15598: 15597: 15575: 15569: 15568: 15563:. Archived from 15542: 15536: 15535: 15534: 15525: 15523: 15510: 15498: 15489: 15488: 15468: 15462: 15461: 15459: 15457: 15448:. Archived from 15442: 15436: 15435: 15415: 15409: 15408: 15388: 15382: 15381: 15373: 15367: 15366: 15359:Sarkar, Jadunath 15355: 15349: 15338: 15332: 15331: 15320: 15314: 15313: 15299: 15293: 15292: 15282: 15250: 15244: 15243: 15241: 15239: 15222: 15209: 15208: 15188: 15173: 15172: 15170: 15168: 15159:. Archived from 15146: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15135: 15118: 15112: 15111: 15109: 15107: 15092: 15086: 15085: 15083: 15081: 15064: 15058: 15057: 15044: 15038: 15037: 15035: 15033: 15018: 15009: 15008: 15007:. 15 March 2007. 14999:"Anchor Aweigh?" 14995: 14986: 14985: 14970: 14961: 14960: 14952: 14943: 14942: 14940: 14938: 14929:. Archived from 14923: 14914: 14913: 14911: 14909: 14893: 14884: 14883: 14881: 14879: 14870:. Archived from 14860: 14851: 14844: 14838: 14837: 14818: 14812: 14811: 14784: 14778: 14777: 14775: 14773: 14756: 14750: 14749: 14747: 14745: 14728: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14717: 14700: 14694: 14693: 14691: 14689: 14672: 14666: 14665: 14663: 14661: 14644: 14638: 14637: 14635: 14633: 14618: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14607: 14592: 14586: 14585: 14583: 14581: 14564: 14558: 14557: 14555: 14553: 14536: 14530: 14529: 14527: 14525: 14518:The Wire (India) 14508: 14502: 14501: 14499: 14497: 14480: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14469: 14464:on 17 March 2014 14450: 14444: 14443: 14441: 14439: 14424: 14418: 14405: 14399: 14390: 14384: 14383: 14381: 14379: 14364: 14358: 14357: 14355: 14353: 14342: 14333: 14332: 14330: 14328: 14319:. Archived from 14313: 14307: 14304: 14298: 14297: 14295: 14293: 14278: 14272: 14271: 14251: 14245: 14244: 14242: 14240: 14223: 14217: 14216: 14214: 14212: 14197: 14191: 14190: 14188: 14186: 14169: 14163: 14162: 14160: 14158: 14141: 14135: 14134: 14132: 14130: 14119: 14113: 14099: 14093: 14092: 14072: 14066: 14065: 14053: 14047: 14046: 14044: 14042: 14025: 14019: 14018: 14000: 13991: 13972: 13966: 13965: 13963: 13961: 13944: 13935: 13934: 13932: 13930: 13910: 13904: 13903: 13898:. Archived from 13885: 13879: 13878: 13876: 13874: 13869:on 3 August 2007 13868: 13861: 13852: 13846: 13845: 13830: 13817: 13816: 13805: 13799: 13788: 13773: 13772: 13758: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13747: 13731: 13725: 13724: 13716: 13710: 13709: 13695: 13689: 13686: 13680: 13679: 13677: 13675: 13669: 13663:. Archived from 13662: 13653: 13647: 13646: 13644: 13642: 13625: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13614: 13597: 13591: 13590: 13588: 13586: 13562: 13556: 13555: 13535: 13529: 13522: 13516: 13515: 13514:on 21 June 2015. 13510:. Archived from 13497: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13486: 13471: 13465: 13464: 13452: 13443: 13442: 13440: 13438: 13428: 13422: 13421: 13419: 13417: 13406: 13400: 13399: 13387: 13381: 13380: 13379:. 5 August 2016. 13367: 13361: 13360: 13347: 13341: 13340: 13339:. 4 August 2016. 13327: 13321: 13320: 13309: 13303: 13302: 13291: 13285: 13284: 13264: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13253: 13239: 13233: 13232: 13212: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13186: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13175: 13153: 13147: 13144: 13138: 13137: 13135: 13133: 13118: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13107: 13098:. Archived from 13085: 13079: 13078: 13076: 13074: 13065:. Archived from 13052: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13041: 13024: 13018: 13017: 13015: 13013: 13004:. Archived from 12991: 12985: 12984: 12982: 12980: 12971:. Archived from 12960: 12954: 12953: 12951: 12949: 12934: 12928: 12927: 12925: 12923: 12918:. 8 October 2009 12908: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12897: 12882: 12873: 12872: 12870: 12868: 12851: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12837: 12816: 12807: 12806: 12798: 12792: 12791: 12783: 12777: 12776: 12758: 12752: 12751: 12733: 12727: 12726: 12710: 12700: 12694: 12693: 12681: 12671: 12665: 12664: 12644: 12631: 12625: 12624: 12621:www.al-islam.org 12613: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12587: 12581: 12578: 12572: 12571: 12558:Muslims in India 12553: 12547: 12546: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12503: 12497: 12496: 12478: 12472: 12471: 12469: 12467: 12450: 12444: 12443: 12425: 12419: 12418: 12400: 12394: 12393: 12375: 12369: 12368: 12366: 12364: 12347: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12336: 12318: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12292: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12266: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12240: 12234: 12233: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12215: 12200: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12178: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12156: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12145: 12128: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12103: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12092: 12087:on 13 March 2018 12083:. Archived from 12073: 12067: 12066: 12059: 12053: 12052: 12050: 12048: 12033: 12027: 12022: 12016: 12015: 12014:. 18 March 2024. 12008: 12002: 12001: 11988: 11982: 11981: 11980:. 4 August 2022. 11974: 11968: 11967: 11960: 11954: 11953: 11946: 11940: 11939: 11928: 11922: 11921: 11914: 11908: 11907: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11874: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11849: 11843: 11836: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11825: 11810: 11804: 11797: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11786: 11780:www.columbia.edu 11772: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11761: 11747: 11741: 11740: 11733: 11727: 11726: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11686: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11675: 11660: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11649: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11599: 11593: 11592: 11573: 11567: 11566: 11553: 11547: 11546: 11545:, 27 August 2015 11535: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11504: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11493: 11469: 11460: 11459: 11445: 11439: 11438: 11427: 11419: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11394: 11388: 11385: 11380: 11378: 11363: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11333: 11327: 11326: 11319: 11313: 11312: 11305: 11299: 11298: 11291: 11285: 11284: 11273: 11267: 11266: 11255: 11249: 11248: 11235: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11209: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11169: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11158: 11144: 11138: 11137: 11123: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11098: 11089: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11068: 11057: 11056: 11036: 11030: 11029: 11009: 11003: 11002: 10982: 10971: 10970: 10960: 10954: 10953: 10933: 10927: 10926: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10886: 10880: 10879: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10832: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10821: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10764: 10758: 10757: 10734: 10728: 10727: 10700: 10694: 10693: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10639: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10619: 10607: 10601: 10600: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10556:(1st ed.), 10549: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10516:(1st ed.), 10509: 10503: 10502: 10488:(1st ed.), 10481: 10470: 10464: 10455: 10454: 10440:(1st ed.), 10433: 10427: 10426: 10410:(16 June 1998), 10404: 10398: 10397: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10361: 10351: 10345: 10344: 10317: 10311: 10310: 10304: 10294: 10288: 10287: 10273:(1st ed.), 10264: 10258: 10257: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10209: 10203: 10196: 10190: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10166:(1st ed.), 10157: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10138: 10118: 10112: 10101: 10095: 10094: 10073: 10067: 10066: 10048: 10042: 10027: 10021: 10006: 10000: 9997:The Shia Muslims 9993: 9987: 9984: 9978: 9975: 9969: 9954: 9948: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9928: 9919: 9918: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9871: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9815: 9809: 9802: 9796: 9789: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9755: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9634: 9628: 9627: 9616: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9564: 9558: 9548: 9542: 9541: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9405:on 12 March 2007 9401:. Archived from 9380: 9367: 9366: 9358: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9335:. Archived from 9324: 9309: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9271: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9237: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9214:on 29 April 2011 9210:. Archived from 9200: 9185: 9184: 9166: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9058: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9026: 9020: 9017: 9011: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8983: 8975: 8962: 8961: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8770: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8745: 8720: 8719: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8694: 8674: 8667: 8661: 8631: 8609:History of Islam 8589:Indian religions 8559:Gujarati Muslims 8502: 8497: 8496: 8495: 8488: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8435:Akhtar Raza Khan 8412:Hakim Ajmal Khan 8396:Dakshin Gangotri 8345:Syed Ata Hasnain 8309:Param Vir Chakra 8293:Indian Air Force 8088:Shakeel Badayuni 7913:Naseeruddin Shah 7813:Barkatullah Khan 7545:Kashmiri Pandits 7529:Sri Hargobindpur 7450:2020 Delhi riots 7180:sectarian strife 6907:Mahmud of Ghazni 6892: 6880: 6769:Asaduddin Owaisi 6761:Ghulam Nabi Azad 6685:Undivided Punjab 6584:. Additionally, 6501:(AIUDF), led by 6457:Asaduddin Owaisi 6455:(AIMIM), led by 6374:Sachar Committee 6166:kings, is now a 6154:and his general 6152:Muhammad of Ghor 6112: 6090: 6072: 6054: 6045:, Andhra Pradesh 6038: 6026: 6015:Asafi Imambargah 6010: 5990: 5967: 5944: 5925: 5906: 5880: 5860: 5702:Sachar Committee 5558:reported Indian 5457:Jamia Darussalam 5251:Aliah University 5098:Aslam Jairajpuri 4769:Syedi Fakhruddin 4623:Barelvi movement 4546:Urban sex ratio 4470: 4469: 4394:, stated in the 4318:Muslims in India 4249:Jawaharlal Nehru 4165: 4162: 4063: 4058: 4050: 4049: 3976: 3971: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3914: 3913: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3700: 3699: 3634:Lord Mountbatten 3603:Himachal Pradesh 3583:Pakistani Punjab 3468: 3403:Badruddin Tyabji 3353:, Syed Mahmud, 3347:Hakim Ajmal Khan 3209:Hakim Ajmal Khan 3176: 3164: 3105:Nawabs of Bengal 3028:, machines with 2962:Shah Mir dynasty 2934:Bengal Sultanate 2914:Mahmud of Ghazni 2462:(1st century CE) 2327:Ghurids conquest 2249: 2242: 2235: 2223:Islam portal 2221: 2220: 2219: 2180:Papua New Guinea 2145:Marshall Islands 2115:Christmas Island 2078:Northern Ireland 1050: 1040:Islam by country 1036: 1035: 1026: 1019: 1012: 868:Aliah University 834:Mosques in India 640:Gujarati Muslims 630:Kashmiri Muslims 560:Sarkar Waris Pak 535:Malik bin Deenar 489: 435:Bengal Sultanate 410:Cheraman Perumal 405:Malik bin Deenar 387: 377: 362: 361: 80: 79: 75: 62:Total population 52: 45: 41: 21: 18:Muslims in India 20451: 20450: 20446: 20445: 20444: 20442: 20441: 20440: 20426: 20425: 20424: 20419: 20418: 20413: 20372: 20323: 20261: 20210: 20204: 20174: 20169: 20071: 20067:Tyagi Musalmaan 19846:Lalkhani Rajput 19743:Gautam Khanzada 19720:Dhobi Musalmaan 19686:Muslim Bhumihar 19672:Bhatti Khanzada 19583: 19568:Deccani Muslims 19534: 19385: 19366:Muslim Raj Gond 19356:Konkani Muslims 19277: 19214: 19135: 19111:Konkani Muslims 19072: 19043:Sulaymani Bohra 19003:Sandhai Muslims 18825:Ghanchi-Pinjara 18701: 18683:Shaikh of Bihar 18542: 18441: 18297:Deccani Muslims 18210: 18204: 18174: 18169: 18141: 18109: 18100: 18081:Northern Cyprus 18067: 18060: 17802: 17797: 17762: 17744:Country Studies 17741: 17732: 17718: 17713: 17704: 17702: 17700: 17671:10.2307/1595247 17658:Studia Islamica 17507:Mohamed Taher. 17485: 17483:Further reading 17480: 17479: 17467:Hindustan Times 17460: 17459: 17455: 17445: 17443: 17426: 17422: 17412: 17410: 17398: 17394: 17384: 17382: 17373: 17372: 17368: 17349: 17345: 17340:on 9 March 2007 17328: 17327: 17323: 17313: 17311: 17296: 17292: 17282: 17280: 17275: 17274: 17270: 17260: 17258: 17247: 17243: 17233: 17231: 17222: 17221: 17217: 17207: 17205: 17204:on 10 June 2011 17196: 17195: 17191: 17181: 17179: 17178:on 3 March 2016 17170: 17169: 17165: 17159: 17151:The Independent 17144: 17143: 17139: 17134: 17130: 17125:Wayback Machine 17116: 17112: 17102: 17100: 17090: 17086: 17076: 17074: 17064: 17060: 17050: 17048: 17037: 17033: 17022: 17018: 17006: 17002: 16992: 16990: 16988:TopNews (India) 16980: 16976: 16966: 16964: 16947: 16943: 16933: 16931: 16917: 16913: 16903: 16901: 16888: 16887: 16883: 16874: 16870: 16857: 16856: 16852: 16842: 16840: 16836: 16835: 16831: 16821: 16819: 16811: 16810: 16806: 16796: 16794: 16790: 16789: 16785: 16778: 16761: 16757: 16750: 16736: 16732: 16725: 16711: 16707: 16698: 16697: 16693: 16680: 16679: 16675: 16662: 16661: 16657: 16652:. 7 March 2020. 16650:The Independent 16644: 16643: 16639: 16629: 16627: 16609: 16605: 16595: 16593: 16585: 16584: 16580: 16570: 16568: 16551: 16547: 16537: 16535: 16526: 16525: 16521: 16511: 16509: 16494: 16493: 16489: 16479: 16477: 16462: 16461: 16457: 16447: 16445: 16425: 16418: 16405: 16404: 16400: 16395:on 27 May 2005. 16383: 16382: 16378: 16365: 16364: 16360: 16350: 16348: 16347:. 20 March 2006 16337: 16336: 16332: 16322: 16320: 16303: 16299: 16283: 16282: 16275: 16273: 16262: 16261: 16257: 16247: 16245: 16228: 16221: 16211: 16209: 16198: 16197: 16193: 16183: 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15019: 15012: 14997: 14996: 14989: 14972: 14971: 14964: 14953: 14946: 14936: 14934: 14925: 14924: 14917: 14907: 14905: 14894: 14887: 14877: 14875: 14862: 14861: 14854: 14845: 14841: 14829:(22): 835–837, 14819: 14815: 14801:10.2307/2645738 14785: 14781: 14771: 14769: 14757: 14753: 14743: 14741: 14729: 14725: 14715: 14713: 14701: 14697: 14687: 14685: 14673: 14669: 14659: 14657: 14646: 14645: 14641: 14631: 14629: 14619: 14615: 14605: 14603: 14593: 14589: 14579: 14577: 14566: 14565: 14561: 14551: 14549: 14537: 14533: 14523: 14521: 14509: 14505: 14495: 14493: 14481: 14477: 14467: 14465: 14452: 14451: 14447: 14437: 14435: 14426: 14425: 14421: 14415:Wayback Machine 14406: 14402: 14391: 14387: 14377: 14375: 14374:on 14 July 2014 14366: 14365: 14361: 14351: 14349: 14344: 14343: 14336: 14326: 14324: 14323:on 28 July 2010 14315: 14314: 14310: 14305: 14301: 14291: 14289: 14280: 14279: 14275: 14268: 14252: 14248: 14238: 14236: 14225: 14224: 14220: 14210: 14208: 14198: 14194: 14184: 14182: 14170: 14166: 14156: 14154: 14142: 14138: 14128: 14126: 14121: 14120: 14116: 14100: 14096: 14089: 14073: 14069: 14054: 14050: 14040: 14038: 14026: 14022: 14015: 14001: 13994: 13982:Wayback Machine 13973: 13969: 13959: 13957: 13945: 13938: 13928: 13926: 13925:on 6 April 2012 13911: 13907: 13902:on 16 May 2008. 13886: 13882: 13872: 13870: 13866: 13859: 13853: 13849: 13831: 13820: 13807: 13806: 13802: 13789: 13776: 13759: 13755: 13745: 13743: 13732: 13728: 13717: 13713: 13696: 13692: 13687: 13683: 13673: 13671: 13670:on 6 April 2012 13667: 13660: 13654: 13650: 13640: 13638: 13626: 13622: 13612: 13610: 13599: 13598: 13594: 13584: 13582: 13564: 13563: 13559: 13552: 13536: 13532: 13523: 13519: 13498: 13494: 13484: 13482: 13472: 13468: 13453: 13446: 13436: 13434: 13430: 13429: 13425: 13415: 13413: 13408: 13407: 13403: 13388: 13384: 13369: 13368: 13364: 13349: 13348: 13344: 13329: 13328: 13324: 13311: 13310: 13306: 13293: 13292: 13288: 13281: 13265: 13261: 13251: 13249: 13241: 13240: 13236: 13229: 13213: 13209: 13199: 13197: 13188: 13187: 13183: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13155: 13154: 13150: 13145: 13141: 13131: 13129: 13119: 13115: 13105: 13103: 13086: 13082: 13072: 13070: 13053: 13049: 13039: 13037: 13025: 13021: 13011: 13009: 13008:on 5 March 2016 12992: 12988: 12978: 12976: 12961: 12957: 12947: 12945: 12944:on 16 June 2010 12936: 12935: 12931: 12921: 12919: 12910: 12909: 12905: 12895: 12893: 12884: 12883: 12876: 12866: 12864: 12853: 12852: 12845: 12835: 12833: 12818: 12817: 12810: 12799: 12795: 12784: 12780: 12773: 12759: 12755: 12748: 12734: 12730: 12723: 12701: 12697: 12690: 12672: 12668: 12657: 12632: 12628: 12615: 12614: 12610: 12600: 12598: 12588: 12584: 12579: 12575: 12568: 12554: 12550: 12543: 12529: 12525: 12518: 12504: 12500: 12493: 12479: 12475: 12465: 12463: 12451: 12447: 12440: 12426: 12422: 12415: 12401: 12397: 12390: 12376: 12372: 12362: 12360: 12348: 12344: 12334: 12332: 12319: 12315: 12305: 12303: 12293: 12289: 12279: 12277: 12267: 12263: 12253: 12251: 12241: 12237: 12232:. 29 June 2021. 12228: 12227: 12223: 12213: 12211: 12201: 12197: 12187: 12185: 12180: 12179: 12175: 12165: 12163: 12162:. 21 April 2015 12158: 12157: 12153: 12143: 12141: 12129: 12125: 12115: 12113: 12105: 12104: 12100: 12090: 12088: 12075: 12074: 12070: 12061: 12060: 12056: 12046: 12044: 12034: 12030: 12023: 12019: 12010: 12009: 12005: 11990: 11989: 11985: 11976: 11975: 11971: 11962: 11961: 11957: 11948: 11947: 11943: 11930: 11929: 11925: 11916: 11915: 11911: 11902: 11901: 11897: 11887: 11885: 11876: 11875: 11871: 11861: 11859: 11851: 11850: 11846: 11837: 11833: 11823: 11821: 11811: 11807: 11798: 11794: 11784: 11782: 11774: 11773: 11769: 11759: 11757: 11749: 11748: 11744: 11735: 11734: 11730: 11723: 11707: 11703: 11688: 11687: 11683: 11673: 11671: 11661: 11657: 11647: 11645: 11627: 11623: 11616: 11600: 11596: 11589: 11575: 11574: 11570: 11565:. 10 July 2022. 11555: 11554: 11550: 11537: 11536: 11529: 11519: 11517: 11505: 11501: 11491: 11489: 11471: 11470: 11463: 11446: 11442: 11425: 11421: 11420: 11416: 11406: 11404: 11396: 11395: 11391: 11376: 11374: 11365: 11364: 11360: 11350: 11348: 11335: 11334: 11330: 11325:. 22 July 2023. 11321: 11320: 11316: 11307: 11306: 11302: 11297:. 21 July 2023. 11293: 11292: 11288: 11283:. 21 July 2023. 11275: 11274: 11270: 11265:. 21 July 2023. 11257: 11256: 11252: 11237: 11236: 11232: 11222: 11220: 11211: 11210: 11206: 11196: 11194: 11184: 11180: 11171: 11170: 11166: 11156: 11154: 11146: 11145: 11141: 11124: 11120: 11110: 11108: 11100: 11099: 11092: 11083: 11081: 11070: 11069: 11060: 11053: 11037: 11033: 11026: 11010: 11006: 10999: 10983: 10974: 10961: 10957: 10950: 10934: 10930: 10913: 10909: 10899: 10897: 10888: 10887: 10883: 10876: 10860: 10856: 10849: 10833: 10829: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10799: 10795: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10765: 10761: 10755: 10735: 10731: 10724: 10701: 10697: 10690: 10682:. p. 253. 10667: 10663: 10656: 10640: 10636: 10626: 10624: 10617: 10608: 10604: 10597: 10581:Maddison, Angus 10578: 10574: 10568: 10560:, p. 186, 10550: 10546: 10538: 10534: 10528: 10520:, p. 158, 10510: 10506: 10500: 10492:, p. 152, 10482: 10473: 10465: 10458: 10452: 10434: 10430: 10424: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10375: 10371: 10352: 10348: 10341: 10318: 10314: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10265: 10261: 10251: 10235: 10231: 10224: 10210: 10206: 10197: 10193: 10188: 10184: 10178: 10158: 10154: 10146: 10142: 10135: 10119: 10115: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10074: 10070: 10063: 10049: 10045: 10028: 10024: 10007: 10003: 9994: 9990: 9985: 9981: 9976: 9972: 9955: 9951: 9946: 9942: 9929: 9922: 9915: 9899: 9895: 9888: 9872: 9868: 9858: 9856: 9845: 9844: 9840: 9830: 9828: 9817: 9816: 9812: 9803: 9799: 9790: 9786: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9756: 9752: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9722: 9718: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9688: 9684: 9677: 9661: 9657: 9647: 9645: 9636: 9635: 9631: 9617: 9613: 9603: 9601: 9592: 9591: 9587: 9577: 9575: 9566: 9565: 9561: 9549: 9545: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9522: 9510: 9509: 9505: 9498: 9482: 9478: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9448: 9444: 9434: 9432: 9423: 9422: 9418: 9408: 9406: 9399: 9381: 9370: 9359: 9352: 9342: 9340: 9325: 9312: 9307: 9303: 9261: 9257: 9247: 9245: 9238: 9227: 9217: 9215: 9208:Gene Expression 9202: 9201: 9188: 9143: 9139: 9133: 9117: 9113: 9103: 9101: 9091: 9087: 9077: 9075: 9060: 9059: 9055: 9045: 9043: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9018: 9014: 9005: 9001: 8991: 8989: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8965: 8958: 8942: 8938: 8928: 8926: 8918: 8917: 8913: 8903: 8901: 8893: 8892: 8885: 8883: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8833: 8831: 8823: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8785: 8781: 8772: 8771: 8767: 8757: 8755: 8747: 8746: 8723: 8714: 8713: 8709: 8704:. 21 July 2023. 8696: 8695: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8677: 8668: 8664: 8656: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8579:Mappila Muslims 8564:Deccani Muslims 8498: 8493: 8491: 8484: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8443:Wahiduddin Khan 8410:, one can name 8408:Yunani medicine 8317:Maha Vir Chakra 8132:Padma Vibhushan 8092:Sahir Ludhianvi 8048:Ali Abbas Zafar 7965:Dulquer Salmaan 7873:M. O. H. Farook 7774:Zafar Saifullah 7746:Salman Khurshid 7637: 7625: 7579:was founded by 7511:emerged in the 7506: 7500: 7494: 7454:citizenship law 7394:district police 7325:The skyline of 7287:Kashmiri Hindus 7281:Kashmir (1990s) 7193:Nellie massacre 7142:'s invasion of 7131: 7113: 7108: 7052:Delhi Sultanate 6989:Jadunath Sarkar 6925:Iranian Plateau 6917: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6885: 6884: 6881: 6850: 6836: 6831: 6795: 6789: 6777:Badruddin Ajmal 6749:Salman Khurshid 6701:Farooq Abdullah 6697:Sheikh Abdullah 6665:Zafar Saifullah 6633:Salman Khurshid 6566:chief ministers 6562: 6503:Badruddin Ajmal 6488:(IUML), led by 6449: 6337:has ruled that 6322: 6298: 6252: 6211:at Old City in 6202: 6196: 6126: 6116:Sir Syed Mosque 6113: 6104: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6039: 6030: 6027: 6018: 6011: 6002: 6001:. (Photo: 1885) 5991: 5982: 5968: 5959: 5945: 5936: 5926: 5917: 5907: 5898: 5881: 5872: 5861: 5852: 5850:Mughal painting 5844:Main articles: 5842: 5822: 5804:An increase in 5789:In places like 5748: 5727: 5710: 5659:Bengali Muslims 5623: 5617: 5601: 5595: 5504: 5468:, Uttar Pradesh 5441: 5314:Tiruchirappalli 5242: 5220: 5214: 5186: 5180: 5175: 5166: 5161: 5116: 5110: 5078: 5059:, and a few in 5002: 4926:, Uttar Pradesh 4912: 4910:Sufism in India 4906: 4898:Nizārī Ismā'īlī 4890:Twelver Shi'ism 4835: 4777:Moulai Nuruddin 4706: 4700: 4668: 4662: 4642:Konkani Muslims 4627:Ahmed Razi Khan 4619: 4603: 4575:family planning 4451: 4426: 4376:Rohingya Muslim 4372: 4358: 4264:Undivided India 4141: 4139: 3954: 3912: 3806: 3804: 3785: 3783: 3759: 3757: 3737: 3735: 3716: 3714: 3677: 3671: 3619:Indian railways 3575:Punjab province 3547:Frontier Gandhi 3469: 3463: 3456: 3450: 3355:Ahmadullah Shah 3323:Mahmud al-Hasan 3319:Abul Kalam Azad 3217:Ashfaqulla Khan 3205:Abul Kalam Azad 3193: 3187: 3180: 3177: 3168: 3165: 3141:Bahadur Shah II 2969:Delhi Sultanate 2946:Bahmanid Empire 2926:Delhi Sultanate 2889:A Sindhi Muslim 2855: 2845:Delhi Sultanate 2829: 2746: 2604:Islamic prophet 2594:in present-day 2574:tradition, the 2570:. According to 2538:was brought to 2483:pre-Islamic era 2450: 2414: 2409: 2387:in present-day 2253: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2209: 2190:Solomon Islands 2105: 2095: 2094: 1991:North Macedonia 1841: 1831: 1830: 1646: 1636: 1635: 1369: 1359: 1358: 1067: 1057: 1030: 1001: 1000: 926: 918: 917: 853: 845: 844: 835: 827: 826: 825: 805: 797: 796: 795: 770: 762: 761: 760: 696:Dakhini Muslims 645:Konkani Muslims 625:Bengali Muslims 614: 606: 605: 604: 585:Syed Ahmad Khan 570:Ahmad Raza Khan 524: 516: 515: 514: 490: 483: 475: 474: 425:Delhi Sultanate 395: 375: 356: 353: 349:Arabi Malayalam 340: 334: 314:Malvani Konkani 245: 239: 230: 83: 81: 70: 57: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20449: 20439: 20438: 20436:Islam in India 20421: 20420: 20415: 20414: 20412: 20411: 20406: 20401: 20396: 20391: 20386: 20380: 20378: 20374: 20373: 20371: 20370: 20367: 20362: 20357: 20352: 20347: 20342: 20337: 20335:Zoroastrianism 20331: 20329: 20325: 20324: 20322: 20321: 20316: 20311: 20306: 20305: 20304: 20299: 20289: 20288: 20287: 20282: 20271: 20269: 20263: 20262: 20260: 20259: 20254: 20249: 20244: 20239: 20238: 20237: 20231: 20220: 20218: 20212: 20211: 20203: 20202: 20195: 20188: 20180: 20171: 20170: 20168: 20167: 20162: 20160:Shershahabadia 20157: 20152: 20147: 20142: 20137: 20132: 20127: 20122: 20117: 20112: 20110:Iraqi Biradari 20107: 20102: 20097: 20092: 20087: 20081: 20079: 20073: 20072: 20070: 20069: 20064: 20061: 20059:Teli Musalmaan 20056: 20051: 20046: 20041: 20036: 20031: 20026: 20021: 20016: 20011: 20006: 20001: 19996: 19991: 19986: 19981: 19976: 19971: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19951: 19946: 19941: 19936: 19931: 19926: 19921: 19916: 19911: 19906: 19901: 19896: 19891: 19886: 19881: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19833: 19828: 19823: 19818: 19813: 19808: 19803: 19798: 19793: 19791:Kakorvi Shaikh 19788: 19783: 19780: 19778:Iraqi Biradari 19775: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19750: 19745: 19740: 19735: 19730: 19727: 19722: 19717: 19712: 19707: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19684: 19679: 19674: 19669: 19664: 19659: 19654: 19649: 19644: 19639: 19634: 19629: 19624: 19619: 19614: 19609: 19604: 19599: 19593: 19591: 19585: 19584: 19582: 19581: 19576: 19571: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19544: 19542: 19536: 19535: 19533: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19482: 19477: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19426: 19421: 19416: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19395: 19393: 19387: 19386: 19384: 19383: 19378: 19373: 19368: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19348: 19343: 19338: 19333: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19298: 19293: 19287: 19285: 19279: 19278: 19276: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19255: 19250: 19245: 19240: 19235: 19230: 19224: 19222: 19220:Madhya Pradesh 19216: 19215: 19213: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19199: 19194: 19189: 19184: 19179: 19176: 19171: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19151: 19145: 19143: 19137: 19136: 19134: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19113: 19108: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19088: 19082: 19080: 19074: 19073: 19071: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19050: 19045: 19040: 19035: 19030: 19025: 19020: 19015: 19010: 19005: 19000: 18995: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18890: 18887: 18882: 18877: 18872: 18867: 18862: 18857: 18852: 18847: 18842: 18837: 18832: 18827: 18822: 18817: 18812: 18807: 18802: 18797: 18792: 18787: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18757: 18752: 18747: 18742: 18737: 18732: 18727: 18722: 18717: 18711: 18709: 18703: 18702: 18700: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18687:Shershahabadia 18684: 18681: 18679:Syed (Mallick) 18676: 18671: 18666: 18661: 18656: 18653: 18648: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18618: 18616:Malik of Bihar 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18552: 18550: 18544: 18543: 18541: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18490: 18485: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18449: 18447: 18443: 18442: 18440: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18397:Muslim Rajputs 18394: 18389: 18384: 18379: 18374: 18369: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18327:Iraqi Biradari 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18218: 18216: 18212: 18211: 18203: 18202: 18195: 18188: 18180: 18171: 18170: 18168: 18167: 18157: 18146: 18143: 18142: 18140: 18139: 18134: 18129: 18124: 18119: 18113: 18111: 18102: 18101: 18099: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18072: 18070: 18062: 18061: 18059: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17963: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17812: 17810: 17804: 17803: 17800:Islam in Asia 17796: 17795: 17788: 17781: 17773: 17767: 17764: 17763: 17754: 17753: 17729: 17717: 17716:External links 17714: 17712: 17711: 17698: 17683: 17652: 17641: 17623:(3): 399–422. 17612: 17598: 17584: 17569: 17562: 17547: 17530: 17523: 17505: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17478: 17477: 17453: 17442:on 12 May 2013 17420: 17392: 17366: 17343: 17321: 17290: 17268: 17241: 17215: 17189: 17163: 17157: 17137: 17128: 17110: 17084: 17058: 17031: 17016: 17000: 16974: 16941: 16911: 16881: 16868: 16865:. 7 July 2021. 16850: 16829: 16804: 16783: 16776: 16755: 16748: 16730: 16723: 16705: 16691: 16673: 16655: 16637: 16603: 16578: 16545: 16519: 16487: 16455: 16416: 16398: 16376: 16373:. 11 May 2005. 16358: 16330: 16297: 16255: 16219: 16191: 16169: 16150: 16129: 16106: 16081: 16053: 16043: 16017: 16010: 15992: 15985: 15967: 15956:on 17 May 2008 15941: 15920: 15896:Angus Maddison 15888: 15864:Angus Maddison 15856: 15840: 15821: 15799: 15772:(1): 176–177. 15745: 15739: 15714: 15708: 15692:Elst, Koenraad 15683: 15677: 15654: 15647: 15624: 15618:978-8178710273 15617: 15599: 15588:(3): 283–319. 15570: 15537: 15490: 15484:978-0874133998 15483: 15463: 15437: 15431:978-0415565264 15430: 15410: 15404:978-8120831100 15403: 15383: 15368: 15350: 15346:978-0671548001 15333: 15330:. p. 459. 15315: 15294: 15265:(4): 543–551. 15259:Human Genetics 15245: 15210: 15203: 15174: 15141: 15113: 15087: 15059: 15039: 15010: 14987: 14984:on 5 May 2006. 14962: 14944: 14915: 14885: 14852: 14839: 14813: 14779: 14751: 14723: 14695: 14667: 14656:. 30 July 2016 14639: 14613: 14587: 14559: 14531: 14503: 14475: 14445: 14419: 14400: 14385: 14359: 14334: 14308: 14299: 14273: 14266: 14246: 14218: 14192: 14164: 14136: 14114: 14094: 14087: 14067: 14048: 14020: 14013: 13992: 13967: 13936: 13905: 13880: 13847: 13818: 13815:. 10 May 2016. 13800: 13774: 13753: 13726: 13711: 13690: 13681: 13648: 13620: 13592: 13557: 13550: 13530: 13517: 13492: 13466: 13461:The Daily Star 13444: 13423: 13401: 13382: 13362: 13342: 13322: 13319:. 28 May 2010. 13304: 13286: 13279: 13259: 13247:Britannica.com 13234: 13227: 13207: 13181: 13167: 13148: 13139: 13113: 13080: 13047: 13019: 12986: 12955: 12929: 12916:Twocircles.net 12903: 12874: 12843: 12808: 12793: 12778: 12771: 12753: 12746: 12728: 12721: 12695: 12688: 12666: 12655: 12626: 12608: 12582: 12573: 12566: 12548: 12541: 12523: 12516: 12498: 12491: 12473: 12445: 12438: 12420: 12413: 12395: 12388: 12370: 12342: 12313: 12287: 12261: 12235: 12221: 12195: 12173: 12151: 12123: 12098: 12068: 12054: 12036:Pioneer, The. 12028: 12017: 12003: 11983: 11969: 11955: 11941: 11923: 11909: 11895: 11869: 11844: 11831: 11805: 11792: 11767: 11742: 11728: 11721: 11701: 11681: 11655: 11621: 11614: 11594: 11588:978-9400953093 11587: 11568: 11548: 11527: 11499: 11461: 11440: 11414: 11389: 11358: 11328: 11314: 11300: 11286: 11268: 11250: 11230: 11219:. 2 April 2015 11204: 11178: 11164: 11139: 11118: 11090: 11058: 11051: 11031: 11024: 11004: 10997: 10972: 10955: 10948: 10928: 10907: 10881: 10874: 10854: 10847: 10827: 10813: 10793: 10779: 10759: 10753: 10747:, p. 45, 10729: 10722: 10716:. p. 73. 10704:P. J. Marshall 10695: 10688: 10661: 10655:978-0230328853 10654: 10634: 10602: 10595: 10572: 10566: 10544: 10542:, p. 169. 10532: 10526: 10504: 10498: 10471: 10456: 10450: 10428: 10422: 10399: 10393: 10369: 10346: 10339: 10333:. p. 96. 10312: 10289: 10283: 10259: 10249: 10229: 10222: 10204: 10191: 10182: 10176: 10152: 10140: 10133: 10113: 10096: 10090: 10084:, p. 68, 10068: 10061: 10043: 10022: 10001: 9988: 9979: 9970: 9949: 9940: 9920: 9913: 9893: 9886: 9866: 9838: 9810: 9797: 9784: 9770: 9750: 9736: 9716: 9702: 9682: 9675: 9655: 9629: 9611: 9600:on 14 May 2012 9585: 9559: 9543: 9527: 9520: 9503: 9496: 9476: 9462: 9442: 9431:on 8 July 2011 9416: 9397: 9368: 9350: 9310: 9301: 9255: 9225: 9186: 9157:(6): 340–348. 9137: 9131: 9111: 9085: 9053: 9021: 9012: 8999: 8963: 8956: 8936: 8911: 8895:"Religion PCA" 8866: 8841: 8816: 8809: 8779: 8765: 8721: 8707: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8662: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8554:Bihari Muslims 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8489: 8473: 8470: 8455:Mahmood Madani 8361: 8360: 8357: 8354: 8350:Major General 8348: 8341: 8334: 8331: 8328: 8206:Mohammed Siraj 8202:Mohammed Shami 8128:Shamshad Begum 8080:Nadeem–Shravan 8076:Salim–Sulaiman 8064:Resul Pookutty 8060:Academy Awards 7925:Waheeda Rehman 7889:Shah Rukh Khan 7881: 7880: 7870: 7860: 7850: 7840: 7830: 7820: 7766:Ali Yavar Jung 7750:S. Y. Quraishi 7636: 7633: 7624: 7621: 7612:Jamalabad fort 7525:Guru Hargobind 7496:Main article: 7493: 7490: 7486:BJP government 7472:Haryana (2023) 7446: 7445: 7430: 7429: 7370: 7369: 7303: 7302: 7301:Gujarat (2002) 7283: 7282: 7225: 7224: 7215:commitment to 7213:constitutional 7172: 7171: 7164:Noakhali riots 7136: 7135: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7088:Angus Maddison 7064:, in his book 7047:medieval India 6966: 6965: 6958: 6955: 6944: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6903:Somnath temple 6900: 6899: 6894: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6840:Medieval India 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6791:Main article: 6788: 6785: 6781:Najma Heptulla 6725:Sikander Bakht 6717:Mehbooba Mufti 6657:Ali Yavar Jung 6647:served as the 6645:S. Y. Quraishi 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6547: 6538: 6529: 6520: 6510: 6496: 6483: 6448: 6445: 6401:Goa civil code 6397: 6396: 6391: 6388: 6321: 6318: 6297: 6294: 6251: 6248: 6198:Main article: 6195: 6192: 6138:glazed tiles. 6128: 6127: 6114: 6107: 6105: 6092: 6085: 6083: 6074: 6067: 6065: 6056: 6049: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6021: 6019: 6012: 6005: 6003: 5992: 5985: 5983: 5969: 5962: 5960: 5946: 5939: 5937: 5930:Humayun's Tomb 5927: 5920: 5918: 5908: 5901: 5899: 5882: 5875: 5873: 5862: 5855: 5841: 5838: 5834:consanguineous 5821: 5818: 5752:communal riots 5747: 5744: 5726: 5723: 5715:consanguineous 5709: 5706: 5616: 5615:Stratification 5613: 5597:Main article: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5582: 5563: 5543: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5481:Manzar-e-Islam 5478: 5469: 5463: 5454: 5448: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5402: 5393: 5388: 5379: 5370: 5362: 5349: 5339: 5334: 5325: 5316: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5291:Farook College 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5241: 5238: 5213: 5210: 5182:Main article: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5112:Main article: 5109: 5106: 5077: 5074: 5001: 4998: 4987:Ahmad Sirhindi 4971:Waris Ali Shah 4924:Fatehpur Sikri 4908:Main article: 4905: 4902: 4834: 4831: 4702:Main article: 4699: 4696: 4679:Times of India 4664:Main article: 4661: 4658: 4618: 4615: 4602: 4599: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4450: 4447: 4443:United Nations 4425: 4422: 4357: 4354: 4253:Prime Minister 4239: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4144: 4143: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3953: 3950: 3936: 3935: 3925: 3911: 3908: 3876:Madhya Pradesh 3848:Andhra Pradesh 3822: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3673:Main article: 3670: 3667: 3648:on 15 August. 3465:Mahatma Gandhi 3461: 3452:Main article: 3449: 3446: 3442:Mahatma Gandhi 3426:Muhammad Iqbal 3307:Mahatma Gandhi 3285:Mahatma Gandhi 3186: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3159: 3133:Bengal in 1757 3082:Western Europe 3042:spinning wheel 2985:Indian culture 2833:Medieval India 2828: 2825: 2779:The advent of 2745: 2742: 2728:was the first 2499:Southeast Asia 2449: 2446: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2297:and along the 2255: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2244: 2237: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2068:United Kingdom 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1252:Western Sahara 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1051: 1043: 1042: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1021: 1014: 1006: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 993: 992: 991: 986: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 927: 924: 923: 920: 919: 916: 915: 910: 908:Ma'din Academy 905: 903:Manzar-e-Islam 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 836: 833: 832: 829: 828: 824: 823: 818: 813: 807: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 794: 793: 788: 783: 778: 772: 771: 768: 767: 764: 763: 759: 758: 756:Shershahabadia 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 726:Iraqi Biradari 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 681:Bihari Muslims 678: 673: 668: 666:Dawoodi Bohras 663: 658: 653: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 603: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 526: 525: 522: 521: 518: 517: 513: 512: 507: 505:Indo-Saracenic 502: 497: 491: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 473: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388: 380: 379: 376:Islam in India 371: 370: 358: 357: 355: 354: 352: 351: 341: 335: 333: 332: 246: 238: 237: 235:Quranic Arabic 231: 226: 223: 222: 218: 217: 201: 200: 196: 195: 192: 186: 185: 182: 176: 175: 172: 169:Andhra Pradesh 165: 164: 161: 155: 154: 151: 145: 144: 141: 135: 134: 131: 125: 124: 121: 115: 114: 111: 105: 104: 101: 95: 94: 90: 89: 64: 63: 59: 58: 53: 43:Islam in India 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20448: 20437: 20434: 20433: 20431: 20410: 20407: 20405: 20402: 20400: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20390: 20387: 20385: 20382: 20381: 20379: 20375: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20351: 20348: 20346: 20343: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20333: 20332: 20330: 20326: 20320: 20317: 20315: 20312: 20310: 20307: 20303: 20302:Protestantism 20300: 20298: 20295: 20294: 20293: 20290: 20286: 20283: 20281: 20278: 20277: 20276: 20273: 20272: 20270: 20268: 20264: 20258: 20255: 20253: 20250: 20248: 20245: 20243: 20240: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20226: 20225: 20222: 20221: 20219: 20217: 20213: 20208: 20201: 20196: 20194: 20189: 20187: 20182: 20181: 20178: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20143: 20141: 20138: 20136: 20133: 20131: 20128: 20126: 20123: 20121: 20118: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20090:Dawoodi Bohra 20088: 20086: 20083: 20082: 20080: 20078: 20074: 20068: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20055: 20052: 20050: 20047: 20045: 20044:Shaikh Ja'fri 20042: 20040: 20037: 20035: 20032: 20030: 20027: 20025: 20022: 20020: 20017: 20015: 20014:Sadaat-e-Bara 20012: 20010: 20009:Sadaat Amroha 20007: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19945: 19942: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19909:Nagar Muslims 19907: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19899:Muslim Chhipi 19897: 19895: 19892: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19802: 19799: 19797: 19794: 19792: 19789: 19787: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19728: 19726: 19723: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19685: 19683: 19680: 19678: 19675: 19673: 19670: 19668: 19665: 19663: 19660: 19658: 19655: 19653: 19650: 19648: 19645: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19635: 19633: 19630: 19628: 19625: 19623: 19620: 19618: 19615: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19594: 19592: 19590: 19589:Uttar Pradesh 19586: 19580: 19579:Dawoodi Bohra 19577: 19575: 19572: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19545: 19543: 19541: 19537: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19520:Sindhi-Sipahi 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19427: 19425: 19424:Dawoodi Bohra 19422: 19420: 19417: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19396: 19394: 19392: 19388: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19364: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19347: 19344: 19342: 19339: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19321:Dawoodi Bohra 19319: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19288: 19286: 19284: 19280: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19258:Muslim Chhipi 19256: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19243:Dawoodi Bohra 19241: 19239: 19236: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19225: 19223: 19221: 19217: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19185: 19183: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19170: 19167: 19165: 19162: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19146: 19144: 19142: 19138: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19106:Kodava Maaple 19104: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19083: 19081: 19079: 19075: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19031: 19029: 19026: 19024: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19006: 19004: 19001: 18999: 18996: 18994: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18948:Multani Lohar 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18863: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18790:Dawoodi Bohra 18788: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18712: 18710: 18708: 18704: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18682: 18680: 18677: 18675: 18672: 18670: 18667: 18665: 18662: 18660: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18641:Muslim Chhipi 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18553: 18551: 18549: 18545: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18450: 18448: 18444: 18438: 18437:Urdu-speaking 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18302: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18219: 18217: 18213: 18208: 18207:Indian Muslim 18201: 18196: 18194: 18189: 18187: 18182: 18181: 18178: 18166: 18162: 18158: 18156: 18148: 18147: 18144: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18114: 18112: 18107: 18103: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18091:South Ossetia 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18073: 18071: 18069: 18063: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17813: 17811: 17809: 17805: 17801: 17794: 17789: 17787: 17782: 17780: 17775: 17774: 17771: 17765: 17758: 17750: 17746: 17745: 17739: 17738:public domain 17730: 17728: 17724: 17721:Online Copy: 17720: 17719: 17701: 17695: 17691: 17690: 17684: 17680: 17676: 17672: 17668: 17664: 17660: 17659: 17653: 17650: 17646: 17642: 17638: 17634: 17630: 17626: 17622: 17618: 17613: 17609: 17608: 17603: 17599: 17595: 17594: 17589: 17585: 17582: 17578: 17574: 17570: 17567: 17563: 17560: 17559:0-415-31486-0 17556: 17552: 17548: 17546: 17545:81-7069-096-X 17542: 17538: 17534: 17531: 17528: 17524: 17522: 17518: 17517:81-7041-620-5 17514: 17510: 17506: 17503: 17502:81-7541-115-5 17499: 17495: 17491: 17488: 17487: 17474: 17469: 17468: 17463: 17457: 17441: 17437: 17436: 17431: 17424: 17409: 17408: 17403: 17396: 17380: 17376: 17370: 17363: 17359: 17355: 17354: 17350:R. K. Pruthi. 17347: 17339: 17335: 17331: 17325: 17309: 17305: 17301: 17294: 17278: 17272: 17256: 17252: 17245: 17229: 17228:Muslim Mirror 17225: 17219: 17203: 17199: 17193: 17177: 17173: 17167: 17161: 17153: 17152: 17147: 17141: 17132: 17126: 17122: 17119: 17114: 17099: 17095: 17088: 17073: 17069: 17062: 17046: 17042: 17035: 17028: 17025: 17020: 17013: 17010: 17004: 16989: 16985: 16978: 16963:on 9 May 2013 16962: 16958: 16957: 16952: 16945: 16930: 16926: 16922: 16915: 16899: 16895: 16891: 16885: 16878: 16872: 16864: 16860: 16854: 16839: 16833: 16818: 16814: 16808: 16793: 16787: 16779: 16777:0-19-567747-1 16773: 16769: 16765: 16759: 16751: 16749:0-89389-103-7 16745: 16741: 16734: 16726: 16724:0-415-26604-1 16720: 16716: 16709: 16701: 16695: 16687: 16683: 16677: 16669: 16665: 16659: 16651: 16647: 16641: 16626: 16622: 16618: 16614: 16607: 16592: 16588: 16582: 16566: 16562: 16561: 16556: 16549: 16533: 16529: 16523: 16507: 16503: 16502: 16497: 16491: 16475: 16471: 16470: 16465: 16459: 16444: 16440: 16436: 16435: 16430: 16423: 16421: 16412: 16408: 16402: 16394: 16390: 16386: 16380: 16372: 16368: 16362: 16346: 16345: 16340: 16334: 16318: 16314: 16313: 16308: 16301: 16293: 16287: 16271: 16270: 16265: 16259: 16243: 16239: 16238: 16233: 16226: 16224: 16207: 16206: 16201: 16195: 16179: 16173: 16165: 16161: 16154: 16146: 16145: 16140: 16133: 16125: 16121: 16117: 16110: 16102: 16098: 16097: 16092: 16085: 16070: 16069: 16064: 16057: 16050: 16046: 16040: 16036: 16031: 16030: 16021: 16013: 16011:81-7099-839-5 16007: 16003: 15996: 15988: 15986:0-521-56603-7 15982: 15978: 15971: 15955: 15951: 15945: 15930: 15924: 15918: 15914: 15910: 15907: 15903: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15886: 15882: 15878: 15875: 15871: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15853: 15850: 15844: 15836: 15832: 15825: 15818:(2): 287–303. 15817: 15813: 15809: 15803: 15795: 15791: 15787: 15783: 15779: 15775: 15771: 15767: 15763: 15761: 15755: 15749: 15742: 15736: 15732: 15728: 15724: 15718: 15711: 15705: 15701: 15697: 15693: 15687: 15680: 15674: 15670: 15669: 15664: 15658: 15650: 15644: 15640: 15639: 15634: 15628: 15620: 15614: 15610: 15603: 15595: 15591: 15587: 15583: 15582: 15574: 15566: 15562: 15558: 15554: 15553: 15548: 15541: 15531: 15530: 15520: 15516: 15515: 15507: 15503: 15497: 15495: 15486: 15480: 15476: 15475: 15467: 15451: 15447: 15441: 15433: 15427: 15423: 15422: 15414: 15406: 15400: 15396: 15395: 15387: 15379: 15372: 15364: 15360: 15354: 15347: 15343: 15337: 15329: 15325: 15319: 15311: 15307: 15306: 15298: 15290: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15272: 15268: 15264: 15260: 15256: 15249: 15233: 15232: 15227: 15221: 15219: 15217: 15215: 15206: 15200: 15196: 15195: 15187: 15185: 15183: 15181: 15179: 15162: 15158: 15157: 15152: 15145: 15130: 15129: 15124: 15117: 15102: 15098: 15091: 15076: 15075: 15070: 15063: 15055: 15054: 15049: 15043: 15027: 15023: 15017: 15015: 15006: 15005: 15000: 14994: 14992: 14983: 14979: 14975: 14969: 14967: 14958: 14951: 14949: 14933:on 2 May 2015 14932: 14928: 14922: 14920: 14903: 14899: 14892: 14890: 14873: 14869: 14865: 14859: 14857: 14849: 14843: 14836: 14832: 14828: 14824: 14817: 14810: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14794: 14790: 14783: 14768: 14767: 14762: 14755: 14740: 14739: 14734: 14727: 14712: 14711: 14706: 14699: 14684: 14683: 14678: 14671: 14655: 14654: 14649: 14643: 14628: 14624: 14617: 14602: 14598: 14591: 14575: 14574: 14569: 14563: 14548: 14547: 14542: 14535: 14520: 14519: 14514: 14507: 14492: 14491: 14486: 14479: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14449: 14433: 14429: 14423: 14416: 14412: 14409: 14404: 14397: 14394: 14389: 14373: 14369: 14363: 14347: 14341: 14339: 14322: 14318: 14312: 14303: 14287: 14283: 14277: 14269: 14263: 14259: 14258: 14250: 14234: 14233: 14228: 14222: 14207: 14203: 14196: 14181: 14180: 14175: 14168: 14153: 14152: 14147: 14140: 14124: 14118: 14111: 14110:0-415-77552-3 14107: 14103: 14098: 14090: 14084: 14080: 14079: 14071: 14063: 14059: 14052: 14037: 14036: 14031: 14024: 14016: 14010: 14006: 13999: 13997: 13990: 13986: 13983: 13979: 13976: 13971: 13956: 13955: 13950: 13943: 13941: 13924: 13920: 13916: 13909: 13901: 13897: 13896: 13891: 13884: 13865: 13858: 13851: 13843: 13839: 13835: 13829: 13827: 13825: 13823: 13814: 13810: 13804: 13797: 13796:81-85268-45-2 13793: 13787: 13785: 13783: 13781: 13779: 13770: 13769: 13764: 13757: 13741: 13737: 13730: 13722: 13715: 13707: 13706: 13701: 13694: 13685: 13666: 13659: 13652: 13637: 13636: 13631: 13624: 13608: 13607: 13602: 13596: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13572: 13567: 13561: 13553: 13551:0-86131-494-8 13547: 13543: 13542: 13534: 13527: 13521: 13513: 13509: 13508: 13503: 13496: 13481: 13477: 13470: 13462: 13458: 13451: 13449: 13433: 13427: 13411: 13405: 13397: 13393: 13386: 13378: 13377: 13372: 13366: 13358: 13357: 13352: 13346: 13338: 13337: 13332: 13326: 13318: 13314: 13308: 13300: 13296: 13290: 13282: 13276: 13272: 13271: 13263: 13248: 13244: 13238: 13230: 13224: 13220: 13219: 13211: 13195: 13191: 13185: 13170: 13164: 13160: 13159: 13152: 13143: 13128: 13124: 13117: 13101: 13097: 13096: 13091: 13084: 13068: 13064: 13063: 13058: 13051: 13036: 13035: 13030: 13023: 13007: 13003: 13002: 12997: 12990: 12974: 12970: 12966: 12959: 12943: 12939: 12933: 12917: 12913: 12907: 12891: 12887: 12881: 12879: 12862: 12861: 12856: 12850: 12848: 12831: 12827: 12826: 12821: 12815: 12813: 12804: 12797: 12789: 12782: 12774: 12768: 12764: 12757: 12749: 12747:81-87358-15-7 12743: 12739: 12732: 12724: 12722:0-19-579560-1 12718: 12714: 12709: 12708: 12699: 12691: 12685: 12680: 12679: 12670: 12663: 12658: 12652: 12648: 12643: 12642: 12636: 12630: 12622: 12618: 12612: 12597: 12593: 12586: 12577: 12569: 12563: 12559: 12552: 12544: 12538: 12534: 12527: 12519: 12513: 12509: 12502: 12494: 12488: 12484: 12477: 12462: 12461: 12456: 12449: 12441: 12435: 12431: 12424: 12416: 12410: 12406: 12399: 12391: 12385: 12381: 12374: 12359: 12358: 12353: 12346: 12330: 12329: 12324: 12317: 12302: 12298: 12291: 12276: 12272: 12265: 12250: 12246: 12239: 12231: 12225: 12210: 12206: 12199: 12183: 12177: 12161: 12155: 12140: 12139: 12134: 12127: 12112: 12108: 12102: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12072: 12064: 12058: 12043: 12039: 12032: 12026: 12021: 12013: 12007: 11999: 11998: 11993: 11987: 11979: 11973: 11965: 11959: 11951: 11945: 11937: 11933: 11927: 11919: 11913: 11905: 11899: 11883: 11879: 11873: 11858: 11854: 11848: 11841: 11835: 11820: 11816: 11809: 11802: 11796: 11781: 11777: 11771: 11756: 11752: 11746: 11738: 11732: 11724: 11718: 11714: 11713: 11705: 11697: 11696: 11691: 11685: 11670: 11666: 11659: 11644: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11625: 11617: 11611: 11607: 11606: 11598: 11590: 11584: 11580: 11579: 11572: 11564: 11563: 11562:The Statesman 11558: 11552: 11544: 11540: 11534: 11532: 11516: 11515: 11510: 11503: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11479: 11474: 11468: 11466: 11457: 11456: 11451: 11444: 11437: 11433: 11432: 11424: 11418: 11403: 11399: 11393: 11384: 11372: 11368: 11362: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11332: 11324: 11318: 11310: 11304: 11296: 11290: 11282: 11278: 11272: 11264: 11260: 11254: 11247:. 8 May 2022. 11246: 11245: 11240: 11234: 11218: 11214: 11208: 11193: 11189: 11182: 11174: 11168: 11153: 11149: 11143: 11135: 11134: 11129: 11122: 11107: 11103: 11097: 11095: 11079: 11078: 11077:GlobeNewswire 11073: 11067: 11065: 11063: 11054: 11052:9780312169855 11048: 11045:. Macmillan. 11044: 11043: 11035: 11027: 11025:9780521866491 11021: 11017: 11016: 11008: 11000: 10998:9781860644481 10994: 10990: 10989: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10968: 10967: 10959: 10951: 10949:9780199745043 10945: 10941: 10940: 10932: 10924: 10923: 10918: 10911: 10895: 10891: 10885: 10877: 10875:9781139458870 10871: 10867: 10866: 10858: 10850: 10844: 10840: 10839: 10831: 10816: 10814:9788178710914 10810: 10806: 10805: 10797: 10782: 10780:9788179912010 10776: 10772: 10771: 10763: 10756: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10741: 10733: 10725: 10723:9780521028226 10719: 10715: 10711: 10710: 10705: 10699: 10691: 10689:9780521031592 10685: 10681: 10677: 10676: 10671: 10665: 10657: 10651: 10647: 10646: 10638: 10623: 10616: 10612: 10606: 10598: 10592: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10576: 10569: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10548: 10541: 10536: 10529: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10508: 10501: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10469:, p. 17. 10468: 10463: 10461: 10453: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10432: 10425: 10419: 10415: 10414: 10409: 10403: 10396: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10381: 10373: 10365: 10360: 10359: 10350: 10342: 10340:9788131727911 10336: 10332: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10316: 10308: 10303: 10302: 10293: 10286: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10271: 10263: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10242: 10241: 10233: 10225: 10219: 10215: 10208: 10201: 10195: 10186: 10179: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10164: 10156: 10149: 10144: 10136: 10134:9781400868155 10130: 10126: 10125: 10117: 10110: 10109:0-415-15482-0 10106: 10100: 10093: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10072: 10064: 10058: 10054: 10047: 10040: 10039:90-04-08551-3 10036: 10032: 10026: 10019: 10018:90-04-08551-3 10015: 10011: 10005: 9998: 9992: 9983: 9974: 9967: 9966:90-04-08551-3 9963: 9959: 9953: 9944: 9936: 9935: 9927: 9925: 9916: 9914:9780262195577 9910: 9906: 9905: 9897: 9889: 9887:9781438119137 9883: 9879: 9878: 9870: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9842: 9827:. 31 May 2015 9826: 9825: 9820: 9814: 9807: 9801: 9794: 9788: 9773: 9767: 9763: 9762: 9754: 9739: 9733: 9729: 9728: 9720: 9705: 9699: 9695: 9694: 9686: 9678: 9676:9780765601049 9672: 9668: 9667: 9659: 9643: 9642:Karnataka.com 9639: 9633: 9625: 9621: 9615: 9599: 9595: 9589: 9573: 9569: 9563: 9556: 9552: 9547: 9539: 9538: 9531: 9523: 9521:983-9154-80-X 9517: 9513: 9507: 9499: 9497:9788186050798 9493: 9489: 9488: 9480: 9465: 9459: 9455: 9454: 9446: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9404: 9400: 9398:0-14-025760-8 9394: 9390: 9386: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9364: 9357: 9355: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9305: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9274:Bearman, Peri 9270: 9265: 9259: 9243: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9141: 9134: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9115: 9100: 9096: 9089: 9073: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9057: 9041: 9037: 9036: 9031: 9025: 9016: 9009: 9003: 8987: 8980: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8959: 8957:9780415448512 8953: 8949: 8948: 8940: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8900: 8896: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8870: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8830: 8826: 8820: 8812: 8810:9789004177024 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8783: 8775: 8769: 8754: 8750: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8717: 8711: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8691: 8686: 8672: 8666: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8649: 8646: 8642: 8640: 8630: 8626: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8501: 8490: 8487: 8476: 8469: 8467: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8182:Mohammad Kaif 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8141: 8140:Zakir Hussian 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8124:Talat Mahmood 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8100:Mohammed Rafi 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8028:Nasir Hussain 8025: 8021: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8009:Farooq Sheikh 8006: 8002: 7998: 7997:Farhan Akhtar 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7917:Johnny Walker 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7901:Saif Ali Khan 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7853:A. R. Antulay 7851: 7848: 7844: 7843:Anwara Taimur 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7823:Abdul Ghafoor 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7802:Indian states 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7693:Tayyab Husain 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7669:Altamas Kabir 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7632: 7630: 7617: 7616:Srirangapatna 7613: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7585:Jahandar Shah 7582: 7578: 7575:In 1699, the 7573: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7505: 7499: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7467: 7463: 7462:Narendra Modi 7459: 7455: 7451: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7323: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7308: 7307:Gujarat riots 7300: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7103: 7101: 7100:Colin McEvedy 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7059: 7057: 7056:Mughal Empire 7053: 7048: 7043: 7040: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6891: 6879: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6856:Ruins of the 6854: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6753:Saifuddin Soz 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6729:A. R. Antulay 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6705:Omar Abdullah 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6681:Tayyab Husain 6678: 6674: 6673:Salman Haidar 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6598:Altamas Kabir 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6473:Uttar Pradesh 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6444: 6442: 6441:Modi ministry 6438: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5995:Makkah Masjid 5993:400-year-old 5989: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5911:Bara Imambara 5905: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5705: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5664:Muslim Rajput 5660: 5657:. Studies of 5656: 5651: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5575:Uttar Pradesh 5572: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5519:Uttar Pradesh 5516: 5512: 5508: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5472:Jamia Nizamia 5470: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5407:, Tirunelveli 5406: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5170: 5156: 5154: 5149: 5148:Chishti Order 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5057:Uttar Pradesh 5054: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4886:Aga Khan case 4883: 4880: 4876: 4875:North America 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4775:, India, and 4774: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4722: 4721:Dawoodi Bohra 4718: 4710: 4705: 4704:Dawoodi Bohra 4695: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4654:jurisprudence 4651: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4601:Denominations 4598: 4596: 4592: 4591:Uttar Pradesh 4586: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4571: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4334:West Pakistan 4331: 4327: 4324:(present-day 4323: 4322:East Pakistan 4319: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193:Uttar Pradesh 4191: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4150: 4136: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3836:Uttar Pradesh 3833: 3829: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3676: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3597:, as well as 3596: 3595:Indian Punjab 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3567:East Pakistan 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3531:to this day. 3530: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3490:British India 3487: 3483: 3474: 3466: 3460: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3351:Hasrat Mohani 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3257:Indian Mutiny 3254: 3250: 3249:Ghadar Mutiny 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3175: 3170: 3163: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3145:Shahjahanabad 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3061:Mughal Empire 3054: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3014:Islamic world 3010: 3006: 3005:Mongol Empire 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2975:with that of 2974: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942:Urdu language 2939: 2938:Urdu-speaking 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2849:Mughal Empire 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2761:George Saliba 2758: 2753: 2751: 2741: 2740:) community. 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2600:Chera dynasty 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:Kerala Muslim 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560:Kothamangalam 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544:Malabar Coast 2541: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2495:Malabar Coast 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2404: 2402: 2401:Tamil Muslims 2398: 2394: 2393:Chera dynasty 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2365:are three of 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299:Malabar Coast 2296: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2273:third-largest 2271:also has the 2270: 2266: 2262: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2214: 2213: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2160:New Caledonia 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1951:Liechtenstein 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1816:United States 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1731:French Guiana 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 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538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 523:Major figures 520: 519: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 488: 479: 478: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 445:Mughal Empire 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 391: 390: 386: 382: 381: 378: 373: 372: 368: 364: 363: 350: 346: 343: 342: 339: 336: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 248: 247: 244: 241: 240: 236: 233: 232: 229: 224: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 197: 193: 191: 187: 183: 181: 177: 173: 170: 166: 162: 160: 156: 152: 150: 146: 142: 140: 136: 132: 130: 126: 122: 120: 116: 112: 110: 106: 102: 100: 99:Uttar Pradesh 96: 91: 87: 74: 69: 65: 60: 56: 51: 46: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 20369:Meena ethnic 20314:Baháʼí Faith 20292:Christianity 20274: 18978:Patani Bohra 18918:Meta Qureshi 18720:Alavi Bohras 18538:Alavi Bohras 18533:Goan Muslims 18206: 18106:Dependencies 18036:Turkmenistan 18001:Saudi Arabia 17880: 17743: 17703:. 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Retrieved 10605: 10585: 10575: 10553: 10547: 10535: 10513: 10507: 10485: 10437: 10431: 10412: 10402: 10379: 10372: 10357: 10349: 10325: 10321:Habib, Irfan 10315: 10300: 10292: 10269: 10262: 10254: 10243:, Elsevier, 10239: 10232: 10213: 10207: 10198:J. A. Page, 10194: 10185: 10162: 10155: 10147: 10143: 10123: 10116: 10111:, pp 187–190 10099: 10077: 10071: 10052: 10046: 10030: 10025: 10009: 10004: 9996: 9991: 9982: 9973: 9957: 9952: 9943: 9933: 9903: 9896: 9876: 9869: 9857:. Retrieved 9850: 9841: 9829:. Retrieved 9822: 9813: 9800: 9792: 9787: 9775:. Retrieved 9760: 9753: 9741:. Retrieved 9726: 9719: 9707:. Retrieved 9692: 9685: 9665: 9658: 9646:. Retrieved 9641: 9632: 9623: 9614: 9602:. Retrieved 9598:the original 9588: 9576:. Retrieved 9571: 9562: 9546: 9536: 9530: 9511: 9506: 9486: 9479: 9469:14 September 9467:. Retrieved 9452: 9445: 9435:14 September 9433:. Retrieved 9429:the original 9419: 9407:. Retrieved 9403:the original 9388: 9362: 9341:. Retrieved 9337:the original 9304: 9293: 9258: 9246:. Retrieved 9216:. Retrieved 9212:the original 9207: 9154: 9150: 9140: 9121: 9114: 9102:. Retrieved 9098: 9088: 9076:. Retrieved 9065: 9056: 9044:. Retrieved 9033: 9024: 9015: 9007: 9002: 8990:. Retrieved 8946: 8939: 8927:. Retrieved 8923: 8914: 8902:. Retrieved 8898: 8884:. Retrieved 8878: 8869: 8857:. Retrieved 8853: 8844: 8832:. Retrieved 8828: 8819: 8792: 8782: 8768: 8756:. Retrieved 8752: 8710: 8701: 8665: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8636: 8629: 8574:Tamil Muslim 8500:Islam portal 8486:India portal 8463: 8457:, leader of 8424: 8379: 8375: 8362: 8262: 8254:Yusuf Hamied 8247: 8229: 8210:Wasim Jaffer 8198:Yusuf Pathan 8194:Irfan Pathan 8174:Syed Kirmani 8144: 8116:Armaan Malik 8068:A. R. Rahman 8056:M. F. Husain 8052:Abbas–Mustan 8040:Anees Bazmee 8032:Kamal Amrohi 8020:Mehboob Khan 8017: 7985:Arshad Warsi 7981:Farida Jalal 7953:Meena Kumari 7921:Shabana Azmi 7882: 7804:(other than 7762:Abid Hussain 7735: 7731:Bharat Ratna 7709: 7645:Zakir Husain 7638: 7629:Leh district 7626: 7597: 7574: 7562:Dulla Bhatti 7537:Tegh Bahadur 7507: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7447: 7444:Delhi (2020) 7431: 7428:Assam (2012) 7410:mob violence 7371: 7349:The Guardian 7347: 7341: 7331:rioting mobs 7316:Babri Masjid 7304: 7284: 7272: 7264:Bombay riots 7229:Babri Mosque 7226: 7173: 7161: 7137: 7065: 7060: 7044: 7034: 7014: 7010: 7001: 6982: 6967: 6918: 6821:, since the 6796: 6703:and his son 6653:Abid Hussain 6622: 6574:Zakir Husain 6563: 6554:Mohamed Ayub 6434: 6427: 6409: 6398: 6382: 6359: 6343: 6323: 6299: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6254:The tomb or 6253: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6221:Muslim world 6218: 6185: 6176: 6129: 5970: 5956:Hagia Sophia 5893: 5823: 5810:stereotyping 5803: 5788: 5749: 5732: 5728: 5711: 5699: 5668: 5654: 5652: 5638: 5636: 5627: 5624: 5602: 5547:Shia Muslims 5496:Raza Academy 5377:Patna, Bihar 5231: 5193: 5187: 5167: 5125: 5079: 5046: 5011: 4959:Amir Khusrow 4929: 4920:Salim Chisti 4836: 4824: 4811: 4801: 4793: 4779:went to the 4762:Solanki King 4752: 4730: 4671:Shia Muslims 4669: 4639: 4620: 4604: 4587: 4579: 4572: 4568: 4478:Composition 4465: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4427: 4392:Kiren Rijiju 4373: 4344:province of 4311: 4303: 4283:United India 4276: 4257: 4242: 4234:7.2 million 4206:1.2 million 4184:5.3 million 4155: 3939: 3830:(96.2%) and 3825: 3776: 3771: 3756: 3695: 3694: 3678: 3669:Demographics 3663: 3657: 3650: 3623: 3556: 3546: 3522: 3479: 3458: 3412:Until 1920, 3411: 3367:Zakir Husain 3357:, Professor 3315:British rule 3312: 3303:Sardar Patel 3299:Maulana Azad 3289:Hazrat Mahal 3245:Ghadar Party 3221:Shahjahanpur 3194: 3101:Bengal Subah 3086: 3074:architecture 3058: 3016:, including 2981:Afro-Eurasia 2966: 2957: 2892: 2813: 2790: 2778: 2769: 2754: 2747: 2730:Wali-ul-Hind 2698:Malik Deenar 2687: 2666: 2655:Panthalayini 2617: 2610: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2513:Arab Muslims 2508: 2502: 2476: 2457: 2442: 2434: 2415: 2345:(629 CE) in 2289: 2258: 2125:Cook Islands 1611:Turkmenistan 1571:Saudi Arabia 1438: 1314:South Africa 1304:Sierra Leone 1092:Burkina Faso 956:Raza Academy 852:Universities 741:Goan Muslims 721:Sunni Bohras 555:Amir Khusrow 500:Indo-Islamic 482:Architecture 374: 337: 328:, and other 242: 227: 72: 39: 26: 20328:Other paths 20297:Catholicism 20280:Sunni Islam 20234:South India 20077:West Bengal 19647:Banu Israil 19442:Hela Mehtar 19316:Chhaparband 19283:Maharashtra 19101:Chhaparband 19048:Sunni Bohra 18983:Patni Jamat 18209:communities 18165:Asia portal 18066:States with 17986:Philippines 17926:South Korea 17921:North Korea 17816:Afghanistan 17283:17 February 17234:17 December 15874:pp. 241–242 15723:Miller, Sam 15456:27 November 15032:14 November 15004:BBC Radio 4 14772:6 September 14744:6 September 14716:6 September 13798:pp. 124–143 13746:1 September 13606:Mathrubhumi 13585:24 February 13485:23 December 13001:The Tribune 12938:"Why India" 12042:The Pioneer 11882:India Today 11857:Empower IAS 11402:www.cia.gov 11387:266,534,836 11377:3 September 9572:JAIHOON.COM 8904:1 September 8859:12 February 8758:20 February 8509:Islamic art 8364:Abdul Kalam 8352:Afsir Karim 8305:Abdul Hamid 8301:Indian Army 8297:air marshal 8283:during the 8279:was Deputy 8277:I. H. Latif 8258:Azim Premji 8220:Azim Premji 8190:Zaheer Khan 8186:Munaf Patel 8178:Arshad Ayub 8170:Mushtaq Ali 8146:Sania Mirza 8001:Zeenat Aman 7977:Irrfan Khan 7949:Sanjay Khan 7893:Salman Khan 7877:Pondicherry 7857:Maharashtra 7736:The former 7589:Sikh Empire 7570:Bulleh Shah 7515:during the 7478:Bajrang Dal 7458:anti-Muslim 7260:tit for tat 7248:Bajrang Dal 7191:, the 1983 7162:During the 7134:Before 1947 7096:Colin Clark 7084:Irfan Habib 7076:Simon Digby 7018:Ibn Battuta 6985:Will Durant 6978:communalism 6811:Rajya Sabha 6793:Haj subsidy 6787:Haj subsidy 6733:Ahmed Patel 6623:The former 6465:Maharashtra 6237:stands the 6094:Jama Masjid 5746:Segregation 5424:Tirurangadi 5094:Chiragh Ali 5090:Ahle Hadith 5084:, known as 4983:untouchable 4894:Sunni Islam 4867:East Africa 4855:Maharashtra 4804:Zaydi Shi'a 4789:Maharashtra 4644:follow the 4513:Sex ratio* 4449:Religiosity 4424:Projections 4401:2011 Census 4396:Rajya Sabha 4342:West Punjab 4338:East Punjab 4260:1941 Census 4215:West Bengal 4180:East Punjab 4174:Percentage 4171:Population 4158:1951 Census 4126:172,200,000 4115:138,200,000 4104:106,700,000 3946:Lakshadweep 3904:Uttarakhand 3880:Maharashtra 3840:West Bengal 3828:Lakshadweep 3817:110,263,500 3796:153,700,000 3772:207,000,000 3748:233,046,950 3727:231,070,000 3611:Indian Army 3593:(later the 3591:East Punjab 3581:(later the 3579:West Punjab 3571:West Bengal 3563:East Bengal 3525:British Raj 3438:Shaukat Ali 3201:British Raj 3149:British Raj 3117:Tipu Sultan 3038:papermaking 2948:. In 1339, 2930:North India 2918:swift-horse 2675:Malik Dinar 2663:Malik Dinar 2623:Kodungallur 2592:Kodungallur 2540:Lakshadweep 2385:Kodungallur 2319:North India 2165:New Zealand 2058:Switzerland 1986:Netherlands 1796:Saint Lucia 1726:El Salvador 1561:Philippines 1489:South Korea 1484:North Korea 1374:Afghanistan 1319:South Sudan 1192:Ivory Coast 338:Traditional 206:Sunni Islam 129:Maharashtra 109:West Bengal 86:2021 Census 73:200 million 20360:Sanamahism 20355:Donyi-Polo 20345:Irreligion 20285:Shia Islam 20049:Shaikhzada 19929:Panchpiria 19904:Muley Jats 19662:Bharbhunja 19540:Tamil Nadu 19381:Tadvi Bhil 19063:Vora Patel 19058:Turk Jamat 18830:Halaypotra 18785:Chundrigar 18765:Bharbhunja 18301:Hyderabadi 18046:Uzbekistan 18021:Tajikistan 17936:Kyrgyzstan 17916:Kazakhstan 17836:Bangladesh 17826:Azerbaijan 17699:9004135618 16894:IndiaGlitz 16205:Rediff.com 16144:Rediff.com 16068:Rediff.com 15380:. Manohar. 13954:Rediff.com 11543:IndiaSpend 11084:21 October 10540:Stein 1998 9555:8187332050 9365:. Manohar. 9343:18 October 8886:26 October 8834:8 November 8616:References 8451:Aamir Khan 8392:Antarctica 8252:magazine, 8120:Adnan Sami 8084:Abrar Alvi 8044:Kabir Khan 8005:Raza Murad 7957:Prem Nazir 7945:Feroz Khan 7941:Kader Khan 7933:Amjad Khan 7897:Aamir Khan 7885:Yusuf Khan 7869:: 1973–74) 7859:: 1980–82) 7849:: 1980–81) 7829:: 1973–75) 7819:: 1971–73) 7521:Guru Arjan 7502:See also: 7358:Qutb Minar 7223:Since 1992 7217:secularism 7195:, and the 7115:See also: 6980:in India. 6860:Temple at 6838:See also: 6541:Apni Party 6505:active in 6492:active in 6425:of India. 6331:common law 6312:; and the 6209:Char Minar 6148:Qutb Minar 5948:Gol Gumbaz 5679:Shaikhzada 5648:night soil 5619:See also: 5571:Saharanpur 5386:Aurangabad 5360:Malappuram 5216:See also: 5038:successors 5034:Arya Samaj 4991:Naqshbandi 4955:Shah Jalal 4843:South Asia 4791:, India). 4785:Aurangabad 4648:school of 4583:Paul Kurtz 4360:See also: 4326:Bangladesh 4295:Arab world 4272:Bangladesh 4251:(then the 4093:80,300,000 4082:61,400,000 4071:46,900,000 4039:35,400,000 4028:42,400,000 4017:35,800,000 4006:31,200,000 3995:30,800,000 3984:29,900,000 3892:Tamil Nadu 3792:Bangladesh 3407:Abid Hasan 3281:Quit India 3151:after the 3131:conquered 3103:under the 3078:Qing China 2967:Under the 2910:Ghaznavids 2875:Shah Jahan 2831:See also: 2785:idolatrous 2679:Thalangara 2548:Ubaidullah 2493:coast and 2363:Tamil Nadu 2323:Ghaznavids 2275:number of 2150:Micronesia 2028:San Marino 1981:Montenegro 1961:Luxembourg 1701:Costa Rica 1621:Uzbekistan 1596:Tajikistan 1501:Kyrgyzstan 1474:Kazakhstan 1424:East Timor 1394:Bangladesh 1384:Azerbaijan 1299:Seychelles 1259:Mozambique 1232:Mauritania 1217:Madagascar 1107:Cape Verde 1056:by country 736:Kayamkhani 676:Vora Patel 420:Ghaznavids 322:Rajasthani 250:Hindustani 228:Liturgical 216:minorities 143:10,679,350 133:12,971,150 123:17,557,810 113:24,654,830 103:38,483,970 20350:Bathouism 20340:Tribalism 20319:Ahmadiyya 20267:Abrahamic 20252:Ayyavazhi 19969:Rai Bhatt 19944:Putliwale 19855:Mandarkia 19831:Kingharia 19796:Kamangars 19763:Halalkhor 19627:Bandhmati 19570:(Pathans) 19525:Singiwala 19495:Qaimkhani 19472:Manganiar 19404:Anderkoti 19391:Rajasthan 19376:Saiqalgar 19205:Ravuthars 19182:Marakkars 19078:Karnataka 18928:Molesalam 18870:Khaskheli 18800:Dhuldhoya 18735:Attarwala 18626:Mirshikar 18132:Hong Kong 18086:Palestine 18011:Sri Lanka 18006:Singapore 17886:Indonesia 17637:143931874 16625:0362-4331 16560:The Hindu 16443:0261-3077 16312:Frontline 16286:cite news 16269:The Hindu 16180:. Cia.gov 16049:Noakhali. 15794:161748418 15552:Frontline 15514:Frontline 14653:The Hindu 14573:The Hindu 14546:The Quint 14490:The Hindu 14378:18 August 14352:18 August 14292:11 August 14232:The Hindu 14179:The Hindu 14151:The Hindu 14112:. p. 149. 13768:The Hindu 13580:0971-8257 13396:Firstpost 13200:4 October 13174:4 October 12979:21 August 12596:Find Easy 12460:The Hindu 12357:The Hindu 12328:Scroll.in 12254:16 August 12138:Scroll.in 11819:Scroll.in 11643:0362-4331 11514:The Hindu 11492:4 January 11487:0971-751X 11478:The Hindu 11351:4 October 11263:The Hindu 10820:15 August 10786:15 August 10408:Stein, B. 10082:One World 9594:"History" 8795:. BRILL. 8681:Citations 8420:Salim Ali 8236:Wockhardt 8150:Hyderabad 8112:Javed Ali 8108:Lucky Ali 8104:Anu Malik 7993:Ali Fazal 7961:Mammootty 7937:Ajit Khan 7905:Madhubala 7817:Rajasthan 7701:Rajasthan 7595:of 1849. 7554:Aurangzeb 7549:Aurangzeb 7541:Aurangzeb 7533:Gurdaspur 7354:Taj Mahal 7327:Ahmedabad 7256:Shiv Sena 7157:Aurangzeb 7072:criticism 7062:K. S. Lal 6974:partition 6964:at large. 6948:Buddhists 6911:Aurangzeb 6773:Azam Khan 6757:E. Ahamed 6689:Rajasthan 6490:E. Ahamed 6481:Karnataka 6461:Telangana 6302:Ahmedabad 6260:Taj Mahal 6213:Hyderabad 6062:Hyderabad 6058:Charminar 5999:Hyderabad 5981:, Gujarat 5865:Taj Mahal 5799:Ahmadabad 5725:Criticism 5603:Although 5476:Hyderabad 5461:Oomerabad 5453:, Barelvi 5415:Hyderabad 5368:Hyderabad 5332:New Delhi 5295:Kozhikode 5086:Quranists 5076:Quranists 5000:Ahmadiyya 4882:Ismailism 4863:Hyderabad 4859:Rajasthan 4797:Ahmedabad 4773:Rajasthan 4635:Wahhabism 4350:Partition 4299:Indonesia 4279:Partition 4201:Rajasthan 3896:Telangana 3888:Rajasthan 3868:Karnataka 3864:Jharkhand 3723:Indonesia 3690:Lok Sabha 3494:dominions 3486:partition 3135:and then 3113:Hyder Ali 2863:Taj Mahal 2726:Abadullah 2722:Mustansir 2683:Kasaragod 2669:s in the 2651:Dharmadam 2643:Kasaragod 2639:Mangalore 2580:Mangalore 2377:merchants 2371:seafaring 2359:Kilakarai 2110:Australia 2021:Tatarstan 1956:Lithuania 1826:Venezuela 1771:Nicaragua 1741:Guatemala 1656:Argentina 1581:Sri Lanka 1576:Singapore 1556:Palestine 1444:Indonesia 1434:Hong Kong 1237:Mauritius 980:Samastha 711:The Saits 306:Nawayathi 266:Malayalam 221:Languages 214:Ahmadiyya 204:Majority 199:Religions 194:6,215,380 190:Rajasthan 184:7,893,070 180:Karnataka 174:8,082,410 163:8,567,490 153:8,873,470 20430:Category 20365:Sarnaism 20242:Buddhism 20224:Hinduism 20054:Siddiqui 19949:Qalandar 19934:Pankhiya 19841:Lal Begi 19816:Khanzada 19677:Bhatiara 19607:Atishbaz 19574:Nawayath 19563:Marakkar 19462:Khanzada 19447:Hiranbaz 19428:Deshwali 19154:Pusalans 19149:Mappilas 19116:Nawayath 19018:Shaikhda 18908:Mansoori 18880:Machiyar 18835:Hingorja 18805:Doodwala 18692:Thakurai 18606:Lal Begi 18601:Kulhaiya 18596:Khanzada 18576:Churihar 18488:Nawayath 18478:Gujarati 18453:Assamese 18446:Minority 18342:Kashmiri 18337:Khanzada 18272:Bhatiara 18215:Majority 18155:Category 18076:Abkhazia 18026:Thailand 17981:Pakistan 17961:Mongolia 17956:Maldives 17951:Malaysia 17851:Cambodia 17705:24 April 17521:Excerpts 17385:15 March 17304:Merinews 17121:Archived 17012:HuffPost 16993:30 March 16967:30 March 16904:30 March 16766:(2006). 16371:BBC News 16212:28 March 16184:28 March 16124:Archived 16101:Archived 16074:2 August 15960:17 April 15934:17 April 15909:Archived 15898:(2001), 15877:Archived 15866:(2001), 15756:(1975). 15725:(2014), 15694:(1995), 15665:(1999), 15635:(1999), 15361:(1912). 15289:16951948 15228:(1993). 14627:BBC News 14468:21 March 14438:21 March 14411:Archived 14206:BBC News 13978:Archived 13813:BBC News 13613:7 August 13317:BBC News 13252:3 August 13127:BBC News 12637:(2008). 12635:Ali Riaz 12510:. Sage. 12301:ThePrint 11997:ThePrint 11695:ThePrint 11669:ThePrint 11455:ThePrint 11345:Archived 11152:faqs.org 10706:(2006). 10672:(2006). 10323:(2011). 9604:1 August 9298:. Brill. 9292:(eds.). 9266:(2006). 9248:18 March 9173:19424286 9072:Archived 9040:Archived 8753:Statista 8472:See also 8138:maestro 8134:awardee 8062:winners 8050:and the 7969:Asif Ali 7770:Asaf Ali 7687:and the 7566:Mian Mir 7468:agenda. 7418:Islamist 7412:and the 7378:Islamist 7362:Red Fort 7360:and the 7266:and the 7155:emperor 7030:Anatolia 6970:Islamize 6675:was the 6661:Asaf Ali 6616:and the 6419:polygamy 6308:and the 6076:Red Fort 5979:Junagadh 5897:of India 5797:area of 5795:Juhapura 5735:Ambedkar 5683:Khanzada 5643:Ambedkar 5540:Bareilly 5492:, Kerala 5485:Bareilly 5356:Pulikkal 5042:Pakistan 4652:Islamic 4631:Deobandi 4613:branch. 4486:Muslims 4456:Atheists 4346:Pakistan 4268:Pakistan 4142:Source: 3744:Pakistan 3640:. Thus, 3504:and the 3498:Pakistan 3484:was the 3462:— 3418:Pakistan 3309:in 1940. 3253:Faizabad 3089:Marathas 3070:painting 2950:Shah Mir 2912:, under 2873:emperor 2781:Muhammad 2757:Sanskrit 2715:Abdullah 2710:Mappilas 2677:died at 2659:Chaliyam 2607:Muhammad 2554:. A few 2430:Hinduism 2397:Muhammad 2140:Kiribati 2083:Scotland 2043:Slovenia 2038:Slovakia 2006:Portugal 1876:Bulgaria 1806:Suriname 1781:Paraguay 1756:Honduras 1711:Dominica 1696:Colombia 1666:Barbados 1644:Americas 1601:Thailand 1551:Pakistan 1531:Mongolia 1526:Maldives 1521:Malaysia 1409:Cambodia 1354:Zimbabwe 1329:Tanzania 1162:Ethiopia 1157:Eswatini 1137:Djibouti 1102:Cameroon 1087:Botswana 816:Deobandi 701:Nawayath 652:(Kerala) 650:Mappilas 460:Ali Raja 367:a series 365:Part of 318:Haryanvi 282:Bhojpuri 278:Assamese 262:Gujarati 258:Kashmiri 20309:Judaism 20257:Sikhism 20247:Jainism 20155:Sapuria 20029:Salmani 20004:Rohilla 19994:Rangrez 19989:Ramaiya 19939:Pathans 19914:Nalband 19889:Mujavir 19864:Manihar 19859:Malkana 19786:Kabaria 19729:Fareedi 19700:Dakhini 19682:Bhishti 19632:Banjara 19617:Baghban 19553:Kayalar 19548:Rowther 19515:Silawat 19500:Rangrez 19490:Pinjara 19452:Kandera 19414:Cheetah 19341:Gavandi 19301:Bhishti 19296:Baghban 19263:Pathans 19238:Banjara 19197:Nainars 19174:Labbais 19121:Pinjara 19086:Baghban 19068:Vyapari 19008:Sanghar 18988:Pathans 18943:Multani 18898:Makwana 18893:Mandali 18885:Makrani 18865:Khalifa 18840:Hingora 18820:Ghanchi 18815:Galiara 18780:Chunara 18770:Bhishti 18760:Bhadala 18750:Banjara 18707:Gujarat 18655:Pathans 18611:Malkana 18571:Chamail 18513:Punjabi 18498:Marwari 18493:Marathi 18483:Konkani 18458:Bengali 18422:Salmani 18407:Rangrez 18387:Purigpa 18367:Rowther 18362:Mappila 18357:Manihar 18352:Malkana 18277:Bhishti 18252:Baghban 18051:Vietnam 17966:Myanmar 17946:Lebanon 17876:Georgia 17831:Bahrain 17821:Armenia 17679:1595247 17257:. India 17103:28 July 16934:3 April 16822:29 July 16630:29 July 16596:29 July 16448:29 July 16351:28 July 16323:28 July 16276:4 April 16248:4 April 15280:2590854 15106:14 July 14835:4377036 14809:2645738 14688:28 July 14660:27 July 14632:27 July 14606:28 July 14580:28 July 14552:28 July 14524:28 July 14496:28 July 14346:"India" 14327:8 April 14239:29 July 14211:29 July 14185:29 July 14157:29 July 14129:29 July 14041:29 July 13960:6 March 13929:12 June 13873:12 June 13641:29 July 13437:4 April 13416:9 March 13106:12 July 13073:17 July 13040:21 July 12896:21 June 12867:17 July 12836:21 June 12601:19 June 12466:28 July 12363:28 July 12335:28 July 12306:19 June 12280:19 June 12214:4 April 12188:4 April 12166:4 April 12144:28 July 12116:28 July 12091:28 July 12081:prb.org 12047:28 July 11888:19 June 11862:19 June 11824:19 June 11785:19 June 11760:19 June 11674:19 June 11648:19 June 11520:28 July 11223:26 June 11197:19 June 11157:28 July 11111:4 April 10900:28 July 9859:28 July 9831:28 July 9777:25 July 9743:25 July 9709:24 July 9648:30 June 9578:28 July 9409:12 June 9269:"Hindū" 9104:28 July 9078:28 July 9046:28 July 8929:17 June 8466:Jumu'ah 8291:of the 8154:cricket 8148:, from 8072:Naushad 8036:K. Asif 7989:Mehmood 7867:Manipur 7839:: 1979) 7705:Haryana 7509:Sikhism 7390:Deganga 7386:Deganga 7372:In the 7291:Kashmir 7273:In the 7233:Ayodhya 7149:Somnath 6862:Martand 6693:Haryana 6477:Gujarat 6306:Jaunpur 6273:maqbara 6256:maqbara 6194:Mosques 6158:, from 6124:Aligarh 6043:Kurnool 5952:Bijapur 5915:Lucknow 5791:Gujarat 5784:Gujarat 5780:Kolkata 5764:ghettos 5545:Indian 5515:Sambhal 5447:, Bohra 5346:Madurai 5202:Muslims 4979:artisan 4851:Gujarat 4755:Fatimid 4744:Fatimid 4740:Fatimid 4688:Sayyids 4646:Shafi'i 4384:Uyghurs 4287:Muslims 4258:In the 4223:7 lakh 4209:16.67% 4187:73.61% 4168:Region 3900:Tripura 3884:Manipur 3860:Gujarat 3813:Nigeria 3703:Country 3646:India's 3630:Viceroy 3626:Karachi 3599:Haryana 3577:became 3516:). 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In 4839:Islam 4820:Surat 4812:Dawat 4759:Hindu 4746:Imam 4736:Yemen 4732:Bohra 4698:Bohra 4675:India 4650:Sunni 4617:Sunni 4607:Sunni 4595:Bihar 4530:57.9 4527:63.6 4508:24.6 4505:16.8 4497:14.2 4494:79.8 4405:Assam 4237:100% 4219:Bihar 4197:Delhi 4009:+1.3% 3998:+3.0% 3856:Delhi 3852:Assam 3844:Bihar 3820:5.8% 3777:10.9% 3766:India 3658:prior 3638:Delhi 3561:into 3541:with 3510:India 3317:were 3265:Burma 3066:Akbar 3022:gears 3020:with 2898:Sindh 2755:Many 2738:Bohra 2546:, by 2536:Islam 2311:Sindh 2291:Islam 2281:Sunni 2269:India 2265:Islam 2195:Tonga 2185:Samoa 2175:Palau 2155:Nauru 2088:Wales 2048:Spain 1966:Malta 1936:Italy 1751:Haiti 1691:Chile 1631:Yemen 1586:Syria 1566:Qatar 1541:Nepal 1516:Macau 1479:Korea 1464:Japan 1439:India 1414:China 1324:Sudan 1269:Niger 1212:Libya 1197:Kenya 1177:Ghana 1167:Gabon 1142:Egypt 1082:Benin 751:Siddi 661:Khoja 310:Beary 270:Tamil 139:Assam 119:Bihar 88:est.) 20125:Kela 20063:Turk 19695:Chik 19597:Alvi 19505:Rath 18963:Node 18697:Teli 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