861:, 52 private Romanian TVs that do not require subscribers' tax, and at least two local and/or regional channels available in any area of cable networks operational territory unit. Erdely TV a Hungarian language television licensed in Romania is also compulsory in networks in Transylvania and Banat (western part of Romania close to the border with Hungary) where Hungarian speaking population is above 20% of any city or village. The huge number of private stations is though limited to a maximum of 25% of the total number of channels carried by any network, so the rule is to update every year the list based on audiences in the previous year. The audiovisual authority in Romania, CNA (Consiliul Național al Audiovizualului) publishes every year, at the beginning of February, the updated list.
397:
need provide written notification on their bill (or equivalent) for 30 days prior to their change. Customers already using digital cable set-top boxes will usually be unaffected (if anything after the change, they may get a large number of additional channels because each analog channel can be replaced by 2–36 digital channels). The requirement only applies to must-carry stations; most metro providers carry many more analog stations by choice, not law.
979:, all terrestrial television channels are required to be carried on satellite and cable television platforms as free-to-air channels and required to be placed on the same EPG number as their terrestrial counterparts. A must-carry rule was applied to the analog terrestrial television channels and was dropped in 2014 when digital terrestrial television channels replaced analog. Thailand's
432:. In some cases, stations of lower perceived importance are placed on "side satellites" which require a second antenna. This practice has raised some controversy within the industry, leading to the requirement that the satellite provider offer to install any extra dish antenna hardware for free and place a notice to this effect in place of any missing channels.
358:) signal. They must still meet the every-subscriber/television receiver laws, i.e. "Pursuant to Section 614(b)(7) and 615(h), the operator of a cable system is required to ensure that signals carried in fulfillment of the must-carry requirements are provided to EVERY subscriber of the system", of local stations. This has been opposed by numerous
1270:"Lineamientos generales en relación con lo dispuesto por la Fracción I del Artículo Octavo Transitorio del Decreto por el que se reforman y adicionan diversas disposiciones de los Artículos 6°, 7°, 27, 28, 73, 78, 94 y 105 de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, en materia de telecomunicaciones"
517:
reached an impasse in negotiations over retransmission fees, forcing a one-month blackout of CBS-owned broadcast and cable networks similar to the 2004 Dish
Network blackout. It was the longest such blackout to date, and has produced calls for Congress to revisit the issue of retransmission consent.
521:
In the U.S., retransmission consent has often been chosen over must-carry by the major commercial television networks. Under the present rules, a new agreement is negotiated every three years, and stations must choose must-carry or retransmission consent for each cable system they wish their signal
396:
of their total channel size to this must-carry requirement. Thus with about 150 channels available to a 1 GHz operator, they are only required to support up to 50 analog channels (42 for 850 MHz, 36 for 750 MHz). Cable providers that decide to scale back their analog selection merely
378:
In
September 2007, the Commission approved a regulation that requires cable systems to carry the analog signals if the cable system uses both types of transmission. The FCC left the decision to also retransmit the digital signal up to the cable provider. Digital-only operators are not required to
926:
Because of the loose regulation, pay television providers are free to determine which network they would carry in their package as long as they reach the 10% minimum. Some providers carrying national private networks (unlike in terrestrial, they excluding local programming) and a number of local
236:
A side effect of the must-carry rules is that a broadcast station cannot charge a cable television provider license fees for the program content retransmitted on the cable network under the rule. But note that must-carry is an option of the station and the station may, in lieu of must-carry,
923:) and private broadcasters. Furthermore, according to the act, they also must provide one domestic production-based channel in ten foreign production-based channels, with at least one domestic production-based channel. These rules were rooted from the previous 1997 Broadcasting Act.
122:, even alleging that some smaller market stations would be forced to cease operations if this was not allowed. The CRTC initially rejected these demands, but later re-opened discussion with Canadian broadcasters to allow charging carriage fees. In 2012, a 5–4 decision from the
54:
regulations, the lowest tier of service on all
Canadian television providers may not be priced higher than $ 25 a month, and must include all local Canadian broadcast television channels, local legislative and educational services, and all specialty services that have
470:
stations in which they also hold an equity position rather than direct cash compensation, which cable/satellite systems had almost universally balked at paying. However, in the mid 2000s the stations succeeded in earning carriage fees from cable/satellite systems.
374:
or digital multicast signals through to their cable viewers. In June 2006, the FCC was poised to pass new digital must-carry rules, but the item was pulled before a vote actually took place, apparently due to insufficient support for the chairman's position.
105:
For many years, the
Canadian must-carry rules created very little friction between terrestrial broadcasters and cable systems, as providers are allowed to more aggressively implement other digital telecommunications services (like cable internet services and
557:; often, they were bundled with other pay channels. Local stations had to strike separate agreements. This meant that few providers had all of the local stations available in an area, and availability varied significantly among providers in the same city.
967:(NTC) requires all pay television operators to carry licensed free-to-air stations on all their packages. The rule particularly forbids pay-TV operators from excluding such stations in places which ordinarily cannot receive a decent broadcast signal.
943:, even if the carriage is intended for national subscribers. Some opt to not include several private networks because they do not have an agreement with the respective networks. Also, out of three TVRI national channels and its local stations, only
914:
As stipulated in the
Broadcasting Act No. 32 of 2002, all "subscription broadcasting institutions" (pay satellite, cable, and IPTV providers) are required to provide at least 10% of their channel capacity for domestic channels, both public (i.e.
991:
The
Vietnamese government required 7 must-carry channels to be carried free-to-air on all television platforms such as cable, satellite and the internet. These channels are designed to air news, information and propaganda for the public.
193:
The smaller local broadcasters argued that by hampering their access to this increasing segment of the local television audience, this posed a threat to the viability of free-to-view broadcast television, which they argued was a worthy
212:
Although cable providers argued that such regulation would impose an undue burden on their flexibility in selecting which services would be most appealing to their customers, the current "must-carry" rules were enacted by the
669:
to declare that the IFT did not have constitutional power to decide on the television channels. This controversy was solved when the
President of Mexico announced the filing of a constitutional controversy before the
548:
Before 2013, no regulation required cable or satellite providers to carry national television networks or, in the case of cable, local stations. Cable providers had to negotiate retransmission consent with
856:
One of the most crowded must-carry rules from Europe is the
Romanian, which is compulsory only for cable networks and includes 10 public television stations like TVR1, TVR2, TVR Cultural, TVR News, etc.,
531:
70:(EIRP) of at least 5 watts. This CRTC rule may have changed over the years, but in principle, a broadcast television station transmitting at 1 kilowatt EIRP must be carried. The status of terrestrial
610:
Cable providers are required to carry on their basic tiers the primary program streams of all stations in the area and place them on the lowest channel numbers on the system, corresponding to their
518:
TWC had offered affected customers a $ 20 credit on their bill for the inconvenience, but the blackout caused at least one class-action lawsuit against the cable operator, and others are pending.
955:
in its package). Unlike in terrestrial, the providers neither include local programming from the TVRI Nasional feed like in analog nor carry a dedicated local station's channel as in digital.
466:
to request cash or other compensation from cable/satellite providers for signals. Initially, stations usually attempted to gain further distribution of cable/satellite services and/or co-owned
379:
provide an analog signal for their customers (AT&T U-verse, Verizon FiOS). Small cable operators were allowed to request a waiver. The regulation ended three years after the date of the
264:(NCE) stations. Station operators are allowed to demand payment from cable operators, or negotiate private agreements for carriage, or threaten revocation against the cable operator (see
450:, there is no obligation for the cable/satellite system to carry the signal. This option allows broadcasters who own stations, including those affiliated with major networks such as
163:
of the major broadcast networks, independent stations and affiliates of minor networks were sometimes not carried, on the premise it would allow cable providers to instead carry non-
766:
Carriage of TV Pohoda and Febio TV was also mandated by must-carry regulations; however, as investments for these channels were pulled, these channels never commenced broadcasting.
691:, all television stations that have a terrestrial licence (analog or digital) are required to be placed in the lowest (cheapest) offer of all cable, IPTV and satellite companies.
1034:
66:
In the mid-to-late 1970s, the CRTC implemented a rule that a cable system must carry a broadcast television station at no cost to the broadcaster if the transmitter emitted an
428:: narrowly directed satellite signals targeted to an area of no more than a few hundred miles diameter, in order to allow the transponder frequencies to be re-used in other
983:(NBTC) said the must-carry rule will be used to guarantee Thais' basic right to watch free-TV programs via any platform such as terrestrial, cable and satellite receivers.
51:
603:
Satellite providers must black out programming on a national network, primarily sporting events, when it is blacked out on the local transmitter in a subscriber's area.
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to local cable services to expand their advertising market, taking away this audience from local stations, with similar adverse impact on free broadcast television.
568:
Satellite providers were required to carry national networks with a population reach of 50 percent or greater. Originally, four national networks were designated:
980:
1009:
380:
272:). Must-carry is a privilege given to television stations, not a cable company. A cable company cannot use must-carry to demand the right to carry an
205:" in competing unfairly for advertising revenue. Some affiliates of major networks also feared that non-local affiliates might negotiate to provide
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to be carried on. Non-commercial stations (such as local PBS stations) may not seek retransmission consent and may only invoke must-carry status.
218:
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1398:
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The same rules apply to digital MMDS systems. Analogue MMDS companies were required to carry only TV3 due to serious bandwidth limitations.
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780:
126:
ultimately ruled the CRTC did not have the authority to permit broadcasters to charge carriage fees from cable and satellite providers.
1322:
1206:
Tampa Bay Times: "Hearst dispute with Bright House pulls WMOR-Ch. 32 and digital THIS TV off Tampa Bay cable system", July 10, 2012.
110:) with less overall regulation than their U.S. counterparts. However, in 2008, Canada's two largest commercial television networks,
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A station is not entitled to distribution under must-carry legislation until a certain time after it provides usable signal to the
674:, to reaffirm the regulatory powers of the Institute, giving the agency legal and judicial power to make decisions on the matter.
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83:
67:
74:
channels with respect to the must-carry requirement is untested, because, unlike those in the U.S., some television stations in
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671:
225:
upheld the rules in rejecting the arguments of the cable industry and programmers in the majority decision authored by
Justice
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543:
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342:
Digital must-carry (also incorrectly called "dual must-carry") is the requirement that cable companies carry either the
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this area of business and public policy pursuant to 47 U.S.C. Part II. These rules were upheld in a 5–4 decision by the
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222:
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offered. This was because broadcasters declined to carry subchannels, for which CRTC rules required separate licenses.
182:(MSO), and had moved to replace local channels with equity-owned programming (at the time, TCI held a large stake in
139:
322:), are not required to be carried, but are often carried on border-area cable systems close to the foreign stations.
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stations are not required to be carried, although often in these cases they are bundled to be carried as part of a
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for the cable or satellite provider; the station must pay the expense of leased lines to reach providers such as
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must also be offered by all television providers, although they need not be on the lowest tier of service.
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As part of the telecommunications reform of 2013 and the
Federal Telecommunications and Broadcasting Law (
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383:(which occurred on June 12, 2009), and applies only to stations not opting for retransmission consent.
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Cable operators (analog and digital) that transmit more than 12 channels need only provide a maximum
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and sought royalties for the transmission of channels. In addition, Televisa requested a right of
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does not want to be carried under the retransmission consent provisions. This applies only to
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for their signal. Examples include the removal of all CBS-owned local stations as well as
8:
1423:"Turner Broadcasting System v. FCC, 520 U.S. 180 (1997), Docket Number: 95-992, Abstract"
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699:
618:
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of an area's local stations if they carry any at all. Sometimes, these will be placed on
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614:. Additional subchannels can be carried in appropriate channel ranges for their content.
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Must-carry is the default assumption even if a station does not make a formal request .
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99:
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1299:"Lista staţiilor TV pentru 2023, în vederea aplicării principiului "must carry" - CNA"
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86:, in August 2011. The digital broadcasters that were active before then were merely
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All providers must carry a series of channels from "federal public institutions":
201:
Local broadcast stations also argued cable systems were attempting to serve as a "
1035:"CRTC makes it mandatory for cable companies to offer all Canadian news channels"
1010:"CRTC rules cable companies must offer pick-and-pay channels, $ 25 basic package"
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882:
by cable, direct-to-home and IPTV network. Cable television operators must offer
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226:
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simulcasts of those stations' existing analog signals in major centres, such as
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government has applied a must-carry rule for public broadcaster channels from
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Future television stations TV7 (regional news) and RTA (regional television)
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Rules requiring cable companies to carry local broadcast television stations
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and Ingenio TV. A separate, pre-existing provision requires carriage of
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All such channels shall be rebroadcast in the highest quality possible.
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143:
1351:. Nation Multimedia Group Public Company Limited, Nationmultimedia.com
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186:). This pressure was especially strong on cable systems with limited
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which they believed would attract more customers to their service.
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regulated "must-carry" stations. For cable companies, this covers
1349:"Must-carry rule will not threaten copyrights: NBTC - The Nation"
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903:
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services like DirecTV and Dish Network, as first mandated by the
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were this to happen, and promoted by television stations and the
307:
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91:
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784:
584:(formerly Azteca Trece). Since then, Azteca multicast channels
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75:
715:
707:
703:
564:) of 2014, new "must-offer, must-carry" laws were introduced:
506:
local stations from Time Warner for more than a week in 2012.
413:. These providers are not required to carry local stations in
159:
Although cable television service providers routinely carried
59:. All specialty channels licensed by the CRTC as a mainstream
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for two days in 2004, the removal of ABC-owned stations from
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This new law provoked complaints from television companies
229:. That decision also held that MSOs were functioning as a
1168:, and FCC regulations promulgated pursuant to the Act at
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for a little under a day in 2000, and the removal of all
487:
483:
455:
451:
1086:"CRTC rejects extra charges for conventional TV signals"
249:
There are a few exceptions to must-carry, most notably:
118:, began to demand that the CRTC permit them to charge a
1136:"Supreme Court nixes 'fee for carriage' broadcast plan"
981:
National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission
898:
and regional channels to all subscribers. In addition,
1399:"Museum of Television and Radio article on must-carry"
170:
Many cable operators were also equity owners in these
906:must also be carried in their appropriate tiers.
562:Ley Federal de Telecomunicaciones y Radiodifusión
1435:
1002:
476:temporarily removed from distribution by systems
350:(over a digital-only pay television system like
947:is carried by most providers (the exception is
346:(over a hybrid analog/digital cable system) or
219:Cable Television Protection and Competition Act
1027:
478:who felt broadcasters were asking too steep a
420:in which they provide service, but must carry
31:must be carried on a cable provider's system.
781:multichannel multipoint distribution services
1218:"CBS, Time Warner Cable Reach Carriage Deal"
405:A variation of "must-carry" also applies to
1111:"TV firms score victory in fight over fees"
1052:
596:, have also reached the coverage threshold.
333:agreement with a full-power sister station.
1371:"Cả nước có 70 kênh truyền hình thiết yếu"
1323:"What is the so-called "Must-Carry Rule"?"
648:
1170:47 CFR 76.56: Signal carriage obligations
661:, who argued that the action constituted
435:
370:, whom it would benefit by passing their
27:regulation stating that locally licensed
474:In some cases, these channels have been
1454:United States communications regulation
694:Must-carry regulations are applied to:
84:digital television transition in Canada
68:equivalent isotropically radiated power
1436:
1244:"Cable Carriage of Broadcast Stations"
965:National Telecommunications Commission
672:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
1459:Cable television in the United States
337:
276:station against the station's wishes.
1277:Federal Telecommunications Institute
1182:"47CFR76.64: Retransmission consent"
544:Federal Telecommunications Institute
368:National Association of Broadcasters
237:negotiate license fees as part of a
1315:
13:
1411:"Must-carry explanation by C-SPAN"
1060:"Broadcasting Order CRTC 2013-735"
837:Local broadcaster (when available)
753:New digital television stations -
148:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
1475:
1391:
1327:BATASnatin Philippine Law Library
682:
400:
256:Must-carry does not apply if the
140:Federal Communications Commission
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34:
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1279:(in Spanish). December 21, 2016
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834:) broadcasters (when available)
362:, which might be bumped off of
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1103:
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1:
1164:for relevant sections of the
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783:and satellite providers have
381:digital television transition
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178:, then the nation's largest
7:
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10:
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1464:Cable television in Canada
1329:. Libayan & Associates
1166:Communications Act of 1934
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851:
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439:
262:non-commercial educational
153:Turner Broadcasting v. FCC
43:
921:local public broadcasters
739:Two of three channels of
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592:, as well as new network
537:
411:Satellite Home Viewer Act
302:Foreign signals, such as
57:9(1)(h) must-carry status
39:
869:
446:If a broadcaster elects
318:'s former CW affiliate (
184:Discovery Communications
180:multiple system operator
176:Tele-Communications Inc.
864:
649:Reactions and conflicts
124:Supreme Court of Canada
1449:Television terminology
663:copyright infringement
448:retransmission consent
442:Retransmission consent
436:Retransmission consent
331:retransmission consent
239:retransmission consent
215:United States Congress
207:television programming
120:fee for cable carriage
23:, governments apply a
1222:hollywoodreporter.com
231:vertically integrated
98:, with no additional
1162:47 USC § 531 – § 537
532:Significantly viewed
468:low-power television
150:in 1994 in the case
1142:. December 13, 2012
327:low-power broadcast
100:digital subchannels
29:television stations
1224:. 2 September 2013
1115:The Globe and Mail
1066:. 19 December 2013
639:Canal del Congreso
338:Digital must-carry
258:television station
223:U.S. Supreme Court
1250:. 9 December 2015
951:, who also carry
927:stations such as
594:Imagen Televisión
511:Time Warner Cable
504:Hearst Television
500:Time Warner Cable
418:metropolitan area
270:Time Warner Cable
217:in 1992 (via the
165:local programming
1471:
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1425:. Archived from
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700:Czech Television
698:All channels of
612:virtual channels
509:In August 2013,
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352:AT&T U-verse
304:Windsor, Ontario
161:local affiliates
78:did not operate
21:cable television
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372:high definition
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227:Anthony Kennedy
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88:high-definition
80:digital signals
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1429:on 2006-02-14.
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1417:on 2009-04-13.
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884:DD National
880:Doordarshan
810:Netherlands
749:Nova Cinema
492:Nickelodeon
241:agreement.
221:), and the
196:public good
1438:Categories
1380:2024-08-09
1333:20 October
1308:2023-02-09
1146:August 24,
1121:2023-08-25
1096:2023-08-25
996:References
900:DD Bharati
846:VRT CANVAS
832:provincial
830:Regional (
731:Prima Cool
623:Once Niños
619:Canal Once
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306:stations
188:bandwidth
144:regulates
96:Vancouver
1254:11 April
1228:11 April
1191:11 April
1140:CBC News
1019:19 March
1014:CBC News
977:Thailand
971:Thailand
941:Surabaya
723:TV Prima
659:Televisa
631:Canal 22
578:Azteca 7
551:Televisa
526:See also
320:XHRIO-TV
285:Colorado
266:Sinclair
1248:fcc.gov
1090:CTVNews
987:Vietnam
933:Jakarta
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888:DD News
852:Romania
793:RTÉ Two
789:RTÉ One
777:Ireland
771:Ireland
741:TV Nova
718:(sport)
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635:TV UNAM
574:Canal 5
430:markets
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785:Comreg
678:Europe
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538:Mexico
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494:from
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