Mustang - Knowledge

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trucks, ATVs, helicopters, and firearms to chase the horses into holding pens or "traps". These methods have often resulted in extreme exhaustion, serious injuries, or even death to the horses. "Bait" traps are another common way mustangs are corralled, usually with hay or water being left in a camouflaged pen while varying types of trigger systems close gates behind the horses. Another, less destructive method uses a tamed horse, called a "Judas horse", which has been trained to lead wild horses into a pen or corral. Once the mustangs are herded into an area near the holding pen, the Judas horse is released. Its job is then to move to the head of the herd and lead them into a confined area.

1422:. This modified the adoption program to also allow the unlimited sale of captured horses that are "more than 10 years of age", or that were "offered unsuccessfully for adoption at least three times". Since 1978, there had been specific language in the Act forbidding the BLM from selling the horses to those would take them to slaughter, but the Burns Amendment removed that language. In order to prevent horses being sold to slaughter, the BLM has implemented policies limiting sales and requiring buyers to certify they will not take the horses to slaughter. In 2017, the 760:. Other horses were traded by Oñate' settlers for women, or food and other goods. Initially, horses obtained by Native people were simply eaten, along with any cattle that were captured or stolen. But as individuals with horse-handling skills fled Spanish control, sometimes with a few trained horses, the local tribes began using horses for riding and as pack animals. By 1659, settlements reported being raided for horses, and in the 1660s the "Apache" were trading human captives for horses. The 1410:, the BLM began paying people $ 1,000 to adopt a mustang. Adopted horses are still protected under the Act, for one year after adoption, at which point the adopter can obtain title to the horse. Horses that could not be adopted were to be humanely euthanized. Instead of euthanizing excess horses, the BLM began keeping them in "long term holding", an expensive alternative that can cost taxpayers up to $ 50,000 per horse over its lifetime. On December 8, 2004, a 115: 734: 657: 1462: 100: 462: 1108: 922: 1322: 871:

reported by 1800. By 1805, there were so many horses in California that people began to simply kill unwanted animals to reduce overpopulation. However, due to the barriers presented by mountain ranges and deserts, the California population did not significantly influence horse numbers elsewhere at the time. Horses in California were described as being of "exceptional quality".

905:'s expedition arrived with 700 horses. From there, later groups brought up thousands more, deliberately leaving some horses and cattle to fend for themselves at various locations, while others strayed. By 1787, these animals had multiplied to the point that a roundup gathered nearly 8,000 "free-roaming mustangs and cattle". West-central Texas, between the 1040:. In 1934, J. Frank Dobie stated that there were just "a few wild horses in Nevada, Wyoming and other Western states" and that "only a trace of Spanish blood is left in most of them" remaining. Other sources agree that by that time, only "pockets" of mustangs that retained Colonial Spanish Horse type remained. 4345:

Haile, James; Frose, Duane G.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Roberts, Richard G.; Arnold, Lee J.; Reyes, Alberto V.; Rasmussen, Morton; Nielson, Rasmus; Brook, Barry W.; Robinson, Simon; Dumoro, Martina; Gilbert, Thomas P.; Munch, Kasper; Austin, Jeremy J.; Cooper, Alan; Barnes, Alan; Moller, Per; Willerslev,

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characterized by poor quality vegetation. Advocates assert that most current mustang herds live in arid areas which cattle cannot fully utilize due to the lack of water sources. Mustangs can cover vast distances to find food and water; advocates assert that horses range 5–10 times as far as cattle to

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took issue with the view of the horse being a reintroduced native species stating that "the complex of animals and vegetation has changed since horses were extirpated from North America". It also stated that the distinction between native or non-native was not the issue, but rather the "priority that

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By the 1950s, the mustang population dropped to an estimated 25,000 horses. Abuses linked to certain capture methods, including hunting from airplanes and poisoning water holes, led to the first federal free-roaming horse protection law in 1959. This statute, titled "Use of aircraft or motor vehicles

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and any earlier estimates, particularly prior to the 20th century, are speculative. Some sources simply state that "millions" of mustangs once roamed western North America. In 1959, geographer Tom L. McKnight suggested that the population peaked in the late 1700s or early 1800s, and the "best guesses

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industry, and also with the methods by which the BLM manages their population numbers. The most common method of population management used is rounding up excess population and offering them to adoption by private individuals. There are inadequate numbers of adopters, so many once free-roaming horses

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vacated when horses went extinct in North America, with a variant characterization that horses are a reintroduced native species that should be legally classified as "wild" rather than "feral" and managed as wildlife. The "native species" argument centers on the premise that the horses extirpated in

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to determine where horses will be sustained as free-roaming populations. The BLM has established an Appropriate Management Level (AML) for each HMA, totaling 26,690 bureau-wide, but the on-range mustang population in August 2017 was estimated to have grown to over 72,000 horses, expanding to 88,090

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where they are managed by the federal government. Control of the population to within AML is achieved through a capture program, although there are no specific guidelines or techniques used to round up mustangs. Most methods are quite stressful for the animals, even fatal. The BLM allows the use of

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Mustang supporters advocate for the BLM to rank mustangs higher in priority than it currently does, arguing that too little forage is allocated to mustangs relative to cattle and sheep. Ranchers and others affiliated with the livestock industry favor a lower priority, arguing essentially that their

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Due in part to the prehistory of the horse, there is controversy as to the role mustangs have in the ecosystem as well as their rank in the prioritized use of public lands, particularly in relation to livestock. There are multiple viewpoints. Some supporters of mustangs on public lands assert that,

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were also a source of stray and stolen livestock, particularly in what today is Texas and California. The Spanish brought horses to California for use at their missions and ranches, where permanent settlements were established in 1769. Horse numbers grew rapidly, with a population of 24,000 horses

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provided for protection of certain previously established herds of horses and burros. It mandated the BLM to oversee the protection and management of free-roaming herds on lands it administered, and gave U.S. Forest Service similar authority on National Forest lands. A few free-ranging horses are

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Santa Fe became a major trading center in the 1600s. Although Spanish laws prohibited Native Americans from riding horses, the Spanish used Native people as servants, and some were tasked to care for livestock, thus learning horse-handling skills. Oñate's colonists also lost many of their horses.

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The mustang of the modern west has several different breeding populations today which are genetically isolated from one another and thus have distinct traits traceable to particular herds. Genetic contributions to today's free-roaming mustang herds include assorted ranch horses that escaped to or

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rather than by a multi-chambered stomach. While this means that they extract less energy from a given amount of forage, it also means that they can digest food faster and make up the difference in efficiency by increasing their consumption rate. In practical effect, by eating greater quantities,

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are two species known to prey on horses and in theory could control population growth, in practice, predation is not a viable population control mechanism. Wolves were historically rare in, and currently do not inhabit, the Great Basin, where the vast majority of mustangs roam. While they are

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on the left side of the neck by the BLM, using the International Alpha Angle System, a system of angles and alpha-symbols that cannot be altered. The brands begin with a symbol indicating the registering organization, in this case the U.S. government, then two stacked figures indicating the

913:, was said to have the most concentrated population of feral horses in the Americas. Throughout the west, horses escaped human control and formed feral herds, and by the late 1700s, the largest numbers were found in what today are the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New Mexico. 1245:

stating: "Since native North American horses went extinct, the western United States has become more arid ... notably changing the ecosystem and ecological roles horses and burros play." and that they draw resources and attention away from true native species. A 2013 report by the

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documented to prey on feral horses in Alberta, Canada, there is no known documentation of wolf predation on free-roaming horses in the United States. Mountain lions have been documented to prey on feral horses in the U.S., but in limited areas and small numbers, and mostly

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are living symbols of the historic and pioneer spirit of the West, which continue to contribute to the diversity of life forms within the Nation and enrich the lives of the American people." The free-roaming horse population is managed and protected by the

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in 1848, stating: "My own guess is that at no time were there more than a million mustangs in Texas and no more than a million others scattered over the remainder of the West." J. Edward de Steiguer questioned Dobie's lower guess as still being too high.

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Since 1978, captured horses have been offered for adoption to individuals or groups willing and able to provide humane, long-term care. For decades this was after payment of a base adoption fee of $ 125, but in March 2019, in face of the mustang

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Heintzman, Peter D.; Zazula, Grant D.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Scott, Eric; Cahill, James A.; McHorse, Brianna K.; Kapp, Joshua D.; Stiller, Mathias; Wooller, Matthew J.; Orlando, Ludovic; Southon, John; Froese, Duane G.; Shapiro, Beth (2017).

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to hunt certain wild horses or burros; pollution of watering holes" popularly known as the "Wild Horse Annie Act", prohibited the use of motor vehicles for capturing free-roaming horses and burros. Protection was increased further by the

603:(56 to 60 inches, 142 to 152 cm), and not taller than 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm), even in herds with draft or Thoroughbred ancestry. Some breeders of domestic horses consider the mustang herds of the west to be 1437:

were expected to be born on range in 2017, whereas only 2500 horses were expected to be adopted. Alternatives to roundups for on range population control include fertility control, by PZP injection, culling, and natural regulation.

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in Texas: "As far as the eye could reach to our right, the herd extended. To the left, it extended equally. There was no estimating the number of animals in it; I have no idea that they could all have been corralled in the state of

1745: 1095:, but for the most part they are not subject to management under the Act. A census completed in conjunction with passage of the Act found that there were approximately 17,300 horses (25,300 combined population of horses 1433:, a promotional competition that gives trainers 100 days to gentle and train 100 mustangs so they may be adopted through auction, adoption numbers do not come close to finding homes for the excess horses. Ten thousand 5489:

considered to originate wholly or partly in Canada and the United States. Many have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively from those

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Orlando, Ludovic; Ginolhac, Aurélien; Zhang, Guojie; Froese, Duane; Albrechtsen, Anders; Stiller, Mathias; Schubert, Mikkel; Cappellini, Enrico; Petersen, Bent; Moltke, Ida; Johnson, Philip L. F. (26 June 2013).

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It was there and the southern Great Plains where Dobie stated the "Spanish horses found vast American ranges corresponding in climate and soil to the arid lands of Spain, northern Africa and Arabia in which they

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can multiply rapidly, increasing up to and possibly by over 20% every year, so population control presents a challenge. When unmanaged, population numbers can outstrip forage available, leading to starvation.

1295:(AUM) to eat the same amount of forage as a cow–calf pair (the baseline of 1.0 for the pair), studies of horse grazing patterns indicate that horses probably consume forage at a rate closer to 1.5 AUM. Modern 4004:

Vershinina, Alisa O.; Heintzman, Peter D.; Froese, Duane G.; Zazula, Grant; Cassatt-Johnstone, Molly; Dalén, Love; Sarkissian, Clio Der; Dunn, Shelby G.; Ermini, Luca; Gamba, Cristina; Groves, Pamela (2021).

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traits associated with the early Spanish horses. These include a well-proportioned body with a clean, refined head with wide forehead and small muzzle. The facial profile may be straight or slightly convex.

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By 1930, the vast majority of free-roaming horses were found west of Continental Divide, with an estimated population between 50,000 and 150,000. They were almost completely confined to the remaining

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regions, the French were another source of horses. Although horse trading with native people was prohibited, there were individuals willing to indulge in illegal dealing, and as early as 1675, the

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Estimates of when the peak population of mustangs occurred and total numbers vary widely between sources. No comprehensive census of feral horse numbers was ever performed until the time of the

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with mustangs of Spanish ancestry. French-Canadian horses were also allowed to roam freely, and moved west, particularly influencing horse herds in the northern plains and inland northwest.

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the Americas 10,000 years ago are closely related to the modern horse as was reintroduced. Thus, this debate centers in part on the question of whether horses developed an

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Barrón-Ortiz, Christina I.; Rodrigues, Antonia T.; Theodor, Jessica M.; Kooyman, Brian P.; Yang, Dongya Y.; Speller, Camilla F. (August 17, 2017). Orlando, Ludovic (ed.).

4544:. Social Considerations in Managing Free-Ranging Horses and Burros (Report). Washington DC: National Research Council, National Academies Press. 2013. pp. 240–241. 3708: 1667:

in southern Oregon and northwest Oregon that developed a horse culture. They may have the tribe that attacked a member of the Ogden party at the Humboldt Sinks in 1829.

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There are few predators in the modern era capable of preying on healthy adult mustangs, and for the most part, predators capable of limiting the growth of feral mustang

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people readily integrated use of the horse into their cultures. They quickly adopted the horse as a primary means of transportation. Horses replaced the dog as a

5572: 3571: 3008: 2271:. Genetic Diversity in Free-ranging Horse and Burro Populations (Report). Washington DC: National Research Council, National Academies Press. 2013. p. 152. 1482: 1377:

One of the BLM's key mandates under the 1971 law and amendments is to maintain Appropriate Management Levels (AML) of wild horses and burros in areas of public

5940: 4967: 3895: 2294: 5453: 4699:. Establishing and Adjusting Appropriate Management Levels (Report). Washington DC: National Research Council, National Academies Press. 2013. p. 207. 4442:. Wild and Free Roaming Horses and Burros: Final Report (Report). Washington DC: National Research Council, National Academies Press. 1982. pp. 11–13. 3802: 2490: 2367: 2337: 5502: 3990: 1570:

was a Pueblo word meaning 'enemy', and some early accounts referred to all hostile tribes generically as "Apaches" regardless of which tribe was involved.

1205:, the youngest physical evidence (macrofossils-generally bones or teeth) for the survival of Equids in the Americas dates between ≈10,500 and 7,600 years 1201:

from the Americas. Multiple factors that included changing climate and the impact of newly arrived human hunters may have been to blame. Thus, before the

1785: 1342: 1083: 1076: 941: 4524: 2397: 2311: 2122: 2026: 1013:. For the most part, free-roaming horse herds in the interior of Nevada were established in the latter part of the 1800s from escaped settlers' horses. 5567: 5425:

Nimmo, D. G.; Miller, K. K. (2007) Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in Australia: A review. Wildlife Research, 34, 408–417

561:(commonly known as "blood markers") and microsatellite DNA loci. Blood marker analysis verified a few to have significant Spanish ancestry, namely the 5323:. Washington DC: Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, National Academies Press. 4320: 3937: 573:

is also said to have been found to have Spanish blood and subsequent microsatellite DNA confirmed the Spanish ancestry of the Pryor Mountain Mustang.

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characteristics also exist, mostly kept separate from other mustangs and confined to specific areas. Some herds show the signs of the introduction of

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and of inferior quality. However, supporters of the mustang argue that the animals are merely small due to their harsh living conditions and that

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for the U.S. government, recognized that the original mustangs were disappearing, and made efforts to preserve them, ultimately establishing the

207:. Some free-roaming horses are relatively unchanged from the original Spanish stock, most strongly represented in the most isolated populations. 4927: 1316: 5687: 4718: 4650: 756:

Some wandered off because the Spanish generally did not keep them in fenced enclosures, and Native people in the area captured some of these

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individual horse's year of birth, then the individual registration number. Captured horses kept in sanctuaries are also marked on the left

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also recommends removing all livestock during the growing season to maximize re-growth of the forage. Year-round grazing by any non-native

2003: 1138:), with other significant populations in California, Oregon, Utah, Montana, and Wyoming. Another 45,000 horses are in holding facilities. 302:

glossed both words together as 'strayer' in his dictionary of 1599. Both words referred to livestock defined as 'wild, having no master'.

3742: 2752: 1174:, there were two lineages of the equine family known to exist in North America: the "caballine" or "stout-legged horse" belonging to the 698:, but it has been refuted. Horse breeding in sufficient numbers to establish a self-sustaining population developed in what today is the 3678: 2058: 957:

In 1839, the numbers of mustangs in Texas had been augmented by animals abandoned by Mexican settlers who had been ordered to leave the

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listing over 1000 animals. By 1770, Spanish horses were found in that area, and there was a clear zone from Ontario and Saskatchewan to

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are believed to be descended from western mustangs that moved east, and thus Spanish horses in Florida did not influence the mustang.

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had horses. Animals identified as "Canadian", "French", or "Norman" were located in the Great Lakes region, with a 1782 census at

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of 1680 also resulted in large numbers of horses coming into the hands of Native people, the largest one-time influx in history.

710:. From 75 horses in his original expedition, he expanded his herd to 800, and from there the horse population increased rapidly. 2092: 4520: 1346: 1005:

noted thousands of horses in California, the only horse sign he spoke of in the Great Basin, which he named, was tracks around

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See, e.g., High Rock and Carter Reservoir HMAs, California; Twin Peaks HMA, California/Nevada; and Black Mountain HMA, Idaho.

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Comanche territory, 1850, roughly corresponds to the location of the greatest numbers of Mustangs in the mid-19th century

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Although horses were brought from Mexico to Texas as early as 1542, a stable population did not exist until 1686, when

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livelihoods and rural economies are threatened because they depend upon the public land forage for their livestock.

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to manage livestock grazing on public lands, and in 1946, the GLO was combined with the Grazing Service to form the

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began pushing Congress to remove barriers to implementing both the option to euthanize and sell excess horses.

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One hypothesis held that horse populations north of Mexico originated in the mid-1500s with the expeditions of

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became traders who distributed horses and horse culture from New Mexico to the northern plains. West of the

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wild horse, but recent studies suggest Przewalski's horse may have been briefly domesticated millennia ago.

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The debate as to what degree mustangs and cattle compete for forage is multifaceted. Horses are adapted by

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is rounded, neither too flat nor goose-rumped. The tail is low-set. The legs are to be straight and sound.

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are moderate in height, and the shoulder is to be "long and sloping". The standard considers a very short

5340:"The Taylor Grazing Act, 1934-1984, 50 Years of Progress, Impacts of Wild Horses on Rangeland Management" 4325: 2220: 72: 1450:

with four inch-high Arabic numerals that are also the last four digits of the freeze brand on the neck.

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The now-defunct American Mustang Association developed a breed standard for those mustangs that carry

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with protecting, managing, and controlling free-roaming horses and burros under the authority of the

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in 1519. By 1525, Cortés had imported enough horses to create a nucleus of horse-breeding in Mexico.

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Luís, Cristina; Bastos-Silveira, Cristiane; Cothran, E. Gus; Oom, Maria do Mar (December 21, 2005).

2491:"Devils Garden Wild Horse Territory, Wild Horses & Burros, Bureau of Land Management California" 494:, but many other breeds and types of horses contributed to the modern mustang, resulting in varying 5935: 5757: 5702: 5562: 5537: 5422:

Morin, Paula (2006) Honest Horses: Wild Horses of the Great Basin. Reno: University of Nevada Press

2250: 1430: 1022: 950: 362:'mixed', referring to the common ownership of the guild's animals by multiple parties. The 76: 17: 5317:

Committee to Review the Bureau of Land Management Wild Horse and Burro Management Program (2013).

4805:"Influence of Predation by Mountain Lions on Numbers and Survivorship of a Feral Horse Population" 4730: 4642: 522:

or other light racehorse-types into herds, a process that also led in part to the creation of the

5827: 5727: 5677: 5210: 4484: 3830: 2694: 1913: 1193:, the "stilt-legged horse", which is not closely related to any living equine. At the end of the 534:. For example, in Idaho some Herd Management Areas (HMA) contain animals with known descent from 235:

now live in temporary and long-term holding areas with concerns that the animals may be sold for

5522: 4007:"Ancient horse genomes reveal the timing and extent of dispersals across the Bering Land Bridge" 5767: 5667: 5557: 5547: 5512: 5507: 5445: 5354: 5130: 2312:"High Rock Herd Management Area,Wild Horses & Burros, Bureau of Land Management California" 1991: 1952: 1338: 1263: 1152: 883: 843:

in particular became master horse breeders, and developed one of the first distinctly American

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stallions turned out with feral herds. The herds located in two HMAs in central Nevada produce

539: 523: 491: 347:, 'Honorable Council of the Mesta'). The name of the Mesta derived ultimately from the 211: 200: 4259:"Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse" 2960: 2744: 2070: 748:

and changed Native cultures in terms of warfare, trade, and even diet—the ability to run down

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occupied the interior of the Great Basin, and did not have access to horses until after 1850.

1501: 1092: 1052: 1026: 1006: 531: 176: 4006: 687: 239:. Additional debate centers on the question of whether mustangs—and horses in general—are a 5885: 5817: 5797: 5787: 5762: 5707: 5642: 5632: 5627: 5587: 5542: 5517: 5289: 4359: 4270: 4150: 4018: 2293:. Department of Veterinary Integrative Bioscience, Texas A&M University. Archived from 1476: 1423: 1296: 1238: 1002: 844: 672: 615: 425:

free-ranging horses to market in the Spanish and later American territories of what is now

8: 5837: 5737: 5552: 5527: 5280: 3391: 3153: 2245:. Genetic Diversity in Free-ranging Horse and Burro Populations (Report). Washington DC: 2031: 1411: 1358: 1350: 1194: 993:

Farther west, the first known sighting of a free-roaming horse in the Great Basin was by

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BLM gives to free-ranging horses and burros on federal lands, relative to other uses".

1242: 1202: 1056: 852: 800: 680: 640: 581: 446: 2100: 5742: 5657: 5597: 5411: 5358: 5324: 5219: 5187: 5159: 5134: 5123: 5107: 4387: 4294: 4286: 4238: 4186: 4168: 4113: 4064: 4052: 4044: 3543: 3395: 3302: 3230: 3157: 2975: 2794: 2470: 1956: 1780: 1135: 875: 820: 608: 503: 3857:"Programs: Wild Horse and Burro: Herd Management: Maintaining Range and Herd Health" 2734:

Haines, "The Northward Spread of Horses Among the Plains Indians", July 1938, p. 431

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Haines, "The Northward Spread of Horses Among the Plains Indians", July 1938, p. 430

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In the early 1900s, thousands of free-roaming horses were rounded up for use in the

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referred originally to beasts of uncertain ownership distributed by the powerful

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Although free-roaming Mustangs are called "wild" horses, they descend from feral

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Height varies across the west, however, most are small, generally 14 to 15

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Tom L. McKnight c. 1929–2004, PhD Wisconsin 1955, professor of geography, UCLA.

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Haines, "Where Did the Plains Indians Get Their Horses?", January 1938, p. 117

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on his second voyage in 1493. Horses came to the mainland with the arrival of

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Despite efforts to try to increase the number of horses adopted, such as the

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find forage, finding it in more inaccessible areas. In addition, horses are "

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Controversy surrounds the sharing of land and resources by mustangs with the

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Using Science to Improve the BLM Wild Horse and Burro Program: A Way Forward

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The Nature of Horses: Exploring Equine Evolution, Intelligence, and Behavior

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Using Science to Improve the BLM Wild Horse and Burro Program: A Way Forward

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Using Science to Improve the BLM Wild Horse and Burro Program: A Way Forward

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Using Science to Improve the BLM Wild Horse and Burro Program: A Way Forward

4562: 4372: 401: 5822: 5802: 5777: 5752: 5717: 5607: 5602: 5415: 4439: 4391: 4348:"Ancient DNA reveals late survival of mammoth and horse in interior Alaska" 4298: 4242: 4190: 4117: 4084: 4056: 3765:"Proceedings: National Wild Horse Forum – Nevada Agricultural Publications" 1509: 1442: 1419: 1071:, was committed to removing feral horses from the lands they administered. 994: 979: 970: 958: 930: 887: 668: 624: 585: 551: 535: 519: 442: 326: 323: 299: 64: 1414:

amending the Wild and Free Roaming Horse and Burro Act was attached to an

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allow them to graze plants very close to the ground, inhibiting recovery.

1130:

More than half of all free-roaming mustangs in North America are found in

929:

An early 19th-century reference to mustangs by American sources came from

855:, though they sought out desirable horses through acquisition and quickly 831:

and were east of the Continental divide in the northern Great Plains. The

713:

While the Spanish also brought horses to Florida in the 16th century, the

5832: 5486: 4990: 4758: 3387:

Wild Horse Annie and the Last of the Mustangs: The Life of Annie Johnston

1555: 1345:

to ensure that healthy herds thrive on healthy rangelands under the 1976

1304: 1292: 1198: 933:, who in 1808 noted passing herds of "mustangs or wild horses". In 1821, 879: 824: 808: 745: 676: 600: 589: 543: 515: 450: 196: 5052: 5025:. Knightsen, California / Stagecoach, Nevada: Kickin' Back Ranch. 2004. 4282: 4223: 3953:"Programs: Wild Horse and Burro: Herd Management: Herd Management Areas" 1892: 1823: 114: 4828: 4719:"Implications of Longer Term Rest from Grazing in the Sagebrush Steppe" 4039: 2025:

Twombly, Matthew; Baptista, Fernando G.; Healy, Patricia (March 2014).

1646:

The area was also known as the "Wild Horse Desert" or "Mustang Desert".

1361:

are not found in the same habitat as most modern feral herds. Although

974: 906: 780: 752:

allowed some people to abandon agriculture for hunting from horseback.

632: 604: 495: 438: 434: 188: 5309: 4030: 2555:

Haines, "Where Did the Plains Indians Get Their Horses?", January 1938

1288:

such as cattle, and so can survive in areas where cattle will starve.

1218:

while not native, mustangs are a "culturally significant" part of the

1170:, originated in North America 55 million years ago. By the end of the 733: 656: 386:. By 1936, the English 'mustang' had been loaned back into Spanish as 5592: 5278:

McKnight, Tom L. (October 1959). "The Feral Horse in Anglo-America".

1714:"The Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971, as amended" 1461: 1378: 1232: 1099:

burros) on the BLM-administered lands and 2,039 on National Forests.

1033: 895: 848: 236: 227: 204: 4991:

Effective Long-term Options Needed to Manage Unadoptable Wild Horses

4820: 4759:

Effective Long-Term Options Needed to Manage Unadoptable Wild Horses

3502: 1748:. The Last Wild Horse: The Return of Takhi to Mongolia Bio Feature. 660:

Large herd of free-roaming mustangs galloping through the plains of

627:, deep girth and muscular coupling over the loins as desirable. The 5301: 5151:

Wild Horses of the West: History and Politics of America's Mustangs

4141: 4130: 3888:"Programs: Wild Horse and Burro: About: Data: Population Estimates" 3539: 3136:, p. loc2253, Chapter 7: America Sweeps onto the Great Plains. 1536:

Examples include the Herd Management Areas in California and Idaho.

1300: 1285: 983: 788: 784: 636: 577: 576:

Horses in several other HMAs exhibit Spanish horse traits, such as

474: 277: 231: 180: 4514:

Final Position Statement: Feral Horses and Burros in North America

3112: 2786:

American Indians of California, the Great Basin, and the Southwest

2497:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. October 24, 2013. Archived from 530:

were turned out on the public lands, and stray horses used by the

380:

is attested from the 15th century. In Spanish, mustangs are named

5073:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. August 29, 2012. Archived from 2437:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. August 12, 2013. Archived from 2189:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. January 9, 2008. Archived from 2159:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. January 9, 2008. Archived from 1677: 1167: 856: 836: 620: 611:

has eliminated many traits that lead to weakness or inferiority.

584:. Genetic studies of other herds show various blends of Spanish, 547: 514:, light riding horse type predominates, though a few horses with 461: 422: 412: 99: 5475: 4605: 2404:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. March 18, 2015. Archived from 1107: 894:

where Canadian-type horses, particularly the smaller varieties,

5842: 5772: 4832: 4003: 2219:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. March 5, 2013. Archived from 1692:"Livestock" in this context includes sheep, cattle, and horses. 1366: 1131: 1111: 772: 757: 478: 406: 4689: 3341: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2027:"Return of a Native: How the horse came home to the New World" 1252:

U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

949:

hypothesized that the population peaked around the end of the

921: 5712: 5387: 4928:"Controversial roundup of mustangs begins in Pryor Mountains" 4913:"The terrible truth about wild horse and burro bait trapping" 2914: 2912: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2469:. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. p. 26. 1637:"Ed" de Steiguer PhD, professor at the University of Arizona. 1434: 1390: 1276: 1175: 1164: 816: 430: 338: 330: 215: 172: 154: 3831:"How America's wild horses end up in slaughterhouses abroad" 2887: 2885: 2858: 1910:

Texas Roots: Agriculture and Rural Life Before the Civil War

1554:

Some horses in the Pryor range are said to be under 14

4625: 4623: 4203: 3366:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. p. 5. Archived from 2822: 2466:

Among wild horses a portrait of the Pryor Mountain mustangs

1371: 1362: 1321: 661: 593: 470: 466: 5440: 4255: 2909: 2558: 1197:, the non-caballines went extinct and the caballines were 937:

noted in his journal that he had seen about 150 mustangs.

851:. Most other tribes did not practice extensive amounts of 667:

Modern horses were first brought to the Americas with the

63:

This article is about the horse. For the automobiles, see

5203:"The Northward Spread of Horses Among the Plains Indians" 5106:(1st ed.). Solvang, California: Amigo Publications. 4897:(Report). Washington DC: National Academies Press. 2013. 4881:

The Desert's Past a Natural Prehistory of the Great Basin

4864:(Report). Washington DC: National Academies Press. 2013. 4785:(Report). Washington DC: National Academies Press. 2013. 4717:

Davies, K.W.; Vavra, M.; Schultz, B.; Rimbey, M. (2014).

4665: 2936: 2924: 2882: 2812: 2810: 2652: 1579:

Horses did not arrive in the Great Basin until the 1850s.

1394: 4764:(Report). Government Accountability Office. p. 12. 4716: 4677: 4620: 4344: 3170: 2614:

Lobell, Jarrett A.; Powell, Eric A. (July–August 2015).

1655:

Although for the most part, the Native Americans in the

945:

apparently lie between two and five million". Historian

5342:. Boise: Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office. 3087: 3085: 1931:. Santa Cruz, California: Bear State Books. p. 84. 1483:

List of Bureau of Land Management Herd Management Areas

477:

in the West Warm Springs HMA (Herd Management Area) in

4966:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. September 19, 2016. 3701:"Managing Feral Horses on National Park Service Lands" 3615:

Mangum, A. J. (December 2010). "The Mustang Dilemma".

3570:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. September 19, 2016. 3007:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. September 19, 2016. 2870: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2807: 2718: 2716: 2664: 2577: 2537: 2525: 1841:

Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico

1275:", meaning that they digest nutrients by means of the 969:, recalled seeing in 1846 an immense herd between the 643:

are particularly common among horses of Spanish type.

5429:

Text of Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 1971

4207:"A new genus of horse from Pleistocene North America" 2513: 827:

valley had horses in 1700. By 1730, they reached the

4594:"Legislative battle brews over Nevada's wild horses" 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3482: 3470: 3445: 3243: 3082: 2645: 2643: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2024: 1457: 569:, and some horses from the Sulphur Springs HMA. The 4321:"Ice Age Horses May Have Been Killed Off by Humans" 3036: 2897: 2841: 2713: 1839:Corominas, J.; Pascual, J. A. (1981). "mostrenco". 1786:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

1343:

Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971

1084:

Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971

1077:

Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971

942:

Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971

728: 453:, from the 18th century to the early 20th century. 82:"Wild Mustang" redirects here. For other uses, see 5122: 4960:"Adoption and Purchase Frequently Asked Questions" 4803:Turner, John W. Jr.; Morrison, Michael L. (2008). 3885: 3564:"History of the Program: The Wild Horse Annie Act" 2959: 2462: 2115: 4485:"The Surprising History of America's Wild Horses" 3910: 2728: 2640: 2589: 2288:"Genetic Analysis of the Pryor Mountains HMA, MT" 557:Many herds were analyzed for Spanish blood group 5897: 5246:"Where Did the Plains Indians Get Their Horses?" 4403: 4401: 3417:"The Preservation of the Colonial Spanish Horse" 2681: 2679: 2374:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from 2344:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from 2338:"Carter Reservoir Herd Management Area (CA-269)" 2129:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from 2099:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from 1838: 1325:Mustangs running free on a range located within 5103:Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship 4883:. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 4352:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3383: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 1235:as it changed in the intervening 10,000 years. 456: 280:from two essentially synonymous Spanish words, 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4802: 4197: 4071: 2737: 1897:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2001. 1828:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2003. 1317:Free-roaming horse management in North America 502:and having good endurance. They may be of any 498:. Mustangs of all body types are described as 214:recognized that "wild free-roaming horses and 5941:Horse breeds originating in the United States 5461: 4459:Wild Horses as Native North American Wildlife 4398: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3693: 3667:"Welcome to Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge" 3048: 2676: 2458: 2456: 2051: 1676:A few hundred free-roaming horses survive in 1522: 859:those with undesirable traits. By 1769, most 410: 387: 381: 367: 342: 317: 309: 303: 293: 287: 281: 5477:Horse breeds of Canada and the United States 4557: 4555: 4456: 4450: 3731:"Horses of Theodore Roosevelt National Park" 2767: 2613: 2483: 2463:Pomeranz, Lynne; Massingham, Rhonda (2006). 2018: 1986: 1984: 1940: 1938: 1617:Texas State Historical Association Quarterly 1615:III 273 for Pike; and "Journal, 5 Sept." in 1401:to help increase adoption rates of mustangs. 5390:"Iberian Origins Of New World Horse Breeds" 5147: 4847: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4600:. International Generic Horse Association. 3347: 3194:"Chasing mustangs in the Wild Horse Desert" 3133: 2942: 2930: 2891: 2864: 2658: 2279: 1847: 1303:will degrade it, particularly horses whose 191:, but because they are descended from once- 23: 5468: 5454: 4712: 4710: 4338: 3817: 3361:"Mustang Country Wild Horses & Burros" 2453: 2425: 2423: 2390: 2368:"Twin Peaks Herd Management Area (CA-242)" 2330: 2300:on September 23, 2015 – via BLM.gov. 1948:International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds 1776:"Ancient DNA upends the horse family tree" 1310: 113: 98: 24: 5405: 5261: 5227: 5120: 4683: 4671: 4629: 4598:HorseAid's Bureau of Land Management News 4552: 4381: 4371: 4232: 4222: 4180: 4162: 4107: 4097: 4077: 4038: 3950: 3854: 3500: 3384:Cruise, David; Griffiths, Alison (2010). 3260: 3258: 3187: 3185: 2360: 2085: 1981: 1944: 1935: 1141: 787:acquired horses and provided them to the 441:. They caught the horses that roamed the 5337: 5277: 5007:from the original on September 24, 2015. 4872: 4771:from the original on September 24, 2015. 4745: 4534: 4457:Kirkpatrick, Jay F.; Fazio, Patricia M. 4432: 4313: 4249: 3673:. Pacific Region Web Development Group, 3608: 3488: 3023: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2835: 2304: 1384: 1320: 1106: 920: 815:. Horses reached what today is southern 732: 675:, who imported horses from Spain to the 655: 460: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 5946:Western (genre) staples and terminology 5383:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 5099: 5019:"The "Final Solution" for Wild Horses?" 4988: 4878: 4756: 4707: 4703:from the original on February 22, 2018. 4548:from the original on February 21, 2018. 4508: 4506: 4446:from the original on December 31, 2017. 4407: 3940:from the original on December 11, 2023. 3927: 3886:jlutterman@blm.gov (October 19, 2016). 3531: 3525: 3290: 2957: 2918: 2876: 2816: 2670: 2583: 2571: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2420: 1992:"Breeds of Livestock – Mustang (Horse)" 1291:However, while the BLM rates horses by 1183:, closely related to the modern horse ( 1089:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 1032:By 1920, Bob Brislawn, who worked as a 550:, have characteristics consistent with 308:was used since the 13th century, while 179:, descended from horses brought to the 14: 5898: 5243: 5200: 4940:from the original on February 13, 2015 4925: 4901:from the original on December 1, 2017. 4868:from the original on December 1, 2017. 4798: 4796: 4789:from the original on December 1, 2017. 4653:from the original on February 21, 2018 4573:from the original on February 21, 2018 3989:. American Museum of Natural History. 3681:from the original on February 21, 2018 3614: 3604:from the original on January 27, 2016. 3255: 3191: 3182: 3070:from the original on September 6, 2015 2953: 2951: 2782: 2701:from the original on February 19, 2015 2607: 2275:from the original on December 1, 2017. 2257:from the original on December 1, 2017. 1508:) is possibly the only remaining true 1418:before the Congress by former Senator 1347:Federal Land Policy and Management Act 1146: 807:, skirting desert regions such as the 250: 5449: 5346: 5172: 4998:U.S. Government Accountability Office 4970:from the original on February 7, 2017 4635: 4530:from the original on August 13, 2016. 3963:from the original on February 7, 2017 3898:from the original on January 22, 2017 3867:from the original on February 7, 2017 3828: 3805:from the original on January 18, 2009 3711:from the original on February 6, 2016 3476: 3451: 3414: 3249: 3217: 3176: 3091: 3042: 3011:from the original on February 7, 2017 2988: 2903: 2852: 2722: 2059:"California–Wild Horses & Burros" 1926: 1907: 144:Small, compact, good bone, very hardy 4591: 4503: 3745:from the original on August 10, 2017 3192:Givens, Murphy (November 23, 2011). 3145: 2628:from the original on January 2, 2017 1929:Joaquín Murrieta and His Horse Gangs 1882: 1880: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1738: 1349:. Difficulty arises because mustang 1047:(GLO)-administered public lands and 187:. Mustangs are often referred to as 59:Free-roaming horse of the Western US 5441:US BLM Wild Horse and Burro Program 5378: 5029:from the original on March 17, 2016 4926:French, Brett (September 3, 2009). 4793: 4078:Weinstock, J.; et al. (2005). 3993:from the original on April 9, 2016. 3574:from the original on April 30, 2018 3513:from the original on March 17, 2017 3064:Association of American Geographers 2948: 2791:Britannica Educational Publications 2285: 546:. Others, such as certain bands in 56: 5372: 4989:Nazzaro, Robin N. (October 2008). 4757:Nazzaro, Robin N. (October 2008). 3959:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. 3894:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. 3863:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. 3799:"Wild Horse and Burro Territories" 3509:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. 1969:from the original on June 28, 2014 1750:American Museum of Natural History 1746:"When Is 'Wild' Actually 'Feral'?" 1134:(which features the horses on its 986:, at one time." When the area was 57: 5957: 5434: 4723:Journal of Rangeland Applications 4410:"Wild Horses, Wilder Controversy" 4408:Masters, Ben (February 6, 2017). 3631:"Background Information on HR297" 3535:Animals and the Law: A Sourcebook 2755:from the original on May 16, 2015 2006:from the original on May 11, 2015 1877: 1865:from the original on June 5, 2015 1843:(in Spanish). Madrid: Gredos s.v. 1800: 1045:United States General Land Office 486:List of BLM Herd Management Areas 71:. For the military aircraft, see 5244:Haines, Francis (January 1938). 5059: 5041: 5011: 4982: 4952: 4919: 4905: 4887: 4775: 4585: 4477: 4465:from the original on May 8, 2018 4124: 3997: 3975: 3951:blm_admin (September 19, 2016). 3944: 3879: 3855:blm_admin (September 19, 2016). 3848: 3829:Bloch, Sam (19 September 2019). 3791: 3757: 3723: 3659: 3623: 1998:. Department of Animal Science, 1955:Press. pp. 18–19, 301–303. 1894:Oxford English Dictionary Online 1825:Oxford English Dictionary Online 1686: 1670: 1460: 1212: 729:17th- and 18th-century dispersal 314:is attested from the late 15th. 5148:de Steiguer, J. Edward (2011). 4643:"Wild Horses and the Ecosystem" 3928:Masters, Ben (August 9, 2017). 3586: 3556: 3494: 3457: 3408: 3377: 3353: 3328: 3315: 3284: 3271: 3211: 3139: 3097: 2687:"Horses Spread Across the Land" 2549: 2261: 2235: 2205: 2175: 2145: 1920: 1901: 1649: 1640: 1631: 1622: 1605: 1595: 1582: 1573: 1561: 1548: 1539: 1530: 1102: 1016: 916: 5693:Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse 5182:(paperback ed.). Boston: 5049:"The Extreme Mustang Makeover" 3675:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3640:. January 2005. Archived from 3223:Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant 2783:Kuiper, Kathleen, ed. (2011). 2067:U.S. Bureau of Land Management 1951:(paperback ed.). Norman: 1832: 1768: 1706: 1515: 1495: 737:Dispersal of horses, 1600–1775 221:U.S. Bureau of Land Management 13: 1: 5263:10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00110 5229:10.1525/aa.1938.40.3.02a00060 5201:Haines, Francis (July 1938). 4330:. May 1, 2006. Archived from 3501:blm_admin (August 10, 2016). 3291:Wheeler, Sessions S. (2003). 2745:"Horse Trading Among Nations" 1945:Hendricks, Bonnie L. (2007). 1927:Latta, Frank Forrest (1980). 1855:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 1699: 1067:(BLM), which, along with the 1061:United States Grazing Service 449:of California, and later the 199:. The original mustangs were 84:Wild Mustang (disambiguation) 5926:Mammals of the United States 5379:Roe, Frank Gilbert (1974) . 4647:American Wild Horse Campaign 4567:American Wild Horse Campaign 4164:10.1371/journal.pone.0183045 4099:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030241 2123:"Idaho's Wild Horse Program" 2093:"Idaho's Wild Horse Program" 1619:(1904) VII. 300, for Austin. 1527:as 'wild, stray, ownerless'. 1389:The Wild Mustang Project in 1284:from poorer forage than can 771:, horses were traded to the 651: 457:Characteristics and ancestry 7: 5121:Budiansky, Stephen (1997). 4879:Grayson, Donald K. (1993). 3503:"About: History of the BLM" 3198:Corpus Christi Caller Times 3146:Ford, John Salmon (2010) . 2751:. Smithsonian Institution. 2749:A Song for the Horse Nation 2691:A Song for the Horse Nation 1453: 1280:horses can obtain adequate 490:The original mustangs were 372:is "obscure" but notes the 344:Honrado Concejo de la Mesta 247:in the lands they inhabit. 195:animals, they are actually 119:Free-roaming mustangs near 73:North American P-51 Mustang 10: 5962: 5350:The Wild Horse of the West 5347:Wyman, Walker D. (1966) . 5093: 3739:U.S. National Park Service 3294:Nevada's Black Rock Desert 3031:America's Last Wild Horses 2253:. 2013. pp. 144–145. 1314: 1159:Domestication of the horse 1156: 1150: 723:southeastern United States 700:southwestern United States 646: 483: 366:states that the origin of 61: 5931:Spanish words and phrases 5882: 5851: 5495: 5483: 5338:Sherrets, Harold (1984). 5184:Little, Brown and Company 3769:ContentDM.Library.UNR.edu 3336:Cattle in the Cold Desert 3323:Cattle in the Cold Desert 3156:Press. pp. 143–144. 2967:Oxford English Dictionary 2247:National Research Council 2000:Oklahoma State University 1659:did not have horses, the 1335:Bureau of Land Management 1248:National Research Council 1190:Haringtonhippus francisci 1065:Bureau of Land Management 988:ceded to the U.S. in 1848 512:Bureau of Land Management 265:Oxford English Dictionary 148: 140: 135: 127: 112: 106:Bureau of Land Management 104:Mustang adopted from the 97: 5921:Mammals of North America 5916:Fauna of the Great Basin 5758:North American Sportpony 5703:Lac La Croix Indian Pony 5563:American Sorraia Mustang 5538:American Miniature Horse 5381:The Indian and the Horse 3532:Curnutt, Jordan (2001). 2970:(2nd ed.). Oxford: 2616:"The Story of the Horse" 2251:National Academies Press 1914:Texas A&M University 1908:Jones, C. Allan (2005). 1663:were an offshoot of the 1488: 1431:Extreme Mustang Makeover 1122:The BLM has established 1038:Spanish Mustang Registry 839:had horses by 1750. The 708:Santa Fe de Nuevo México 298:. English lexicographer 77:Mustang (disambiguation) 39:latest accepted revision 5828:Tennessee Walking Horse 5728:Mountain Pleasure Horse 5250:American Anthropologist 5211:American Anthropologist 4809:Southwestern Naturalist 4729:: 14–34. Archived from 4373:10.1073/pnas.0912510106 3775:Library. Archived from 3105:"J. Edward de Steiguer" 3056:"Tom McKnight obituary" 2958:Simpson, J. A. (1989). 2695:Smithsonian Institution 1521:Another source defines 1506:Equus ferus przewalskii 1311:Management and adoption 1118:, featuring the mustang 492:Colonial Spanish horses 201:Colonial Spanish horses 141:Distinguishing features 5768:Pryor Mountain mustang 5558:American Shetland Pony 5548:American Quarter Horse 5513:American Belgian Draft 5508:American Bashkir Curly 5355:University of Nebraska 4521:The Wilderness Society 3424:horseoftheamericas.com 1953:University of Oklahoma 1916:Press. pp. 74–75. 1523: 1402: 1330: 1153:Evolution of the horse 1142:Land use controversies 1119: 926: 738: 702:starting in 1598 when 664: 567:Pryor Mountain Mustang 524:American Quarter Horse 481: 411: 400: 388: 382: 377: 368: 352: 343: 318: 310: 304: 294: 288: 282: 212:United States Congress 75:. For other uses, see 5683:Florida Cracker Horse 5613:Camarillo White Horse 5578:American Walking Pony 5573:American Spotted Paso 5533:American Indian Horse 5407:10.1093/jhered/esj020 5156:University of Arizona 5100:Bennett, Deb (1998). 5055:on September 1, 2009. 3600:. September 8, 1959. 3415:Patterson, Gretchen. 3373:on September 6, 2015. 1388: 1324: 1241:views mustangs as an 1124:Herd Management Areas 1110: 1093:National Park Service 924: 736: 659: 635:are round and dense. 532:United States Cavalry 508:Herd Management Areas 506:. Throughout all the 464: 177:Western United States 5886:List of horse breeds 5818:Spotted Saddle Horse 5798:Spanish Jennet Horse 5788:Rocky Mountain Horse 5763:Pony of the Americas 5708:Missouri Fox Trotter 5643:Carolina Marsh Tacky 5633:Canadian Sport Horse 5628:Canadian Rustic Pony 5588:American White Horse 5543:American Paint Horse 5523:American Crème Horse 5518:American Cream Draft 5077:on February 14, 2015 4733:on September 5, 2015 4608:on November 23, 2010 4569:. January 31, 2015. 4420:on February 21, 2018 3930:"Mustangs in Crisis" 3779:on February 20, 2018 3773:University of Nevada 3433:on December 22, 2015 3392:Simon & Schuster 2398:"Black Mountain HMA" 1477:Kleppe v. New Mexico 1441:Captured horses are 1424:Trump administration 1337:(BLM) was tasked by 1297:rangeland management 1239:The Wildlife Society 1087:also managed by the 1023:Spanish–American War 1003:John Charles Fremont 951:Mexican–American War 272:), the English word 155:Equus ferus caballus 5838:Virginia Highlander 5738:National Show Horse 5553:American Saddlebred 5528:American Drum Horse 5394:Journal of Heredity 5294:1959GeoRv..49..506M 5281:Geographical Review 4649:. October 2, 2012. 4414:National Geographic 4364:2009PNAS..10622352H 4358:(52): 22352–22357. 4326:National Geographic 4283:10.1038/nature12323 4275:2013Natur.499...74O 4224:10.7554/eLife.29944 4155:2017PLoSO..1283045B 4023:2021MolEc..30.6144V 3229:. pp. 28, 29. 3179:, pp. 108–109. 3154:University of Texas 2921:, pp. 384–385. 2838:, pp. 511–513. 2574:, pp. 329–331. 2032:National Geographic 1788:. February 22, 2018 1195:Last Glacial Period 1147:Prehistoric context 721:of what is now the 639:color dilution and 257:domesticated horses 251:Etymology and usage 94: 29:Page version status 5874:Narragansett Pacer 5638:Canadian Warmblood 5583:American Warmblood 5503:Alberta Wild Horse 5000:. pp. 59–60. 4835:on August 29, 2008 4592:Bellisle, Martha. 3598:Cornell Law School 3350:, p. loc2595. 3334:Young and Sparks, 3321:Young and Sparks, 3227:Dover Publications 3115:on August 13, 2015 1657:Great Basin Desert 1502:Przewalski's horse 1416:appropriation bill 1403: 1331: 1273:hindgut fermenters 1243:introduced species 1203:Columbian Exchange 1120: 1057:Taylor Grazing Act 1051:rangelands in the 1001:in 1841. Although 927: 853:selective breeding 801:Continental Divide 739: 665: 641:primitive markings 582:primitive markings 482: 447:San Joaquin Valley 171:is a free-roaming 92: 35: 5893: 5892: 5678:Cumberland Island 5658:Chincoteague Pony 5113:978-0-9658533-0-9 4334:on June 26, 2006. 4031:10.1111/mec.15977 4017:(23): 6144–6161. 4011:Molecular Ecology 3987:Research.AMNH.org 3707:. April 2, 2015. 3647:on April 30, 2006 3401:978-1-4165-5335-9 3236:978-0-486-28587-0 3163:978-0-292-77034-8 3001:"Myths and Facts" 2867:, pp. 73–74. 2286:Cothran, E. Gus. 2153:"ROCKY HILLS HMA" 1053:11 Western States 876:Mississippi basin 821:Northern Shoshone 671:, beginning with 609:natural selection 361: 262:According to the 243:or an introduced 165: 164: 128:Country of origin 47:26 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 5953: 5668:Colonial Spanish 5568:American Spotted 5470: 5463: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5419: 5409: 5384: 5368: 5343: 5334: 5313: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5265: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5231: 5207: 5197: 5169: 5144: 5128: 5117: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5051:. Archived from 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 4995: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4933:Billings Gazette 4923: 4917: 4916: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4858: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4831:. Archived from 4800: 4791: 4790: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4763: 4754: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4604:. 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Archived from 1718: 1710: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1682:British Columbia 1674: 1668: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1613:Sources Mississ. 1609: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1590:Western Shoshone 1586: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1526: 1519: 1513: 1499: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1393:is a project of 1268:ecological niche 1224:ecological niche 1172:Late Pleistocene 1059:established the 1011:Stillwater Range 911:Palo Duro Canyon 868:Spanish missions 866:In this period, 841:Nez Perce people 833:Blackfeet people 813:Colorado Plateau 811:and the western 793:Eastern Shoshone 719:Chickasaw horses 416: 391: 385: 371: 356: 346: 321: 313: 307: 297: 291: 285: 245:invasive species 157: 117: 102: 95: 91: 87: 80: 21: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5936:Horse landraces 5896: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5878: 5869:Conestoga Horse 5847: 5808:Spanish Mustang 5748:Nez Perce Horse 5723:Morocco Spotted 5673:Colorado Ranger 5598:Assateague Pony 5491: 5479: 5474: 5437: 5375: 5373:Further reading 5365: 5331: 5268: 5266: 5234: 5232: 5205: 5194: 5174:Dobie, J. Frank 5166: 5141: 5114: 5096: 5091: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5004: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4924: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4877: 4873: 4860: 4859: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4821:10.2307/3672527 4801: 4794: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4761: 4755: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4715: 4708: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4561: 4560: 4553: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4491:. July 24, 2008 4489:LiveScience.com 4483: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4455: 4451: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4406: 4399: 4343: 4339: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4269:(7456): 74–78. 4254: 4250: 4202: 4198: 4149:(8): e0183045. 4129: 4125: 4076: 4072: 4002: 3998: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3949: 3945: 3926: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3827: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3613: 3609: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3542:. p. 142. 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3333: 3329: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3289: 3285: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3190: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 2999: 2998: 2989: 2982: 2974:. p. 139. 2972:Clarendon Press 2956: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2842: 2834: 2823: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2781: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2685: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2461: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2441:on May 11, 2015 2429: 2428: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2290: 2284: 2280: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2183:"CALLAGHAN HMA" 2181: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2039:on May 20, 2015 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 2002:. May 7, 2002. 1990: 1989: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1963: 1943: 1936: 1925: 1921: 1906: 1902: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1837: 1833: 1817: 1816: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1726:on May 29, 2013 1723: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1675: 1671: 1665:Northern Paiute 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1566: 1562: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1520: 1516: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1319: 1313: 1231:adapted to the 1215: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1144: 1105: 1055:. In 1934, the 1049:National Forest 1019: 919: 884:Illinois people 805:Rocky Mountains 742:Native American 731: 654: 649: 510:managed by the 488: 459: 427:northern Mexico 253: 183:by the Spanish 161: 153: 123: 121:Chinle, Arizona 108: 88: 81: 62: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5959: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5891: 5890: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5859:Canadian Pacer 5855: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5813:Spanish Norman 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5653:Cherokee Horse 5650: 5648:Cerbat mustang 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5623:Canadian Pinto 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5485:These are the 5484: 5481: 5480: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5436: 5435:External links 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5400:(2): 107–113. 5385: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5364:978-0803252233 5363: 5344: 5335: 5329: 5314: 5302:10.2307/212210 5288:(4): 506–525. 5275: 5256:(1): 112–117. 5241: 5198: 5192: 5170: 5164: 5145: 5139: 5118: 5112: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5058: 5040: 5023:KBR Horse Page 5010: 4981: 4951: 4918: 4904: 4886: 4871: 4846: 4815:(2): 183–190. 4792: 4774: 4744: 4706: 4688: 4684:Budiansky 1997 4676: 4674:, p. 186. 4672:Budiansky 1997 4664: 4634: 4630:Budiansky 1997 4619: 4584: 4551: 4533: 4502: 4476: 4449: 4431: 4397: 4337: 4312: 4248: 4196: 4123: 4070: 3996: 3974: 3943: 3909: 3878: 3847: 3816: 3790: 3756: 3722: 3692: 3658: 3622: 3607: 3585: 3555: 3548: 3524: 3493: 3481: 3479:, p. 161. 3469: 3456: 3454:, p. 321. 3444: 3407: 3400: 3376: 3352: 3340: 3327: 3314: 3307: 3301:. p. 98. 3283: 3270: 3254: 3252:, p. 316. 3242: 3235: 3219:Grant, Ulysses 3210: 3181: 3169: 3162: 3138: 3126: 3109:deSteiguer.com 3096: 3094:, p. 108. 3081: 3047: 3035: 3022: 2987: 2981:978-0198612223 2980: 2947: 2935: 2923: 2908: 2896: 2881: 2879:, p. 374. 2869: 2857: 2840: 2821: 2819:, p. 388. 2806: 2799: 2793:. p. 46. 2766: 2736: 2727: 2712: 2675: 2673:, p. 330. 2663: 2651: 2639: 2624:. p. 33. 2606: 2588: 2586:, p. 345. 2576: 2557: 2548: 2546:, p. 205. 2536: 2534:, p. 193. 2524: 2512: 2482: 2475: 2452: 2419: 2389: 2359: 2329: 2303: 2278: 2260: 2234: 2204: 2174: 2144: 2114: 2084: 2050: 2017: 1980: 1961: 1934: 1919: 1900: 1876: 1859:EtymOnline.com 1846: 1831: 1799: 1767: 1756:on May 7, 2015 1737: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1685: 1669: 1648: 1639: 1630: 1621: 1611:The OED cites 1604: 1594: 1581: 1572: 1560: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1514: 1493: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1455: 1452: 1443:freeze branded 1408:overpopulation 1367:mountain lions 1312: 1309: 1266:to inhabit an 1214: 1211: 1207:before present 1185:Equus caballus 1151:Main article: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1104: 1101: 1069:Forest Service 1018: 1015: 999:Humboldt Sinks 947:J. Frank Dobie 935:Stephen Austin 918: 915: 903:Alonso de León 829:Columbia Basin 823:people in the 730: 727: 653: 650: 648: 645: 578:dun coloration 563:Cerbat Mustang 458: 455: 417:) who caught, 395:"Mustangers" ( 335:medieval Spain 252: 249: 241:native species 163: 162: 160: 159: 149: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 118: 110: 109: 103: 69:Shelby Mustang 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5958: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5888: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5783:Racking Horse 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5698:Kiger mustang 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5663:Choctaw Horse 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5457: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5366: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5330:9780309264976 5326: 5322: 5321: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5276: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5193:9780803266506 5189: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5165:9780816528264 5161: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5142: 5140:9780684827681 5136: 5132: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5067:"Freezemarks" 5062: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4915:. 3 May 2015. 4914: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4882: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4797: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4711: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4686:, p. 29. 4685: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4632:, p. 31. 4631: 4626: 4624: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4526: 4523:. July 2011. 4522: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4402: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4346:Eske (2009). 4341: 4333: 4329: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3626: 3619:. p. 77. 3618: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3551: 3549:9781576071472 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3528: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3489:Sherrets 1984 3485: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3397: 3394:. p. 6. 3393: 3389: 3388: 3380: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3338:, pp. 216–217 3337: 3331: 3324: 3318: 3310: 3308:9780870045394 3304: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3287: 3280: 3274: 3267: 3266:Honest Horses 3261: 3259: 3251: 3246: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3186: 3178: 3173: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3045:, p. 91. 3044: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2962: 2954: 2952: 2945:, p. 75. 2944: 2939: 2933:, p. 74. 2932: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2906:, p. 23. 2905: 2900: 2894:, p. 76. 2893: 2888: 2886: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2855:, p. 41. 2854: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2837: 2836:McKnight 1959 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2802: 2800:9781615307128 2796: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2731: 2725:, p. 36. 2724: 2719: 2717: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2667: 2661:, p. 70. 2660: 2655: 2646: 2644: 2632:September 26, 2627: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2610: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2533: 2528: 2522:, p. 14. 2521: 2516: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2478: 2476:9781612122137 2472: 2468: 2467: 2459: 2457: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431:"Challis HMA" 2426: 2424: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2296: 2289: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213:"dividebasin" 2208: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1968: 1964: 1962:9780806138848 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1941: 1939: 1930: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1904: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1881: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1842: 1835: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1771: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1722: 1715: 1709: 1705: 1689: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1598: 1591: 1585: 1576: 1569: 1564: 1557: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1468:Horses portal 1463: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1329:-managed land 1328: 1323: 1318: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1229:ecomorphotype 1225: 1221: 1220:American West 1213:Modern issues 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1139: 1137: 1136:State Quarter 1133: 1128: 1125: 1117: 1116:State Quarter 1113: 1109: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963:Ulysses Grant 960: 955: 952: 948: 943: 938: 936: 932: 923: 914: 912: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 874:In the upper 872: 869: 864: 862: 861:Plain Indians 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 819:by 1690. The 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:Southern Utes 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769:Pueblo people 765: 763: 762:Pueblo Revolt 759: 753: 751: 747: 743: 735: 726: 724: 720: 716: 711: 709: 705: 704:Juan de Oñate 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 669:conquistadors 663: 658: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 617: 616:morphological 612: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 572: 571:Kiger Mustang 568: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 540:Quarter Horse 537: 533: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 487: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 414: 408: 404: 403: 398: 393: 390: 384: 379: 375: 370: 365: 359: 354: 350: 345: 340: 337:, called the 336: 332: 328: 325: 320: 315: 312: 306: 301: 296: 290: 284: 279: 275: 271: 267: 266: 260: 258: 248: 246: 242: 238: 233: 229: 224: 222: 217: 213: 210:In 1971, the 208: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 185:conquistadors 182: 178: 174: 170: 158: 156: 151: 150: 147: 143: 139: 134: 131:North America 130: 126: 122: 116: 111: 107: 101: 96: 90: 85: 78: 74: 70: 66: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 5911:Feral horses 5906:Horse breeds 5884: 5823:Standardbred 5803:Spanish Barb 5793:Sable Island 5778:Quarter Pony 5743:Newfoundland 5732: 5496:Contemporary 5487:horse breeds 5397: 5393: 5380: 5349: 5319: 5285: 5279: 5267:. Retrieved 5253: 5249: 5233:. Retrieved 5215: 5209: 5179:The Mustangs 5178: 5150: 5129:. New York: 5124: 5102: 5079:. Retrieved 5075:the original 5070: 5061: 5053:the original 5043: 5031:. Retrieved 5022: 5013: 4984: 4972:. Retrieved 4963: 4954: 4942:. Retrieved 4931: 4921: 4907: 4889: 4880: 4874: 4837:. Retrieved 4833:the original 4812: 4808: 4777: 4735:. Retrieved 4731:the original 4726: 4722: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4657:February 20, 4655:. Retrieved 4646: 4637: 4610:. Retrieved 4606:the original 4597: 4587: 4577:February 20, 4575:. Retrieved 4566: 4536: 4493:. Retrieved 4488: 4479: 4469:February 20, 4467:. Retrieved 4452: 4434: 4424:February 20, 4422:. Retrieved 4418:the original 4413: 4355: 4351: 4340: 4332:the original 4324: 4315: 4266: 4262: 4251: 4214: 4210: 4199: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4126: 4089: 4085:PLOS Biology 4083: 4073: 4014: 4010: 3999: 3986: 3977: 3965:. Retrieved 3956: 3946: 3933: 3900:. Retrieved 3891: 3881: 3869:. Retrieved 3860: 3850: 3838:. Retrieved 3834: 3807:. 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Retrieved 1721:the original 1708: 1688: 1672: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1602:originated". 1597: 1584: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1517: 1505: 1497: 1475: 1440: 1428: 1420:Conrad Burns 1404: 1376: 1356: 1332: 1290: 1261: 1257: 1237: 1216: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1162: 1129: 1121: 1103:21st century 1096: 1081: 1073: 1042: 1031: 1020: 1017:20th century 1007:Pyramid Lake 995:John Bidwell 992: 980:Rhode Island 971:Nueces River 959:Nueces Strip 956: 939: 931:Zebulon Pike 928: 917:19th century 900: 888:Fort Detroit 873: 865: 863:had horses. 766: 754: 740: 712: 685: 666: 613: 598: 596:influences. 586:gaited horse 575: 559:polymorphism 556: 552:gaited horse 544:Curly Horses 536:Thoroughbred 528: 520:Thoroughbred 489: 443:Great Plains 394: 363: 327:merino sheep 316: 300:John Minsheu 273: 269: 263: 261: 254: 225: 209: 197:feral horses 193:domesticated 168: 166: 152: 89: 65:Ford Mustang 46: 37:This is the 31: 5688:Kanata Pony 5353:. Lincoln: 5222:: 429–437. 4944:February 4, 4092:(8): e241. 4040:10037/24463 3840:14 December 3835:The Counter 3809:January 29, 3279:Wild Horses 3015:February 4, 2621:Archaeology 1293:animal unit 1163:The horse, 1079:(WFRHABA). 1027:World War I 880:Great Lakes 825:Snake River 809:Great Basin 746:pack animal 677:West Indies 590:draft horse 516:draft horse 451:Great Basin 324:transhumant 276:was likely 189:wild horses 5900:Categories 5490:countries. 5154:. Tucson: 5131:Free Press 4996:(Report). 4839:August 29, 4519:(Report). 4461:(Report). 3578:January 5, 3477:Wyman 1966 3452:Dobie 2005 3437:August 27, 3250:Dobie 2005 3177:Dobie 2005 3092:Dobie 2005 3043:Wyman 1966 2904:Dobie 2005 2853:Dobie 2005 2723:Dobie 2005 1818:"mustang, 1700:References 1379:rangelands 1359:herd sizes 1351:herd sizes 1315:See also: 1199:extirpated 1157:See also: 975:Rio Grande 967:his memoir 907:Rio Grande 504:coat color 500:surefooted 496:phenotypes 484:See also: 439:California 435:New Mexico 402:mesteñeros 374:Portuguese 329:ranchers' 237:horse meat 205:phenotypes 5864:Chickasaw 5593:Appaloosa 5176:(2005) . 4612:August 9, 4495:August 9, 4291:0028-0836 4173:1932-6203 4065:234360028 4049:1365-294X 3983:"Equidae" 3651:August 9, 3638:house.gov 2961:"Mustang" 1730:April 26, 1524:mostrenco 1286:ruminants 1282:nutrition 1264:evolution 1233:ecosystem 1127:in 2019. 997:near the 896:crossbred 892:St. Louis 849:Appaloosa 767:From the 652:1493–1600 378:mostrengo 369:mostrenco 305:Mostrenco 295:mostrenco 228:livestock 5618:Canadian 5416:16489143 5235:June 13, 5033:March 4, 5027:Archived 5002:Archived 4974:March 4, 4968:Archived 4938:Archived 4899:Archived 4866:Archived 4787:Archived 4766:Archived 4737:July 31, 4701:Archived 4651:Archived 4571:Archived 4546:Archived 4525:Archived 4463:Archived 4444:Archived 4392:20018740 4299:23803765 4243:29182148 4191:28817644 4142:PLoS One 4118:15974804 4057:33971056 3991:Archived 3961:Archived 3938:Archived 3896:Archived 3865:Archived 3803:Archived 3771:. 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